ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based on and claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0143082, filed on Oct. 25, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and to all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND
1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to an organometallic compound, an organic light-emitting device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emissive devices, which have improved characteristics in terms of viewing angles, response time, brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, and produce full-color images.

Organic light-emitting devices include an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer located between the anode and the cathode and including an emission layer. A hole transport region may be located between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be located between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. The holes and the electrons recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. The excitons may transition from an excited state to a ground state, thus generating light.

SUMMARY

One or more embodiments relate to an organometallic compound, an organic light-emitting device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the detailed description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the detailed description, or may be learned by practice of the presented exemplary embodiments.

Provided is an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

M₁(Ln₁)_n1(Ln₂)_n2 Formula 1

wherein, in Formula 1,

M₁is a transition metal,

Ln₁is a ligand represented by Formula 1A,

Ln₂is a ligand represented by Formula 1B,

n1 is 1 or 2, and

n2 is 1 or 2,

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wherein, Formulae 1A, 1B, and 41,

ring CY₁and ring CY₂are each independently a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

ring CY₃is a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group, a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group condensed with a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group, or a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group condensed with a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

ring CY₄₁is a group represented by Formula 41,

X₁is C or N, and X₂is C or N,

X₄₁is C(R₄₁) or N, and X₄₂is C(R₄₂) or N,

Y₄is O, S, Se, or C(R₁)(R₂),

Y₄₁is O, S, Se, C(R₃)(R₄), N(R₃), or B(R₃),

Y₄₂is O, S, Se, C(R₅)(R₆), N(R₅) or B(R₅),

R₁to R₆, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₄)(Q₅), —B(Q₆)(Q₇), —P(Q₈)(Q₉), or —P(═O)(Q₈)(Q₉),

neighboring two or more of a plurality of R₁₀are optionally bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

neighboring two or more of a plurality of R₂₀are optionally bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

neighboring two or more of a plurality of R₃₀may optionally be bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

neighboring two or more of a plurality of R₄₀are optionally bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

neighboring two or more of R₁to R₆, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂are optionally bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

b10, b20, and b30 are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10,

b40 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to M₁, and

at least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, the substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group,

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —Ge(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇), —P(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), —P(═O)(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), or a combination thereof;

a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Ge(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇), —P(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), —P(═O)(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), or a combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Ge(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), —P(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉), or —P(═O)(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉),

wherein Q₁to Q₉, Q₁₁to Q₁₉, Q₂₁to Q₂₉, and Q₃₁to Q₃₉are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

Another aspect provides an organic light-emitting device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer, and wherein the organic layer further includes at least one of the organometallic compounds.

The organometallic compound may be included in the emission layer of the organic layer, and the organometallic compound included in the emission layer may act as a dopant.

Another aspect provides an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain exemplary embodiments will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the FIGURE which is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an organic light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing. In this regard, the present exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the detailed descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the one or more exemplary embodiments are merely described in further detail below, and by referring to the FIGURE, to explain aspects.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing one or more exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another element, component, region, layer, or section. Thus, afirst element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present embodiments.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly in contact with the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this general inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

Hereinafter, a work function or a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level is expressed as an absolute value from a vacuum level. In addition, when the work function or the HOMO energy level is referred to be “deep,” “high” or “large,” the work function or the HOMO energy level has a large absolute value based on “0 eV” of the vacuum level, while when the work function or the HOMO energy level is referred to be “shallow,” “low,” or “small,” the work function or HOMO energy level has a small absolute value based on “0 eV” of the vacuum level.

The organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1:

M₁(Ln₁)_n1(Ln₂)_n2 Formula 1

M₁in Formula 1 is a transition metal.

For example, M₁may be a Period 1 transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a Period 2 transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, or a Period 3 transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements.

In one or more embodiments, M₁may be iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), or rhodium (Rh).

In one or more embodiments, M₁may be Ir, Pt, Os, or Rh.

In one or more embodiments, M₁may be Ir.

In Formula 1, n1 may be 1 or 2, and n2 may be 1, 2, or 3.

In one or more embodiments, a sum of n1 and n2 may be 2 or 3.

In one or more embodiments, M₁may be Ir and the sum of n1 and n2 may be 3.

In one or more embodiments, M₁may be Pt, and the sum of n1 and n2 may be 2.

In Formula 1, Ln₁is a ligand represented by Formula 1A:

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In Formula 1A, X₁is C or N, and X₂is C or N.

In Formula 1A, ring CY₁and ring CY₂are each independently a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₁and ring CY₂may each independently be i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which at least two first rings are condensed, iv) a condensed ring in which at least two second rings are condensed, or v) a condensed ring in which at least one first ring is condensed with at least one second ring,

the first ring may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, a benzosilole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, or a triazasilole group, and

the second ring may be an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₁and ring CY₂may each independently be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclohexene group, a cycloheptene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluoren-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluoren-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₁and ring CY₂may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, or an azadibenzosilole group.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₁may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, or a quinazoline group.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₂may be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, or a dibenzosilole group.

In one or more embodiments, Ln₁may be represented by Formula 1A-1:

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wherein, in Formula 1A-1,

X₁₁may be C(R₁₁) or N, X₁₂may be C(R₁₂) or N, X₁₃may be C(R₁₃) or N, and X₁₄may be C(R₁₄) or N,

X₂₁may be C(R₂₁) or N, X₂₂may be C(R₂₂) or N, X₂₃may be C(R₂₃) or N, and X₂₄may be C(R₂₄) or N,

R₁₁to R₁₄are each independently as described in connection with R₁₀,

R₂₁to R₂₄are each independently as described in connection with R₂₀,

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to M₁.

In one or more embodiments, Ln₁may be represented by one of Formulae 1A-11 to 1A-26:

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wherein, in Formulae 1A-11 to 1A-26,

R₁₀and R₂₀may each be as described herein,

b51 and b54 may each independently be 1 or 2,

b53 and b55 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3,

b52 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site M₁.

In one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1A may be represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-16:

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wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-16,

R₁₁to R₁₄may each independently be as described in connection with R₁₀, * indicates a binding site to M₁, and *′ indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

In one or more embodiments, each of R₁₁to R₁₄may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁to R₁₄may each independently be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neo-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), or —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

wherein Q₁to Q₃may be each independently:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, or —CD₂CDH₂;

an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, or a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a combination thereof.

In Formulae 1-1 to 1-16, * indicates a binding site to M₁, and *′ indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1A may be represented by one of Formulae 2-1 to 2-16:

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wherein, in Formulae 2-1 to 2-16,

R₂₁to R₂₄may each independently be as described in connection with R₂₀, and

* indicates a binding site to M₁, and *″ indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more embodiments, each of R₂₁to R₂₄may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₁to R₂₄may each independently be:

wherein Q₁to Q₃may each independently be:

In Formulae 2-1 to 2-16, * indicates a binding site to M₁, and *′ indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formula 1, Ln₂is a ligand represented by Formula 1B:

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wherein * and *′ each indicate a binding site to M₁.

In Formula 1B, X₁is C or N, and X₂is C or N.

In Formula 1B, X₄₁is C(R₄₁) or N, and X₄₂is C(R₄₂) or N.

In Formula 1B, Y₄is O, S, Se, or C(R₁)(R₂).

Ring CY₃in Formula 1B is a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group, a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group condensed with a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group, or a 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic group condensed with a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₃may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phenanthroline group, a quinoxaline group, or a quinazoline group.

Ring CY₄₁in Formula 1B is represented by Formula 41:

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wherein, Y₄₁in Formula 41 is O, S, Se, C(R₃)(R₄), N(R₃), or B(R₃).

In one or more embodiments, Y₄₁may be O, S, or C(R₃)(R₄).

Y₄₂in Formula 41 is O, S, Se, C(R₅)(R₆), N(R₅), or B(R₅).

In one or more embodiments, Y₄₂may be O, S or C(R₅)(R₆).

In one or more embodiments, Ln₂may be represented by one of Formulae 1B-1 to 1B-3:

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wherein, in Formulae 1B-1 to 1B-3,

X₃₁may be C(R₃₁) or N, X₃₂may be C(R₃₂) or N, X₃₃may be C(R₃₃) or N, and X₃₄may be C(R₃₄) or N,

R₃₁to R₃₄are each independently as described in connection with R₃₀, and

R₄₁to R₄₈may each independently be as described in connection with R₄₀, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to M₁.

In one or more embodiments, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1B-1 to 1B-3 may be represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-16:

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wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-16,

R₃₁to R₃₄may each independently be as described in connection with R₃₀, but may each not be hydrogen, and

* indicates a binding site to M₁, and *′ indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

R₁to R₆, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂in Formula 1 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₄)(Q₅), —B(Q₆)(Q₇), —P(Q₈)(Q₉), or —P(═O)(Q₈)(Q₉).

b10, b20, and b30 in Formulae 1A and 1B are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In one or more embodiments, b10, b20, and b30 may each independently be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.

In one or more embodiments, b10, b20, and b30 may each independently be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, b10, b20, and b30 may each independently be 1 or 2.

In one or more embodiments, b10, b20, and b30 may each independently be 1.

b40 in Formula 1B is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In one or more embodiments, b40 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, b40 may be 1 or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or a combination thereof;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, or an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or a combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₄)(Q₅), —B(Q₆)(Q₇), —P(Q₈)(Q₉), or —P(═O)(Q₈)(Q₉).

In one or more embodiments, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group; or

a group represented by one of Formulae 9-1 to 9-67, 9-201 to 9-244, 10-1 to 10-154, or 10-201 to 10-350:

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*in Formula 9-1 to 9-67, 9-201 to 9-244, 10-1 to 10-154, and 10-201 to 10-350 indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, “Ph” is a phenyl group, “TMS” is a trimethylsilyl group, and “TMG” is a trimethylgermyl group.

Regarding Formulae 1A and 1B, two or more of a plurality of R₁₀are optionally bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group; two or more of a plurality of R₂₀are optionally bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group; two or more of a plurality of R₃₀are optionally bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group; two or more of a plurality of R₄₀are optionally bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group; and neighboring two or more of R₁to R₆, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂are optionally bonded together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group.

In one or more embodiments, two or more of a plurality of R₁₀, two or more of a plurality of R₂₀, two or more of a plurality of R₃₀, two or more of a plurality of R₄₀, and neighboring two or more of R₁to R₆, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀to R₄₂may optionally be bonded together to form, via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group, a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a(for example, a fluorene group, a xanthene group, an acridine group, or the like, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a). R_10ais as described in connection with R₁₀.

The first linking group may be *—N(R₈)—*′, *—B(R₈)—*′, *—P(R₈)—*′, *—C(R₈)(R₉)—*′ *—Si(R₈)(R₉)—*′, *—Ge(R₈)(R₉)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′,*C(R₈)=*′, *═C(R₈)—*′, *—C(R₈)═C(R₉)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′, wherein R₈and R₉are as described in connection with R₁₀, and each of * and *′ indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more embodiments, Q₁to Q₉, Q₁₁to Q₁₉, Q₂₁to Q₂₉and Q₃₁to Q₃₉described herein may each independently be:

deuterium, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, or —CD₂CDH₂;

In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be represented by one of Formulae 30-1 to 30-3:

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wherein, in Formulae 30-1 to 30-3,

M₁, n1, n2, Y₁, Y₄₁and Y₄₂, may each be as described herein,

R₁₁to R₁₄may each be as described in connection with R₁₀,

R₂₁to R₂₄may each independently be as described in connection with R₂₀,

R₃₁to R₃₄are each independently as described in connection with R₃₀, and

R₄₁to R₄₈are each independently as described in connection with R₄₀.

In one or more embodiments, examples of the “C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a” include a phenyl group, a naphthalene group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an indole group, or a benzosilole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a. R_10ais as described in connection with R₁₀. The C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group are each as described in the present specification.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of R₁₀(s) in the number of b10, R₂₀(s) in the number of b20, R₃₀(s) in the number of b30, R₄₀(s) in the number of b40, R₄₁, or R₄₂may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl, an isopentyl, a 2-methylbutyl group, a sec-pentyl, a tert-pentyl, a neo-pentyl, a 3-pentyl, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), or —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium.

In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be one of Compounds 1 to 30:

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In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be electrically neutral.

The organometallic compound represented by the Formula 1 satisfies the structure of Formula 1 described above, and the ligand represented by Formula 1B includes a structure in which ring CY₄₁is condensed. Without wishing to be bound to theory, because of this structure, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 has excellent luminescence characteristics and has such characteristics suitable for use as a luminescent material with high color purity by controlling the emission wavelength range.

In addition, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 has excellent electrical mobility, and thus, electronic devices including the organometallic compound, for example, organic light-emitting devices including the organometallic compound may show low driving voltage, high efficiency, a long lifespan, and reduced roll-off phenomenon.

In addition, the photochemically stability of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is improved, and thus, electronic devices including the organometallic compound, for example, organic light-emitting devices including the organometallic compound may show high emission efficiency, long lifespan, and high color purity.

The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, triplet (T₁) energy level, and singlet (S₁) energy level of organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1 were evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) using the Gaussian 09 program with the molecular structure optimization obtained at the B3LYP-basis level, and results thereof are shown in Table 1 where the energy levels are reported in electron Volts (eV).

TABLE 1

HOMO
LUMO
S₁
T₁

Compound
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)

Compound 6
−4.757
−1.251
2.874
2.504

Compound 16
−4.717
−1.263
2.853
2.468

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From Table 1, it was confirmed that the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 has such electric characteristics that are suitable for use as a dopant for an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device.

In one or more embodiments, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission peak of the emission spectrum or the electroluminescence spectrum of the organometallic compound may be about 70 nanometers (nm) or less. For example, the FWHM of the emission peak of the emission spectrum or the electroluminescence spectrum of the organometallic compound may be from about 30 nm to about 65 nm, from about 40 nm to about 63 nm, or from about 45 nm to about 62 nm.

In one or more embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength (emission peak wavelength, λ_max) of the emission peak of the emission spectrum or electroluminescence spectrum of the organometallic compound may be from about 490 nm to about 550 nm.

Synthesis methods of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and by referring to the exemplary Synthesis Examples provided below.

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is suitable for use in an organic layer of an organic light-emitting device, for example, for use as a dopant in an emission layer of the organic layer. Thus, another aspect provides an organic light-emitting device that includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer that is located between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an organic layer including an emission layer and at least one of the organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1.

As described above, due to the inclusion of the organic layer including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, the organic light-emitting device may have excellent characteristics in terms of driving voltage, current efficiency, power efficiency, external quantum efficiency, lifespan, and/or color purity. Also, such an organic light-emitting device may have a reduced roll-off phenomenon and a relatively narrow electroluminescent (EL) spectrum emission peak FWHM.

The organometallic compound of Formula 1 may be used between a pair of electrodes of an organic light-emitting device. For example, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in the emission layer. In this regard, the organometallic compound may act as a dopant, and the emission layer may further include a host (that is, an amount of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 in the emission layer is smaller than an amount of the host).

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may emit green light. For example, the emission layer may emit green light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 490 nm to about 550 nm.

The expression “(an organic layer) includes at least one of organometallic compounds” used herein may include a case in which “(an organic layer) includes identical organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1” and a case in which “(an organic layer) includes two or more different organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1.”

For example, the organic layer may include, as the organometallic compound, only Compound 1. In this embodiment, Compound 1 may be included in the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the organic layer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may exist in an identical layer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 all may exist in an emission layer).

The first electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode, and the second electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode; or the first electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and the second electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode.

In one or more embodiments, in the organic light-emitting device, the first electrode is an anode, and the second electrode is a cathode, and the organic layer may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode. In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a buffer layer, or a combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.

The term “organic layer” used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device. The “organic layer” may include, in addition to an organic compound, an organometallic complex including metal.

The FIGURE is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. Hereinafter, the structure and manufacturing method of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments will be described in connection with the FIGURE. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 11, an organic layer 15, and a second electrode 19, which are sequentially stacked.

A substrate may be additionally disposed under or below the first electrode 11 or on the second electrode 19. The substrate may be a conventional substrate used in organic light-emitting devices, e.g., a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and/or water repellency.

The first electrode 11 may be produced by depositing or sputtering, onto the substrate, a material for forming the first electrode 11. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may be selected from materials with a high work function for easy hole injection. The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may be indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), or zinc oxide (ZnO). In one or more embodiments, the material for forming the first electrode 11 may be metal, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), or magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag).

The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, the first electrode 11 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 11 is not limited thereto.

The organic layer 15 is located on the first electrode 11.

The organic layer 15 may include a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, or a combination thereof.

The hole transport region may be located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer.

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a buffer layer, or a combination thereof.

The hole transport region may include only either a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer. In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein, for each structure, respective layers are sequentially stacked in this stated order from the first electrode 11.

When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, the hole injection layer may be formed on the first electrode 11 by using one or more suitable methods, for example, vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, and/or Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition.

When a hole injection layer is formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition conditions may vary according to a material that is used to form the hole injection layer, and the structure and thermal characteristics of the hole injection layer. For example, the deposition conditions may include a deposition temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum pressure in a range of about 10⁻⁸torr to about 10⁻³torr, and a deposition rate in a range of about 0.01 angstroms per second (Å/sec) to about 100 Å/sec. However, the deposition conditions are not limited thereto.

When the hole injection layer is formed using spin coating, coating conditions may vary according to the material used to form the hole injection layer, and the structure and thermal properties of the hole injection layer. For example, a coating speed may be from about 2,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) to about 5,000 rpm, and a temperature at which a heat treatment is performed to remove a solvent after coating may be from about 80° C. to about 200° C. However, the coating conditions are not limited thereto.

The conditions for forming the hole transport layer and the electron blocking layer may be similar to or the same as the conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

The hole transport region may include at least one of 4,4′, 4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4′, 4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4′, 4″-tris{N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino}-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (NPB), p-NPB, N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4′-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC), 4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4′, 4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201 below, or a compound represented by Formula 202 below:

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Ar₁₀₁and Ar₁₀₂in Formula 201 may each independently be:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, or a pentacenylene group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, or a combination thereof.

xa and xb in Formula 201 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, or 0, 1, or 2. For example, xa may be 1 and xb may be 0, but xa and xb are not limited thereto.

R₁₀₁to R₁₀₈, R₁₁₁to R₁₁₉and R₁₂₁to R₁₂₄in Formulae 201 and 202 may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, pentyl group, a hexyl group, or the like), a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentoxy group, or the like), or a C₁-C₁₀alkylthio group;

a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₁₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, or a combination thereof;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, or a pyrenyl group; or

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, or a pyrenyl group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylthio group, or a combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

R₁₀₉in Formula 201 may be:

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, or a pyridinyl group; or

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, or a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridinyl group, or a combination thereof.

According to one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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R₁₀₁, R₁₁₁, R₁₁₂, and R₁₀₉in Formula 201A are each as described in the detailed description.

For example, the compound represented by Formula 201, and the compound represented by Formula 202 may include compounds HT1 to HT20 illustrated below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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A thickness of the hole transport region may be in the range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant. The p-dopant may be one of a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, or a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments are not limited thereto. Non-limiting examples of the p-dopant are a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinonedimethane (F4-TCNQ); a metal oxide, such as a tungsten oxide or a molybdenum oxide; or a cyano group-containing compound, such as Compound HT-D1 or F12, but are not limited thereto:

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The hole transport region may include a buffer layer.

Also, the buffer layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and thus, efficiency of a formed organic light-emitting device may be improved.

Then, an emission layer may be formed on the hole transport region by vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, LB deposition, or the like. When the emission layer is formed by vacuum deposition or spin coating, the deposition or coating conditions may be similar to those applied in forming the hole injection layer although the deposition or coating conditions may vary according to a material that is used to form the hole transport layer.

Meanwhile, when the hole transport region includes an electron blocking layer, a material for the electron blocking layer may be selected from materials for the hole transport region described above and materials for a host to be explained later. However, the material for the electron blocking layer is not limited thereto. For example, when the hole transport region includes an electron blocking layer, a material for the electron blocking layer may be mCP, which will be explained later.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant, and the dopant may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

The host may include at least one of 1,3,5-tri(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl (TPBi), 3-tert-butyl-9,10-di(naphth-2-yl)anthracene (TBADN), 9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene (ADN, also referred to as “DNA”), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-biphenyl (CDBP), N,N′N″-1,3,5-tricarbazoloylbenzene (TCP), 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), Compound H50, or Compound H51:

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In one or more embodiments, the host may further include a compound represented by Formula 301:

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Ar₁₁₁and Ar₁₁₂in Formula 301 may each independently be:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, or a pyrenylene group; or

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, or a pyrenylene group, each substituted with at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, or a combination thereof.

Ar₁₁₃to Ar₁₁₆in Formula 301 may each independently be:

a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, or a pyrenyl group; or

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, or a pyrenyl group, each substituted with at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, or a combination thereof.

g, h, i, and j in Formula 301 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 4, and may be, for example, 0, 1, or 2.

Ar₁₁₃and Ar₁₁₆in Formula 301 may each independently be:

a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group which is substituted with at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, or a combination thereof;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, or a fluorenyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, or a fluorenyl group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a fluorenyl group, or a combination thereof, or

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In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 302 below:

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Ar₁₂₂to Ar₁₂₅in Formula 302 are as described in detail in connection with Ar₁₁₃in Formula 301.

Ar₁₂₆and Ar₁₂₇in Formula 302 may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, or a propyl group).

k and l in Formula 302 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 4. For example, k and l may be 0, 1, or 2.

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device 10, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer. In one or more embodiments, due to a stacked structure including a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, the emission layer may emit white light.

When the emission layer includes a host and a dopant, an amount of the dopant may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 angstroms (Å) to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

An electron transport region may be located on the emission layer.

The electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.

For example, the electron transport region may have a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure or an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, and the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto. The electron transport layer may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more different materials.

Conditions for forming the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, and the electron injection layer which constitute the electron transport region may be understood by referring to the conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

When the electron transport region includes a hole blocking layer, the hole blocking layer may include, for example, at least one of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), or bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq) but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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A thickness of the hole blocking layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thickness of the hole blocking layer is within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may further include at least one of BCP, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq₃), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), or 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ):

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In one or more embodiments, the electron transport layer may include at least one of ET1 to ET25, but are not limited thereto:

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A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in the range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transporting characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may include a metal-containing material in addition to the material as described above.

The metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2:

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The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that promotes the flow of electrons from the second electrode 19 thereinto.

The electron injection layer may include LiF, NaCl, CsF, Li₂O, BaO, or a combination thereof.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The second electrode 19 is located on the organic layer 15. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode. A material for forming the second electrode 19 may be metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function. For example, lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), or magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag) may be used as the material for forming the second electrode 19. In one or more embodiments, to manufacture a top-emission type light-emitting device, a transmissive electrode formed using ITO or IZO may be used as the second electrode 19.

Hereinbefore, aspects of one or more embodiments of the organic light-emitting device have been described if further detail with reference to the FIGURE, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

Another aspect provides a diagnostic composition including at least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 provides high luminescent efficiency. Accordingly, a diagnostic composition including the organometallic compound may have high diagnostic efficiency.

The diagnostic composition may be used in various applications including a diagnosis kit, a diagnosis reagent, a biosensor, and a biomarker.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁(wherein A₁₀₁is the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₁(wherein A₁₀₁is the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group).

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, Ge, Se, or S as a ring-forming atom(s) and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a tetrahydrofuranyl group and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, Si, Ge, Se, or S as a ring-forming atom(s), 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring structure thereof. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group are a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group” as used herein refers to a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with at least one C₁-C₆₀alkyl group. The term “C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group” as used herein refers to a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group substituted with at least one C₆-C₆₀aryl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a cyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, Ge, Se, or S as a ring-forming atom(s), and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, Ge, Se, or S as a ring-forming atom(s), and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₆-C₆₀heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group substituted with at least one C₁-C₆₀alkyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group” as used herein refers to a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group substituted with at least one C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₂(wherein A₁₀₂is a C₆-C₆₀aryl group). The term “C₆-C₆₀arylthio group” as used herein indicates —SA₁₀₃(wherein A₁₀₃is a C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₄(wherein A₁₀₄is a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group). The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group” as used herein indicates —SA₁₀₅(wherein A₁₀₅is the C₁-C₆heteroaryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 2 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, Ge, Se, or S, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

The term “C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic group having, as a ring-forming atom, 5 to 30 carbon atoms only. The C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group.

The term “C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic group having, as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, Ge, Se, or S other than 1 to 30 carbon atoms. The C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group.

In the present specification, “TMS” represents *—Si(CH₃)₃, and “TMG” represents *—Ge(CH₃)₃.

At least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀hetero arylthio group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be:

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₇-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —Ge(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇), —P(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), —P(═O)(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), or a combination thereof;

a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Ge(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇), —P(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), —P(═O)(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), or a combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Ge(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), —P(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉), or —P(═O)(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉),

wherein Q₁to Q₉, Q₁₁to Q₁₉, Q₂₁to Q₂₉, and Q₃₁to Q₃₉may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to exemplary embodiments are described in further detail with reference to Synthesis Example and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording “‘B’ was used instead of ‘A’” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an amount of ‘A’ used was identical to an amount of ‘B’ used, in terms of a molar equivalent.

EXAMPLES
Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

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(1) Synthesis of Compound 1A(1)

2-phenylpyridine (5.2 grams (g), 33.1 millimoles (mmol)) and iridium chloride hexahydrate (5.2 g, 14.7 mmol) were mixed with 120 milliliters (mL) of ethoxyethanol and 40 mL of deionized (DI) water, and then stirred for 24 hours while heating at reflux. The resultant mixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature. The resultant solid was separated therefrom by filtration, washed sufficiently with DI water, methanol, and hexanes, in this stated order, and then dried in a vacuum oven, to obtain 8.2 g (yield of 92%) of Compound 1A(1). Compound 1A(1) obtained was used in the next reaction without an additional purification process.

(2) Synthesis of Compound 1A

Compound 1A (1.6 g, 1.5 mmol) and 45 mL of methylene chloride (MC) were mixed, and then, trifluoromethanesulfonate silver(I) (AgOTf, 0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added thereto after being mixed with 15 mL of methanol. Afterwards, the resultant reaction solution was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature while light was blocked from the reaction with aluminum foil, and then the contents were filtered through a CELITE plug to remove a solid produced therein. The filtrate was then subjected to reduced pressure to remove solvent and to obtain a solid (Compound 1A) which was used in the next reaction without an additional purification process.

(3) Synthesis of Compound 1B

Under a nitrogen environment, 2-chloro-4-isopropylpyridine (0.8 g, 5.1 mmol) and 2-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzofuro[3,2-c]xanthen-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoborolane (2.4 g, 5.7 mmol) were dissolved in 120 mL of 1,4-dioxane. Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) (1.6 g, 15.4 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL of DI water and added to the reaction mixture, and a palladium catalyst (tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), Pd(PPh₃)₄) (0.30 g, 0.26 mmol) was added thereto. Afterwards, the resultant reaction mixture was stirred while heating under reflux at a temperature of 110° C. After extraction, the obtained solid was subjected to column chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate (EA) and hexanes) to obtain 2.0 g (yield of 90%) of 2-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzofuro[3,2-c]xanthen-1)-yl)-4-isopropylpyridine, which is Compound 1B. The obtained compound was identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.

HRMS (MALDI) calculated for C₂₉H₂₅NO₂: m/z: 419.52 grams per mole (g/mol), found: 419.85 g/mol.

(4) Synthesis of Compound 1

Compound 1A (1.5 g, 1.7 mmol) and 2-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzofuro[3,2-c]xanthen-1-yl)-4-isopropylpyridine (1.0 g, 2.3 mmol)), which is Compound 1B, were mixed with 20 mL of 2-ethoxyethaneol, and the reaction mixture was stirred and heated under reflux for 24 hours, and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The resultant reaction mixture was depressurized, and the solid thus obtained was subjected to column chromatography (eluents: MC and hexanes), to obtain 0.8 g (yield of 40%) of Compound 1. The obtained compound was identified by HRMS (MALDI) and HPLC analysis.

HRMS (MALDI) calculated for C₅₁H₄₀IrN₃O₂: m/z: 919.12 g/mol, found: 920.02 g/mol.

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 2

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0.6 g (yield of 38%) of Compound 2 was obtained in a similar manner as used to synthesize Compound 1 except that 5-(methyl-d3)-2-phenylpyridine was used instead of 2-phenylpyridine. The obtained compound was identified by HRMS (MALDI) and HPLC analysis.

HRMS (MALDI) calculated for C₅₃H₃₈D₆IrN₃O₂: m/z: 953.21 g/mol, found: 953.05 g/mol.

Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 3

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0.5 g of Compound 3 (yield of 39%) was obtained in a similar manner as used to synthesize Compound 1, except that 5-(methyl-d3)-2-(4-(methyl-d3)phenyl)pyridine was used instead of 2-phenylpyridine. The obtained compound was identified by HRMS (MALDI) and HPLC analysis.

HRMS (MALDI) calculated for C₅₅H₃₆D₁₂IrN₃O₂: m/z: 987.30 g/mol, found: 988.21 g/mol.

Example 1

As an anode, an ITO-patterned glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and DI water, each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays and ozone for 30 minutes. The resultant glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

Compounds HT3 and F12(p-dopant) were co-deposited by vacuum on the anode at the weight ratio of 98:2 to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and Compound HT3 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 1,650 Å.

Subsequently, Compound GH3 (host) and Compound 1 (dopant) were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 92:8 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å.

Then, Compound ET3 and LiQ (n-dopant) were co-deposited on the emission layer at the volume ratio of 50:50 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 350 Å, LiQ (n-dopant) was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

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Example 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in a similar manner as in Example 1, except that Compounds shown in Table 2 were each used instead of Compound 1 as a dopant in forming an emission layer.

For each of the organic light-emitting device manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the driving voltage (Volts, V), the maximum emission wavelength of the emission spectrum (λ_max, nm), the external quantum efficiency (Max EQE, %), and the roll-off ratio (%) were evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 2. As evaluation apparatuses, a current-voltage meter (Keithley 2400) and a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A) were used. The roll-off ratio was calculated according to Equation 20 and is shown in Table 2.

Roll−off ratio={1−(efficiency/maximum luminescence efficiency)}×100% Equation 20

TABLE 2

Driving

Dopant in
voltage
λ_max
Max EQE
Roll-off ratio

No.
emission layer
(V)
(nm)
(%)
(%)

Example 1
Compound 1
4.2
525
23
14

Example 2
Compound 2
4.1
527
23
13

Example 3
Compound 3
4.1
530
23
13

Comparative
Compound A
4.2
524
22
15

Example 1

Comparative
Compound B
4.3
526
20
16

Example 2

Comparative
Compound C
4.3
525
22
15

Example 3

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From Table 2, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 3 had low driving voltage and roll-off ratio, and high external quantum efficiency. In addition, the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 3 have lower or equivalent levels of driving voltages, lower roll-off ratios, and higher external quantum efficiency compared to the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.

The organometallic compounds have excellent electrical characteristics and thermal stability. The organometallic compounds have a high glass transition temperature so that crystallization thereof can be prevented, and electric mobility thereof can be improved. Accordingly, an electronic device using the organometallic compounds, for example, an organic light-emitting device using the organometallic compounds, has a low driving voltage, high efficiency, a long lifespan, reduced roll-off ratio, and a relatively narrow EL spectrum emission peak FWHM.

Thus, due to the use of the organometallic compounds, a high-quality organic light-emitting device may be obtained. In addition, an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device may be provided.

It should be understood that the exemplary embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each exemplary embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other exemplary embodiments. While one or more exemplary embodiments have been described in detail with reference to the FIGURE, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.

ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

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