Patent Application
20230301170
This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0034176 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed on Mar. 18, 2022, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments relate to an organometallic compound, a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Among light-emitting devices, organic light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed, compared to devices in the art.
In an example, an organic light-emitting device may have a structure in which a first electrode is arranged on a substrate and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially formed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. The excitons may transition from an excited state to a ground state, thus generating light.
It is to be understood that this background of the technology section is, in part, intended to provide useful background for understanding the technology. However, this background of the technology section may also include ideas, concepts, or recognitions that were not part of what was known or appreciated by those skilled in the pertinent art prior to a corresponding effective filing date of the subject matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments include an organometallic compound having low driving voltage, excellent luminescence efficiency, long lifespan, and excellent color purity, a light-emitting device using the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments of the disclosure.
According to an aspect, provided is a light-emitting device which may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and an organometallic compound which may be represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1,
In an embodiment, the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode; the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof; and the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 410 nm to about 500 nm.
In an embodiment, the interlayer may include: a first compound which is the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; and a second compound including a group represented by Formula 2, a third compound represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound including a group represented by Formula 4, or any combination thereof, wherein Formulae 2, 3, and 4 are explained below. The first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may be different from one another; the first compound, the second compound, and the fourth compound may be different from one another; and the third compound and the fourth compound may be identical to or different from each other.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a dopant and a host; the dopant may include the first compound; and the host may include the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof.
According to embodiments, provided is an electronic apparatus which may include the light-emitting device, and a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor may include a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.
According to embodiments, provided is an electronic equipment which may include the light-emitting device, wherein the electronic equipment may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, an advertisement board, an indoor lighting, an outdoor lighting, a signaling light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a 3D display, a virtual-reality display, an augmented-reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a sign.
According to another aspect, provided is the organometallic compound which may be represented by Formula 1.
In an embodiment, each of X1 to X3 may be C.
In an embodiment, ring CY1 to ring CY7 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzooxazole group, a benzoisooxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azanaphthobenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, an azadinaphthosilole group, a pyrido[2,3-b]indole group, a pyrido[3,4-b]indole group, a pyrido[4,3-b]indole group, a pyrido[3,2-b]indole group, or a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine group
In an embodiment, ring CY1 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a naphthalene group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group; and ring CY2 and ring CY3 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a naphthalene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an azacarbazole group, a fluorene group, or a dibenzosilole group. Ring CY4 may be: an X4-containing 5-membered ring; or an X4-containing 6-membered ring; or an X4-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed, wherein the X4-containing 5-membered ring may be a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, or a thiadiazole group; and the X4-containing 6-membered ring and the at least one 6-membered ring that is optionally condensed with the X4-containing 5-membered ring may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, or a pyrimidine group.
In an embodiment, at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4 may be satisfied, wherein Condition 1 to Condition 4 are explained below.
In an embodiment, ring CY5 to ring CY7 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, or an azadibenzothiophene group.
In an embodiment, L1 may be a single bond; or L2 may be *—C(R8)(R9)*′, *—B(R8)—*′, *—N(R8)*′, *—O—*′, *—P(R8)*′, *—Si(R8)(R9)—*′, or *—S—*′; or L3 may be a single bond, *—N(R8)—*′, or *—O*′; or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition L-1 or Condition L-2, which are explained below.
In an embodiment, a moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae B1-1 to B1-12, which are explained below.
In an embodiment, Z11 to Z14 may each independently be:
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may be selected from Compounds 1 to 100, which are explained below.
It is to be understood that the embodiments above are described in a generic and explanatory sense only and not for the purpose of limitation, and the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described above.
The above and other aspects and features of the disclosure will be more apparent by describing in detail embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
In the drawings, the sizes, thicknesses, ratios, and dimensions of the elements may be exaggerated for ease of description and for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
In the description, it will be understood that when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween. In a similar sense, when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is described as “covering” another element, it can directly cover the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween.
In the description, when an element is “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. For example, “directly on” may mean that two layers or two elements are disposed without an additional element such as an adhesion element therebetween.
As used herein, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or”.
In the specification and the claims, the term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A and B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” When preceding a list of elements, the term, “at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does not modify the individual elements of the list.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.
In the specification, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may refer to axes which are orthogonal to each other, or may refer to axes which are in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.
The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the recited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the stated value.
It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” and the like are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.
Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.
An aspect of the disclosure provides an organometallic compound which may be represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1, M may be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), or osmium (Os).
In an embodiment, M may be Pt.
In Formula 1, X1 to X4 may each independently be C or N.
In an embodiment, each of X1 to X3 may be C.
In an embodiment, X4 may be N.
In Formula 1, a bond between X1 and M may be a coordinate bond; any one of a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M may be a coordinate bond; and the remainder of a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M may each be a covalent bond.
In an embodiment, a bond between X1 and M may be a coordinate bond, a bond between X2 and M may be a covalent bond, a bond between X3 and M may be a covalent bond, and a bond between X4 and M may be a coordinate bond.
In Formula 1, ring CY1 to ring CY7 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
In an embodiment, ring CY1 to ring CY7 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzooxazole group, a benzoisooxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azanaphthobenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, an azadinaphthosilole group, a pyrido[2,3-b]indole group, a pyrido[3,4-b]indole group, a pyrido[4,3-b]indole group, a pyrido[3,2-b]indole group, or a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine group.
In an embodiment, ring CY1 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a naphthalene group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group,
For example, ring CY1 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, or a pyrazine group.
For example, ring CY2 and ring CY3 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, or an azacarbazole group.
For example, ring CY4 may be a C1-C60 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.
In embodiments, ring CY4 may be an X4-containing 5-membered ring, and the X4-containing 5-membered ring may be a pyrazole group or an imidazole group.
In embodiments, ring CY4 may be an X4-containing 6-membered ring, and the X4-containing 6-membered ring may be a pyridine group or a pyrimidine group.
In embodiments, ring CY4 may be an X4-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed, and the X4-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed may be a benzimidazole group or an imidazopyridine group.
In embodiments, ring CY4 may be a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a benzimidazole group, or an imidazopyridine group.
In embodiments, ring CY5 to ring CY7 may each independently be a C6-C10 arene group or a C1-C10 heteroarene group.
In embodiments, ring CY5 to ring CY7 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, or an azadibenzothiophene group.
For example, ring CY5 and ring CY6 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group.
For example, ring CY7 may be a benzene group.
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4:
[Condition 1]
A moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY1-1 to CY1-25:
In Formulae CY1-1 to CY1-25,
[Condition 2]
A moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY2-1 to CY2-11:
In Formulae CY2-1 to CY2-11,
[Condition 3]
A moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY3-1 to CY3-23:
In Formulae CY3-1 to CY3-23,
[Condition 4]
A moiety represented by in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-48:
In Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-48,
In Formula 1, L1 to L3 may each independently be a single bond, *—C(R8)(R9)—*′, *—C(R8)=*′, *═C(R8)*′, *—C(R8)═C(R9)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—B(R8)—*′, *—N(R8)—*′, *—O*′, *—P(R8)—*′, *—Si(R8)(R9)*′, *—P(═O)(R8)*′, *—S—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, or *—Ge(R8)(R9)—*′, wherein * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and R8 and R9 may respectively be the same as those described herein. In Formula 1, L1 to L3 may be identical to or different from each other.
In an embodiment, with respect to L1 to L3, L1 may be a single bond; or L2 may be *—C(R8)(R9)—*′, *—B(R8)*′, *—N(R8)—*′, *—O—*′, *—P(R8)*′, *—Si(R8)(R9)—*′, or *—S—*′; or L3 may be a single bond, *—N(R8)—*′, or *—O—*′; or any combination thereof.
In Formula 1, n1 to n3 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 3. In Formula 1, n1 indicates the number of L1(s), wherein two or more of L1 may be identical to or different from each other when n1 is 2 or more. In Formula 1, n2 indicates the number of L2(s), wherein two or more of L2 may be identical to or different from each other when n2 is 2 or more. In Formula 1, n3 indicates the number of L3(s), wherein two or more of L3 may be identical to or different from each other when n3 is 2 or more.
For example, L1 may be a single bond; L2 may be *—C(R8)(R9)*′, *—B(R8)—*′, *—N(R8)—*′, *—O—*′, *—P(R8)*′, *—Si(R8)(R9)—*′, or *—S—*′; and L3 may be a single bond, *—N(R8)—*′, or *—O*′.
For example, in Formula 1, each of n1 to n3 may be 1.
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition L-1 or Condition L-2:
[Condition L-1]
L3 may be a single bond, and ring CY3 may be a benzene group, a carbazole group, or an azacarbazole group;
[Condition L-2]
L3 may be *—O—*′, and ring CY3 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, or a pyrimidine group.
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition L-1 or Condition L-2, and additionally in the organometallic compound, ring CY4 may be: an X4-containing 5-membered ring; or an X4-containing 6-membered ring; or an X4-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed,
For example, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition L-1, and ring CY4 in the organometallic compound may be a pyridine group or a pyrimidine group. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.
In embodiments, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition L-1, and ring CY4 in the organometallic compound may be a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, or a benzimidazole group. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.
In embodiments, when L2 is *—C(R8)(R9)—*′ or *—Si(R8)(R9)—*′, R8 and R9 may be combined with each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a. For example, in Compound 93 or the like as described herein, L2 may be *—C(R8)(R9)*′, and R8 and R9 may each independently be a phenyl group and may be connected to each other to form a carbocyclic group. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.
In Formula 1, T1 may be *—C(Z11)(Z12)*′ or *—Si(Z11)(Z12)*′; and T2 may be *—N(Z13)*′, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(Z13)(Z14)—*′, or *—Si(Z13)(Z14)—*′, wherein *and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and Z11 to Z14 may respectively be the same as those described herein.
In Formula 1, b2 may be 0, 1, or 2. In Formula 1, b2 indicates the number of T2(s), and T2 is not present when b2 is 0.
In an embodiment, b2 may be 0 or 1.
In embodiments, b2 may be 1, and T2 may be *—C(Z13)(Z14)—*′ or *—Si(Z13)(Z14)—*′. For example: T1 may be *—C(Z11)(Z12)—*′, and T2 may be *—C(Z13)(Z14)—*′; or T1 may be *—Si(Z11)(Z12)*′, and T2 may be *—C(Z13)(Z14)—*′; or T1 may be *—C(Z11)(Z12)*′, and T2 may be *—Si(Z13)(Z14)—*′; or T1 may be *—Si(Z11)(Z12)—*′, and T2 may be *—Si(Z13)(Z14)—*′.
In an embodiment, a moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae B1-1 to B1-12:
In Formulae B1-1 to B1-12,
For example, a moiety represented by
in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by Formula B1-1 or Formula B1-6.
In an embodiment, in case that b2 is 0, the organometallic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition 6-1 and Condition 6-2:
[Condition 6-1]
CY6 is a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, or an azadibenzothiophene group;
[Condition 6-2]
In embodiments, the organometallic compound may satisfy Condition T-1 or Condition T-2:
[Condition T-1]
[Condition T-2]
In embodiments, in case that the organometallic compound satisfies Condition T-2 and T2 is *—C(Z13)(Z14)—*′ or *—Si(Z13)(Z14)*′, Z13 and Z14 may be combined with each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, Compound 81 or the like as described herein may satisfy Condition T-1 (wherein, in Compound 81, b2 is 0, T1 is *—C(Z11)(Z12)—*′, and Z11 and Z12 are each a phenyl group and are combined with each other via a single bond). For example, Compound 84 or the like as described herein may satisfy Condition T-2 (wherein, in Compound 84, b2 is 1, T1 is *—C(Z11)(Z12)—*′, T2 is *—C(Z13)(Z14)*′, Z11 to Z14 are each a phenyl group, Z11 and Z12 may be combined with each other via a single bond, and Z13 and Z14 may be combined with each other via a single bond). However, embodiments are not limited thereto.
In Formula 1, R1 to R9 and Z11 to Z14 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —P(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), or —P(═S)(Q1)(Q2).
In Formula 1, a1 to a7 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20.
In Formula 1, each of two or more of R1 in the number of a1; two or more of R2 in the number of a2; two or more of R3 in the number of a3; two or more of R4 in the number of a4; two or more of R5 in the number of a5; two or more of R6 in the number of a6; two or more of R7 in the number of a7; Ra and R9; Z11 and Z12; and Z13 and Z14, may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, two or more of R1 in the number of a1 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
In Formula 1, two or more of R1 to R4, R8, and R9 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, a1 to a7 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10.
In an embodiment, in Formula 1, R1 to R9 and Z11 to Z14 may each independently be:
In embodiments, R1 to R9 and Z11 to Z14 may each independently be:
In embodiments, R5 to R7 may each independently be:
For example, R7 may be hydrogen.
In embodiments, Z11 to Z14 may each independently be:
In embodiments, Z11 to Z14 may each independently be:
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be selected from Compounds 1 to 100:
In Compounds 1 to 100, D5 indicates substitution with five deuterium atoms, and Ph indicates a phenyl group. For example, a group represented by
is identical to a group represented by
The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may include a bulky substituent that is bonded to a nitrogen atom of the X1-containing 5-membered ring that is condensed with ring CY1, wherein the bulky substituent includes a moiety in which rings CY5 to CY7 are connected to each other, and thus the bulky substituent may provide a strong steric shielding effect toward M in Formula 1.
In the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an atom bonded to T1 among ring-forming atoms of CY5, an atom bonded to T1 among ring-forming atoms of CY7, T1, and a single bond connecting ring CY5 and CY7, may be connected to one another to form a ring, resulting in low vibration and improved structural stability. Accordingly, the organometallic compound may have high color purity and high stability.
In the organometallic compound, T1 may be *—C(Z11)(Z12)—*′ or *—Si(Z11)(Z12)—*′, and due to low electronegativity of a C atom or a Si atom and the strong binding strength between a C atom or a Si atom and a neighboring atom, the structural stability of the organometallic compound may be further improved as compared to a case in which only N, O, and/or S are included (for example, Compound CE3 or the like as described herein). Accordingly, a decrease in luminescence efficiency or the like upon the interaction between the organometallic compound and other compounds may be inhibited.
Therefore, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the organometallic compound may have low driving voltage, excellent luminescence efficiency, long lifespan, and excellent color purity, and thus, may be used in the manufacture of a high-quality electronic apparatus.
Synthesis methods of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples provided below.
At least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be used in a light-emitting device (for example, an organic light-emitting device). Accordingly, another aspect of the disclosure provides a light-emitting device which may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
In an embodiment, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode,
wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and
the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be an anode, and the second electrode of the light-emitting device may be a cathode.
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may be included between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device. In embodiments, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound. For example, in the interlayer, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound.
In an embodiment, the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the dopant may include the organometallic compound. For example, the organometallic compound may serve as a dopant. The emission layer may emit red light, green light, blue light, and/or white light. For example, the emission layer may emit blue light. In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of, for example, about 410 nm to about 500 nm.
In an embodiment, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include:
In Formula 2,
In Formula 3,
In Formula 4,
In embodiments, the second compound may not include CBP or mCBP:
In embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host,
In embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host,
In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound. For example, the phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be blue light.
In an embodiment, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2-1, a compound represented by Formula 2-2, a compound represented by Formula 2-3, a compound represented by Formula 2-4, a compound represented by Formula 2-5, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 2-1 to 2-5,
b81 to b85 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,
R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2),
In an embodiment, the second compound may be one of Compounds H1-1 to H1-24:
In an embodiment, the fourth compound may include a compound represented by Formula 4-11, a compound represented by Formula 4-12, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 4-11 and 4-12,
For example, in Formulae 4-11 and 4-12, a sum of c3 and c4 (i.e., c3+c4) may be 1 or more.
In embodiments, the fourth compound may include a group represented by Formula 4-1:
In Formula 4-1,
In an embodiment, the third compound and the fourth compound may each independently be one of Compounds E1 to E32:
Descriptions of Formulae 2, 2-1 to 2-5, 3, 4, 4-1, 4-11, and 4-12
In Formula 3, b61 to b63 respectively indicate the number of L61(s) to the number of L63(s), and may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. When b61 is 2 or greater, two or more of L61 may be identical to or different from each other, when b62 is 2 or greater, two or more of L62 may be identical to or different from each other, and when b63 is 2 or greater, two or more of L63 may be identical to or different from each other. For example, b61 to b63 may each independently be 1 or 2.
In Formulae 4-11 and 4-12, b92 and b95 respectively indicate the number of L92(s) and the number of L95(s), and may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. When b92 is 2 or greater, two or more of L92 may be identical to or different from each other, and when b95 is 2 or greater, two or more L95 may be identical to or different from each other. For example, b92 and b95 may each independently be 1 or 2
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, a bond between L61 and R61, a bond between L62 and R62, a bond between L63 and R63, a bond between two or more L61(s), a bond between two or more L62(s), a bond between two or more L63(s), a bond between L61 and a carbon atom between X64 and X65 in Formula 3, a bond between L62 and a carbon atom between X64 and X66 in Formula 3, and a bond between L63 and a carbon atom between X65 and X66 in Formula 3 may each be a carbon-carbon single bond.
In Formula 3, X64 may be N or C(R64), X65 may be N or C(R65), X66 may be N or C(R66), and at least one of X64 to X66 may be N, wherein R64 to R66 may respectively be the same as described herein. For example, two or three of X64 to X66 may each be N.
In the specification, R61 to R66, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, R84b, and R91 to R95 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein Q1 to Q3 may each be the same as described herein.
In an embodiment, in Formulae 2, 2-1 to 2-5, 3, 4, 4-1, 4-11, and 4-12, R61 to R66, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, R84b, R91 to R95, and R10a may each independently be:
In Formula 91,
In embodiments, in Formula 91,
In embodiments, R1 to R9, Z11, and Z12 in Formula 1; R61 to R66, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, R84b, and R91 to R95 in Formulae 2, 2-1 to 2-5, 3, 4, 4-1, 4-11, and 4-12; and R10a may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a group represented by one of Formulae 9-1 to 9-20 in the specification, a group represented by one of Formulae 10-1 to 10-255 in the specification, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein Q1 to Q3 may respectively be the same as those described herein.
In Formulae 2-1 to 2-5, a71 to a74 respectively indicate the number of R71(s) to the number of R74(s), and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. When a71 is 2 or greater, two or more of R71 may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is 2 or greater, two or more of R72 may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is 2 or greater, two or more of R73 may be identical to or different from each other, and when a74 is 2 or greater, two or more of R74 may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, a group represented by *-(L61)b61-R61 and a group represented by *-(L62)b62-R62 may each not be a phenyl group.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, a group represented by *-(L61)b61-R61 and a group represented by *-(L62)b62-R62 may be identical to each other.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, a group represented by *-(L61)b61-R61 and a group represented by *-(L62)b62-R62 may be different from each other.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, b61 and b62 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3, and L61 and L62 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3, R61 and R62 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), and
Q1 to Q3 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, in Formula 3,
In Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26, CY52-1 to CY52-26, and CY53-1 to CY53-27,
In embodiments, in Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26 and Formulae CY52-1 to 52-26, R51a to R51e and R52a to R52e may each independently be:
Formula 91 91 is the same as described herein,
In an embodiment, in Formulae 2-1 to 2-5, L81 to L85 may each independently be:
In an embodiment, a group represented by
in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or
in Formulae 2-1 and 2-3 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or
in Formulae 2-2 and 2-4 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or
in Formulae 2-3 to 2-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or
in Formula 2-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8):
In Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),
In embodiments, the light-emitting device may include a capping layer located outside the first electrode or outside the second electrode.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside the first electrode and a second capping layer located outside the second electrode, and at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. The first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may each be the same as described herein.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include:
The wording “(interlayer and/or capping layer) includes an organometallic compound” as used herein may be understood as “(interlayer and/or capping layer) may include one kind of organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 or two or more different kinds of organometallic compounds, each independently represented by Formula 1.”
For example, the interlayer and/or capping layer may include Compound 1 only as the organometallic compound. In this regard, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer of the light-emitting device. In embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in a same layer (for example, both Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in the emission layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer, and Compound 2 may be present in the electron transport region).
The term “interlayer” as used herein may be a single layer and/or multiple layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
Another aspect of the disclosure provides an electronic apparatus the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device, and a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor may include a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. The electronic apparatus may be the same as described herein.
[Description of
Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to
[First electrode 110]
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In an embodiment, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a structure consisting of a single layer or a structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
[Interlayer 130]
The interlayer 130 is arranged on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.
The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region arranged between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region arranged between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
In an embodiment, the interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and the like.
In embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include two or more emitting units stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and at least one charge generation layer between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emitting units and the at least one charge generation layer, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
[Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130]
The hole transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the first electrode 110 its respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.
The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 201 and 202,
In embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R10b and R10c may each independently be the same as described in connection with R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In an embodiment, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 201 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may each include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.
[p-Dopant]
The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
In embodiments, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level equal to or less than about −3.5 eV.
In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.
Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, and the like.
Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, a compound represented by Formula 221, and the like:
In Formula 221,
R221 to R223 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.
Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (L1), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.); and the like.
Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and the like.
Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.), and the like.
Examples of the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, a metal iodide, etc.), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, a metalloid iodide, etc.), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
Examples of the metal oxide may include tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.), rhenium oxide (for example, ReO3, etc.), and the like.
Examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide, and the like.
Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, and the like.
Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2), SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, BaI2, and the like.
Examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, TaI3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, ReI2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.), and the like.
Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI3, etc.), a tin halide (for example, SnI2, etc.), and the like.
Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3 SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3 SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, SmI3, and the like.
Examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl5, etc.) and the like.
Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, Li2Te, a na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.), and the like.
[Emission Layer in Interlayer 130]
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In an embodiment, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other to emit white light. In embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials may be mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.
In the emission layer, an amount of the dopant may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
In embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.
In embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may serve as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
[Host]
The host may include at least one of the second compound to the fourth compound.
The host may further include a compound represented by Formula 301:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21 [Formula 301]
In Formula 301,
In an embodiment, in Formula 301, when xb11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar301 may be bonded to each other via a single bond.
In embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,
rings A301 to A304 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
In embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H128, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (m CP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
[Phosphorescent Dopant]
The phosphorescent dopant may be the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.
The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.
The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.
In embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
In Formulae 401 and 402,
In an embodiment, in Formula 402, X401 may be nitrogen and X402 may be carbon; or each of X401 and X402 may be nitrogen.
In an embodiment, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two ring A401(s) in two or more of L401 may optionally be bonded to each other via T402, which is a linking group, and two ring A402(s) may optionally be bonded to each other via T403, which is a linking group. T402 and T403 may each independently be the same as described in connection with T401.
In Formula 401, L402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:
[Fluorescent Dopant]
The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
In Formula 501,
In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, etc.) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In an embodiment, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2.
In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include one of Compounds FD1 to FD37, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:
[Delayed Fluorescence Material]
The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.
In the specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence, based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.
The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or as a dopant, depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.
In an embodiment, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the range described above, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminescence efficiency.
In an embodiment, the delayed fluorescence material may include a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group and the like, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, and the like); or the delayed fluorescence material may include a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group including at least two cyclic groups condensed to each other while sharing boron (B), and the like.
Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of Compounds DF1 to DF14:
[Quantum Dot]
The emission layer may include a quantum dot.
The term “quantum dot” as used herein may be a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to a size of the crystal.
A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.
The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.
The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled through a process which costs lower, and may be more readily performed than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
The quantum dot may include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.
Examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, and the like; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, and the like; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and the like; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and the like; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and the like; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, and the like; or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, and the like.
Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, InTe, and the like; a ternary compound, such as InGaS3, InGaSe3, and the like; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, AgAlO2, and the like; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, and the like; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, and the like; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the Group IV element or compound may include: a single element material, such as Si, Ge, and the like; a binary compound, such as SiC, SiGe, and the like; or any combination thereof.
Each element included in a multi-element compound, such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, or a quaternary compound, may be present in a particle at a uniform concentration or at a non-uniform concentration.
In an embodiment, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is uniform, or the quantum dot may have a core-shell structure. In an embodiment, in case that the quantum dot has a core-shell structure, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.
The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer that prevents chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or may serve as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. An interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of a material in the shell decreases toward the core.
Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the metal oxide, the metalloid oxide, or the non-metal oxide may include: a binary compound, such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, and the like; a ternary compound, such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, CoMn2O4, and the like; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include, as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.
The quantum dot may have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum equal to or less than about 45 nm. For example, the quantum dot may have a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum equal to or less than about 40 nm. For example, the quantum dot may have a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum equal to or less than about 30 nm. When the FWHM of the quantum dot is within these ranges, the quantum dot may have improved color purity or color reproducibility. Light emitted through the quantum dot may be emitted in all directions, so that a wide viewing angle may be improved.
In embodiments, the quantum dot may be in the form of a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, or a nanoplate particle.
Since the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands may be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In an embodiment, the size of the quantum dot may be selected to emit red light, green light, and/or blue light. For example, the size of the quantum dot may be configured to emit white light by the combination of light of various colors.
[Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130]
The electron transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the emission layer in its respective stated order, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one n electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
For example, the electron transport region may include at least one of the third compound and the fourth compound.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11*[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21 [Formula 601]
In Formula 601,
In an embodiment, in Formula 601, when xe11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601 may be bonded to each other via a single bond.
In an embodiment, in Formula 601, Ar601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
In Formula 601-1,
In an embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion.
A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or with the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may each independently include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, etc.), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound may include: an alkali metal oxide, such as Li2O, Cs2O, K2O, and the like; an alkali metal halide, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and the like; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal oxide, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, Lu2Te3, and the like.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include one of an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, and a rare earth metal ion, and a ligand bonded to the metal ion (for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof).
In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, alkali metal halide); or the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
[Second Electrode 150]
The second electrode 150 may be arranged on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. A material for forming the second electrode 150 may be a material having a low work function, for example, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
[Capping Layer]
The light-emitting device 10 may include a first capping layer arranged outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer arranged outside the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order.
Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer. Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index greater than or equal to about 1.6 (with respect to a wavelength of about 589 nm).
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:
[Film]
The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in various films. According to embodiments, a film including an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be provided. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, or the like), or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, or the like).
[Electronic Apparatus]
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and the like.
The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. In embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light. The light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.
The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels.
A pixel-defining film may be arranged between the subpixels to define each subpixel.
The color filter may further include color filter areas and light-shielding patterns arranged between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns arranged between the color conversion areas.
The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. In an embodiment, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In embodiments, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be the same as described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. The first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described herein. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, or the like.
The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like.
The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be arranged between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may allow light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and may simultaneously prevent ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
Various functional layers may be further included on the sealing portion according to the use of the electronic apparatus, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, an authentication apparatus, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.
The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.
[Electronic Equipment]
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic equipment.
In embodiments, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor lighting, an outdoor lighting, a signaling light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a 3D display, a virtual-reality display, an augmented-reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a sign.
The light-emitting device may have excellent effects in terms of luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan, and thus the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may have characteristics, such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.
[Description of
The electronic apparatus of
The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be arranged on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.
A TFT may be arranged on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the gate insulating film 230.
An interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be arranged on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may respectively contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.
The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be arranged on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be electrically connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be arranged on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. Although not shown in
The second electrode 150 may be arranged on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be further included on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may cover the second electrode 150.
The encapsulation portion 300 may be arranged on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be arranged on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.
The electronic apparatus of
[Description of
The electronic equipment 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device may implement an image through an array of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.
The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely surround the display area DA. A driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. A pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printed circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged in the non-display area NDA.
In the electronic equipment 1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as shown in
[Descriptions of
Referring to
The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, and a train running on a track.
The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the body. The exterior of the vehicle body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a filler provided at a boundary between doors, and the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and the like.
The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display device 2.
The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a filler arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.
The side window glass 1100 may be installed on the side of the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. Multiple side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In an embodiment, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
In an embodiment, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or the −x direction. An imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the −x direction.
The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.
The side mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In an embodiment, multiple side mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.
The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning lamp, a seat belt warning lamp, an odometer, a hodometer, an automatic shift selector indicator lamp, a door open warning lamp, an engine oil warning lamp, and/or a low fuel warning light.
The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are disposed. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.
A passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat (not shown), and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be disposed to correspond to a passenger seat (not shown). In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.
In an embodiment, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, a quantum dot display device, and the like. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to an embodiment of the disclosure, an organic light-emitting display device display including the light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described as an example, but various types of display devices as described above may be used in embodiments of the disclosure.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
[Manufacturing Method]
Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and the like.
When respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group consisting of carbon as the only ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be from 3 to 61.
The term “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C3-C60 carbocyclic group or the C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and may not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and may include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
In embodiments,
The terms “cyclic group”, “C3-C60 carbocyclic group”, “C1-C60 heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group”, or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may each be a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Examples of a monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and a monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C1 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of a divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and a divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C1 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein may be a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and the like. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and the like. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein may be a monovalent group represented by —O(A101) (wherein A101 may be a C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and the like.
The term “C3-C1 cycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C1 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C1 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C6-C60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and the like. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indeno anthracenyl group, and the like. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphtho silolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein may be a group represented by —O(A102) (wherein A102 may be a C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as used herein may be a group represented by —S(A103) (wherein A103 may be a C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 arylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A104)(A105) (wherein A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term “C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A106)(A107) (wherein A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
The group “R10a” as used herein may be:
In the specification, Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23, and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C60 alkyl group; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; a C7-C60 arylalkyl group; or a C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group.
The term “heteroatom” as used herein may be any atom other than a carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. Examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.
The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the terms “tert-Bu” or “But” as used herein each refer to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” For example, the “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group.” For example, the “terphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
The symbols *, *′, and *″ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
Hereinafter, compounds according to embodiments and light-emitting devices according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.
11.1 g (35.0 mmol) of 3-bromo-9,9-dimethyl-4-nitro-9H-fluorene, 6.4 g (52.5 mmol) of phenyl boronic acid, 2.0 g (1.8 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, and 9.7 g (70.0 mmol) of potassium carbonate were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 350 mL of a mixed solution containing tetrahydrofuran and water at a volume ratio of 3:1. The reaction temperature was raised to 80° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 9.0 g (28.4 mmol) of a target compound.
9.0 g (28.4 mmol) of Intermediate [1-A], 11.7 g (99.4 mmol) of tin, and 13.6 mL (156.2 mmol) of HCl 35 wt % solution were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 280 mL of ethanol. The reaction temperature was raised to 80° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature, and a saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was used for neutralization. An organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 6.3 g (22.2 mmol) of a target compound.
6.3 g (22.2 mmol) of Intermediate [1-B], 6.7 g (33.3 mmol) of 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene, 1.0 g (1.1 mmol) of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, 0.7 g (1.7 mmol) of SPhos, and 6.4 g (66.6 mmol) of sodium tert-butoxide were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 220 mL of toluene. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 7.0 g (17.3 mmol) of a target compound.
7.0 g (17.3 mmol) of Intermediate [1-C], 7.1 g (60.6 mmol) of tin, and 8.3 mL (95.2 mmol) of HCl 35 wt % solution were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 170 mL of ethanol. The reaction temperature was raised to 80° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature, and a saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was used for neutralization. An organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 5.5 g (14.7 mmol) of a target compound.
5.5 g (14.7 mmol) of Intermediate [1-D], 7.6 g (16.2 mmol) of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole, 0.6 g (0.7 mmol) of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, 0.5 g (1.1 mmol) of SPhos, and 4.2 g (44.1 mmol) of sodium tert-butoxide were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 150 mL of toluene. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 7.4 g (9.6 mmol) of a target compound.
7.4 g (9.6 mmol) of Intermediate [1-E], 64 mL (480 mmol) of triethyl orthoformate, and 4.5 mL (52.8 mmol) of HCl 35 wt % solution were added to a reaction vessel, heated, and stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and a residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 6.4 g (7.9 mmol) of a target compound.
6.4 g (7.9 mmol) of Intermediate [1-F] and 2.6 g (15.8 mmol) of ammonium hexafluorophosphate were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in a mixed solution containing methanol and water at a volume ratio of 2:1. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The resulting solid was filtered and separated by column chromatography to obtain 6.6 g (7.1 mmol) of a target compound.
6.6 g (7.1 mmol) of Intermediate [1-G], 2.8 g (7.5 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 1.2 g (14.2 mmol) of sodium acetate were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 280 m L of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 1.1 g (1.1 mmol) of a target compound.
0.9 g (0.9 mmol) of Compound 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that phenyl boronic acid-D5 was used instead of phenyl boronic acid in synthesizing Intermediate [1-A] of Synthesis Example 1.
6.3 g (20.0 mmol) of 9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-2-ol, 10.0 g (40.0 mmol) of 3-bromo-5-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, and 12.7 g (60 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 200 m L of dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at 160° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 9.3 g (17.0 mmol) of a target compound.
0.8 g (0.8 mmol) of Compound 45 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that Intermediate [45-A] was used instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole in synthesizing Intermediate [1-E] of Synthesis Example 1.
7.9 g (20.0 mmol) of 9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-phenyl-9H-carbazol-2-ol, 10.0 g (40.0 mmol) of 3-bromo-5-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, and 12.7 g (60.0 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 200 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at 160° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 9.1 g (16.6 mmol) of a target compound.
0.9 g (0.9 mmol) of Compound 51 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that Intermediate [51-A] was used instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole in synthesizing Intermediate [1-E] of Synthesis Example 1.
7.7 g (50.0 mmol) of (6-fluoro-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)boronic acid, 16.0 g (75.0 mmol) of 1-bromo-4-(tert-butyl)benzene, 2.8 g (2.5 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, and 13.9 g (100.0 mmol) of potassium carbonate were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 500 mL of a mixed solution containing tetrahydrofuran and water at a volume ratio of 3:1. The reaction temperature was raised to 80° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 10.0 g (41.0 mmol) of a target compound.
10.0 g (41.0 mmol) of Intermediate [70-A], (49.2 mmol) of 2-methoxy-9H-carbazole, and 17.4 g (82.0 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 410 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at 160° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 13.6 g (32.4 mmol) of a target compound.
13.6 g (32.4 mmol) of Intermediate [70-B] was added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in an excess of bromic acid. The reaction temperature was raised to 80° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, neutralized with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 10.3 g (25.3 mmol) of a target compound.
10.3 g (25.3 mmol) of Intermediate [70-C], 11.9 g (50.6 mmol) of 1,3-dibromobenzene, 480 mg (2.5 mmol) of copper(I) iodide, 920 mg (5.1 mmol) of phenanthroline, and 10.7 g (50.6 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were added to a reaction vessel, and suspended in 250 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at 160° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and dried using sodium sulfate. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain 8.6 g (15.4 mmol) of a target compound.
0.7 g (0.7 mmol) of Compound 70 was obtained in the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that Intermediate [70-D] was used instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole in synthesizing Intermediate [1-E] of Synthesis Example 1.
1H NMR and MS/FAB of the compounds synthesized according to Synthesis Examples 1 to 5 are shown in Table 1. Synthesis methods of compounds other than the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples 1 to 5 may be readily recognized by those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis paths and source materials.
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz)
As an anode, a glass substrate with 15 Ω/cm2 (1,200 Å) ITO (manufactured by Corning. Inc.,) formed thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, and sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water, each for 5 minutes. Ultraviolet light was irradiated for 30 minutes thereto, and ozone was exposed thereto for cleaning. The resultant glass substrate was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.
2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (hereinafter, referred as NPB) was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.
Compound 1, Compound H1-1, and Compound E2 were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å. In this regard, an amount of Compound 1 is 10 wt % based on a total weight (100 wt %) of the emission layer, and a weight ratio of Compound H1-1 to Compound E2 was adjusted to 5:5.
Compound E1 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and Alq3 was vacuum-deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å. LiF was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds of Table 2 were used to form emission layers.
The driving voltage (V), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), color coordinates (CIE_y), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (LT95) of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 at 1,000 cd/m2 were measured by using Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meter PR650. The results thereof are shown in Table 3. In Table 3, the lifespan (T95) is a measure of the time (hr) taken until the luminance declines to 95% of the initial luminance, and is expressed as a relative value with respect to Comparative Example 1.
Referring to Table 3, it was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 5 emitted deep blue light and had low driving voltage, excellent luminescence efficiency, and/or long lifespan characteristics compared to the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 6.
According to embodiments, a light-emitting device including an organometallic compound may have low driving voltage, high efficiency, and a long lifespan, and thus, may be used to manufacture a high-quality electronic apparatus having excellent light efficiency and a long lifespan.
Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent by one of ordinary skill in the art, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with an embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2022-0034176 | Mar 2022 | KR | national |
