The present invention relates to organic molecules used for optoelectronic devices and optoelectronic devices containing such organic molecules. The organic molecule has a donor unit and an acceptor unit, and the spatial positions of the donor unit and acceptor unit are linked to each other by two organic non-conjugated bridges. The organic molecules have a singlet state-triplet state narrow band gap required to effectively delay fluorescence, making the molecule particularly suitable for optoelectronic devices.
The invention relates to purely organic emitter molecules of a new type according to formula I and to the use thereof in optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), comprising donor D: an aromatic or heteraromatic chemical group on which the HOMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; acceptor A: an aromatic or heteromatic chemical group on which the LUMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; bridge B1, bridge B2: organic groups that link the donor D and the acceptor A in a non-conjugated manner; wherein in particular the energy difference ΔE(S1−T1) between the lowest excited singlet (S1) state of the organic emitter molecule and the triplet (T1) state of the organic emitter molecule lying thereunder is less than 2000 cm−1.
For many optoelectronic applications, luminescent molecules(=emitter molecules) should have an emission decay time τ that is as short as possible and a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency ØL. In addition, during the emission process, the applications of molecules without a metal complex, such as the inclusion of electrons in the lowest-excited triplet state T1 and the use of pure organic emitter molecules, are of great significance. Thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can be generated at room temperature by setting a sufficiently small energy difference ΔE (S1−T1) between the T1 state and the singlet state S1 above it (
It is known from the prior art that, for many molecules with a transition in charge (CT) between the donor (D) fragment and the receptor (A) fragment, TADF may occur. However, the energy difference ΔE(S1−T1) found to date is still obviously large, therefore, photophysical properties desired by many applications, such as short decay time τ(TADF), have not been achieved yet.
Surprisingly, it is possible to find a method (molecular structure principle) which helps to reduce energy difference ΔE (S1−T1) in a targeted manner to provide the corresponding pure organic molecules. According to equation (1), the energy difference is approximately proportional to the exchange integral of the quantum mechanics,
ΔE(S1−T1)≈const.<ΨD(r1)ΨA*(r2)|r12−1|ΨD(r2)ΨA*(r1)> (1)
Here, r1 and r2 are the electronic coordinates, and r12 is the distance between the electron 1 and the electron 2. ΨD is the wave function of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbit). For this type of molecules, HOMO is mainly distributed in the donor portion (D) of the molecule, while ΨA* represents LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbit), mainly distributed in the receptor portion (A) of molecule. According to the equation (1), if the product ΨD(r1)ΨA*(r2) of wave function becomes small, ΔE (S1−T1) becomes small. This requirement is not reached for a variety of molecules with intramolecular CT transitions, because the spatial expansion of the wave function ΨD(r1) and the excessive overlap of ΨA*(r2) result in excessively large ΔE(S1−T1) value. According to the invention, a molecular structure having significantly reduced wave function superimposition is proposed. This is achieved by a molecular structure in which non-conjugated, small chemical groups (bridges) separate donor and acceptor moieties, thus, significantly reducing expansion of HOMO into the receptor area and expansion of LUMO into the donor region.
The formula I shows the molecular structure of the organic molecules according to the invention. There are two organic bridges between the donor and acceptor fragments. By appropriatetly selecting these bridges, the spatial superposition of HOMO (mainly on the donor) and LUMO (mainly on the acceptor) can be significantly reduced. In order not to make the transition probability between the electronic ground state S0 and the excited state S1 too small, slight overlap of the rails is of great significance. In addition, double bridging causes the molecules to harden, achieving an increase of emission quantum efficiency and a decrease of half-value width of emission. In many cases, the decrease of half-value width of emission is of great significance to acquire a definite emtting color (color purity), for example, luminescence in OLEDs.
The formula I shows the molecular structure of one embodiment of an organic molecule with two chemical bridges according to the present invention. These bridges significantly reduce the conjugation between D and A and the overlap of HOMO and LUMO and stabilize the molecular structure.
Formula I: it represents the molecular structure of an organic molecule according to the invention. The organic molecule consists of an aromatic or heteroaromatic donor fragment D and an aromatic or heteroaromatic receptor fragment A bound by two unconjugated bridges B1 and B2. The bridges reduce the apparent overlap between the donor-HOMO and the acceptor-LUMO.
For optoelectronic applications that require a small value of ΔE (S1−T1), it is important that fragments D and A each have a sufficiently high donor or acceptor intensity. (These terms are well known to those skilled in the art.) The corresponding intensity can be described by the intensity of the electron donating (for the donor) or the intensity of electron withdrawing (for the receptor).
By choosing the appropriate molecular structure, the energy difference ΔE (S1−T1) value can be made to be less than 2,000 cm−1, in particular less than 1,500 cm−1 or preferably less than 800 cm−1 or even more preferably less than 400 cm−1 or in particular less than 200 cm−1. The corresponding value is determined by a single molecule. The value can be determined by different methods.
The value of ΔE (S1−T1) is calculated from quantum mechanics, for example, using a commercially available TD-DFT program (e.g. Gaussian 09 program) or a free version of NWChem (e.g. version 6.1), CC2 method (TURBOMOLE GmbH, Karlsruhe) or CAS methods (complete active state method). (refer to D. I. Lyakh, M. Musiaz, V. F. Lotrich, R. J. Bartlett, Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 182-243 and P. G. Szalay, T. Muller, G. Gidofalvi, H. Lischka, R. Shepard, Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 108-181). An example of calculation is given in the embodiments.
ΔE (S1−T1) value can also be determined experimentally. The organic molecules according to the present invention exhibit not only instantaneous (=spontaneous) fluorescence components (decay time: several to dozens of nanoseconds), but also exhibit TADF attenuation components with attenuation ranging from one hundred to several hundred. A commercially available device can be used to determine the relevant decay time as a temperature function. By using the equation (2), the ΔE(S1−T1) value can be determined by fitting the experimental curve according to the temperature change of the emission decay time [refer to, for example, Czerwieniec R., Kowalski K., Yersin H.; Dalton Trans. 2013, 42, 9826]:
Here, τ(T) is experimentally determined and, if necessary, it is the average decay time after instantaneous emission decay and thermal equilibrium (several hundred nanoseconds). τ(S1) is the emission decay time in the S1 state. Other parameters have been defined earlier.
For many applications, the luminous decay time τ(TADF) (=τ(300K)) should be as small as possible (as small as less than hundreds of μs). In order to achieve this, it is significant to increase the spin-orbit-couple (SBK) effect between the T1 state and the higher molecular energy state, in addition to setting a small ΔE (S1−T1) value for obtaining greater intersystem crossing rate (ISC). For this purpose, the donor fragment D and/or acceptor fragment A can be replaced, for example, with halogen Cl, Br and/or I.
For the molecules of the present invention, an intersystem crossing jump (ISC) rate can be increased. The molecules in the invention have localized states with energies very close to the CT state at donor D and/or acceptor A. (In the case of a local triplet state where the energy is lower than the charge transfer (CT) state, the number of the triplet state changes, for example, the local state is called T1 and the CT-state is called T2). The rate is increased due to SBK enhancement based on quantum mechanics mixing between these states. The target molecule is identified using known computer programs or quantum mechanical methods (eg, Gaussian 09 or CC2 methods). The energy gap between the above states is less than 2000 cm−1, in particular less than 1500 cm−1, more preferably less than 1000 cm−1, further more preferably less than 400 cm−1 and most preferably less than 200 cm−1. Mutual energy shifts can be achieved by changing the donor and/or acceptor intensity and changing electron donating substitution of donors and/or changing the electron withdrawing substitution of acceptors. Energy shifts can also be achieved by more than one substitutions of electron donating and/or electron withdrawing. The CT state shift can also be achieved by changing the polarity of the environment (e.g. polymer matrix).
The chemical bridges B1 and B2 between segments D and A not only have the effect of enhancing the rigidity of the molecules, but also surprisingly increase the emission quantum efficiency ØL.
In addition, these bridges strongly restrict the free migration of donor molecule fragment D relative to acceptor molecule fragment A. Thus, the variation of the ΔE(S1−T1) value for a given emitter molecule incorporated into the polymer matrix, i.e., the non-uniformity of this value, is greatly limited, thereby significantly reducing the long emission decay time in the long-life “decay tail” area often occurring in the prior art. In addition, the color purity of the emission is improved by reducing the half width of the emission band.
Description of Receptor a and Donor D in Formula I
The emitter molecule of Formula I consists of two fragments covalently linked by two bridges B1, B2, i.e. donor fragment D and acceptor fragment A. The donor fragment and acceptor fragment are composed of aromatic or heteraromatic groups, or other alternatives. The bridges B1, B2 are short aliphatic or heteroaliphatic segments that greatly reduce the conjugation (delocalization) between the aromatic segments A and D.
The chemical structures of the molecular fragments A and D are described in combination with the formulas II and III.
Formulas II and III: Structures of D and A molecular fragments. The donor and acceptor fragments consist of different aromatic/heteroaromatic fragments, which, independently of one another, can be five- or six-membered ring systems, and can be substituted or expanded (with Fused Aromatic Ring). The donor or acceptor fragments can be obtained depending on the individual structure.
# marked site. The donor moiety D or acceptor moiety A binds to B1 and B2 via this site. The connotations of groups X1 to X7 and Y1 to Y4 will be explained below.
Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are C or N, independently of each other.
X1 to X7 are N, O, S, Se, CH, NH, C—R1 or N—R2, independently of each other. Wherein R1 and R2 groups are independently selected from —H, alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, adamantyl), cycloalkyi (e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl), alkenyl (e.g. vinyl, allyl), alkynyl (e.g. ethynyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl, tolyl, naphthyl), heteroaryl (e.g. furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl), chemically substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, alkoxy (—OR′), thioalkyl (—SR′), sulfonyl (—SO2R), acyl (—COR′), formyl (—CHO), carboxyl (—CO2R′), boryl (—BR′R″), sulfinyl (—SOR′), amine (—NR′R″), phosphino (—PR′R″), phosphinyl (—POR′R″), amido (—NR′COR), silyl (—SiR′R″R′), cyano and (—CN), nitro (—NO2), nitroso (—NO), isocyanato (—NCO), thiocyano (—NCS) or halogen (—F, —Cl, —Br, —I). The residues R′, R″ and R′″ are defined as R1 and R2. The residues R′, R″ and R′″ can be covalently linked to each other, so that aliphatic, heteroaliphatic or unsaturated ring systems can also be formed.
In addition, the group R1 or R2 can be alkyl-CnHn+1 (1≤n≤8, particularly 1≤n≤4), cycloalkyl-CnH2n−1 (3≤n≤6), substituted alkyl/cycloalkyl, alkoxy-OCnH2n+1 (1≤n≤8, particularly 1≤n≤4), thioalkyl-SCnH2n+1 (1≤n≤8, particularly 1≤n≤4), or alkylated amine groups, —N(CnH2n+1)(Cn′H2n′+1) (n and n′=1 to 8, particularly 1, 2, 3) or —N(Cn″H2n″−1)(Cn′″H2n′″−1) (n″ and n′″=3, 4, 5 or 6, particularly 5 or 6).
The pendant groups (R1 and R2) of fragments X1 to X3 or X4 to X7 of the respective molecular moiety (donor D, acceptor A) can be linked together in such a way as to form other aliphatic, aromatic or (hetero) aromatic ring systems.
Some embodiments of the molecules according to the invention have two ring systems of the formula II or two ring systems of the formula III, which may be the same or different. If the ring systems are the same, these ring systems have different substitution patterns.
In a specific embodiment, the aromatic or heteroaromatic rings belonging to the donor and acceptor segments linked by two bridges B1, B2 are not fused with other aromatic or heteroaromatic rings; in this embodiment, donor fragment d and receptor fragment A have only one aromatic or heteroaromatic ring respectively.
In one embodiment of the invention, in order to increase spin-orbit coupling, the bridges of aromatic and/or heteroaromatic ring systems or organic molecules with halogen (Cl, Br or I).
Molecular systems according to Formula II (five-membered ring system) and Formula III (six-membered ring system) can effectively act as donors or acceptors. In order to achieve a specific donor effect, the HOMO must be electron-rich zone and mainly located on the donor moiety. In order to achieve a specific receptor effect, LUMO must be electron-deficient zone and mainly located on the acceptor moiety. The orbital schematic shown in
Generally, the HOMO and LUMO energies of the respective donor and acceptor moieties can be determined electrochemically. In order to realize the substance having the orbital characteristics as shown in
Electron-rich donor fragments or electron-deficient acceptor fragments can be achieved by introducing specific heteroatoms into the fused ring system and/or by performing specific substitutions with electron donating or electron withdrawing functional groups. Therefore, introducing heteroatoms, typically nitrogen (forming aza-aromatics) in aromatic six-membered rings will affect the stability of the π and π* orbitals based on the mediation effect known to those skilled in the art. As a result, the mono-electron reduction and oxidation potentials of the azaaromatics are higher than the redox potentials of the corresponding pure aromatic (non-heteroatom) hydrocarbons. In the aromatic five-membered system, the introduction of heteroatoms, usually nitrogen, destabilizes the π and π* orbitals through the mesomeric effect, resulting in lower oxidation and reduction potentials. Additional orbital energy modulation is achieved by either electron withdrawing (EWG=electron withdrawing group) or electron donating (EDG=electron donating group) functional groups. EWG substitutions generally result in lower HOMO and LUMO energies, whereas EDG substitutions generally result in higher HOMO and LUMO states. Generally the following EWG or EDG are used: [M. Smith, J. March; March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and Structure, 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., 2007]
EDG Example:
—NR′R″, —NHR′, —OR′, -alkyl, —NH(CO)R′, —O(CO)R′, -(hetero)aryl, —(CH)CR′R″, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, carbazolyl, dihydrophenylhydrazinyl, all aryl and heterocyclic groups may optionally be substituted by other alkyl and/or aryl groups and/or F, Cl, Br and/or I. (If necessary, apply to increase SBK). R′ and R″ are defined as above.
For selected EDG substitutions, it is also possible to determine the donor intensity (EDG intensity) arrangement:
Strong-intensity electron donors: —O−, —N(CH3)2, —N(C6H5)2, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, carbazolyl, —NHCH3;
Medium-intensity electron donors: —OC6H5, —OCH3, —NH(CO)CH3;
Weak-intensity electron donors: aryl, —C(CH3)3, —CH3.
EWG Example:
Halogen, —COR′, —CO2R, —CF3, —BR′R″, —BF2, —CN, —SO3R, —NH3+, —(NR′R″R′″)+, alkyl group. R′, R″ and R″ are defined as above.
For selected EWG substitutions, the acceptor intensity (EWG intensity) arrangement can be given:
Strong electron-withdrawing: —NO2, —CF3, —CH(CN)2, —CN;
Medium electron-withdrawing: —SO3CH3, —COCH3, —CHO; —F
Weak electron-withdrawing: —Cl, —Br, —I. (If necessary, apply to increase SBK).
In one embodiment, the donor fragment D is selected from substituted aromatic five-membered rings or substituted aromatic six-membered rings, wherein the five- and/or six-membered rings have at least one electron donating substituents (EDG) (pendant group at X1 to X3 or X4 to X7) and/or have one or more heteroatoms such as Y1, Y2, X1, X2, or X3=N in a five-membered ring system. It is also preferred to use at least one EDG for substitution if the pendant group linkage at X1, X2 and X3 or X5, X6 and X7 results in the condensation system expanding to an additional aromatic ring.
In one embodiment, the acceptor fragment A is selected from substituted aromatic five-membered rings or substituted aromatic six-membered rings, wherein the five- and/or six-membered rings have at least one electron withdrawing substituents (EDG) (pendant group at X1 to X3 or X4 to X7) and/or have one or more heteroatoms such as Y3, Y4, X4, X5, X6 or X7=N in a six-membered ring system. It is also preferred to use at least one EWG for substitution if the pendant group linkage at X1, X2 and X3 or X4, X5, X6 and X7 results in expanding to an additional aromatic ring.
As described above, both the donor fragment D and acceptor fragment A may have fused rings. The number of donor and/or acceptor conjugated rings is less than four. In ring systems with a conjugate ring number greater than 1 (but less than or equal to 3), it may be necessary to choose substitutions that have stronger electron-withdrawing effects on the donor fragments and/or have stronger electron-withdrawing effects on the acceptor fragments.
In one embodiment, bridges B1 and B2 have a structure as defined by formulas IV and V, wherein the bridges B1 and B2 may be the same or different.
The symbol # indicates the linkage with the molecule donor or acceptor moiety. A1 to A3 represent fragments of bridges B1 and B2, wherein the fragment of the bridges B1 and B2 with the same name can be same or different.
Chemical group A1 is:
O, S or
wherein the chemical groups R3-R7 are defined as above R1 and R2.
Chemical groups A2 and A3 are:
A2:
O, S or
A3:
O, S or
In addition, one or more groups of A2 and A3 may be one of the following groups independently,
Groups R8 to R22 are defined as R1 and R2.
It is achieved to bridge the donor or acceptor via the atoms selected from C, N, Si, O, S, P, B and Ge, and the interconnection in the presence of multiple bridge elements A2 and A3 (Formula V).
The molecular structure of the emitter material having the formula I according to the invention is further explained by means of the structural formulas VI to XVII. These structural formulas represent examples of emitter materials according to the invention. Y1′-Y4′ and X1′-X7′ are defined as Y1-Y4 and XI-X7 (formulas II and III). A1′, A2′, A3′ groups are defined as A1 to A3. The bridge fragments A1 and A1′, A2 and A2′, A3 and A3′, respectively, may be the same or different.
Additional bridging groups Z are, for example, —CH2—, —C(CH3)2, —O—, —C6H4-(phenylene), —C5H8-(cyclopentylene), —CO-(carbonyl), —SO2—, —N(CH3)—. They represent the mutual connection of fragments A1 to A3 and A1′ to A3′ of bridges B1 and B2.
In a particular embodiment, the organic molecules according to the invention have a structure of Formula XVIII.
In the donor region, the emitter molecule has an aromatic amine group. The acceptor moiety is a dicyanophenyl group in which two CN-substituents may be ortho, meta or para to each other and may be adjacent to a bridged aliphatic group.
Q1 to Q6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C5H11, C6H13, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, furyl, and carbazolyl.
Q1 and Q2, Q3 and Q4, and Q5 and Q6 may be linked together to form a cycloalkyl- or aromatic spiro system (e.g., to stabilize the molecular structure).
Alk1 to Alk10 are H or a straight-chain or branched-chain (CnH2n+1; n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) aliphatic group or a cycloalkyl group (CnH2n+1; n=5 or 6), independently of one another.
In addition, Alk1 and Alk6 can be omitted and the two benzene rings of the donor system are covalently bonded together to form a carbazole unit, as shown in Formula XIX.
The formula XVIII illustrates the substituent.
The molecules in the following examples of the present invention may have at least one substitutions of Cl, Br and/or I to increase spin-orbit coupling (SBK). The appropriate position for substitutions can be determined by quantum mechanical calculations, and a computational program including SBK (eg, ADF, ORCA program) is used herein. To know the trend, DFT or CC2 calculation can be conducted, so as to identify the substitution position of halogen, i.e. the halogen atom orbitals with a significant proportion in HOMO, HOMO-1, HOMO-2 and/or LUMO, LUMO+1, LUMO+2. For the substitution pattern identified by this way, it should be noted that, for example, when calculated by TDDFT or CC2, the energy difference ΔE (S1−T1) of organic molecules between the lowest excited singlet state (S1) and it below triplet state (T1) is less than 2,000 cm-1, in particular less than 1500 cm-1, preferably less than 800 cm-1, more preferably less than 400 cm-1 and most preferably less than 200 cm-1.
The materials in the present invention can be synthesized using catalytic coupling reactions (e.g. Suzuki coupling reactions, Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reactions) or various condensation reactions that are known to those skilled in the art.
Example Molecule 1
The molecules according to the invention shown in Example 1 would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) (t-C4H9—C6H5)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours.
(2) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours.
Synthesis can be performed according to the following detailed reaction scheme:
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HPO2, I2, red phosphorus, CH3COOH, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(5) (t-C4H9—C6H5)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(6) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Chemical Analysis:
Rf(cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 10:1): 0.52. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz, δ ppm): 1.31 (s, 18H), 3.13 (m, 4H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 6.84 (dd, J=3.6 Hz, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=9 Hz, 5H), 7.22 (d, J=9 Hz, 4H), 7.55 (s, 2H). 13C-NMR (300 MHz CDCl3, δ ppm): 30.72 (CH2), 31.46 (CH3), 32.80 (CH2), 34.31 (CH2), 40.56 (Cquat), 113.16 (Cquat), 113.73 (Cquat), 115.59 (Cquat), 122.35 (Cquat), 123.48 (CH), 123.78 (CqUat), 126.03 (CH), 130.57 (CqUat), 130.94 (CH), 133.86 (CH), 134.48 (CH), 136.63 (Cquat), 144.91 (CqUat), 145.40 (Cquat), 145.69 (Cquat), 146.31 (Cquat).
MS (ES-MS=electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) m/z: 523 (M+). MS (HR-ES-MS=high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometer) m/z: C37H37N3 Calculation: 523.2979, Measurement: 523.2980 (M+). C37H37N3 Calculation: C 84.86, H 7.12, N 8.02%, Measurement: C 84.54, H 7.36, N 7.90%.
The example molecule 1 could be dissolved in many organic solvents such as methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), toluene, hexane, n-octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, ethyl alcohol, methanol, xylene or benzene. The excellent solubility in methylene chloride made polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS) doping possible.
The emitter material according to Embodiment 1 could be sublimated (temperature 170° C., pressure 10-3 mbar).
Photophysical measurements of example molecule 1 in PMMA or PS (doping concentration c≈1 wt %) demonstrated the occurrence of TADF and the favorable emission properties. At very low temperatures, for example when T=2K, thermal activation was not possible. Thus, the emission showed two very different decay times, namely, a very short component, which corresponded to an S1→S0-fluorescence transition, about 4 ns in PMMA, 25 ns in PS, and a very long component, which was classified as phosphorescence of T1→S0 transitions, τ(phos)≈550 ms in PMMA and τ(phos)≈450 ms in PS. (Note: nitrogen purging of samples)
When the temperature rose to T=300K, drastic changes in spectra and decay behavior may occur, which would support the occurrence of TADF.
It was of significance to compare the emission quantum efficiency at T=300K with the value obtained in ambient air under nitrogen purging (PMMA-doped samples). pL (nitrogen)=40%, pL (air)=25%. The result showed that the triplet state was involved in the emission process, because oxygen in the air usually only caused quenching of long-lived triplet states (A. M. Prokhorov et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 9637). Since triplet state occupation was a prerequisite for generating TADF, this behavior again showed that example molecule 1 had the desired TADF properties. Notes: The emission maximum in PMMA at T=300K within the blue-white range was λ(max)=486 nm (CIE x: 0.198, y: 0.287), and the emission maximum in PS at T=300K within the blue range was λ(max)=450 nm (CIE x: 0.174; y: 0.154).
When studying substances dissolved in toluene, other photophysical properties of the emitter molecule according to Embodiment 1 can be identified. This further demonstrated that, for a simple measurement of the emitted quantum efficiency, as mentioned above, it was expected that the molecules dissolved in the toluene produced TADF because the emission quantum efficiency in air was significantly reduced. The corresponding measured values: ØPL(nitrogen)=30% and ØPL(air)=5%.
If the study was carried out in the non-phase-change temperature range of toluene and the sample that was remained liquid, the attenuation behaviors of the long-lived components emitted from example molecule 1 (concentration c≈10-5 mol/l) dissolved in toluene could be obtained. A temperature range of about 200K to 300K was very suitable. The measured values of the corresponding attenuation components were shown as Arrhenius diagrams (Boltzmann diagrams) in
Where, A was a constant, i represented the TADF process 1 with ΔE1 activation energy in triplet state T1 or TADF process 2 with activation energy ΔE2 in triplet state T2.
The linear fitting of two time domain measurement points, ie two TADF emissions, was performed using Equation 3 according to
When cooled to T=77K, the long-lived unstructured emissions was frozen. There was only one structured phosphorescence, the decay time was very long, τ(phos)=450 ms (not shown in the figure). However, for long-lived components, the structure of the spectrum could also be observed in
Therefore, the experiment demonstrated that the example molecule 1 produced TADF according to invention. The corresponding results of TADF behaviors for example molecule 1 doped in PMMA were also available.
It should be emphasized that this also showed that the energy difference 75 cm-1 calculated for the CT transitions (see the description of
Here also illustrated one aspect for the naming of triplet state. It was based on the numbering by energy order, rather than by the type of electron excitation. Therefore, in the case of example molecule 1, the energy gap ΔE (S1−T1) between the CT states used was referred to as ΔE [S1(CT)−T2(CT)] due to the generation of the state T1(Iok) of low energy.
Example Molecule 2
The example molecule 2 according to the invention would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HPO2, 12, red phosphorus, CH3COOH, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(5) (t-C4H9—C6H5)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(6) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Example Molecule 3
The molecules according to the invention shown in Embodiment 3 would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
The following reaction scheme illustrated the chemical synthesis of example molecule 3.
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours.
(2) HPO2, I2, red phosphorus, CH3COOH, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) (C2H5)2O, 30° C., 24 hours NH4Cl, H2O; F3CCO2H, 3 hours, 50° C.
(5) Carbazole, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(6) K4 [Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Example Molecule 4
The example molecule 4 according to the invention would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
The following reaction scheme illustrated the chemical synthesis of example molecule 4.
Reactants and reaction conditions
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HPO2, I2, red phosphorus, CH3COOH, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(5) (t-C4H9—C6H5)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(6) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Example Molecule 5
The example molecule 5 according to the invention would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HPO2, I2, red phosphorus, CH3COOH, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(5) (t-C4H9—C6H5)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(6) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Example Molecule 6
The example molecule 6 according to the invention would be detailed below. As shown from the frontier orbital in
Example Molecule 7
The following reaction scheme illustrated the chemical synthesis of example molecule 7.
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HI (57% aqueous solution), red phosphorus, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(4) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(5) (CH3)2NH, Pd (CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
Example Molecule 8
As shown from the frontier orbitals in
The following reaction scheme illustrated the chemical synthesis of example molecule 8.
Reactants and reaction conditions:
(1) CH3CO2Na, 230° C., 3 hours
(2) HI (57% aqueous solution), red phosphorus, 80° C., 24 hours
(3) CH2N2, SO2Cl2, 80° C., 2 hours; (CH3)3COH, C6H5COOAg, Et3N, 90° C., 2 hours
(4) (H3PO4)n, 175° C., 5 hours
(5) Al[OCH(CH3)2]3, 275° C., 3 hours
(6) (CH3)2NH, Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, (CH3)3CONa, 90° C., 19 hours
(7) K4[Fe(CN)6], Pd(CH3COO)2, P[(C(CH3)3]3, Na2CO3, (CH3)2NCHO, 140° C., 12 hours
Example Molecule 9
Example Molecule 10
Example Molecule 11
Example Molecule 12
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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10 2015 112 501.3 | Jul 2015 | DE | national |
10 2016 106 103.4 | Apr 2016 | DE | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2016/068037 | 7/28/2016 | WO | 00 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2017/017205 | 2/2/2017 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
5238936 | Regnier | Aug 1993 | A |
20150236274 | Hatakeyama | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20160380203 | Jenekhe | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20180212158 | Aspuru-Guzik | Jul 2018 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2010024149 | Feb 2010 | JP |
2010024149 | Apr 2010 | JP |
20120047038 | May 2012 | KR |
2015103215 | Jul 2015 | WO |
WO-2015175678 | Nov 2015 | WO |
Entry |
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Machine Translation of JP2010024149 (Year: 2010). |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20180219159 A1 | Aug 2018 | US |