Organic pigment compositions

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to pigment compositions obtained by treating organic pigments with cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives that impart improved rheological properties and dispersibility.
Many types of organic pigments are known and each can be prepared by one or more known methods. Typically, however, the initially formed crude compounds are unsuitable for use as pigments and must undergo one or more additional finishing steps to modify the particle size, particle shape, or crystal structure to achieve suitable pigmentary quality, rheological properties, and dispersibility.
Methods to improve rheological properties are known. For example, pigments can be treated with various additives, such as sulfonic acid and sulfonamide derivatives of various pigments. E.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,418,322, 3,446,641, 4,088,507, 4,310,359, and 5,368,641 and British Patents 1,544,839 and 2,009,205.
Other pigment derivatives have also been disclosed for use as pigment additives. For example, pyrazolylmethyl quinacridone derivatives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,727. Substituted benzamidomethyl quinacridones and structurally related phthalimidomethyl and sulfo-benzimidomethyl quinacridones are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,635,981, 4,197,404, 4,256,507, 4,439,240, 4,455,173, 4,478,968, 4,541,872, 4,844,742, 4,895,949, 5,194,088, 5,264,032, 5,286,863, 5,424,429, 5,453,151, and 5,457,203. Analogous compounds in which a methylene bridging group is attached to a lactam ring nitrogen atom (i.e., (1-aza-2-oxocycloalkan-1-yl)methylquinacridones) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,829. These patents, however, do not disclose the cyclic amido methyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives of the present invention.
It has now surprisingly been found that pigment compositions having excellent pigmentary quality and rheological properties can be obtained by treating organic pigments with certain pigment derivatives bearing one or more cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, or amidinomethyl substituents. Such advantages are found even in comparison to phthalimidomethyl quinacridones.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to pigment compositions comprising an organic pigment treated with about 0.1 to about 20% by weight (preferably 1 to 10% by weight), based on the organic pigment, of a pigment derivative having the formula (I) ##STR3## wherein Q represents an organic pigment moiety;
X is O, S, or N--R.sup.1 ;
Y is N--R.sup.2, O, or a direct bond;
Z is --CO--, --Alk--, --Ar--, or chemically reasonable combinations thereof (preferably --CO--Alk-- or --CO--Ar--);
Alk is C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenylene, or C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 alkadienylene, or substituted derivatives thereof;
Ar is arylene (preferably ortho-phenylene or a substituted derivative thereof);
R.sup.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, or --CN; and
R.sup.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, or C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl;
with the provisos that
(1) the cyclic moiety represented by the formula ##STR4## must be a four- to seven-membered ring (preferably a five- or six-membered ring),
(2) Z can contain a C.dbd.O group adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety only if Y is N--R.sup.2 or O, and
(3) X can be O only if Y is N--R.sup.2 or O.
This invention further relates to processes for preparing such pigment compositions and to the use of such pigment compositions in the pigmentation of paints, plastics, fibers, inks, and toners.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Suitable organic pigments that can be treated by the process of the present invention include quinacridone, phthalocyanine, and perylene pigments, as well as other known organic pigments. Also suitable are mixtures of such pigments, including solid solutions and even mixtures of different pigment types.
Quinacridone pigments are particularly suitable organic pigments. Quinacridones (which, as used herein, includes unsubstituted quinacridone, quinacridone derivatives, and solid solutions thereof can be prepared by any of several methods known in the art but are preferably prepared by thermally ring-closing various 2,5-dianilinoterephthalic acid precursors in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. E.g., S. S. Labana and L. L. Labana, "Quinacridones" in Chemical Review, 67, 1-18 (1967), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,157,659, 3,256,285, 3,257,405, and 3,317,539. Suitable quinacridone pigments can be unsubstituted or substituted (for example, with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogens such as chlorine, or other substituents typical of quinacridone pigments).
Phthalocyanine pigments are also suitable organic pigments. Although copper phthalocyanines are preferred, it is also possible to use metal-free phthalocyanine pigments and other metal-containing phthalocyanine pigments, such as those based on zinc, cobalt, iron, nickel, and other such metals. Suitable phthalocyanine pigments can be unsubstituted or partially substituted (for example, with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogens such as chlorine, or other substituents typical of phthalocyanine pigments). Crude phthalocyanines can be prepared by any of several methods known in the art but are preferably prepared by a reaction of phthalic anhydride, phthalonitrile or derivatives thereof with a metal donor, a nitrogen donor (such as urea or the phthalonitrile itself, and an optional catalyst, preferably in an organic solvent. E.g., W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments (New York: VCH Publishers, Inc., 1993), pages 418-427, H. Zollinger, Color Chemistry (VCH Verlagsgessellschaft, 1973), pages 101-104, and N. M. Bigelow and M. A. Perkins, "Phthalocyanine Pigments" in The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments, ed. H. A. Lubs (Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1955), pages 584-587; see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,158,572, 4,257,951, and 5,175,282 and British Patent 1,502,884.
Perylenes, particularly the diimides and dianhydrides of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, are also suitable organic pigments. Suitable perylene pigments can be unsubstituted or substituted (for example, with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogens such as chlorine, or other substituents typical of perylene pigments), including those substituted at imide nitrogen atoms with chemically reasonable groups such as alkyl. Crude perylenes can be prepared by methods known in the art. E.g., W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments (New York: VCH Publishers, Inc., 1993), pages 9 and 467-475, H. Zollinger, Color Chemistry (VCH Verlagsgessellschaft, 1973), pages 227-228 and 297-298, and M. A. Perkins, "Pyridines and Pyridones" in The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments, ed. H. A.. Lubs (Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1955), pages 481-482.
Other suitable organic pigments include dioxazines (that is, triphenedioxazines), 1,4-diketopyrrolopyrroles, anthrapyrimidines, anthanthrones, flavanthrones, indanthrones, isoindolines, isoindolinones, perinones, pyranthrones, thioindigos, 4,4'-diamino-1,1'-dianthraquinonyl, and azo compounds, as well as substituted derivatives.
The organic pigments can be treated according to the invention, for example, by mixing crude organic pigments with cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivatives in a strong mineral acid, by wet or dry blending the crude forms of finished organic pigments with the pigment derivatives, by adding the pigment derivatives during pigment synthesis, or by conditioning in the presence of cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivatives. Combinations of such methods are also suitable.
Suitable cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives are compounds having the formula (I) ##STR5## in which Q, X, Y, and Z have the meanings given above.
Pigment moiety Q can be derived from essentially any class of organic pigments, including quinacridones, phthalocyanines, perylenes (particularly the imides, diimides, anhydrides, and/or dianhydrides of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid), dioxazines (that is, triphene-dioxazines), 1,4-diketopyrrolopyrroles, anthrapyrimidines, anthanthrones, flavanthrones, indanthrones, isoindolines, isoindolinones, perinones, pyranthrones, thioindigos, 4,4'-diamino-1,1'-dianthraquinonyl, or azo compounds, as well as substituted derivatives thereof. Suitable derivatives include those having one or more substituents that are typical of such pigments, such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkoxy, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryloxy, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, carboxyl or amides thereof, sulfonyl (such as alkyl- and arylsulfonyl or sulfoxyl and amides thereof) groups or combinations thereof. Substituted derivatives of pigment moiety Q can, of course, include those in which ring nitrogen atoms are substituted with chemically reasonable groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl. It is often desirable to use cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives in which the pigment moiety Q is the same pigment type as the organic pigment being treated. However, it can often be desirable to use cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives in which pigment moiety Q is a different pigment type from the organic pigment being treated. Preferred pigment derivatives are those derived from quinacridones, phthalocyanines, and perylenes.
The Alk groups can be C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenylene, or C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 alkadienylene, or substituted derivatives thereof, but their chain lengths must be selected to provide four- to seven-membered rings. The term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene" refers to straight or branched chain difunctional aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Examples of C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene are methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, and pentylene, each of which can optionally be substituted. The term "C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenylene" refers to straight or branched chain difunctional aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and one main-chain carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenylene include ethenylene (i.e., vinylene), propenylene, butenylene, and pentenylene, each of which can optionally be substituted. The term "C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 alka-dienylene" refers to straight or branched chain difunctional aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from 4 or 5 carbon atoms and two main-chain carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 alkadienylene include butadienylene and pentadienylene, each of which can optionally be substituted. The C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenylene, and C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 alka-dienylene groups can be substituted with one or more substituents, such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkoxy, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryloxy, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, carboxyl or amides thereof, sulfonyl (such as alkyl- and arylsulfonyl or sulfoxyl and amides thereof) groups or combinations thereof.
The Ar groups can be arylene groups, including heteroarylene groups in which one or more ring carbon atoms of an arylene group are each replaced by a O, S, or N in a chemically reasonable manner, as long as the overall ring size is 4 to 7. Suitable arylene groups also include derivatives in which one or more ring atoms are substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkoxy, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryloxy, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, carboxyl or amides thereof, sulfonyl (such as alkyl- and arylsulfonyl or sulfoxyl and amides thereof) groups or combinations thereof. Preferred arylene groups are C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 arylene groups, especially ortho-phenylene and naphthalene having various ortho- and 1,8-substitution patterns. The preferred C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 arylene groups also include derivatives substituted with the substituents described above and, less preferably, polyaromatic derivatives in which one or two pairs of adjacent ring atoms of the C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 arylene group are fused with additional aromatic rings (such as benzene or heteroaromatic analogs thereof to form, for example, anthracenes, phenanthrenes and the like), which can themselves be ring-substituted as described above or contain one or more ring heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N.
As used herein, the term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl" refers to straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the isomeric forms thereof. The term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy" refers to straight or branched chain alkyl oxy groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, and the isomeric forms thereof. The term "C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl" refers to cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons groups having from 5 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkyl are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl. The term "C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkoxy" refers to cycloalkyl oxy groups having from 5 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 cycloalkoxy are cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and cycloheptyloxy. The term "C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl" refers to phenyl and 1- or 2-naphthyl, as well as to phenyl and naphthyl groups substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, cyano, as defined herein. The term "C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryloxy" refers to phenoxy and 1- or 2-naphthoxy, in which the aryl portion can optionally be substituted as described above for "aryl." The term "C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl" refers to C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl substituted with C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl such that the total number of carbon atoms is from 7 to 16. Examples of C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl are benzyl, phenethyl, and naphthylmethyl. The term "C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkoxy" refers to C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy substituted with C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl such that the total number of carbon atoms is from 7 to 16. An example of C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkoxy is benzyloxy. Examples of halogen are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Group Z can be --CO--, --Alk--, --Ar--, or any chemically reasonable combinations thereof as long as the cyclic moiety represented by the formula ##STR6## has an overall ring size of from four to seven (preferably 5 or 6) and as long as a C.dbd.O group is not adjacent to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety unless Y is N--R.sup.2 or O. For example, group Z can be --CO--Alk-- (the order of the --CO-- and Alk groups meaning that the --CO-- is attached to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety), --Alk--CO-- (meaning that the --CO-- is not attached to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety), --Alk--CO--Alk-- (where, if Y is a direct bond, both Alk groups can be methylene, ethylene, or ethenylene or a substituted derivative thereof but where, if Y is N--R.sup.2 or O, one Alk must be methylene or a substituted derivative thereof, --CO--Ar-- (in which the --CO-- is attached to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety), --Alk--CO-- (in which the --CO-- is not attached to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety), --Alk--CO--Ar-- (where, if Y is a direct bond and the Ar has an ortho substitution pattern, the Alk can be methylene, ethylene, or ethenylene or a substituted derivative thereof but where, if Y is N--R.sup.2 or O and the Ar has an ortho substitution pattern or if Y is a direct bond and the Ar has a meta or other 1,3-substitution pattern, the Alk must be methylene or a substituted derivative thereof), --Alk--Ar--, --Ar--Alk--, and --Alk--Ar--Alk (where, if Y is a direct bond and the Alk groups are attached to the Ar in an ortho pattern, one Alk can be methylene, ethylene, or ethenylene or a substituted derivative thereof whereas the other Alk is methylene or a substituted derivative thereof but where, if Y is N--R.sup.2 or O and the Alk groups are attached to the Ar in an ortho pattern or if Y is a direct bond and the Alk groups are attached to the Ar in a meta or other 1,3-pattern, both Alk groups must be methylene or a substituted derivative thereof), as well as other such combinations that provide four-to seven-membered rings with the --N--(C.dbd.X)-- and optional Y groups. Although a --CO-- group can be located adjacent to the C.dbd.X group (for example, in oxalate-type compounds), such arrangements are generally less preferred. In general, preferred pigment derivatives of formula (I) are those in which Z is --CO--Alk-- or --CO--Ar-- (meaning that each --CO-- is attached to the ring nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety).
Groups X and Y can be selected to provide, for example, cyclic ureas, thioureas, guanidines, urethanes, thiourethanes, isoureas, thio-amides, and amidines, as well as corresponding N-carbonyl derivatives in which Z contains a C.dbd.O group adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety and Y is N--R.sup.2 or O. However, groups X, Y, and Z cannot be selected to provide compounds in which Y is a direct bond and Z contains a C.dbd.O group adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the Q--CH.sub.2 --N moiety (e.g., imides such as succinimide and phthalimide) or in which Y is a direct bond, Z is Alk, and X is O (e.g., lactams such as caprolactam).
The cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives used according to the invention can be prepared by known methods, for example, by condensing the pigment to be derivatized with a mixture of an appropriate cyclic moiety represented by the formula ##STR7## and formaldehyde or a functional equivalent (such as the polymeric form paraformaldehyde or a formaldehyde-producing compound such as trioxane) or with a corresponding N-methylol derivative of the cyclic moiety in the presence of a dehydrating agent at a temperature of about 0.degree. to about 200.degree. C. Suitable dehydrating agents include sulfuric acid, oleum, polyphosphoric acid, organic acids or their anhydrides, and mixtures thereof. Oleum is a particularly suitable condensing agent, especially for the less reactive pigments. The degree of substitution on the pigment molecule can be affected by various factors, such as the quantity of the cyclic moiety, the reaction temperature, and length of reaction. The resultant cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives can be isolated by adding the reaction mixture to a liquid in which the pigment derivative is completely or almost completely insoluble, preferably water or methanol or other lower aliphatic alcohols (such as ethanol, propanol, or butanol), as well as mixtures thereof. It can also be advantageous to include various additives, such as surfactants, in the liquid. The pigment derivatives are then isolated (for example, by filtration or other known methods) and washed until free of residual acid.
Particularly preferred pigment derivatives for treating pigments according to the invention are (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridones of formula (II) ##STR8## and (1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone of formula (III) ##STR9## in which the formulas are not intended to indicate specific locations for the cyclic amidomethyl groups but rather to indicate that such groups are located in chemically reasonable positions of the quinacridone moiety.
Several methods for preparing the pigment compositions of the invention are known. In one preferred method, a crude organic pigment and a suitable cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivative are dissolved ("pasted") or suspended ("swelled") in a strong mineral acid and then precipitated. A sufficient amount of mineral acid, preferably concentrated acid, is added to insure formation of an acidic solution or suspension within a reasonable amount of time. However, except for the requirement that the solution or suspension be acidic, the amount and concentration of acid is generally not critical. For example, more dilute acid may be used if the stirring time is extended, but use of the more concentrated acids is preferred for commercial applications. Suitable mineral acids include sulfuric acid and polyphosphoric acid, with sulfuric acid being preferred. It is particularly preferred to use at least 64% aqueous sulfuric acid in amounts of about 4 to about 15 parts by weight of acid relative to the total amount of crude organic pigment and pigment derivative. Although the dissolution rate of the mixture of crude pigment and pigment derivative in acid can be increased by warming the mixture (for example, to about 50.degree. C.), it is generally preferable to dissolve the mixture in acid at or below 35.degree. C. to minimize sulfonation (when using sulfuric acid) or degradation of the pigment or pigment derivative. After the acid treatment is completed, the pigment composition is precipitated by adding the strongly acidic solution to a liquid in which the pigment and pigment derivative are completely or almost completely insoluble, preferably water or methanol or other lower aliphatic alcohols (such as ethanol, propanol, or butanol), as well as mixtures thereof.
When using sulfuric acid or oleum in the preparation of the cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivatives or of the ultimate pigment compositions, the pigment moiety can be sulfonated. Such sulfonated derivatives can be isolated as the free acid, an ammonium salt, or a metal salt (including, for example, alkali metal salts such as those of sodium or potassium, alkaline earth metal salts such as those of calcium or barium, and Group III metal salts such as those of aluminum).
In a second preferred method, an organic pigment is blended with a suitable cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivative using wet or dry blending variants. The dry blending variant comprises (a) dry blending an organic pigment with about 0.1 to about 20% by weight (preferably 1 to 10% by weight), based on the organic pigment, of a pigment derivative of formula (I); and (b) collecting the pigment composition. The wet blending variant comprises (a) treating an organic pigment with (1) about 0.1 to about 20% by weight (preferably 1 to 10% by weight), based on the organic pigment, of a pigment derivative of formula (I), and (2) about 5 to about 20% by weight (preferably 5 to 15% by weight), based on the organic pigment, of a liquid in which the organic pigment is substantially insoluble, thereby forming a suspension of the treated pigment composition in the liquid; and (b) collecting the pigment composition. The liquid used for wet blending is a liquid in which the organic pigment is substantially insoluble, preferably water, a water-miscible solvent such as methanol or other lower aliphatic alcohols, or mixtures thereof. It is desirable, but not necessary, for the cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and amidinomethyl pigment derivative to be at least partly insoluble in the liquid. Suitable liquids include water and/or water-miscible organic liquids; including, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, such as methanol; ketones and ketoalcohols, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and diacetone alcohol; amides, such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane; alkylene glycols and triols, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol; and other such organic liquids known in the art. Other organic liquids can be used but are generally less preferred. The temperature at which wet blending is carried out is generally not critical but is usually maintained between about 5.degree. C. and about 60.degree. C. (preferably below the boiling point of the liquid).
In a third preferred method, which is particularly useful for preparing quinacridone pigment compositions, a suitable cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivative is added during or even before synthesis of the organic pigment being treated such that the reaction and the treatment processes can take place in situ, at least in part, as the organic pigment is formed. For example, when preparing quinacridone pigments, a preferred preparative method comprises (a) heating, at a temperature of about 80.degree. C. to about 145.degree. C. (preferably 100.degree. C. to 130.degree. C.), a reaction mixture comprising (i) 2,5-dianilinoterephthalic acid, 2,5-dianilino-3,6-dihydroterephthalic acid, 2,5-dianilino-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof having one or more substituents in at least one aniline ring; a salt or ester of said acid or derivative thereof; or a mixture thereof, (ii) about 0.1 to about 15 percent by weight (preferably 0.1 to 10 percent by weight), based on component (a)(i), of a suitable cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivative, (iii) about 3 to about 20 parts by weight (preferably 3 to 10 parts by weight), per part of component (a)(i), of a dehydrating agent (preferably polyphosphoric acid), with the proviso that if either component (a)(i) or component (a)(ii) is a 2,5-dianilino-3,6-dihydroterephthalic acid or derivative thereof, reaction step (a) additionally comprises an oxidation step (which converts the initially formed dihydroquinacridone intermediate to the corresponding quinacridone); (b) drowning the reaction mixture from step (a) by adding said reaction mixture to about 3 to about 15 parts by weight (preferably 5 to 10 parts by weight), per part of component (a)(i), of a liquid in which the quinacridone pigment is substantially insoluble; and (c) isolating the quinacridone pigment.
Each of the above methods can be carried out in the presence of one or more additional pigment derivatives known in the art, particularly sulfonic acid and sulfonamide derivatives.
Regardless of which of the above methods is used, the resultant pigment composition is collected by methods known in the art, preferably filtration followed by a washing step to remove residual acid. Other collection methods known in the art, such as centrifugation or even simple decantation, are suitable but generally less preferred. The pigment composition is then dried for use or for further manipulation before use.
Pigment compositions according to the invention can be obtained by conditioning organic pigments in the presence of a cyclic amidomethyl, thioamidomethyl, and/or amidinomethyl pigment derivative, carried out either instead of or in addition to the preparative methods described above. It is, of course, possible to include one or more additional pigment derivatives known in the art, particularly sulfonic acid and sulfonamide derivatives. Conditioning can be carried out using any of various methods known in the art, such as solvent treatment or milling in combination with solvent treatment. Final particle size of the pigment can be controlled by varying the method of aftertreatment. For example, pigments can be made more transparent by reducing the particle size or more opaque by increasing the particle size. Suitable milling methods include dry-milling methods such as sand-milling, ball-milling, and the like, with or without additives, or wet-milling methods such as salt-kneading, bead-milling, and the like in water or organic solvents, with or without additives.
Tinctorial strength and transparency of the pigment can also be affected by solvent treatment carried out by heating a dispersion of the pigment composition, often in the presence of additives, in a suitable solvent. Suitable solvents include organic solvents, such as alcohols, esters, ketones, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof, and inorganic solvents, such as water. Suitable additives include compositions that lessen or avoid flocculation, increase dispersion stability, and reduce coating viscosity, such as polymeric dispersants (or surfactants). E.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,455,173, 4,758,665, 4,844,742, 4,895,948, and 4,895,949.
During or after the optional conditioning step it is often desirable to use various other optional ingredients that provide improved properties. Examples of such optional ingredients include fatty acids having at least 12 carbon atoms, such as stearic acid or behenic acid, or corresponding amides, esters, or salts, such as magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, aluminum stearate, or magnesium behenate; quaternary ammonium compounds, such as tri�(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl)benzyl!ammonium salts; plasticizers, such as epoxidized soya bean oil; waxes, such as polyethylene wax; resin acids, such as abietic acid, rosin soap, hydrogenated or dimerized rosin; C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 -paraffin-disulfonic acids; alkylphenols; alcohols, such as stearyl alcohol; amines, such as laurylamine or stearylamine; and aliphatic 1,2-diols, such as dodecane-1,2-diol. Such additives can be incorporated in amounts ranging from about 0.05 to 20% by weight (preferably 1 to 10% by weight), based on the amount of pigment.
Because of their light stability and migration properties, the pigment compositions according to the present invention are suitable for many different pigment applications. For example, pigment compositions according to the invention can be used as the colorant (or as one of two or more colorants) for very lightfast pigmented systems. Examples include pigmented mixtures with other materials, pigment formulations, paints, printing ink, colored paper, or colored macromolecular materials. The term "mixtures with other materials" is understood to include, for example, mixtures with inorganic white pigments, such as titanium dioxide or cement, or other inorganic pigments. Examples of pigment formulations include flushed pastes with organic liquids or pastes and dispersions with water, dispersants, and, where appropriate, preservatives. Examples of paints in which pigment compositions of the invention can be used include, for example, physically or oxidatively drying lacquers, stoving enamels, reactive paints, two-component paints, solvent- or water-based paints, emulsion paints for weatherproof coatings, and distempers. Printing inks include those known for use in paper, textile, and tinplate printing. Suitable macromolecular substances include those of a natural origin, such as rubber; those obtained by chemical modification, such as acetyl cellulose, cellulose butyrate, or viscose; or those produced synthetically, such as polymers, polyaddition products, and polycondensates. Examples of synthetically produced macro-molecular substances include plastic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl propionate; polyolefins, such as polyethylene and polypropylene; high molecular weight polyamides; polymers and copolymers of acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, butadiene, or styrene; polyurethanes; and polycarbonates. The materials pigmented with the pigment compositions of the present invention can have any desired shape or form.
The pigment compositions prepared according to this invention are highly water-resistant, oil-resistant, acid-resistant, lime-resistant, alkali-resistant, solvent-resistant, fast to over-lacquering, fast to over-spraying, fast to sublimation, heat-resistant, and resistant to vulcanizing, yet give a very good tinctorial yield and are readily dispersible (for example, in plastic materials).
The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation and use of the compositions of this invention. The invention, which is set forth in the foregoing disclosure, is not to be limited either in spirit or scope by these examples. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compositions. Unless otherwise noted, all temperatures are degrees Celsius and all percentages are percentages by weight.

EXAMPLES
Preparation of cyclic amidomethylquinacridone derivatives
Cyclic amidomethylquinacridone derivatives used according to the invention were prepared as follows.
(1-Methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridone ##STR10##
To 220 g of 100% sulfuric acid at 10.degree. C. was added 3.0 g (0.10 mol) of paraformaldehyde followed by slow addition of 11.4 g (0.10 mol) of 1-methylhydantoin while the temperature was maintained below 25.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for two hours at a temperature below 30.degree. C., then cooled to 10.degree. C. To this mixture was slowly added 31.3 g (0.10 mol) of quinacridone at a temperature maintained below 15.degree. C. The mixture was stirred for 19 hours at a temperature below 30.degree. C. and for three hours at 60.degree.-65.degree. C. After being cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was slowly poured into 2 kg of iced water while maintaining a temperature below 15.degree. C. The resultant slurry was stirred for 30 minutes, after which the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The wet presscake was reslurried with water and heated for thirty minutes at 60.degree. C., after which the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The wet presscake was dried to give 37.6 g of (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridone.
(1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone ##STR11##
To 210 g of 100% sulfuric acid at 8.degree. C. was added 3.0 g (0.10 mol) of paraformaldehyde. The mixture was stirred for ten minutes, after which was slowly added 16.2 g (0.10 mol) of 1-ethylbenzimidazolidone while the temperature was maintained below 25.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, then cooled to 5.degree. C. To this mixture was slowly added 31.2 g (0.10 mol) of quinacridone. The mixture was stirred for one hour at a temperature below 10.degree. C. and for one hour at 60.degree. C. After being cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was slowly poured into 2 kg of iced water. The resultant slurry was stirred for 30 minutes, after which the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The wet presscake was reslurried with water and heated for thirty minutes at 60.degree. C., after which the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The wet presscake was dried to give 37.8 g of (1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone.
EXAMPLES 1-5
The preparation and testing of pigment compositions are described in Examples 1-5.
Differences in hue and chroma for pigments prepared according to the Examples were measured using an Applied Color System Spectral Sensor (Hunt Associated Laboratories, Fairfax, Va.).
Solvent-based paint tests
Solvent-based paint tests were carried out using a generic alkyd melamine paint system. Pigment dispersions were prepared using a mixture of 33% AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin (Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.), 63% xylene, and 4% pigment, which gave a pigment-to-binder ratio of 4:33 and a total solids content of 37%. The pigment-to-binder ratio was reduced 1:10 by addition of 2.3% AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin and 6.5% RESIMENE.RTM. 717 melamine resin (Monsanto Company), which gave a total solids content of 40%. Masstone and transparency measurements were made using films applied at 152 .mu.m and 38 .mu.m wet film thickness, respectively, and flashed at room temperature for 30 minutes and at 121.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
Undertone tint paints were prepared from the dispersion described above having a pigment-to-binder ratio of 4:33 by adding 31% of a dispersion prepared from 30% AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin, 20% xylene, 5% NUOSPERSE.RTM. 657 (Huils America), and 50% Tl-PURE.RTM. R-960 TiO.sub.2 pigment (DuPont); 21% AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin; and 7% RESIMENE.RTM. 717 melamine resin, which gave a pigment-to-binder ratio of 1:2, a total solids content of 50%, and a TiO.sub.2 -to-pigment ratio of 90:10. Color measurements were made using films applied at 76 .mu.m wet film thickness and flashed at room temperature for 30 minutes and at 121.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
Metallic paints were prepared from the dispersion described above having a pigment-to-binder ratio of 4:33 using an aluminum paste (available as 5251 AR from Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc.), AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin, and RESIMENE.RTM. 717 melamine resin in quantities that provided a pigment-to-binder ratio of 1:9, an aluminum-to-pigment ratio of 20:80, and a total solids content of 41%. Color measurements were made using films applied at 76 .mu.m wet film thickness and flashed at room temperature for 30 minutes and at 121.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
Water-based paint tests
Water-based paints tests were carried out using a waterborne base coat/solvent-borne clear coat system. Aqueous dispersions were prepared using a mixture of 12.4% AROLON.RTM. 559-G4-70 acrylic resin (Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.), 3.2% SOLSPERSE.RTM. 27000 hyperdispersant (Zeneca, Inc.), 1.6% 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (Angus Chemical), and 18% pigment, which gave a pigment-to-binder ratio of 18:12 and a total solids content of 30%. (At this point samples of some of the dispersion concentrates were drawn for viscosity determinations.) The pigment-to-binder ratio was then reduced to 10:40 with additional AROLON.RTM. 559-G4-70 acrylic resin (total amount 26%) and 25% CYMEL.RTM. 325 melamine/formaldehyde resin (Cytec Industries), which gave a total solids content of 50%. Masstone and transparency measurements were made using films applied at 76 .mu.m and 38 .mu.m wet film thickness, respectively, and allowed to stand at room temperature for fifteen minutes and at 100.degree. C. for five minutes. Clear coats containing a mixture of 80% of AROPLAZ.RTM. 1453-X-50 alkyd resin and 20% CYMEL.RTM. 325 melamine/formaldehyde resin at a total solids level of 57% were then applied over the base coat at a 76 .mu.m wet film thickness allowed to stand at room temperature for fifteen minutes and at 121.degree. C. for fifteen minutes.
Undertone tint paints were prepared from the reduced aqueous dispersions described above having a pigment-to-binder ratio of 10:40 by adding additional AROLON.RTM. 559-G4-70 acrylic resin, CYMEL.RTM. 325 melamine/formaldehyde resin, and 35% TINT-AYD.RTM. CW-5003 white dispersion (Daniel Products Company), which gave a pigment-to-binder ratio of 1:1.1, a total solids content of 55%, and a TiO.sub.2 -to-pigment ratio of 90:10. Color measurements were made using films applied at 38 .mu.m wet film thickness and allowed to stand at room temperature for fifteen minutes and at 100.degree. C. for five minutes. Clear coats were then applied and baked as described above.
Metallic paints were prepared from the dispersion described above having a pigment-to-binder ratio of 18:12 using a water-dispersible aluminum pigment (available as HYDRO PASTE.RTM. 8726 from Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc.), AROLON.RTM. 559-G4-70 acrylic resin, and CYMEL.RTM. 325 melamine/formaldehyde resin in quantities that provided a pigment-to-binder ratio of 1:2, an aluminum-to-pigment ratio of 20:80, and a total solids content of 43%. Color measurements were made using films applied at 38 .mu.m wet film thickness and baked as described above. Clear coats were then applied and baked as described above.
Viscosity was measured on dispersion samples (taken before reducing the pigment-to-binder ratio) using a Haake RheoStress RS100 rheometer fitted with a temperature control (Fision Instruments, Paramus, N.J.). Viscosities were determined as shear stress (mPa.s) at a shear rate of 4 sec.sup.-1 at a temperature of 25.degree. C.
EXAMPLE 1 (comparison)
Pigmentary 2,9-dimethylquinacridone was prepared in the absence of a pigment derivative according to the invention.
To 300 g of polyphosphoric acid (112% phosphoric acid) heated at 88.degree. C. was added 68.2 g of 2,5-di(4-methylanilino)terephthalic acid over a period of 35 minutes, the temperature being maintained below 120.degree. C. by adjustment of the addition rate. The reaction mixture was heated at 123.degree. C. for two hours. The melt was cooled to 93.degree. C. and then slowly poured into 526 g of methanol, the temperature being maintained below 64.degree. C. by external cooling and adjustment of melt addition rate. The slurry was heated at reflux for one hour, cooled to below 60.degree. C., diluted with water, collected by filtration, and washed with water until acid free. The resultant presscake was reslurried in water. After adjustment of the pH to greater than 7, 5.5 g of 50% sodium hydroxide was added and the resultant slurry was heated at 90.degree. C. for one hour. The slurry was cooled, filtered, and washed with water until alkaline free, then reslurried in water. After adjustment of the pH to 9.5, the slurry was heated at 143.degree. C. for two hours in a closed system (e.g., a pressure reactor), and cooled to 40.degree. C. After the slurry was acidified to pH 3.3, an emulsion of 2.2 g of an anionic surfactant, 30 g of a petroleum distillate, and 80 g of water was added, and the slurry was stirred for three hours. The wet cake can be dried or used as is for specific applications. Here, the wet cake was dried in an oven at 60.degree. C. to give approximately 60 g of 2,9-dimethylquinacridone as a magenta pigment.
EXAMPLE 2
2,9-Dimethylquinacridone prepared according to the method of comparison Example 1 was dry-blended with 10% by weight of (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridone. A water-based paint prepared as described above exhibited reduced viscosity compared to a paint prepared using the comparison pigment of Example 1.
EXAMPLE 3
2,9-Dimethylquinacridone prepared according to the method of comparison Example 1 was dry-blended with 10% by weight of (1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone. A water-based paint prepared as described above exhibited reduced viscosity compared to a paint prepared using the comparison pigment of Example 1.
EXAMPLE 4 (comparison)
The method described in Examples 2 and 3 was repeated except that the 2,9-dimethylquinacridone of Example 1 was dry-blended with 10% by weight of phthalimidomethylquinacridone (which was prepared by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,637).
A water-based paint prepared as described above exhibited higher viscosity than paints prepared using (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridone (Example 2) and (1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone (Example 3) according to the invention.
EXAMPLE 5 (comparison)
The method described in Examples 2 and 3 was repeated except that separate portions of the 2,9-dimethylquinacridone of Example 1 were dry-blended with 5% and 10% by weight, respectively, of (1-aza-2-oxo-cyclohept-1-yl)methylquinacridone (which is disclosed generically in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,829 but which was prepared by the method described above for (1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolidonyl)methylquinacridone using caprolactam instead of 1-ethylbenzimidazolidone).
Water- and solvent-based paints prepared as described above from these comparison blends were compared with water-based paints prepared from pigment blends according to the invention containing 5% by weight (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedion-3-yl)methylquinacridone and solvent-based paints prepared from pigment blends according to the invention containing 5% and 10% by weight (1-methyl-2,4-imidazolidine-dion-3-yl)methylquinacridone. Although viscosities of corresponding pairs of paint samples were comparable, the water-based paint prepared using the pigment blend containing 5% by weight of the additive according to the invention was slightly more transparent and exhibited slightly greater metallic color strength than the corresponding comparison water-based paint, and the solvent-based paint prepared using the pigment blend containing 10% by weight of the additive according to the invention exhibited a slightly deeper masstone and slightly greater metallic color strength than the corresponding comparison solvent-based paint.

Number	Name	Date
3379712	Weaver et al.	Apr 1968
3394130	Straley et al.	Jul 1968
3418322	Tulagin et al.	Dec 1968
3423394	Weaver et al.	Jan 1969
3446641	Mitchell et al.	May 1969
3635981	Weinberger	Jan 1972
3699092	Weaver et al.	Oct 1972
4088507	Tanaka et al.	May 1978
4197404	Johnson	Apr 1980
4256507	Kranz et al.	Mar 1981
4310359	Ehashi et al.	Jan 1982
4337250	Welch et al.	Jun 1982
4439240	Ganci	Mar 1984
4455173	Jaffe	Jun 1984
4478968	Jaffe	Oct 1984
4541872	Jaffe	Sep 1985
4684654	Wright et al.	Aug 1987
4698651	Moore et al.	Oct 1987
4701439	Weaver et al.	Oct 1987
4844742	Jaffe	Jul 1989
4895949	Jaffe et al.	Jan 1990
5194008	Babler et al.	Mar 1993
5207829	Schwab et al.	May 1993
5264032	Dietz et al.	Nov 1993
5286863	Babler et al.	Feb 1994
5334727	Campbell	Aug 1994
5368641	Dietz et al.	Nov 1994
5424429	Hendi et al.	Jun 1995
5453151	Babler	Sep 1995
5457203	Hendi et al.	Oct 1995
5698024	Badejo et al.	Dec 1997
5711800	Badejo et al.	Jan 1998

Number	Date	Country
1544839	Apr 1979	GBX
2009205	Jun 1979	GBX

Organic pigment compositions

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