Patent Application
20140345772
The present invention is directed towards a runflat or non-runflat pneumatic tire, and, more specifically, the present invention is directed towards a pneumatic tire with an overlay comprised of a hybrid cord.
A conventional hybrid cord, for use as an overlay in pneumatic tires, may be formed of two different materials: a low initial modulus core yarn and high modulus wrap yarns. The selection of the yarns is such that the “inflection point” of the cord (i.e., when the slope of the force versus elongation curve changes from a relatively low slope to a relatively high slope) occurs between 2%-3% elongation, with an ultimate cord break at over 5% elongation. Another conventional hybrid overlay cord is formed of aramid and nylon twisted together, wherein the inflection point of the cord occurs between 4%-6% elongation, with an ultimate cord break at over 10% elongation. In an overlay, circumferential reinforcing effects of a strong cord are desired. However, the hybrid cord must have elongation properties to permit the tire to expand into a toroidal shape during tire shaping.
A conventional run-flat tire may have two carcass reinforcing plies and reinforcing wedge inserts in the tire sidewalls. The wedge inserts may resist radial deflection of the tire with a combination of compressive and bending stresses in both the inflated, as well as uninflated, conditions. In the uninflated condition, runflat tires may experience a net compressive load in the region of the sidewall closest to the road-contacting portion of the tire. The outer portions of the sidewall experience tensile forces while the inner portions of the sidewall undergo compression stresses during bending. The conventional runflat tire balances the necessary flexibility in the inflated condition with the necessary rigidity in the uninflated condition by employing two reinforcing carcass plies. The axially outermost ply has cords with a modulus of elasticity that increases with strain. The axially innermost ply has cords with a modulus that exceeds that of the outermost ply during normal loads in an inflated condition. Thus, the innermost ply supports the majority of the load during normal operation, while the outermost ply only support a minority of the load.
When the conventional run-flat tire is operated in an uninflated condition, the load is shifted from the axially innermost ply to the axially outermost ply and again the plies do not equally contribute to the support of the load. The outermost ply thereby does not contribute to the overall rigidity of the tire sidewall during normal operation in the inflated condition.
Another conventional runflat tire has a single carcass ply and at least one insert located adjacent the carcass ply in a sidewall portion. The insert provides support for the tire load to enable the tire to operate in an uninflated condition. The carcass ply comprises a composite cord with at least two first yarns twisted helically about at least one second yarn. The first yarns and the second yarn have different modulus of elasticity. The first yarns have a modulus greater than a modulus of the second yarn.
The following definitions are controlling for the disclosed invention.
“Apex” means an elastomeric filler located radially above the bead core and between the plies and the turnup ply.
“Annular” means formed like a ring.
“Aspect ratio” means the ratio of its section height to its section width.
“Axial” and “axially” are used herein to refer to lines or directions that are parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
“Bead” means that part of the tire comprising an annular tensile member wrapped by ply cords and shaped, with or without other reinforcement elements such as flippers, chippers, apexes, toe guards and chafers, to fit the design rim.
“Belt structure” means at least two annular layers or plies of parallel cords, woven or unwoven, underlying the tread, unanchored to the bead, and having cords inclined respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. The belt structure may also include plies of parallel cords inclined at relatively low angles, acting as restricting layers.
“Bias tire” (cross ply) means a tire in which the reinforcing cords in the carcass ply extend diagonally across the tire from bead to bead at about a 25°-65° angle with respect to equatorial plane of the tire. If multiple plies are present, the ply cords run at opposite angles in alternating layers.
“Breakers” means at least two annular layers or plies of parallel reinforcement cords having the same angle with reference to the equatorial plane of the tire as the parallel reinforcing cords in carcass plies. Breakers are usually associated with bias tires.
“Cable” means a cord formed by twisting together two or more plied yarns.
“Carcass” means the tire structure apart from the belt structure, tread, undertread, and sidewall rubber over the plies, but including the beads.
“Circumferential” means lines or directions extending along the perimeter of the surface of the annular tire parallel to the Equatorial Plane (EP) and perpendicular to the axial direction.
“Cord” means one of the reinforcement strands of which the plies of the tire are comprised.
“Cord angle” means the acute angle, left or right in a plan view of the tire, formed by a cord with respect to the equatorial plane. The “cord angle” is measured in a cured but uninflated tire.
“Denier” means the weight in grams per 9000 meters (unit for expressing linear density). Dtex means the weight in grams per 10,000 meters.
“Elastomer” means a resilient material capable of recovering size and shape after deformation.
“Equatorial plane (EP)” means the plane perpendicular to the tire's axis of rotation and passing through the center of its tread.
“Fabric” means a network of essentially unidirectionally extending cords, which may be twisted, and which in turn are composed of a plurality of a multiplicity of filaments (which may also be twisted) of a high modulus material.
“Fiber” is a unit of matter, either natural or man-made that forms the basic element of filaments. Characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter or width.
“Filament count” means the number of filaments that make up a yarn. Example: 1000 denier polyester has approximately 190 filaments.
“High Tensile Steel (HT)” means a carbon steel with a tensile strength of at least 3400 MPa @ 0.20 mm filament diameter.
“Inner” means toward the inside of the tire and “outer” means toward its exterior.
“LASE” is load at specified elongation.
“Lateral” means an axial direction.
“Lay length” means the distance at which a twisted filament or strand travels to make a 360 degree rotation about another filament or strand.
“Mega Tensile Steel (MT)” means a carbon steel with a tensile strength of at least 4500 MPa @ 0.20 mm filament diameter.
“Normal Tensile Steel (NT)” means a carbon steel with a tensile strength of at least 2800 MPa @ 0.20 mm filament diameter.
“Radial” and “radially” are used to mean directions radially toward or away from the axis of rotation of the tire.
“Sidewall” means that portion of a tire between the tread and the bead.
“Super Tensile Steel (ST)” means a carbon steel with a tensile strength of at least 3650 MPa @ 0.20 mm filament diameter.
“Tenacity” is stress expressed as force per unit linear density of the unstrained specimen (gm/tex or gm/denier). Used in textiles.
“Tensile” is stress expressed in forces/cross-sectional area. Strength in psi=12,800 times specific gravity times tenacity in grams per denier.
“Tread” means a molded rubber component which, when bonded to a tire casing, includes that portion of the tire that comes into contact with the road when the tire is normally inflated and under normal load.
“Ultra Tensile Steel (UT)” means a carbon steel with a tensile strength of at least 4000 MPa @ 0.20 mm filament diameter.
“Yarn” is a generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers or filaments. Yarn occurs in the following forms: 1) a number of fibers twisted together; 2) a number of filaments laid together without twist; 3) a number of filaments laid together with a degree of twist; 4) a single filament with or without twist (monofilament); 5) a narrow strip of material with or without twist.
A pneumatic tire in accordance with the present invention includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply, at least one belt ply disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, and at least one overlay ply disposed radially outward of the belt ply in the crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The overlay ply includes at least one hybrid cord having at least one first nylon core yarn with at least one second aramid wrap yarn wrapped around the first core yarn such that the first core yarn has a modulus less than a modulus of the second wrap yarn.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the first core yarn has a linear density value in the range between 700 dtex to 900 dtex.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, the overlay ply has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, the second wrap yarn has a linear density value in the range between 900 dtex to 1100 dtex.
The invention will be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Located in each sidewall region of the example tire 10 is a sidewall insert 20. The sidewall insert 20 may be alternatively disposed adjacent to a tire innerliner 22 (
The belt reinforcement structure 24, disposed radially outward of the carcass ply 12, may have at least two inclined, crossed cord plies. The cords of the inclined plies are inclined with respect to a circumferential direction of the example tire 10. The cords of radially adjacent plies may further be inclined at similar, but opposing, angles to each other.
Outward of the belt reinforcement structure 24 may be an overlay 13. The overlay 13 may have an axial width equal to, or greater than, a maximum axial width of the crossed cord plies of the belt reinforcement structure 24, thereby encapsulating the crossed cord plies between the overlay 13 and the carcass ply 12. The overlay may be reinforced with cords inclined at angles of 0°-15° relative to an equatorial plane EP of the example tire 10.
In accordance with the present invention, the overlay 13 may be formed from at least one cord 30 as seen in
Materials for the low modulus core yarn(s) 32 may include, but are not limited to, rayon, nylon polyamide 6 and 6,6, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyketone (PK), and polyethylene napthalate (PEN). Materials for the higher modulus wrap yarn/filament may include, but are not limited to, aramid, Normal Tensile Steel, High Tensile Steel, Super Tensile Steel, Ultra Tensile Steel, Mega Tensile Steel, titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, any alloys thereof.
Material selection is based on the desired stress/strain characteristics of the hybrid cord 30 as a whole. However, a main criteria may be that the outer wrap yarn(s)/metallic filament(s) 34 has a moduli greater than the core yarn(s) 32. Thus, for example, a single wrap yarn 34 may be aramid with a single nylon core yarn 32.
In the example cord 30, both the core yarn 32 and wrap yarn 34 may be twisted a given number of turns per unit of length, usually expressed in turns per inch (TPI). Additionally, the core yarn 32 and the wrap yarn 34 may each be twisted together a given number of turns per unit of length (TPI) for the yarns, such as between 3 mm and 25 mm, for the yarns 32, 34 of the cord 30. The direction of twist refers to the direction of slope of the spirals of a yarn or cord when it is held vertically.
Visually, if the slope of the spirals appears to conform in direction to the slope of a letter “S,” then the twist is termed “S” or “left handed.” If a slope of the spirals appears to visually conform in direction to the slope of a letter “Z,” then the twist is termed “Z” or “right handed.” An “S” or “left handed” twist direction is understood to be a direction opposite to a “Z” or “right handed” twist. “Twist” is understood to mean the twist imparted to a yarn or filament/yarn component before the yarn or filament/yarn component is incorporated into a cord. “Cord twist” is understood to mean the twist imparted to two or more yarns and filaments/yarns when twisted together with one another to form the cord. “Dtex” is understood to mean the weight in grams of 10,000 meters of a yarn before the yarn has a twist imparted thereto.
For example, a core yarn 32, such as nylon and a twist of 2-10 TPI, may be helically wrapped with a wrap yarn 34, such as aramid. The core yarn 32 and wrap yarn 34 may have twists of s, z, or s & z. Such a cord 30 in an overlay 13 thus produces good fatigue performance. The overlay targets may be Modulus>5000 MPa at 100° C., 100% Adhesion, and Glass Transition (tg)>85° C. for a gauge less than 0.022 inches (0.56 mm).
One cord construction in accordance with the present invention may be (900-1100/1 Aramid+700-900/1 Nylon)[(4-6)Z+(4-6)S]/(4-6)S where the nylon core yarn 32 has a lower nylon denier than conventional cords. The twist per inch (TPI) may be optimized at the yarns level (x and y) and at the cord level (z) to ensure equal/balanced structural response. One specific example cord 30 may be (1000/1 Aramid+840/1 Nylon)[4.7Z+5.5S]/4.75 where the lower denier nylon core yarn 32 has replaced the conventional higher nylon denier core yarn.
Such a cord 30 may be utilized in an overlay ply 13 of a high performance or runflat tire, such as the example tire 10. The lower nylon denier advantageously does not adversely affect the structural response/characteristics of the cord 30. Such an advantage may thus be realized in the improved tire flat spotting and enhanced thermal stability due to the reduced volume of nylon and superior durability performance due to higher insulation gauges. Additionally, the cord 30 may lead to a lower tire cost because of the smaller amount of nylon.
As stated above, an overlay 13 of hybrid cords 30 in accordance with the present invention produces unexpectedly improved performance in a tire 10. This overlay 30 thus enhances the performance of the tire 10, even though the complexities of the structure and behavior of the pneumatic tire are such that no complete and satisfactory theory has been propounded. Temple, Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires (2005). While the fundamentals of classical composite theory are easily seen in pneumatic tire mechanics, the additional complexity introduced by the many structural components of pneumatic tires readily complicates the problem of predicting tire performance. Mayni, Composite Effects on Tire Mechanics (2005). Additionally, because of the non-linear time, frequency, and temperature behaviors of polymers and rubber, analytical design of pneumatic tires is one of the most challenging and underappreciated engineering challenges in today's industry. Mayni.
A pneumatic tire has certain essential structural elements. United States Department of Transportation, Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, pages 207-208 (1981). An important structural element is the overlay, typically made up of many flexible, high modulus cords of natural textile, synthetic polymer, glass fiber, or fine hard drawn steel embedded in, and bonded to, a matrix of low modulus polymeric material, usually natural or synthetic rubber. Id. at 207 through 208.
The flexible, high modulus cords are usually disposed as a single layer. Id. at 208. Tire manufacturers throughout the industry cannot agree or predict the effect of different twists of overlay cords on noise characteristics, handling, durability, comfort, etc. in pneumatic tires, Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, pages 80 through 85.
These complexities are demonstrated by the below table of the interrelationships between tire performance and tire components.
As seen in the table, overlay cord characteristics affect the other components of a pneumatic tire (i.e., overlay affects apex, belt, carcass ply, etc.), leading to a number of components interrelating and interacting in such a way as to affect a group of functional properties (noise, handling, durability, comfort, high speed, and mass), resulting in a completely unpredictable and complex composite. Thus, changing even one component can lead to directly improving or degrading as many as the above ten functional characteristics, as well as altering the interaction between that one component and as many as six other structural components. Each of those six interactions may thereby indirectly improve or degrade those ten functional characteristics. Whether each of these functional characteristics is improved, degraded, or unaffected, and by what amount, certainly would have been unpredictable without the experimentation and testing conducted by the inventors.
Thus, for example, when the structure (i.e., twist, cord construction, etc.) of the overlay cords of a pneumatic tire is modified with the intent to improve one functional property of the pneumatic tire, any number of other functional properties may be unacceptably degraded. Furthermore, the interaction between the overlay cords and the apex, belt, carcass, and tread may also unacceptably affect the functional properties of the pneumatic tire. A modification of the overlay cords may not even improve that one functional property because of these complex interrelationships.
Thus, as stated above, the complexity of the interrelationships of the multiple components makes the actual result of modification of an overlay, in accordance with the present invention, impossible to predict or foresee from the infinite possible results. Only through extensive experimentation have the overlay 13 and cords 30 of the present invention been revealed as an excellent, unexpected, and unpredictable option for a tire overlay.
The previous descriptive language is of the best presently contemplated mode or modes of carrying out the present invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating an example of general principles of the present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the present invention. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims. The reference numerals as depicted in the schematic drawings are the same as those referred to in the specification. For purposes of this application, the various examples illustrated in the figures each use a same reference numeral for similar components. The examples structures may employ similar components with variations in location or quantity thereby giving rise to alternative constructions in accordance with the present invention.
