This invention relates to oscillator circuits, and more particularly to tunable oscillator circuits.
Oscillator circuits can be used to provide timing signals. For example, a personal computer motherboard typically has a Real Time Clock (RTC) circuit that provides an accurate 32.768 KHz oscillating signal that is further processed to obtain the second, minute, and hour values used by the computer system to keep time.
The RTC circuit is typically part of an I/O controller hub chip (sometimes referred to as the south-bridge chipset), and is connected to an external crystal resonator that resonates within a narrow range of operating frequencies. Depending on the crystal oscillator topology, one or more discrete external load capacitors may be connected to the RTC circuit to tune the oscillating frequency. The values of the load capacitors are selected according to an initial circuit layout design so that the RTC circuit in conjunction with the external components will oscillate at a predetermined frequency.
However, variation between different motherboard designs may result in placement of the load capacitors at slightly different locations on the motherboard, resulting in the addition of a certain amount of parasitic capacitance associated with the wiring connections. Other factors, such as tolerances in circuit components and minute routing differences, will also affect the oscillating frequency. Because a small variance in the oscillating frequency may significantly affect the accuracy of the system time signal over time, individual tuning of the capacitance value tailored to a specific motherboard design is required to obtain accurate system timing signals.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
As will be described in more detail below, the invention is directed towards circuitry for controlling oscillating frequency of an oscillator. In addition to the external load capacitors, the circuitry includes on-chip capacitors, each of which is independently selectable by a control signal, and each of which provides a controllable amount of capacitance to the oscillator to control the oscillating frequency of the oscillator. The term “on-chip capacitor” means that the capacitor is manufactured on a semiconductor chip.
Referring to
Two external load capacitors CL1 and CL2 are connected to terminals X1 and X2, respectively. The capacitance values of load capacitors CL1 and CL2 are selected according to specifications given by the manufacturer of resonator 102. The impedance of load capacitors, combined with the crystal's calibrated impedance, tunes the circuit to operate in a particular frequency in the “parallel or series resonance” area (depending on oscillator topology). For example, resonator 102 resonates at approximately 32.77 KHz, capacitors CL1 and CL2 have capacitances of about 15 pF, and resistor Rf has a value of about 10 MegOhms.
Capacitor banks 106 and 108 each include an array of capacitors that are individually selectable by a set of externally provided control signals to provide a variable amount of capacitance. For example, capacitor banks 106 and 108 each provide a selectable amount of capacitance in the range of 0 to 4 pF.
Amplifier 104 and capacitor banks 106, 108 are located within an RTC circuit 122 (enclosed in dotted lines), which is part of a chipset 114 of a computer system. RTC circuit 122 has a set of latches 120 that latches a set of control signals S0 to S9 that is generated by programmable registers 118 of chipset 114. Control signals S0 to S9 are used to select the individual capacitors in capacitor banks 106 and 108.
RTC circuit 122 is powered by a system power supply, as well as a separate battery supply when the computer system is turned off. When the battery supply is first connected to RTC circuit 122, default values are loaded into the latches to select a default set of capacitors. When the computer is initially booted up after RTC circuit 122 is connected to the battery supply, a predefined register setting is read from a BIOS memory 116 and passed through chipset registers 118 to latches 120. The latches store the register setting for the life of the battery, or until the setting is changed by chipset registers 118.
The load capacitors CL1 and CL2 are shown as being connected outside of chipset 114. However, it is understood that the load capacitors CL1 and CL2 may also be integrated within chipset 114. It is also possible to integrate the resonator, load capacitors, resistor, and the RTC circuitry within the same package.
Referring to
Chipset registers 118 provide control signals S0 to S4, which are latched by latches 120. A control signal selects a capacitor by turning on the corresponding control gate switch so that one terminal of the capacitor is connected to terminal 110 of crystal resonator 102. To obtain a certain value of capacitance, chipset registers 118 select a number of capacitors so that the sum of the capacitances of the selected capacitors most closely approximate the desired capacitance value. Capacitor bank 108 operates similarly to capacitor bank 106.
Capacitors C0 to C4 are enhancement mode P-type MOSFETs (PMOS) with the drain nodes connected to the source nodes. The gate of the MOSFET functions as one terminal of the capacitor, and the drain/source node functions as the other terminal. A VCC
Referring to
When NMOS capacitors are used, it is not necessary to use VCC
An advantage of using tunable capacitor banks 106, 108 is that the computer system can dynamically adjust the oscillating frequency of oscillator circuit 100 based on a reference time signal. The computer may log on to the Internet at regular time intervals, and compare the system time signal with a reference time signal, such as that provided by the NIST Internet Time Service. Based on the difference between the system time and reference time, chipset 114 may change the setting of registers 118 to select a different arrangement of capacitors in capacitor banks 106 and 108. By selecting a slightly higher or lower amount of capacitance to be connected to crystal resonator 102, chipset 114 can fine-tune the oscillating frequency of oscillator circuit 100. After each adjustment, the chipset register setting are latched by latches 120 so that oscillator circuit 100 can provide accurate time signals even after system is powered down or off.
Another advantage of using tunable capacitor banks in an oscillator circuit is that adjustment of the oscillation frequency can be performed after the hardware connections of the electronic components and circuit boards are fixed. Due to tolerances in the components and boards, the actual capacitance connected to the crystal resonator is often slightly different from the capacitance values in the original design. By adjusting the amount of capacitance provided by the tunable capacitor banks, oscillation frequency can be tuned without altering any hardware component or connection. The adjustment can be done manually or automatically through appropriate software.
Use of tunable capacitor banks is not limited to the RTC circuit of computer systems. All circuits that require tine-tuning of an accurate amount of capacitance may use a tunable capacitor bank. All electronic devices that require an accurate oscillating signal may use tunable capacitor banks to fine-tune the oscillation frequency. The fine-tuning of the oscillation frequency may be used to compensate changes in temperature and humidity, or to compensate manufacturing tolerances. Such tine-tuning of the oscillation frequency after hardware connections are fixed allows more flexibility in the selection of electronic components and circuit board layout designs.
Referring to
Chipset 508 includes a set of latches that store a set of register bit values used to control the selection of on-chip capacitors in the capacitor banks. When chipset 508 is delivered to a manufacturer of device 500, the latches store default values. When the manufacturer designs a circuit board using the chipset 508, the manufacturer may decide to modify the values stored in the latches by writing new register bit values into a BIOS 116.
When the battery is first inserted to provide power to RTC circuit 514, the register bit values are read from BIOS 116 and passed to the latches. Chipset 508 includes a register that stores a “capacitor-set flag” which is used to track whether the register bit values need to be updated. Initially, the capacitor-set flag is set to “0”. Every time electronic device 500 boots, the capacitor-set flag is checked. If the flag is set to “1”, the latch values are not changed. If the flag equals “0”, the register bit values stored in BIOS 116 are read and used to overwrite the values previously stored in the latches. The capacitor-set flag is then set to “1”.
A user can overwrite the register bit values stored in BIOS 116. The user then sets the capacitor-set flag to “1” to prevent BIOS 116 from overwriting the user-defined settings when device 500 boots the next time. The latch settings may also be modified by an operating system (OS) running on device 500. For example, the OS may perform an adjustment to the clock signal. An accurate reference time signal is received from an input/output device 510. The OS controls chipset 508 to adjust the latch settings according to the reference time signal so that RTC circuit 514 provides an accurate time signal. The OS then sets the capacitor-set flag to “1” to prevent BIOS 116 from overwriting the latch settings. The register bit values defined by the user or operating system are maintained in the latches as long as the battery continues to provide power to the latches and the RTC circuit.
Device 500 further includes a processor 502 that processes data and a memory device 504 that stores data. The electronic device 500 may be a computer, a handheld device, a consumer electronics device, or any other device that requires an accurate time signal.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the capacitor bank may incorporate a greater number of capacitors to provide a greater range of capacitance selection. The capacitance values of the capacitors in the capacitor bank may have some relationship other than a binary-weighted relationship so as to provide different capacitance combinations. The capacitors in the capacitor bank may be on-chip poly-capacitors or on-chip metal capacitors. The capacitors in the capacitor bank may even include discrete capacitors that are not made on a semiconductor chip. The external capacitors CL1 and CL2 may be connected in series to resonator 102 such that resonator 102 operate in a series resonance mode. For the capacitor bank of
This application is a divisional application and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/054,358, filed Jan. 17, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10054358 | Jan 2002 | US |
Child | 10695263 | US |