OXALIC ACID MONOAMIDE LIGAND, AND USES THEREOF IN COUPLING REACTION OF COPPER-CATALYZED ARYL HALOGEN SUBSTITUTE

Abstract

The present invention provides oxalic amide ligands and uses thereof in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of a compound represented by formula I, wherein definitions of each group are described in the specification. The compound represented by formula I can be used as a ligand in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides for the formation of C—N, C—O and C—S bonds.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of organic synthesis. Specifically, the present invention provides a copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halide promoted by an oxalic amide ligand, and particularly a coupling reaction of C—N, C—O and C—S bonds formation.

BACKGROUND

Oxalic amides are usually widely concerned due to their various biological activities. For example, monomethyl oxalate can be used as chemical hybridization reagent for cicer arietinum, and oxalate aryldiamide compounds are useful as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, or as a small molecule modulator that acts on the CD4-gp120 protein. Until recently, the team led by Dawei Ma uses oxalate 2,6-dimethylphenyl monoamide carboxylic acid as a ligand for copper-catalyzed C—N coupling reaction of aryl iodides and bromides with amines, thus opening up new uses of these compounds. However, this reaction is mainly applicable to the coupling reaction of aryl iodides and bromides.

The transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides with suitable nucleophiles, such as amines, active methylene compounds, alkynes, phenols, alcohols, thiophenols, sodium sulfinics, sodium sulfides, phosphates and the like, is very efficient for the formation of C—N, C—C, C—O, C—S, and C—P bonds. Generally, due to the high reactivity of aryl iodides and aryl bromides, the corresponding coupling reaction proceeds well under the catalysis of transition metals such as palladium, copper and nickel. Aryl chlorides are cheaper and more readily available, and have more application prospects compared with aryl bromides (iodides). However, high energy of C—Cl bond makes the oxidative addition of transition metal to aryl chlorides hardly occur, and the coupling reaction is more difficult than that of aryl bromides and iodides. Palladium and nickel catalyzed C—N coupling reactions of aryl chlorides have been reported by using sterically hindered phosphine ligands. In 2005, Hartwig and coworkers described the coupling reaction of (hetero)aryl chlorides with primary amines was promoted by a large sterically hindered phosphine ligand with a ferrocene structure. The loading of catalysts and ligands in this system can even be reduced to one hundred thousandth molar equivalent. Such reaction can be accomplished at room temperature for some particular heteroaryl substrates. In addition, a wide range of functionalized (hetero)aryl chlorides were compatible for this transformation.

In 2011, Buchwald's group found that the use of different phosphine ligands allowed the coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with primary and secondary amines respectively. The system has a very wide compatibility with substrates. In addition to common aliphatic amines, the aromatic amines with heterocyclic rings also are suitable nucleophiles.

Although the catalysis of metallic palladium and nickel are highly efficient in the amination of aryl chlorides, there are still some problems in large-scale applications: 1. it is required to add large sterically hindered and complex phosphine ligands or N-heterocyclic carbenes ligands; 2. palladium catalyst is expensive, and for zero-valent nickel catalyzed reaction, the operation is quite harsh. In contrast, copper catalysts are cheap, stable and readily available, and the useful ligands are simple. However, the substrates of copper-catalyzed coupling reaction reported so far are mostly limited to aryl iodides and bromides.

In 2007, Pellon's group reported the coupling of 2-chlorobenzoic acid and aliphatic amines with assistance of ortho-substituent effect and ultrasound. Both primary and secondary amines can provide the corresponding coupling products in good yields. However, only aryl chlorides with ortho-carboxyl substituent are suitable for this transformation (Docampo, M. L.; Pellón, R. F.; Estevez-Braun, A.; Ravelo, A. G. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 4111.). This reaction should undergo a nucleophilic substitution process rather than a coupling reaction. In addition, the high reaction temperature is still required.

Another report on Ullmann coupling reaction of aryl chlorides came from Taillefer's group. They used 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione as a ligand to achieve C—O coupling of benzyl chlorides with phenols. However, the addition of large amount ligand as much as 0.8 equivalents made the reaction less economically (Xia, N.; Taillefer, M. Chem. Eur. J. 2008. 14. 6037.).

• • R=Me, OMe, COCH₃, NO₂, CN; R′=Me, OMe, F, ^tBu

In summary, there is no catalytic system for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl chlorides in the art that enables the reaction to be carried out efficiently.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide a catalytic system that is useful for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides, especially aryl chlorides.

In the first aspect of the present invention, it provides a use of a compound of formula I:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O or S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

R_a is selected from (a) or (b):

(a) OR′; wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; or

(b) N(R″)₂; wherein each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure (preferably, N(R″)₂ is NHR″);

R_b is selected from the group consisting of H, and C1-C6 alkyl;

or R_b and R, together with adjacent nitrogen atom, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3-to 20-membered heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group;

the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl-alkoxy (alkyl-OOC—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino(alkyl/aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, nitro, hydroxy, amino, and amino substituted by one or two C1-C6 alkyl;

wherein it is used as a ligand for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halide; wherein the aryl halide is selected from the group consisting of aryl chloride, aryl bromide, aryl iodide, and the combinations thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, substituted or unsubstituted quinolinyl, substituted or unsubstituted

substituted or unsubstituted adamantyl substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted

or R and R_b together with adjacent nitrogen atom, form a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from the group consisting of

In another preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, C1-C4 alkyl, pyridyl, and adamantyl;

R_a is selected from (a) or (b):

(a) OR′; wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; or

(b) N(R″)₂; wherein each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure.

In another preferred embodiment, when R_a is NHR″, R″ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, C1-C4 alkyl, pyridyl, and adamantyl.

In another preferred embodiment, R_a is NHR″.

In another preferred embodiment, the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, dimethylamino, methoxy, tert-butoxy, —Ac, CH₃NHC(O)—, phenyl, phenoxy, —COOH, ester group, nitro, cyano, and hydroxy.

In another preferred embodiment, the aryl halide is aryl chloride.

In the second aspect of the present invention, it provides a coupling reaction method of aryl halide, which comprises carrying out a coupling reaction by using copper as a catalyst and a compound represented by the following formula I as a ligand:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, Spiro or bridged ring structure;

R_a is selected from (a) or (b):

(a) OR′; wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; or

(b) N(R″)₂; wherein each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, Spiro or bridged ring structure;

R_b is selected from the group consisting of H, and C1-C6 alkyl; or R_b and R, together with adjacent nitrogen atom, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group;

the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl-alkoxy (alkyl-OOC—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl/aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, and amino substituted by one or two C1-C6 alkyl;

wherein the aryl halide is selected from the group consisting of aryl chloride, aryl bromide, aryl iodide, and the combinations thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, the copper catalyst is selected from the group consisting of CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, Cu(acac)₂, and the combinations thereof; preferably is CuI, Cu₂O, or Cu(acac)₂.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base.

In another preferred embodiment, the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and/or hydrates of the base, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate, cesium carbonate, or lithium hydroxide; and most preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in the reaction, the molar ratio of the ligand to the reactant of aryl halide is 1˜50:100, and preferably 5˜20:100; and the molar ratio of the ligand to the copper catalyst is 1‥5:1, and preferably 1˜2:1.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction comprises:

carrying out reaction of

with the coupling reagent in an inert solvent to afford the compound of

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I;

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, amino unsubstituted or substituted by one or two C1-C6 alkyl or C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl-alkoxy (alkyl-OOC—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido; wherein two hydrogen atoms on two adjacent carbon atoms of the aryl may be substituted by —(CH₂)_n— (n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6);

the coupling reagent is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, ammonia, ammonium salts (preferably ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium hydrogenphosphate, or the combinations thereof)/hydroxide solution (preferably potassium hydroxide solution), (having 2 to 19 carbon atoms and may be a saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic ring), R_cC(O)NHR₂, R₁SO₂M (preferably, M is sodium, potassium), sodium azide, NHR₁R₂, R₁OH, R₁SH, and hydroxide (preferably lithium hydroxide, or a mixture of potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, or cesium carbonate and water);

R₁, R₂, R_c are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-C3-C20 cycloalkyl , substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group, and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group;

or R₁ and R₂, together with adjacent nitrogen atom, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered hetero aryl;

or R_c and R₂, together with adjacent C(O)NH, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl;

wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo (i.e. two hydrogen atoms on the same carbon atom of the group are substituted by ═O), C1-C6 alkyl, halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl-alkoxy (alkyl-OOC—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl/aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, nitro, hydroxy, amino, amino substituted by one or two C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkyl-S—.

In another preferred embodiment, the inert solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO and/or DMF and/or DMSO/H₂O.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction temperature is 50-180° C., preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction includes the following (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) or (8):

(1) Carrying out reaction of

with NHR₁R₂ in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above;

(2) Carrying out reaction of

with ammonia source in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above;

the ammonia source is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium azide, preferably ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate.

(3) Carrying out reaction of

with R₁OH in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above;

(4) Carrying out reaction of

with R₁SH in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction includes the following of (5):

(5) Carrying out reaction of

with in an inert solvent to afford

wherein, is a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered ring containing N atom, and the 3- to 20-membered ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, while the definition of each of the rest groups is as described above.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction includes the following reaction (6):

(6) Carrying out reaction of

with

in an inert solvent to afford

wherein R_c is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

or R_c and R₂, together with adjacent C(O)NH, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl;

the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), and —COOH,

the definition of each of the rest groups is described as above.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction includes the following reaction (7):

(7) Carrying out reaction of

in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above.

In another preferred embodiment, the reaction includes the following reaction (8):

(8) Carrying out reaction of

with hydroxide or OH⁻ hydrolyzed from base in an inert solvent to afford

wherein the definition of each group is described as above.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (1), the ligand is selected from the group consisting of L-I-25, L-I-27, L-II-7, L-II-9, L-II-31, L-II-38, and L-II-64, and most preferably is L-II-38, L-II-31 or L-II-64.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (1), the inert solvent may be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO, DMF, DMA or the combinations thereof, and most preferably DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (1), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (2), the ligand is selected from the group consisting of L-I-27, L-II-9, L-II-34, L-II-30, L-II-38, L-II-64, L-II-71, and L-II-73, and most preferably is L-II-38, L-II-64 or L-II-71.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (2), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (2), when the ammonia source is ammonium salt, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a strong base (preferably in the presence of KOH).

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (2), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, and isopropanol, and preferably is DMSO, DMF, DMA or the combinations thereof; and most preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (2), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (3), the ligand is preferably L-II-34.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (3), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (3), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (3), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (4), the ligand is L-II-34.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (4), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (4), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (5), the ligand is preferably L-II-82.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (5), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (5), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (5), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (6), the ligand is preferably L-II-83, L-II-90.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (6), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (6), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (6), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (7), the ligand is preferably L-II-3, L-II-37.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (7), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (7), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (7), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (8), the ligand is preferably L-II-65, L-II-93.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (8), the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and/or a hydrate of the base, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is lithium hydroxide.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (8), the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butanol, and/or a mixture of one or more of the foregoing solvents and water, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO/H₂O.

In another preferred embodiment, in reaction (8), the reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In the third aspect of the present invention, it provides a catalyst system for aryl coupling reaction which comprises: a copper catalyst, a ligand, a base, and an organic solvent;

wherein the copper catalyst is selected from the group consisting of CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, Cu(acac)₂, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is CuI, Cu₂O, or Cu(acac)₂;

the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, and/or a hydrate of the base, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate, cesium carbonate, or lithium hydroxide;

the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, tert-butanol, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO and/or DMF and/or DMSO/H₂O;

the ligand has a structure as shown by the following formula (I):

wherein the definition of each group is as described in the first aspect of the present invention.

In another preferred embodiment, the catalytic system is used for coupling reaction of aryl halide; the aryl halide is selected from the group consisting of aryl chloride, aryl bromide, and aryl iodide.

In another preferred embodiment, the catalytic system is used for coupling reaction of aryl chloride.

In the fourth aspect of the present invention, it provides a compound of the following formula (I):

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, Spiro or bridged ring structure;

R_a is selected from (a) or (b):

(a) OR′; wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of Me, and Et; or

(b) N(R″)₂; wherein each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

R_b is selected from the group consisting of H, and C1-C6 alkyl;

or R_b and R, together with adjacent nitrogen atom, form a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group;

and when R_a is selected from (a) and R′ is H, R is naphthyl substituted by methyl;

the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl-alkoxy (alkyl-OOC—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl/aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, and amino substituted by one or two C1-C6 alkyl.

In another preferred embodiment, in the compound, any one of R, R_a, R_b, R′, R₁, R₂, R₄ and

is the corresponding group in the corresponding specific compounds in this application respectively.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) are those shown in Table 1 or Table 2.

In the fifth aspect of the present invention, it provides a process for preparation of a compound in the fourth aspect of the present invention, which is carried out by a method selected from the process (i), (ii) or (II):

process (i) comprises a step of:

carrying out reaction of R—NH—R_b with

in an inert solvent to afford the compound of formula (I);

process (ii) comprises a step of:

carrying out reaction of R″—NH₂ with in an inert solvent to afford the compound of formula (I);

process (II) comprises a step of:

Carrying out reaction of R-NH₂ with oxalyl chloride in an inert solvent to afford the compound of formula (I);

wherein the definition of each group is as described in the fourth aspect of the present invention.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (i), the inert solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and DMF.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (i), the reaction is carried out in the presence of triethylamine.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (i), the reaction is carried out at -5° C. to 40° C. In another preferred embodiment, in process (ii), the inert solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and DMF.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (ii), the reaction is carried out at 10° C. to 80° C. (preferably room temperature, i.e.10-40° C.).

In another preferred embodiment, in process (II), the inert solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and DMF.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (II), the reaction is carried out in the presence of triethylamine.

In another preferred embodiment, in process (II), the reaction is carried out at −5° C. to 40° C.

It should be understood that each of the above technical features of the invention and each technical feature specifically described below (such as in Examples) can be combined with each other within the scope of the present invention so as to constitute new or preferred technical solutions which need not be specified again herein.

DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

After a long-term and intensive study, the inventors have provided a class of oxalate (mono, bis) amide ligands suitable for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl chloride. A suitable catalytic system composed of such ligands and copper reagent, base and solvent can be used for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides, and especially, can effectively promote coupling of copper-catalyzed aryl chloride with various nucleophiles, to generate C—N, C—O, C—S bonds and synthesize many useful small molecules, while such coupling is difficult to occur under the normal condition. Mild reaction conditions and wide reaction scope make this method have good prospect in industrial application.

Terms

As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The term “halo” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on a group are substituted by halogen.

The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched alkyl. When alkyl has a precedent carbon atom number limitation (e.g., C1-C6), the alkyl group contains 1-6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic (fused, bridged or spiro) ring system. The cycloalkyl may have 3 to 20 carbon atoms. When the cycloalkyl has a precedent carbon atom number limitation (e.g., C3-C20), the cycloalkyl contains 3 to 20 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, or the like. The cycloalkyl may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl (e.g., —O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is defined as above) attached through an oxygen atom, such as, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, or the like. When the alkoxy has a precedent carbon atom number limitation (e.g., C1-C6), the cycloalkyl contains 1-6 carbon atoms.

The term “aryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or fused aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the aryl may be substituted or unsubstituted. When an aryl has a precedent carbon atom number limitation (e.g., C6-C20), the aryl contains 6-20 carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, or the like (each carbon atom may be optionally substituted).

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or fused aromatic group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The heteroaryl can be a 3- to 20-membered aromatic ring group which has 1 - 5 heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O or S. Examples of heteoaryl include, but are not limited to, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, indazole, indole, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, or the like.

The term “heterocyclic group” refers to a monocyclic or fused ring, which is a saturated or partially saturated substituent comprising at least one same or different heteroatom selected from N, O or S. The heterocyclic group may be a 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group having 1 to 5 heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O or S. Examples of the heterocyclic group include, but are not limited to, a nitrogen heterocyclic group, an oxygen heterocyclic group, a sulfur heterocyclic group, a nitrogen and oxygen heterocyclic group and so on.

The term “ester group” refers to a group having the structure of “alkyl-OOO—”, wherein alkyl is defined as above.

The term “acyl” refers to a group having the structure of “alkyl-CO—”, wherein alkyl is defined as above.

The term “acylamino” refers to a group having the structure of “alkyl-NHC(O)—” or “aryl-NHC(O)—”, wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above.

Ligand

Unless otherwise specified, the term “ligand” used herein refers to a ligand used in a copper catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl chloride.

The ligand useful in the present invention has the structure shown in the foregoing formula (I), and the preferred ligand has a structure selected from the following group (each group is defined as above):

The first class of ligand: oxalic monoamide mono-methyl/ethyl ester

wherein the definition of each group is described as above, and preferably, R is phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, adamantyl etc.

More preferred oxalic monoamide mono-methyl/ethyl ester ligands have the structures as shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1
oxalic monoamide mono-methyl/ethyl ester ligand
L-I-1
L-I-2
L-I-3
L-I-4
L-I-5
L-I-6
L-I-7
L-I-8
L-I-9
L-I-10
L-I-11
L-I-12
L-I-13
L-I-14
L-I-15
L-I-16
L-I-17
L-I-18
L-I-19
L-I-20
L-I-21
L-I-22
L-I-23
L-I-24
L-I-25
L-I-26
L-I-27
L-I-28
L-I-29
L-I-30
L-I-31
L-I-32
L-I-33
L-I-34
L-I-35
L-I-36
L-I-37
L-I-38
L-I-39

The second class of ligand: Oxalic Diamide

wherein the definition of each group is described as above, and preferably, R is phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, C1-C4 alkyl, pyridyl, adamantyl etc.; and R″ is phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, C1-C4 alkyl, pyridyl, adamantyl etc. (R may be equal to or not equal to R″).

More preferred oxalic diamide ligands have the structures as shown in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2
Oxalic Diamide
L-II-1
L-II-2
L-II-3
L-II-4
L-II-5
L-II-6
L-II-7
L-II-8
L-II-9
L-II-10
L-II-11
L-II-12
L-II-13
L-II-14
L-II-15
L-II-16
L-II-17
L-II-18
L-II-19
L-II-20
L-II-21
L-II-22
L-II-23
L-II-24
L-II-25
L-II-26
L-II-27
L-II-28
L-II-29
L-II-30
L-II-31
L-II-32
L-II-33
L-II-34
L-II-35
L-II-36
L-II-37
L-II-38
L-II-39
L-II-40
L-II-41
L-II-42
L-II-43
L-II-44
L-II-45
L-II-46
L-II-47
L-II-48
L-II-49
L-II-50
L-II-51
L-II-52
L-II-53
L-II-54
L-II-55
L-II-56
L-II-57
L-II-58
L-II-59
L-II-60
L-II-61
L-II-62
L-II-63
L-II-64
L-II-65
L-II-66
L-II-67
L-II-68
L-II-69
L-II-70
L-II-71
L-II-72
L-II-73
L-II-74
L-II-75
L-II-76
L-II-77
L-II-78
L-II-79
L-II-80
L-II-81
L-II-82
L-II-83
L-II-84
L-II-85
L-II-86
L-II-87
L-II-88
L-II-89
L-II-90
L-II-91
L-II-92
L-II-93
L-II-94
L-II-95
L-II-96
L-II-97
L-II-98
L-II-99

Each of the above ligands can be obtained commercially or can be prepared by the preferred method provided in the present invention.

It should be understood that the coupling reaction of aryl bromide and aryl iodide can occur more easily than that of aryl chloride under the same condition because the bond energies of C-Br and C—I bonds are lower than that of the C—Cl bond. Thus, in addition to the coupling reaction of aryl chloride, the above ligands are also applicable to the coupling reactions of aryl bromide and aryl iodide which are conventional in the art.

Copper-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride

The present invention also provides a method for copper catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl chloride, which comprises carrying out the above reactions using a compound of formula (I) as described hereinabove as a ligand.

Generally, due to the high reactivity of aryl iodides and aryl bromides, the corresponding coupling reactions proceed well under the catalysis of transition metals such as palladium, copper and nickel. Aryl chlorides are cheaper and more readily available, and have more application prospects compared with aryl bromides (iodides). However, high energy of C—Cl bond makes the coupling reaction of aryl chlorides difficult to react under the conventional catalytic conditions of aryl bromides and aryl iodides.

The ligands and reaction conditions can be optimized for different reactants within the scope of the present disclosure so as to choose the most suitable ligand types and reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, solvent, reactant ratio, reaction time, etc.). The above optimization is within the skill of one in the art after reading the disclosure of the present application.

Several of the most preferred copper-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl chloride are as follows:

1. Copper-Catalyzed C—N Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride Promoted By oxalic (Mono, bis) Amide Ligand

In C—N coupling reaction, the selection of coupling reagent is not particularly limited, and may be the corresponding primary or secondary amines, or other ammonia sources such as ammonia, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium salt, sodium azide, N-containing heteroaromatic ring, etc. The specific reaction process is as follows:

In cases where the coupling reagent is a primary or secondary amine, the reaction is represented by the formula:

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

R₁, R₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group, or R₁ and R₂ together with the adjacent nitrogen atom to form a 3- to 20-membered ring (such as substituted or unsubstituted pyrrole, indole, azoles, benzoxazole and aromatic heterocycles), or R₁ is R_cC(O)—, wherein R_c is selected from: H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), and —COOH.

In the above reaction process, the copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably CuI.

The ligand is not specifically limited, and may be any one of the above ligands. It preferably is L-I-25, L-I-27, L-II-7, L-II-9, L-II-31, L-II-38, or L-II-64, and most preferably L-II-31, L-II-38 or L-II-64.

The preferred base may be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, preferably potassium phosphate, or cesium carbonate, and most preferably is potassium phosphate.

The solvent may be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably is DMSO, or DMF, and most preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In cases where the coupling reagents are other ammonia sources, the reaction is as follows:

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—, aryl-NHC(O)—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

the ammonia source is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium azide, preferably ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate.

the copper catalyst may be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably CuI.

The ligand 1 (Ligand) can be any one of the above, and preferably L-I-27, L-II-9, L-II-38, L-II-64, L-II-71, L-II-72, and most preferably L-II-38 or L-II-71.

The base may be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably cesium carbonate, or potassium phosphate, and most preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent may be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO, DMF, and most preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coupling reaction of aryl chloride with the N-containing aromatic heterocycles is represented by the following formula:

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1 -C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

is a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered ring containing nitrogen atoms, the 3- to 20-membered ring can be saturated or unsaturated (preferably selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, indole, azoles, benzoxazole as well as the corresponding aromatic heterocycles with substituents);

In the above reaction process, the copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably Cu₂O.

The ligand is not specifically limited, and may be any one of the above ligands, and preferably L-II-82.

The preferred base may be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably potassium phosphate, cesium carbonate, and most preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO, DMF, and most preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coupling reaction of aryl chloride with amide is represented by the following formula:

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1 -C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acylamino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

each of 12, and R₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C1 -C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0 or S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

or R_c and R₂ together with adjacent C(O)NH, form a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), and —COOH.

In the above reaction process, the copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably Cu₂O.

The ligand is not specifically limited, and may be any one of the above ligands, and preferably L-II-83, L-II-90.

The preferred base may be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably potassium phosphate, or cesium carbonate, and most preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO, or DMF, and most preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

2. Copper-Catalyzed C—O Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride Promoted By Oxalic (Mono, Bis) Amide Ligand

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, —CN, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido.

The copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably CuI.

The ligand is any one of 1, and preferably L-II-34.

The base can be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

3. Copper-Catalyzed C—S Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride Promoted By Oxalic (Mono, Bis) Amide Ligand

wherein the definitinn of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino(alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

R₁is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino(alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, —CN, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido.

The copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, and Cu(acac)₂, and preferably CuI.

The ligand is any one of 1, and preferably L-II-34.

The base can be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

4. Copper-Catalyzed C—S Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride Promoted By Oxalic (Mono, Bis) Amide Ligand

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino(alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, —CN, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido.

The copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably CuI.

The ligand is any one of 1, preferably L-II-3, L-II-37.

The base can be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate, and preferably potassium phosphate.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, or 1,4-dioxane, and preferably DMSO.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

5. Copper-Catalyzed C—O Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride Promoted By Oxalic (Mono, Bis) Amide Ligand

wherein the definition of each group is described as above,

is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl; wherein the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, unsubstituted or halogenated C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-COO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, hydroxy-C1-C10 alkylene, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido;

the substitution means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the group is substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, C6-C10 aryl-oxy, C2-C10 ester group (alkyl-OOO—), C2-C10 acyl (alkyl-CO—), C2-C10 acyl amino (alkyl-NHC(O)—, aryl-NHC(O)—), —COOH, —CN, MeS—, sulfuryl, and sulfonamido.

The copper catalyst can be CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)₂, CuSO₄, Cu₂O, CuBr₂, CuCl₂, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, or Cu(acac)₂, and preferably Cu(acac)₂.

The ligand is any one of 1, and preferably L-II-65, or L-II-93.

The base can be potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, and/or a hydrate of the base, and preferably lithium hydroxide.

The solvent can be DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, tert-butanol, isopropanol, THF, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butanol, and/or a mixture of one or more of the foregoing solvents and water, preferably DMSO/H₂O.

The reaction temperature is at 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

Compared with the Prior Art, the Main Advantages of the Present Invention Include:

1. It provides a class of catalytic systems capable of carrying out copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl chloride with high efficiency. The catalytic system can make the coupling reaction of aryl chloride proceed successfully which is difficult to be carried out in common coupling conditions for aryl bromide and aryl iodide. Further, the coupling reaction has good compatibility with substrates and wide scope of application.

2. Compared with the coupling reaction method of aryl chloride in the prior art, the method of the present invention uses the copper catalytic system which is of lower cost. Moreover, the ligand has a simple structure, can be easily prepared, has a low catalytic loading, thus making the reaction more economical.

3. The aryl chlorides used in the catalytic system of the present invention have lower cost and wider sources than other aryl halides, and have good prospect in large-scale application.

The present invention will be further illustrated below with reference to the specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are only to illustrate the invention but not to limit the disclosure of the invention. The experimental methods without specific conditions in the following embodiments are generally carried out according to conventional conditions, or in accordance with the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Unless indicated otherwise, parts and percentage are calculated by weight.

EXAMPLE 1. Synthesis of Ligands (L-I-27, L-II-9, L-II-31 as Examples)

Process i:

2,4,6-Trimethoxyaniline (30 mmol) and triethylamine (36 mmol) were dissolved in 150 mL of tetrahydrofuran, and the concentration of 2,4,6-trimethoxyaniline was 0.2 mol/L. The mixture was cooled in an ice-water bath, and stirred. Then oxalyl chloride monomethyl ester (33 mmol) was added dropwise, the system became cloudy and triethylamine hydrochloride was produced. After the addition was completed, ice water bath was removed, and mixture was naturally restored to room temperature, and stirring was continued for 1 to 2 hours until 2,4,6-trimethoxyaniline was completely consumed (monitored by TLC).

Then the reaction mixture was filtered and triethylamine hydrochloride was removed. The filter cake was rinsed with a small amount of tetrahydrofuran (Do not flush with ethyl acetate, otherwise triethylamine hydrochloride will be dissolved). After the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=5: 1 as eluent to give a light yellow solid (7.48 g, 93% yield).

Oxalyl chloride monomethyl ester was replaced by oxalyl chloride monoethyl ester when oxalic monoamide monoethyl ester was prepared.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 161.49, 160.64, 156.07, 154.55, 105.72, 91.18, 56.10, 55.66, 53.73; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₆ (M+H)⁺: 270.0972, Found: 270.0973.

Process ii:

The oxalate monomethyl ester (10 mmol) obtained above was dissolved in 10 mL of THF, and the substrate concentration was 1.0 mol/L. 1.3 mL of benzylamine (12 mmol) was then added. The mixture was heated to 70-80° C. and stirred until the raw materials disappeared (monitored by TLC after 1 hr). The heater was removed and the mixture in reaction flask was stood to cool to room temperature in the air, and then frozen in refrigerator. The product was precipitated out as a white solid. Then the mixture was filtered under reduced pressure with filter paper, dried in an infrared oven, and dried with an oil pump to produce a white solid (2.94 g, 86% yield).

Benzylamine was replaced by other aliphatic amines (such as methylamine solution, diethylamine, etc.) to afford other amides.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 4.53 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 7.30-7.38 (m, 5H), 7.79 (br s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 160.40, 159.95, 158.24, 156.03, 136.92, 128.80, 128.03, 127.83, 105.69, 90.96, 55.96, 55.53, 43.86; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C₁₈H₂₁N₂O₅ (M+H)⁺: 345.1445, Found: 345.1444.

Process II:

2-Phenoxyaniline (30 mmol) and triethylamine (31.5 mmol) were dissolved in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran, and the concentration of 2-phenoxyaniline was 0.3 mol/L. The mixture was cooled in an ice-water bath, and stirred. Then oxalyl chloride (15.8 mmol) was added dropwise. The system turned to turbid and triethylamide hydrochloride was formed. The ice-water bath was then removed and the mixture was warmed to room temperature in the air, and continuously stirred for 2 hours until 2-phenoxyaniline was completely consumed (monitored by TLC). Then the stirring was stopped for post process.

The stirring bar was removed by a magnetic bar, and tetrahydrofuran was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. 50 mL of distilled water was added to the resultant residue. The solid on the flask wall was scraped off and immersed into distilled water, and stirred to form slurry. Et₃N.HCl was completely dissolved in water while the oxalic diamide was left undissolved. Then the slurry was filtered under reduced pressure, and the solid on filter paper was washed with cold diethyl ether. The residue was removed and dried in an infrared oven, and then dried with an oil pump to afford a white solid (5.45 g, 86% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.96 (s, 2H), 8.46 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.01 (m, 10H), 6.89 (dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 157.36, 156.06, 146.73, 129.97, 127.97, 125.40, 124.18, 123.75, 120.49, 119.02, 117.60; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C₂₆H₂₁N₂O₄ (M+H)⁺: 425.1496, Found: 425.1492.

Synthesis of Other Ligands (New Compounds):

ligand (new compound) Characterization Data
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 4.02 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.94, 154.52, 154.30, 127.90, 127.45, 126.00, 125.80, 123.59, 123.09, 121.20, 120.26, 103.41, 55.85, 54.19; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H14NO4 (M + H)+: 260.0923, found: 260.0917.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.19 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.20, 155.07, 153.99, 128.45, 112.35, 104.31, 55.97, 53.62: LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 240.1 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.34 (m, 13H), 3.65 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.73, 155.01, 141.44, 141.02 (2C), 140.00, 139.16 (2C), 129.01 (2C), 128.91 (2C), 128.75 (4C), 128.62 (4C), 127.95 (2C), 127.88 (2C), 127.36 (2C), 53.75: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C27H22O3N (M + H)+: 408.1594, found: 408.1592.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.27, 154.93, 133.07, 132.55, 129.64, 128.65, 128.15 (2C), 127.85, 126.79, 125.46, 121.73, 53.84. 18.62; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C14H14O3N (M + H)+: 244.0968, found: 244.0968.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 2.72 (m, 4H), 2.56 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.74 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.53, 154.50, 135.39, 131.40 (4C), 130.10, 53.93, 29.39 (2C), 25.27 (2C), 23.00 (2C), 22.83 (2C); HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C17H22O3N (M + H)+: 288.1594, found: 288.1594.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.40 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 6H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 4.62 (hept, 1H), 6.91-6.70 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 1H), 8.39-8.43 (m, 1H), 9.59 (brs, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.34, 153.18, 146.66, 127.00, 125.13, 120.94, 119.86, 112.84, 71.61, 53.78, 21.99; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C12H16NO4 (M + H)+: 238.1074, found: 238.1079.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 2.93-2.90 (m, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.24, 160.60, 154.96, 138.21, 134.52, 131.71, 131.58, 130.87, 125.51, 53.27, 26.18, 18.07; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C12H14O4N2Cl (M + H)+: 285.0637, found: 285.0639.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 6H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 3.52 (s, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.46, 161.52, 137.79, 137.23, 135.10, 133.31, 130.93, 129.76, 129.63, 129.42, 129.35, 129.04, 128.71, 128.14, 127.60, 126.93, 52.22: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C17H14O3N (M + H)+: 280.0968, found: 280.0968.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.66 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.48-7.58 (m, 4H), 7.92 (br s, 1H), 8.00-8.07 (m, 4H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 9.63 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 160.61, 160.09, 138.75, 131.18, 128.55, 128.38, 127.76, 127.59, 127.01, 126.35, 126.27, 125.59, 123.59, 42.65: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C23H19N2O2 (M + H)+: 355.1441, found: 355.1446.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.43 (dd, J = 8.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.37- 7.22 (m, 7H), 4.48 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.75, 157.19, 137.25, 136.66, 133.40, 132.89, 130.37, 129.24, 129.16, 128.81, 128.45, 128.35, 127.88, 127.80, 125.21, 120.24, 43.88; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 331.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.41 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 6H), 4.56 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (hept, 1H), 6.92-6.99 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.38 (m, 5H), 7.86 (br s, 1H), 8.36 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.06, 157.11, 147.12, 136.86, 128.87, 127.90, 127.85. 127.16, 125.07, 120.90, 119.77, 113.04, 71.64, 43.94, 22.11: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C18H21N2O3 (M + H)+: 313.1547, found: 313.1550.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.43 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.26 (m, 7H), 7.19-7.00 (m, 5H), 6.88 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.67, 157.40, 156.07, 146.73, 136.74, 129.94, 128.83, 128.00, 127.89, 127.85, 125.30, 124.13, 123.70, 120.55, 119.00, 117.63, 43.96: LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 347.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.88 (s, 1H), 8.43 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.18-6.98 (m, 5H), 6.87 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.16-4.99 (m, 1H), 1.58 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.83, 157.48, 156.04, 146.70, 141.91, 129.91, 128.80, 128.02, 127.75, 126.14, 125.24, 124.10, 123.67, 120.46, 118.98, 117.58, 49.77, 21.63: LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 383.0 (M + Na)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.56 (s, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J = 8.2, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.20 (m, 10H), 5.06 (dq, J = 14.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.92, 157.35, 141.94, 137.27, 133.46, 132.87, 130.40, 129.24, 129.15, 128.79, 128.45, 128.33, 127.72, 126.11, 125.18, 120.21, 49.64, 21.76: LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 367.0 (M + Na)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.94 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 7.49 (br s, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.69, 160.38, 158.36, 156.04, 105.67, 90.94, 55.94, 55.52, 26.21; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C12H17N2O5 (M + H)+: 269.1132, Found: 269.1131.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.22 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 3.46 (a, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.76-3.83 (m, 11H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 8.25 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.21, 160.19, 160.09, 155.99, 106.12, 90.93, 55.91, 55.47, 43.31, 41.79, 14.69, 12.54; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C15H23N2O5 (M + H)+: 311.1601, found: 311.1610.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.94 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 6.87-6.90 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.16 (m, 5H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.74 (br s, 1H), 8.41-8.44 (m, 1H), 9.89 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.43, 157.57, 156.16, 146.76, 129.98, 128.11, 125.32, 124.13, 123.75, 120.63, 118.95, 117.80, 26.44; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C15H15N2O3 (M + H)+: 271.1077, found: 271.1082.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.84 (s, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.42 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J= 6.2 Hz, 4H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.79 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.92, 159.66, 158.76, 130.59, 117.72, 104.01, 98.71, 55.54, 55.50, 39.33; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C20H25N2O6 (M + H)+: 389.1713, found: 389.1707.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (s, 4H), 4.42 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 4H), 3.84 (s, 12H), 3.82 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.66, 153.64, 137.82, 132.46, 105.18, 60.98, 56.30, 44.29; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C22H29N2O8 (M + H)+: 449.1924, found: 449.1915.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 12H), 4.63 (hept, 2H), 6.93-7.02 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 2H), 8.42-8.45 (m, 2H), 10.04 (s, 2H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.46, 147.17, 127.23, 125.13, 120.94, 119.80, 113.12, 71.73, 22.14: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C20H25N2O4 (M + H)+: 357.1809, found: 357.1813.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.71 (s, 2H), 7.22 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 3.84 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.97, 155.18, 128.14, 112.84, 104.29, 56.01; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 361.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.33 (s, 2H), 6.29 (s, 4H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.75 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.7, 158.9, 156.3, 106.3, 91.0, 55.7, 55.4; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C20H25N2O8 (M + H)+: 421.1605, found: 421.1607.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.25 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 6H), 4.60-4.58 (d, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 160.13, 159.69, 138.79, 132.65, 132.25, 130.44, 130.13, 128.64, 128.40 (2C), 127.86, 127.59 (2C), 127.14, 127.04, 126.40, 125.31, 122.91, 42.66, 18.23: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C20H19O2N2 (M + H)+: 319.1441, found: 319.1440.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.83 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.27 (m, 5H), 4.49 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.98, 157.62, 144.04, 139.11, 136.28, 134.93, 133.20, 129.77, 129.50, 128.98, 128.91, 128.09, 127.83, 125.68, 124.12, 119.69, 44.05: HRMS (DART): m/z calcd for C21H18O4N3 (M + H)+: 376.1292, found: 376.1290.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.50 (s, 1H), 8.37 (dd, J = 8.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.43-7.22 (m, 7H), 7.15-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.48 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.76, 159.66 (d, J = 245.8 Hz), 157.26, 136.77, 136.36, 135.11 (d, J = 7.5 Hz), 129.67 (d, J = 2.9 Hz), 129.46, 129.03, 128.89, 127.97, 127.86, 122.23 (d, J = 8.2 Hz), 117.17 (d, J = 23.0 Hz), 115.04 (d, J = 22.0 Hz), 43.95; HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C21H17O2NaN2F (M + Na)+: 371.1166, found: 371.1168.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 8.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.27 (m, 4H), 4.48 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.45, 157.63, 136.61, 136.58, 135.98, 133.08, 129.71, 129.21, 129.20, 129.04, 128.17, 127.98, 127.48 (q, J =3.8 Hz), 127.08 (q, J = 32.8 Hz), 125.71 (q, J = 3.7 Hz), 124.05 (q, J = 272.6 Hz), 120.09, 44.14; HRMS (DART): m/z calcd for C22H18O2N2F3 (M + H)+: 399.1315, found: 399.1313.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.59-8.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.09-8.07 (dd, J1 = 1.8 Hz, J2 = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.02-8.01 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 5H), 4.49-4.48 (d, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 165.56, 159.39, 157.84, 138.30, 137.89, 136.50, 133.42, 131.10, 129.44, 129.21 (2C), 128.88 (2C), 128.44, 128.29 (2C), 127.37 (2C), 126.99, 126.11, 121.22, 52.21, 42.72; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C23H21O4N2 (M + H)+: 389.1496, found: 389.1494.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.46 (s, 1H), 8.30-8.29 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.20 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.47 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 159.83, 157.88, 138.48, 137.94, 135.09, 134.51, 131.10, 130.81, 128.80 (2C), 128.79 (2C), 128.64, 128.29 (2C), 127.70, 127.36 (2C), 126.96, 122.73,42.63, 20.52; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C22H21O2N2 (M + H)+: 345.1598, found: 345.1596.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.59 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.58-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.39-7.26 (m, 6H), 4.49 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.72, 157.16, 140.09, 138.00, 137.21, 136.61, 133.25, 133.25, 132.68, 129.31, 129.17, 128.97, 128.83, 128.47, 127.91, 127.81, 127.41, 126.97, 126.92, 120.53, 43.91; HRMS (DART): m/z calcd for C27H23O2N2 (M + H)+: 407.1754, found: 407.1750.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.29 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.96-6.93 (dd, J1 = 2.4 Hz, J2 = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.87-6.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.47 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 159.88, 158.12, 157.09, 138.51, 138.01, 136.78, 128.73 (2C), 128.65 (2C), 128.27 (2C), 127.74, 127.32 (2C), 126.93, 126.60, 125.27, 115.24, 113.53, 55.37. 42.54; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C22H21O3N2 (M + H)+: 361.1547. found: 361.1545.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.70 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.34, 156.65, 145.56, 138.58, 136.95, 134.89, 129.25, 129.17, 128.92, 128.19, 127.96, 122.46, 122.28, 113.35, 111.43,44.60, 43.97, 12.74; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 402.5 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.82-7.80 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.55-4.54 (d, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 160.40 (J = 241 Hz, 1C), 159.90, 159.04, 138.70, 137.74 (J = 9 Hz, 2C), 130.46 (J = 2 Hz, 1C), 128.34 (2C), 127.49 (2C), 126.98, 114.02 (J = 22 Hz, 2C), 42.54, 18.05 (2C); HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C17H18O2N2F (M + H)+: 301.1347, found: 301.1347.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.25 (m, 5H), 4.55 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.03, 157.68, 146.53, 138.34, 136.68, 136.29, 128.93, 128.10, 127.97, 123.28, 44.11, 18.86: LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 328.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.68 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.29 (m, 5H), 6.46 (s, 2H), 4.55 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.20 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.00, 158.41, 149.99, 136.72, 135.57, 128.83, 128.01, 127.89, 121.59, 112.12, 43.93, 40.60, 18.91; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 326.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.27 (m, 6H), 6.49 (s, 2H), 4.55 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.81, 158.66, 155.17, 136.79, 136.72, 129.05, 128.16, 128.15, 125.02, 115.21, 44.16, 18.63; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 299.4 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.11 (s, 2H), 4.56-4.54 (d, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.23 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 160.09, 158.88, 149.14, 138.76, 134.35 (2C), 131.60, 128.34 (2C), 127.53 (2C), 126.98, 124.63 (2C), 42.56, 34.01, 31.16 (3C), 18.32 (2C); HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C21H27O2N2 (M + H)+: 339.2067, found: 339.2065.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.32 (s, 2H), 7.94-7.92 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.89-7.87 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.83-7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 158.79 (2C), 133.16 (2C), 132.94 (2C), 130.02 (2C), 128.96 (2C), 128.47 (2C), 128.45 (2C), 128.34 (2C), 127.20 (2C), 125.81 (2C), 122.12 (2C), 19.04 (20: HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C24H21O2N2 (M + H)+: 369.1598, found: 369.1597.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.27 (s, 12H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 8.77 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.62 (d, J = 246.8 Hz), 158.17, 137.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz), 128.06 (d, J = 3.2 Hz), 114.98 (d, J = 22.1 Hz), 18.60 (d, J = 1.5 Hz); HRMS (DART) calcd. for C18H19O2N2F2 (M + H)+: 333.1409, Found: 333.1410.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.34 (s, 12H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 7.82 (s, 4H), 8.92 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.63, 157.56, 136.42, 135.10, 129.66, 129.36, 52.21, 18.57: HRMS (DART) calcd. for C22H25N2O6 (M + H)+: 413.1707, Found: 413.1704.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 2.24 (s, 12H), 7.71 (s, 4H), 10.54 (s, 2H), 12.87 (br s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 167.0, 158.52, 138.44, 135.56, 129.22, 128.74, 18.00; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C20H21N2O6 (M + H)+: 385.1394, Found: 385.1393.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.94 (s, 2H), 8.03 (s, 4H), 1.59 (s, 12H): LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 387.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.31 (s, 18H), 2.28 (s, 12H), 7.13 (s, 4H), 8.81 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.27, 150.72, 134.25, 129.72, 125.50, 34.42, 31.36, 18.74; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C26H37O2N2 (M + H)+: 409.2850, Found: 409.2847.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 2.13 (s, 12H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 6.69 (s, 4H), 10.09 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 159.17, 157.68, 136.26, 127.03, 112.87, 55.05, 18.20: HRMS (DART) calcd. for C20H25N2O4 (M + H)+: 357.1809, Found: 357.1807.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 2.06 (s, 12H), 6.50 (s, 4H), 9.25 (s, 2H), 9.96 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 159.25, 155.83, 136.04, 125.49, 114.24, 18.09: HRMS (DART) calcd. for C18H21N2O4 (M + H)+: 329.1496, Found: 329.1496.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.72 (s, 2H), 6.49 (s, 4H), 2.93 (s, 12H), 2.23 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.80, 149.77, 135.62, 121.99. 112.33, 40.74, 18.89; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 383.0 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.73 (s, 2H), 8.63 (d, J = 10 Hz, 2H), 8.30-8.20 (m, 4H), 7.65-7.35 (m, 10H); HRMS (DART) calcd. for C26H19N4O6 (M + H)+: 483.1299, Found: 483.1295.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.02-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.46-7.57 (m, 6H), 8.32-8.36 (m, 2H), 9.44 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.76 (d, J =246.3 Hz), 157.26, 136.29 (d, J = 1.5 Hz), 135.10 (d, J = 7.8 Hz), 129.55, 129.50 (d, J = 2.9 Hz), 129.08, 129.00, 122.27 (d, J = 8.3 Hz), 117.24 (d, J = 23.1 Hz), 115.11 (d, J = 22.0 Hz); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 429.3 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.63 (s, 2H), 8.55 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.66-7.50 (m, 10H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.32, 136.25, 135.82, 133.16, 129.77, 129.32, 129.19, 127.51, 126.98 (q, J = 32.6 Hz), 125.69, 123.97 (d, J = 271.4 Hz), 120.19; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 529.4 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.67 (s, 2H), 8.52-8.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.06-8.03 (dd, J1 = 2.0 Hz, J2= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.01-8.00 (d, J = 2 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.53-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.39 (m, 4H), 3.91 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.48 (2C), 157.30 (2C), 137.21 (2C), 136.21 (2C), 132.66 (2C), 131.91 (2C), 130.17 (2C), 129.67 (4C), 129.27 (4C), 129.08 (2C), 126.84 (2C), 119.61 (2C), 52.37 (2C): HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C30H25O6N2 (M + H)+: 509.1707, found: 509.1704.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.47 (s, 2H), 8.25-8.23 (d, J = 8.0 Hz 2H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.37 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 7.18-7.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 2.36 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 157.40 (2C), 137.51 (2C), 135.13 (2C), 132.93 (2C), 131.10 (2C), 130.91 (2C), 129.34 (4C), 129.26 (4C), 129.05 (2C), 128.40 (2C), 120.40 (2C), 21.10 (2C); HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C28H25O2N2 (M + H)+: 421.1911, found: 421.1906.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.60 (s, 2H), 8.48 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.53 (m, 12H), 7.52-7.40 (m, 10H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.30, 140.07, 138.13, 137.17, 133.25, 132.53, 129.36, 129.20, 128.99, 128.84, 128.53, 127.45, 126.96, 126.94, 120.60; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 545.3 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.37 (s, 2H), 8.26-8.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 4H), 6.92-6.89 (dd, J1 = 2.8 Hz, J2 = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 157.31 (2C), 156.90 (2C), 137.38 (2C), 134.69 (2C), 129.37 (4C), 129.18 (4C), 128.58 (2C), 126.73 (2C), 122.14 (2C), 115.82 (2C), 113.57 (2C), 55.68 (2C); HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C28H25O4N2 (M + H)+: 453.1809, found: 453.1805.
                      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.27 (s, 2H), 8.11 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.64-7.35 (m, 10H), 6.66 (dd, J = 9.0, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 8H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 12H), 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.29, 145.49, 138.63, 134.75, 129.27, 129.16, 128.13, 122.49, 122.40, 113.44, 111.47, 44.59, 12.73. LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 535.3 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.53 (s, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 3.84 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.14 (2C), 158.44 (2C), 157.80 (2C), 154.22 (2C), 127.63 (2C), 117.61 (2C), 105.23 (2C), 103.06 (2C), 56.32 (2C), 55.87 (2C), 52.57 (2C); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 477.5 (M + H)+.
                      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.63 (s, 2H), 6.39-6.25 (m, 4H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.12 (J = 12.9 Hz, 2C), 158.48 (J = 247.4 Hz, 2C), 158.05 (2C), 155.71 (J = 7.6 Hz, 2C), 105.46 (J = 15.8 Hz, 2C), 94.97 (J = 2.6 Hz, 2C), 93.73 (J = 24.5 Hz, 2C), 56.21 (2C), 55.87 (2C); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 397.4 (M + H)+.

The following ligands were prepared according to process II:

Ligang Structure Characterization Data of Structure
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.27 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 2H), 4.26 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.62 (s, 3H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.07, 152.74, 136.48, 134.34, 104.93, 59.98, 55.78, 42.67. ESI-MS m/z 471.3 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C22H28N2O8 (M + Na)+ requires 471.1738; found: 471.1745.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.25 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.74 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (s, 2H), 4.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.01, 147.18, 146.18, 132.60, 120.77, 108.16, 108.00, 100.84, 42.19. ESI-MS m/z 379.2 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C18H16N2NaO6 (M + Na)+ requires 379.0906; found: 379.0901.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.43 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (tt, J = 9.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.94 (m, 2H), 4.35 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (163.60, 163.47, 161.16, 161.02), 160.20, (143.49, 143.40, 143.31), (110.49, 110.43, 110.31, 110.24), (102.64, 102.38, 102.13), 41.78. ESI-MS m/z 339.2 (M − H)−; HRMS Calcd. For C16H11F4N2O2 (M−H)− requires 339.0762.; found: 339.0767.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.40 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dt, J = 20.3, 10.2 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.12, (150.47, 150.34, 149.64), (148.03, 147.90, 147.33, 147.21), (136.54, 136.48, 136.45), (124.21, 124.18, 124.15, 124.12), (117.38, 117.21), (116.57, 116.40), 41.52.; ESI-MS m/z 339.1 (M − H)−; HRMS Calcd. For C16H11F4N2O2 (M − H)− requires 339.0762.; found: 339.0752.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.22 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J = 3.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.86, 151.48, 142.13, 110.50, 107.14, 35.76. ESI-MS m/z 271.1 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C12H12N2NaO4 (M + Na)+ requires 271.0689.; found: 271.0693.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.42 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 5.0. 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dt, J = 4.9, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.75, 141.23, 126.66, 125.93, 125.21, 37.37. ESI-MS m/z 302.9 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C12H12N2NaO2S2 (M + Na)+ requires 303.0232.; found: 303.0233.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.54 (s, 1H), 8.91 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J = 4.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (dd, J = 5.5, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.88-5.84 (m, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.59, 125.66, 117.23, 107.13, 105.93, 35.72. ESI-MS m/z 269.1 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C12H14N4NaO2 (M + Na)+ requires 269.1009.; found: 269.1002.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.12 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.78, 150.70, 149.64, 108.00, 106.38, 35.77, 13.25. ESI-MS m/z 299.1 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C14H15N2O4 (M + Na)+ requires 275.1037.; found: 275.1032.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.26 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J = 4.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J = 4.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.95, 139.41, 127.56, 126.28, 122.07, 37.90. ESI-MS m/z 302.9 (M − H)−; HRMS Calcd. For C12H11N2O2S2 (M − H)− requires 279.0267.; found: 279.0257.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.00 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 5.90 (s, 1H), 5.88-5.84 (m, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 1H), ESI-MS m/z [M + 1]+ 275.26
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.44 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.18 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.52 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), ESI-MS m/z 371.1 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C20H15N2O4 (M + Na)+ requires 347.1037.; found: 347.1041.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.33 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 8.54-8.48 (m, 1H), 7.77 (td, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 10.1, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.14, 157.37, 148.87, 136.78, 122.26, 121.03, 44.22. ESI-MS m/z 293.1 (M + Na)+; HRMS Calcd. For C14H14N4NaO2 (M + Na)+ requires 293.1009.; found: 293.1012.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.42 (s, 2H), 6.86-6.68 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z 377.2 (M + H)+.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.78 (s, 2H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 161.15 (dt, J = 246, 15.3 Hz, 2C), 158.95 (2C), 158.49 (ddd, J = 249, 15.9, 7.3 Hz, 4C), 110.78 (td, J = 17.2, 5.1 Hz, 2C), 101.65 (td, J = 27.2, 2.9 Hz, 4C); ESI-MS: 349.0 (M + H)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.52 (s, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 4H), 3.81 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.93 (t, J = 13.6 Hz, 2C), 159.30 (2C), 158.89 (dd, J = 246, 8.1 Hz, 4C), 106.33 (t, J = 17.8 Hz, 2C), 99.02 (d, J = 26.7 Hz, 4C), 56.73 (2C); ESI-MS: 395.2 (M + Na)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.36 (s, 2H), 7.36 (s, 4H), 2.16 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 18.16, 120.14, 130.72, 134.23, 138.38, 159.15; ESI-MS: 453.0 (M + H)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.31 (s, 2H), 7.18 (dd, J = 8.1, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.54 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 2.17 (s, 6H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 14.84, 18.42, 24.92, 126.65, 127.75, 128.25, 134.24, 135.88, 141.45, 159.85; ESI-MS: 325.3 (M + H)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.78 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 158.95 (2C), 158.36 (dd, J = 248, 4.8 Hz, 4C), 129.67 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 2C), 113.81 (t, J = 16.8 Hz, 2C), 112.54 (dd, J = 18.2, 4.9 Hz, 4C); ESI-MS: 335.1 (M + Na)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.53 (s, 1H), 10.39 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 2H), 7.37 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 6H), 2.17 (s, 6H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 18.16, 18.47, 52.59, 120.16, 128.56, 129.03, 130.73, 134.21, 136.34, 138.38, 139.38, 159.05, 159.08, 166.47; ESI-MS: 433.1 (M + H)+
                 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 10.31 (s, 1H), 7.36 (s, 2H), 7.13-7.10 (m, 3H), 2.17 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 18.17, 18.45, 120.10, 127.47, 128.24, 130.71, 134.32, 134.65, 135.57, 138.39, 159.10, 159.39; ESI-MS: 397.2 (M + Na)+
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 9.37 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.43 (m, 3H), 6.43 (dd, J = 3.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.99, 159.46, 151.51, 142.21, 132.62, 132.21, 130.35, 130.07, 128.60, 127.83, 127.11, 126.37, 125.28, 122.85, 110.56, 107.34, 35.91, 18.17.
                 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 9.37 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.43 (m, 3H), 6.43 (dd, J = 3.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H),; 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.99. 159.46, 151.51, 142.21, 132.62, 132.21, 130.35, 130.07, 128.60, 127.83, 127.11, 126.37, 125.28, 122.85, 110.56, 107.34, 35.91, 18.17.

Example 2

Synthesis of N-benzyl-4-methylaniline By Coupling Reaction of 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene with Benzylamine

Copper (I) iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (0.5 mmol), benzylamine (0.75 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=50: 1) to give the product N-benzyl-4-methylaniline (89 mg, yield 91%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.34-7.21 (m, 5H), 6.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.88 (br s, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.6, 48.8, 113.2, 126.9, 127.3, 127.7, 128.8, 130.0, 139.8, 146.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C₁₄H₁₆N (M+H)⁺: 198.1283, Found: 198.1287.

Example 3

Synthesis of N-benzyl-4-methylaniline By Coupling Reaction of 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene with Benzylamine

The operation of this example is the same as that of Example 2 except that different oxalic amide ligands were used. The results are shown in the following table.

Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%
L-I-1	62	L-II-9	75	L-II-38	92
L-I-2	64	L-II-13	52	L-II-31	86
L-I-7	65	L-II-14	17	L-II-29	66
L-I-23	62	L-II-7	73	L-II-27	45
L-I-22	59	L-II-15	56	L-II-33	82
L-I-24	44	L-II-16	11	L-II-36	73
L-I-27	74	L-II-24	61	L-II-28	17
L-I-9	55	L-II-18	40	L-II-34	57
L-I-8	67	L-II-1	56	L-II-35	21
L-I-25	75	L-II-8	60	L-II-30	65
L-I-31	40	L-II-5	64	L-II-37	76
L-I-32	34	L-II-6	74	L-II-4	81
L-I-36	17	L-II-41	62	L-II-19	40
L-II-20	70	L-II-21	65	L-II-22	25
L-II-23	60	L-I-4	37	L-I-34	20
L-I-39	64	L-II-61	<10	L-II-59	46
L-II-60	10	L-II-58	81	L-II-62	63
L-II-63	76	L-II-66	89	L-II-64	92
L-II-65	44	L-II-67	<10	L-II-69	23
L-II-70	48	L-II-68	61	L-II-72	77
L-II-71	87	L-II-73	88	L-II-74	85

Example 4

Synthesis of N-benzyl-4-methylaniline By Coupling Reaction of 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene with Benzylamine

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 2 except different copper salt as catalyst, base, solvent and temperature were used. The results are shown in the following table.

	Copper				Tempera-
No.	salt	X	Base	Solvent	ture/° C.	Yield/%
1	CuI	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	92
2	CuBr	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	81
3	CuCl	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	83
4	CuTc	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	43
5	Cu(OAc)2	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	56
6	CuSO4	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	52
7	CuBr2	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	49
8	CuCl2	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	60
9	Cu2O	10	K3PO4	DMSO	120	67
10	CuI	10	K2CO3	DMSO	120	48
11	CuI	10	Cs2CO3	DMSO	120	61
12	CuI	10	Na2CO3	DMSO	120	38
13	CuI	10	KHCO3	DMSO	120	31
14	CuI	10	NaHCO3	DMSO	120	29
15	CuI	10	K3PO4	DMA	120	79
16	CuI	10	K3PO4	DMF	120	86
17	CuI	10	K3PO4	NMP	120	62
18	CuI	10	K3PO4	MeCN	120	49
19	CuI	10	K3PO4	1,4-	120	33
				dioxane
20	CuI	10	K3PO4	THF	120	30
21	CuI	5	K3PO4	DMSO	120	90
22	CuI	2.5	K3PO4	DMSO	120	81
23	CuI	1	K3PO4	DMSO	120	54
24	CuI	10	K3PO4	DMSO	110	63
25	CuI	10	K3PO4	DMSO	100	38
26a	CuI	2.5	K3PO4	DMSO	120	81
athe reaction was enlarged to a 5 mmol scale by using L-II-31 as a ligand, while benzylamine was reduced to 1.3 equivalents, CuI was reduced to 2.5 mol %, ligand was reduced to 5 mol %, and potassium phosphate was reduced to 1.0 equivalents. The amount of DMSO was 2 mL, and the reaction time was extended to 41 hours.

Example 5

Synthesis of the Corresponding Aniline Derivatives By the Coupling Reaction of 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene with Various Primary and Secondary Amines

Copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-38 (0.05 or 0.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (1.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (1.0 mmol), amine (1.5 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 or 48 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product N-p-methylphenyl amine.

Different amines were used in this example, including primary, secondary aliphatic amines and aromatic amines. The reaction conditions included A and B. Conditions A were for the more reactive amines and conditions B were for the less reactive amines. The results are shown in the table below.

Product, Reaction
conditions and Yield Characterization data of product
                     1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.07 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (br s, 1H), 3.16 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.68 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.34 (m, 6H), 1.00 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.25, 129.60, 126.11, 112.81, 44.31, 31.62, 29.54, 26.82, 22.58, 20.28, 13.98; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 192.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.00 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (t, J = 5 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (t, J = 5 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.67, 129.68, 127.15, 113.46, 61.02, 46.42, 20.30; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 152.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.99 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.99 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.25 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.01 (td, J = 6.5, 4.5 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.00, 129.55, 126.27, 112.90, 103.59, 64.77, 39.45, 32.92, 20.26; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C12H18NO2 (M + H)+: 208.1332, Found: 208.1333.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.27-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (br s, 1H), 3.39 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (td, J = 7.1, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.18 (d, J = 244.8 Hz), 145.50, 130.94 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 129.66, 127.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 126.41, 126.24 (d, J = 16.0 Hz), 123.96 (d, J = 3.6 Hz), 115.21 (d, J = 22.2 Hz), 112.96, 44.04, 28.99 (d, J = 1.8 Hz), 20.26; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C15H17NF (M + H)+: 230.1340, Found: 230.1340.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36 (dd, J = 1.9. 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.32 (dd, J = 3.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J = 3.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.89 (br s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.89, 145.26, 141.70, 129.60, 127.08, 113.24, 110.21, 106.77, 41.63, 20.31; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 188.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.90-6.74 (m, 3H), 6.56 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.95 (s, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.86 (br s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.78, 146.57, 145.74, 133.52, 129.66, 126.68, 120.46, 112.94, 108.18, 107.96, 100.88, 48.34, 20.32; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C15H16NO2 (M + H)+: 242.1176, Found: 242.1175.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.92 (dd, J = 8.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J = 13.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J = 13.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.48, 142.07, 129.76, 128.52, 127.85, 127.37, 125.83, 113.68, 72.31, 52.19, 20.35; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H18NO (M + H)+: 228.1383, Found: 228.1384.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.05-1.48 (m, 8H), 2.02-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.22, 129.85, 126.20, 113.59, 52.16, 33.67, 26.11, 25.18, 20.49; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 190.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.96 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (ddd, J = 10.0, 4.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.86- 1.67 (m, 3H), 1.46-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.93-0.86 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.75, 129.74, 125.99, 113.28, 58.70, 49.46, 48.17, 45.15, 38.91, 28.36, 27.87, 20.45, 19.97, 18.86, 14.43; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C17H26N (M + H)+: 244.2060, Found: 244.2059.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.98 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (br, 1H), 3.22-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.14-1.80 (m, 5H), 1.69-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.92 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.39, 129.78, 126.20, 112.95, 50.45, 44.28, 41.57, 41.20, 38.82, 33.54, 28.17, 26.28, 23.45, 20.50, 20.48; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C17H26N (M + H)+: 244.2060, Found: 244.2060.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.98 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (ddd, J = 12.3, 6.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (br, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.89, 129.76, 126.19, 113.49, 55.04, 33.68, 24.19, 20.48; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 176.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.00 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 1H), 3.78-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.21 (m, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.73, 144.68, 129.93, 127.17, 113.50, 79.49, 53.36, 52.65, 52.24, 51.98, 44.24, 43.91, 31.95, 31.32, 28.61, 20.46; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C16H25N2O2 (M + H)+: 277.1911, Found: 277.1910. (Note: Rotary isomers exists, leading to the higher peak in the is wider peak in the upperfield of 1H NMR spectrum, and the double peak of single carbon atom in the upperfield of 13C NMR spectrum)
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.90 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.23 (ddd, 1H), 2.99 (ddd, 1H), 2.75 (br, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.00-0.85 (m, 1H), 0.82-0.68 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.52, 129.93, 127.90, 114.91, 77.41, 77.16, 76.91, 74.61, 60.83, 33.23, 31.69, 25.20, 24.42, 20.50; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C13H20NO (M + H)+: 206.1539, Found: 206.1539.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.00 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.13-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.79 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 144.83, 129.79, 126.89, 113.53, 73.69, 67.05, 54.06, 33.17, 20.36; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C11H16NO (M + H)+: 178.1226, Found: 178.1229.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.00 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.10, 145.14, 129.76, 127.29, 113.87, 54.46, 41.79, 27.94, 20.89, 20.45; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C12H17N2O (M + H)+: 205.1335, Found: 205.1336.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.89 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 3.91 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.33 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.22, 144.06, 129.85, 126.22, 113.03, 55.61, 42.21, 30.91, 29.06, 28.01, 20.40; HRMS (DART) calcd. for C13H19N2O (M + H)+: 219.1492, Found: 219.1491.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.06 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (dd, J = 6.4, 6.4 Hz, 4H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.98 (dd, J = 6.4, 6.4 Hz, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.1, 129.6, 124.4, 111.8, 47.8, 25.4, 20.2; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 162.1 (M + H)+.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.12 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 3.57 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.60, 133.56, 133.36, 129.67, 128.87, 125.09, 122.77, 116.53, 49.44, 48.05, 25.31, 20.38; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16NS (M + H)+: 230.0998, Found: 230.0999.
                     1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.98 (m, 4H), 6.87 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (br s, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.9, 140.2, 130.9, 129.8, 129.3, 120.3, 118.9, 116.8, 20.7; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 184.3 (M + H)+.

Example 6

Synthesis of N-benzylaniline Derivatives By Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride with Benzylamine

Copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-38 (0.05 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then aryl chloride (1.0 mmol), benzylamine (1.5 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product N-benzylaniline derivatives.

This example used different aryl chlorides. The results are given in the following table.

Product and Yield Characterization data of product
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.2, 142.5, 139.7, 128.6, 127.6, 127.2, 114.9, 114.1, 55.8, 49.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16NO (M + H)+: 214.1232, Found: 214.1237.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.39-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.25- 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.63-6.55 (m, 2H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 1H), 2.13 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.26, 145.51, 139.45, 128.76, 128.39, 127.58, 127.37, 122.52, 113.17, 48.66, 24.40: HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H17N2O (M + H)+: 241.1341. Found: 241.1337.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 1H): 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.99, 139.38, 130.06. 129.00, 128.79, 127.57, 127.40, 112.97, 65.57, 48.43; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16NO (M + H)+: 214.1232, Found: 214.1225.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.99, 139.38, 130.06, 129.00, 128.79, 127.57, 127.40, 112.97, 65.57, 48.43; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H13N2O2 (M + H)+: 229.0977, Found: 229.0970.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 5H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (s, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 151.21, 137.92, 133.86, 129.00, 127.84, 127.45, 120.48, 112.54, 99.27, 47.65; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H13N2 (M + H)+: 209.1079, Found: 209.1072.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45-7.35 (m, 6H), 7.35-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 150.59, 138.58, 128.93, 127.66, 127.50, 126.76 (q, J = 3.8 Hz), 125.09 (q, J = 270.3 Hz), 119.20 (q, J = 32.6 Hz), 112.12, 47.95; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H13F3N (M + H)+: 252.1000, Found: 252.1007.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.32- 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H): 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 196.2, 152.0, 138.3, 130.8, 129.0, 127.6, 127.4, 127.2, 111.6, 47.7, 26.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H16NO (M + H)+: 226.1232, Found: 226.1227.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.95- 6.83 (m, 2H), 6.62-6.52 (m, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.02 (d, J = 235.0 Hz), 144.61, 139.37, 128.80, 127.62, 127.44, 115.80 (d, J = 22.4 Hz), 113.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz), 49.08; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H13FN (M + H)+: 202.1032, Found: 202.1037.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.86 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.32- 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.2, 151.8, 131.7, 131.6, 128.5, 127.5, 118.8, 111.7, 51.5, 47.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H16NO2 (M + H)+: 242.1181, Found: 242.1183.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.13- 7.06 (m, 1H), 6.33-6.25 (m, 2H), 6.23-6.19 (m, 1H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.94, 149.67, 139.44, 130.12, 128.76, 127.64, 127.37, 106.10, 102.80, 98.99, 55.19, 48.45; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16NO (M + H)+: 214.1232, Found: 214.1230.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.44- 7.34 (m, 6H), 7.38-7.22 (m, 3H), 6.72 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.30- 3.71 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.61, 141.34, 139.38, 130.68, 128.81, 128.77, 128.09, 127.64, 127.44, 126.43, 126.21, 113.29, 48.50; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C19H18N (M + H)+: 260.1439, Found: 260.1433.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.90- 6.78 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.66 (m, 1H), 6.62 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.88, 139.69, 138.23, 128.68, 127.62, 127.22, 121.38, 116.73, 110.17, 109.49, 55.51, 48.15; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16NO (M + H)+: 214.1232, Found: 214.1228.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 5.90 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.83, 150.20, 139.36, 128.76, 127.66, 127.39, 91.84, 90.02, 55.27, 48.47; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H18NO2 (M + H)+: 244.1338, Found: 244.1330.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.17- 7.13 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.67 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.15 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.2, 138.5, 131.6 (q, J = 31 Hz), 129.6, 128.7, 127.5, 126.3, 122.3, 115.70 (q, J = 1.1 Hz), 113.94 (q, J = 3.9 Hz), 109.08 (q, J = 3.9 Hz), 48.09; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H13F3N (M + H)+: 252.1000, Found: 252.1007.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.97 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.17-6.05 (m, 2H), 5.98 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.37, 147.52, 139.58, 130.11, 128.60, 127.48, 127.17, 105.07, 104.05, 99.46, 48.28; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H15N2 (M + H)+: 199.1235, Found: 199.1240.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.20 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.55, 139.02, 135.13, 128.97, 128.69, 127.67, 127.64, 127.36, 126.33, 126.02, 122.13, 117.90, 104.93, 48.49; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C17H16N (M + H)+: 234.1283, Found: 234.1278.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.30- 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.13 (m, 3H), 6.52 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (s, 1H), 4.38 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.32, 139.21, 134.41, 128.84, 128.82, 127.85, 127.51, 126.73, 125.86, 124.86, 123.49, 120.01, 117.75, 104.86, 48.71; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C17H16N (M + H)+: 234.1283, Found: 234.1280.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43-7.34 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.15- 7.06 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.66 (m, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.19, 139.62, 130.20, 128.79, 127.67, 127.38, 127.29, 122.05, 117.30, 110.09, 48.44, 17.70; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H16N (M + H)+: 198.1283, Found: 198.1285.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m, 6H), 6.70 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 150.05, 137.70, 134.26, 132.75, 128.86, 127.64, 127.16, 117.86, 116.86, 111.03, 95.94, 47.48; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H13N2 (M + H)+: 209.1079, Found: 209.1070.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.37-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.30- 7.26 (m, 1H), 6.60-6.42 (m, 1H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.42, 158.09, 139.20, 128.67, 127.69, 127.30, 110.70, 45.57; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C11H12N3 (M + H)+: 186.1031, Found: 186.1025.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) δ 8.07 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 4H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.81 (m, 1H), 4.34 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 144.22, 138.82, 138.62, 136.18, 128.79, 127.50, 127.44, 123.81, 118.55, 47.86; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C12H13N2 (M + H)+: 185.1079, Found: 185.1083.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.39-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.47 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.36, 157.02, 139.23, 137.93, 128.58, 127.33, 127.17, 112.53, 102.86, 46.57, 24.35; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H15N2 (M + H)+: 199.1235, Found: 199.1228.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.20- 7.13 (m, 1H), 6.72-6.58 (m, 1H), 6.04-5.94 (m, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.98 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.58, 139.42, 128.73, 127.85, 127.44, 125.32, 120.01, 96.22, 50.79; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C11H12NS (M + H)+: 190.0690, Found: 190.0695.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.00 (dd, J = 2.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.54, 142.12, 138.55, 133.29, 132.22, 128.90, 127.70, 127.69, 45.71; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C11H12N3 (M + H)+: 186.1031, Found: 186.1037.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.64 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40- 7.34 (m, 3H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.16 (dt, J = 5.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 1H), 6.77 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.79, 141.09, 139.50, 129.59, 128.78, 127.65, 127.37, 126.99, 123.50, 122.96, 114.04, 105.09, 48.88; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C15H14NS (M + H)+: 240.0847, Found: 240.0842.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.50- 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.30 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 142.56, 138.61, 137.64, 129.15, 128.97, 128.59, 128.20, 127.96, 127.80, 127.08, 126.01, 123.92, 119.30, 48.58; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C16H15N2 (M + H)+: 235.1235, Found: 235.1229.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.61 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.34 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.42, 146.08, 143.44, 138.81, 134.02, 130.46, 130.21, 128.90, 127.67, 127.61, 121.51, 121.41, 103.44, 48.44; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C16H15N2 (M + H)+: 235.1235, Found: 235.1237.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.66 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.33, 143.94, 139.69, 139.40, 128.62, 127.52, 127.24, 108.63, 104.41, 100.57, 96.00, 49.26; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H14NO2 (M + H)+: 228.1025, Found: 228.1030.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.61 (dt, J = 8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.32 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 180.00, 146.95, 138.75, 137.94, 131.79, 130.30, 129.94, 129.10, 128.86, 127.73, 127.59, 127.02, 126.07, 125.78, 125.39, 120.13, 110.41, 48.33; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H16NOS (M + H)+ 318.0953, found 318.0952.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.38- 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (s, 3H); HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15H15N2S (M + H)+ 255.0956, found 255.0952.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.88-3.83 (m, 4H), 3.06-2.98 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.71, 142.91, 139.78, 128.67, 127.63, 127.25, 118.47, 114.00, 67.20, 51.34, 49.10; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C17H21N2O (M + H)+ 269.1654, found 269.1650.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.98 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.66 (m, 2H), 4.45 (s, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.77, 154.44, 150.52, 138.67, 134.68, 129.25, 128.90, 127.63, 127.56, 126.14, 124.44, 123.06, 122.50, 121.50, 112.71, 47.96; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C20H17N2S (M + H)+ 317.1112, found 317.1108.

Example 7

Synthesis of Substituted Aromatic Amines (Different Arylchlorides and Different Amines)

Copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-38 (0.05 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then aryl chloride (1.0 mmol), amine (1.5 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product substituted aromatic amines.

Different aryl chlorides and different amines were used in this example. The results are given in the following table.

Product and Yield Characterization data of product
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.92-6.83 (m, 2H), 6.56-6.50 (m, 2H), 3.73 (p, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (s, 1H), 2.08-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.73 (d, J = 234.2 Hz), 144.55 (d, J = 1.8 Hz), 115.68 (d, J = 22.3 Hz), 114.08 (d, J = 7.2 Hz), 55.41, 33.67, 24.21 HRMS (ESI) calcd for C11H15FN (M + H)+ 180.1189, found 180.1183
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.16 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.02-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.26 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (td, J = 6.5, 4.5 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.17, 129.80, 128.90, 112.91, 103.76, 65.45, 65.02, 65.02, 39.36, 33.01; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12H18NO3 (M + H)+ 224.1287, found 224.1285.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.82-6.74 (m, 2H), 6.62-6.55 (m, 2H), 4.97 (td, J = 1.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 1.79 (dd, J = 1.5, 0.9 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.15, 143.25, 142.65, 114.97, 114.19, 110.97, 55.93, 51.00, 20.64; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C11H16NO (M + H)+ 178.1232, found 178.1228.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.49 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.36-3.27 (m, 4H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 150.14, 133.57, 121.13, 111.57, 96.70, 47.61, 25.54; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C11H13N2 (M + H)+ 173.1079, found 173.1077.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37 (dd, J = 1.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J = 3.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.27-6.22 (m, 1H), 5.92 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.75 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.80, 152.66, 149.69, 142.05, 110.48, 107.17, 92.15, 90.45, 55.28, 41.53; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13H16NO3 (M + H)+ 234.1130, found 234.1127.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.66 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (s, 2H), 3.81 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.23 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.36, 143.79, 140.03, 108.60, 104.98, 100.63, 96.51, 61.25, 47.15; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C9H12NO3 (M + H)+ 182.0817, found 182.0814.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.58 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.85 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.31 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.32- 1.16 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.98, 145.36, 143.05, 133.74, 130.40, 130.37, 121.74, 121.44, 103.25, 51.86, 33.30, 26.03, 25.11; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15H19N2 (M + H)+ 227.1548, found 227.1546.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J = 5.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 1H), 3.16 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.49- 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.30 (m, 4H), 0.97-0.86 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.18, 141.18, 129.25, 126.88, 123.47, 122.89, 114.15, 104.93, 44.72, 31.82, 29.64, 27.06, 22.79, 14.20; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C14H20NS (M + H)+ 234.1316, found 234.1315.

Example 8

Synthesis of (4-aminophenyl)methanol

Chlorobenzyl alcohol (0.5 mmol), ammonia source (0.75 mmol), copper salt catalyst (0.05 mmol), ligand (0.05 mmol) and base (0.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 0.5 mL of solvent was added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixture was filtered through silica gel and celite. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product (4-aminophenyl) methanol (light yellow solid).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.11 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.22 (br s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 145.9, 131.0, 128.7, 115.1, 65.1; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 124.1 (M+H)⁺.

In this example, different ammonia sources, copper salt catalysts, ligands, bases and solvents were used. The results are given in the following table.

	ammonia	copper			sol-
No.	source	salt	ligand	base	vent	Yield/%
1	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-4	K3PO4	DMSO	33
2	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-37	K3PO4	DMSO	62
3	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-41	K3PO4	DMSO	31
4	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-2	K3PO4	DMSO	25
5	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-42	K3PO4	DMSO	30
6	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-8	K3PO4	DMSO	<10
7	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-38	K3PO4	DMSO	90
8	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-31	K3PO4	DMSO	68
9	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	82
10	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-27	K3PO4	DMSO	14
11	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-29	K3PO4	DMSO	42
12	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-30	K3PO4	DMSO	78
13	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-28	K3PO4	DMSO	23
14	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-36	K3PO4	DMSO	49
15	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-1	K3PO4	DMSO	32
16	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-3	K3PO4	DMSO	44
17	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-4	K3PO4	DMSO	63
18	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-5	K3PO4	DMSO	40
19	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-6	K3PO4	DMSO	35
20	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-7	K3PO4	DMSO	33
21	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-9	K3PO4	DMSO	33
22	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMF	56
23	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMA	58
24	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	NMP	42
25	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	MeCN	16
26	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	1,4-	<10
					dioxane
27	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	THF	<10
28	NH4Cl + KOH	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	67
29	(NH4)2CO3 +	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	39
	KOH
30	(NH4)2SO4 +	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	59
	KOH
31	(NH4)2HPO4 +	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	70
	KOH
32	NH3 (gas,	CuI	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	77
	5 atm)
33	NaN3	CuI	L-II-38	K3PO4	DMSO	43
34	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	K2CO3	DMSO	51
35	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	Na2CO3	DMSO	17
36	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-34	Cs2CO3	DMSO	90
37	NH3•H2O	CuBr	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	71
38	NH3•H2O	CuCl	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	73
39	NH3•H2O	Cu2O	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	51
40	NH3•H2O	Cu(OAc)2	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	43
41	NH3•H2O	CuTc	L-II-34	K3PO4	DMSO	24
42a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-38	K3PO4	DMSO	68
43a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-64	K3PO4	DMSO	69
44a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-58	K3PO4	DMSO	44
45a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-37	K3PO4	DMSO	77
46a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-71	K3PO4	DMSO	87
47a	NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-73	K3PO4	DMSO	84
a2.0 eq ammonium hydroxide (1.0 mmol) was used as ammonia source, and the reaction temperature was 105° C.

Example 9

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines

Copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-71 (0.05 or 0.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (1.1 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then aryl chloride (1.0 mmol), 1 mL of DMSO and ammonium hydroxide (2.0 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 110° C. or 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product aromatic amines.

In this example, different aryl chlorides were used, and the reaction conditions were C and D. Condition C were for the more reactive aryl chlorides and condition D were for the relatively less reactive aryl chlorides. The results are shown in the table below.

Product, Reaction Conditions
and Yield Characterization data of product
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.84-6.75 (m, 2H), 6.63-6.55 (m, 2H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 1.28 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.05, 142.38, 125.34, 115.39, 77.71, 28.68.; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 166.2 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50 (dd, J = 8.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (t, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 2.3, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (br, 1H), 2.26 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 3H).; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.35, 140.78, 131.17, 130.53, 123.10, 122.19, 114.54, 106.62, 13.80; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C9H10NS (M + H)+: 164.0528. Found: 164.0532.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.93 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.59, 148.53, 93.63, 90.77, 55.02; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 154.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.87 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (br s, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.95, 149.34, 148.01, 135.91, 128.53, 120.22, 118.34, 117.62, 108.34, 25.04; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C10H11N2 (M + H)+: 159.0917, Found: 159.0919.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.10, 143.44, 137.85, 136.04, 126.89, 126.31, 122.11, 115.84, 110.10, 25.22; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 159.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.53 (m, 1H), 4.11 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 142.97, 137.12, 128.96, 128.63, 127.99, 127.73, 127.03, 126.05, 120.12; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 145.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.65 (dd, J = 4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.27 (dd, J = 8.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H).; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.50, 144.85, 143.14, 133.75, 130.19, 129.74, 121.60, 121.29, 107.20; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 145.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.62 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (s, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.18, 141.46, 140.30, 108.58, 106.89, 100.65, 98.08; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 138.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.45 (s, 1H), 4.68 (br s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.94, 165.80, 165.18, 80.40, 54.08, 53.40; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 156.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.66 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.27, 145.09, 144.97, 141.02, 138.09, 130.47, 122.23, 107.93; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 146.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 8.17-8.10 (m, 1H), 7.50 (br s, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.42-6.36 (m, 2H), 5.65 (br s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 147.05, 146.47, 131.18, 126.71, 110.36, 106.49, 92.25; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 134.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.79 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 0H), 7.35-7.23 (m, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 4.94 (br s, 2H), 2.58 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.88, 148.30, 142.39, 130.38, 123.91, 123.22, 122.70, 122.58, 112.40, 18.80; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 159.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.49 (br s, 2 H), 1.27 (s, 9 H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.9, 141.3, 126.1, 115.0, 33.9, 31.6; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 150.2 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.25 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (br s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.26, 132.18, 128.81 (q, J = 31.0 Hz), 122.98 (q, J = 273.1 Hz), 120.34 (q, J = 1.9 Hz), 118.80, 113.76 (q, J = 5.6 Hz); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 195.9 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.32 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (t, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.28, 148.47, 135.41, 108.05, 104.53, 99.41, 55.39; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 158.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.18 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.17, 131.02, 125.65, 115.74, 18.77; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 140.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.35-8.14 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (br s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.06, 139.95, 135.29 (q, J = 4.4 Hz), 127.62, 127.03 (q, J = 32.6 Hz), 124.91, 122.20, 119.49, 117.48 (g, J = 3.7 Hz); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 163.0 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6-d6-d6) δ 8.44 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55- 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 178.69, 148.06, 137.17, 132.11, 129.38, 129.02, 127.92, 127.05, 126.33, 125.87, 122.07, 121.20, 110.90; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 228.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.07-5.98 (m, 3H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.69 (d, J = 241.8 Hz), 161.83 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), 148.70 (d, J = 13.4 Hz), 96.68 (d, J = 2.4 Hz), 95.05 (d, J = 25.2 Hz), 91.96 (d, J = 25.7 Hz), 55.46; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 141.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.63 (dd, J = 9.8, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J = 12.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (ddd, J = 8.3, 2.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (s, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.59 (d, J = 238.0 Hz), 139.39 (d, J = 9.4 Hz), 126.04 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), 118.56 (d, J = 4.8 Hz), 111.56 (d, J = 3.2 Hz), 103.63 (d, J = 22.3 Hz); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 127.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.83-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.70-6.63 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.81 (m, 4H), 3.43 (s, 2H), 3.08-2.95 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 144.57, 140.44, 118.33, 116.36, 67.22, 51.25; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 179.3 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.15-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.69-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.27-6.18 (m, 2H), 3.60 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 144.65, 133.04, 122.49, 119.81, 115.78, 109.56; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 159.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.99 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.77-6.71 (m, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.65, 154.39, 149.36, 134.73, 129.29, 126.20, 124.59, 124.11, 122.63, 121.55, 114.92; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 227.2 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.21 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.61 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.77 (s, 2 H), 2.55 (s, 3 H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.3, 144.8, 143.6, 142.4, 112.8, 110.2, 104.7, 14.5; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 149.1 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.76-6.68 (m, 4H), 3.33 (br s, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 134.8, 120.3, 116.7; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 109.2 (M + H)+.
          1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.40 (br s, 2H), 6.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 99.7, 114.3, 120.2, 133.6, 150.5; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 119.1 (M + H)+.
86%, 20 mmol scale, CuI (2.5 mol %) and L-II-38 (5 mol %) were used, NH3 (gas, 5 atm) was used as ammonia source, K3PO4 (1.1 eq)
was used as base, DMSO (8 mL) was used as solvent, the reaction was carried out in an autoclave at 120° C. for 25 hours.

Example 10

Synthesis of 1-methyl-4-phenoxybenzene

Phenol (1.5 mmol), copper iodide (0.1 mmol), ligand L-II-31 (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (1.0 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 120° C. for 14 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product 1-methyl-4-phenoxybenzene (0.1105 g, yield 60%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 158.02, 154.91, 133.06, 130.45, 129.83, 122.98, 119.32, 118.53, 20.89

Example 11

Synthesis of 1-methyl-4-phenoxybenzene

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 10 except that different ligands, copper salt catalysts, bases, solvents and temperature were used. The results are shown in the following table.

				Temperature/
Ligand	Copper salt	Base	Solvent	° C.	Yield/%
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	60
L-II-31	CuBr	K3PO4	DMSO	120	57
L-II-31	CuCl	K3PO4	DMSO	120	55
L-II-31	CuTc	K3PO4	DMSO	120	50
L-II-31	Cu(OAc)2	K3PO4	DMSO	120	43
L-II-31	CuSO4	K3PO4	DMSO	120	49
L-II-31	CuBr2	K3PO4	DMSO	120	52
L-II-31	CuCl2	K3PO4	DMSO	120	56
L-II-31	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	120	53
L-II-31	CuI	K2CO3	DMSO	120	15
L-II-31	CuI	Cs2CO3	DMSO	120	49
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	NMP	120	44
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	DMF	120	33
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	MeCN	120	41
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	1,4-dioxane	120	37
L-II-31	CuI	K3PO4	tBuOH	120	18
L-II-38	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	20
L-II-33	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	20
L-II-36	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	45
L-II-29	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	44
L-II-32	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	57
L-II-35	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	46
L-II-26	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	30
L-II-40	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	54
L-II-27	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	58
L-II-37	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	66
L-II-5	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	50
L-II-7	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	51
L-II-43	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	39
L-II-9	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	41
L-II-18	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	23
L-II-20	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	26
L-II-21	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	43
L-II-30	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	74
L-II-34	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	73
L-II-4	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	70
L-II-34	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	110	57
L-II-34	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	110	40
L-II-47	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	90

Example 12

Synthesize of Diaryl Ether Via Reaction of 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene with Phenol

Phenol (1.2 mmol), copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-34 (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (1.0 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product diaryl ether. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

Phenol	product and yield	Characterization data of product
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.21- 7.15 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H), 7.00- 6.93 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.02, 154.91, 133.06, 130.45, 129.83, 122.98, 119.32, 118.53, 20.89; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 184.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.96-6.88 (m, 4H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.0, 153.4, 132.5, 131.5, 129.3, 128.5, 117.7, 116.9, 21.5, 15.3; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 230.3 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81-7.84 (2H, m), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, 7.38-7.47 (2H, m), 7.26 (2H, t, J = 3.6 Hz), 7.18 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.99 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 2.38 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.7, 154.7, 134.4, 133.1, 130.3, 130.0, 129.8, 127.7, 127.1, 126.5, 124.5, 119.8, 119.3, 113.3, 20.8; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 234.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.28-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.35, 155.08, 145.69, 132.62, 130.22, 126.51, 118.95, 118.65, 117.95, 115.96, 34.32, 31.58, 20.77; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 234.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.14 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 6.91 (4H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 2.36 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.0, 155.6, 150.7, 132.0, 130.0, 120.2, 117.7, 114.7, 55.6, 20.5; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 214.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.30 (s, 6 H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.1 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 118.7, 130.3, 132.5, 155.5; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 198.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.18 (s, 6H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 6.52 (s, 2H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 21.4, 116.2, 119.2, 124.7, 130.3, 132.7, 139.5, 155, 157.9; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 212.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.34 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 6.90 (m, 4H), 6.94 (m, 1H), 7.13 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.7, 151.4, 145.9, 132.3, 130.3, 124.5, 121.2, 117.7, 112.9, 56.2, 20.9; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 214.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.34 (s, 3 H), 6.88 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94-6.97 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.45-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.87 (m, 1H), 8.22-8.25 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 112.6, 118.8, 122.1, 122.9, 125.8, 125.8, 126.5, 126.7, 127.7, 130.3, 132.8, 134.9, 153.6, 155.3; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 234.3 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.24 (s, 3 H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H); 6.85 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 16.3, 20.7, 117.6, 199.3, 123.7, 127.2, 129.8, 130.2, 131.5, 132, 155.1, 155.7; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 198.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.14 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.07-6.92 (m, 4H), 6.89 (d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz), 2.35 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.6 (d, J = 241.0 Hz), 155.3, 153.5, 132.9, 130.3, 120.0 (d, J = 8.2 Hz), 118.6, 116.2 (d, J = 23.3 Hz), 20.7; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 202.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 6.95-6.98 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.21 (d, J = 8.26 Hz, 2H), 7.91-7.94 (d, J = 8.72, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 26.4, 116.8, 120.2, 130.5, 131.6, 134.3, 153.0, 162.4, 196.7; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 226.2 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.37 (3H, s), 6.91-6.95 (2H, m), 7.16-7.22 (4H, m), 7.31-7.41 (2H, m); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.7, 154.0, 131.5, 129.1, 128.7, 125.3, 123.2, 121.1, 118.7, 117.2, 112.3, 21.1; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 209.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.98- 6.90 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.7, 152.2, 141.1, 139.5, 134.3, 130.1, 124.1, 121.0, 119.5, 20.9; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 186.2 (M + H)+.

Example 13

Synthesis of Diaryl Ether and Aryl Alkyl Ether Via Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chloride and R₁OH

Aryl halide substrate (1.0 mmol), phenol (1.2 mmol), copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-34 (0.1 mmol), and potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1 mL of DMSO was added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 120° C. for 30 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product diaryl ether. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

aryl halide and
phenol	product and yield	Characterization data of the product
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.94 (m, 4H), 7.01 (m, 2H), 7.58 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.9, 105.4, 115.5, 117.3, 119.2, 122.1, 134.3, 148.1, 157.3, 162.8; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 225.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.90 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 6.92-6.88 (4H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 2.55 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 196.6, 162.9, 156.6, 148.4, 131.3, 130.5, 121.6, 116.3, 115.0, 55.6, 26.3; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 242.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.42 (2H, m), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.18 (1H, m), 7.06 (2H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 6.92 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.4, 156.0, 140.0, 134.3, 129.7, 127.6, 126.9, 126.4, 124.3, 121.0, 119.3, 114.9, 112.2, 55.6; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 250.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.91-6.81 (8H, m), 3.85 (4H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.08 (4H, m); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.3, 151.6, 151.3, 147.1, 119.6, 119.1, 117.3, 114.6, 66.9, 55.6, 50.2; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 286.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (1H, s), 7.43-7.45 (2H, d, J = 8.8), 7.13-7.14 (2H, d, J = 8.2), 6.94-6.95 (2H, d, J = 8.8), 6.89-6.91 (2H, d, J = 8.4), 2.34 (3H, s), 2.17 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.8, 155.2, 154.4, 135.9, 133.3, 133.0, 130.5, 129.0, 122.1, 119.2, 118.9, 24.6, 20.9; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 242.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87-6.84 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.7, 155.7, 140.4, 129.8, 127.0, 125.3, 124.6, 122.9, 120.6, 117.9, 117.0, 21.4; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 252.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.15- 7.09 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.23 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.72, 159.37, 156.82, 129.85, 123.63, 119.37, 97.38, 95.58, 55.54; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 230.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.92- 6.86 (m, 2H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.61, 155.87, 150.42, 139.57, 124.33, 120.93, 115.44, 114.91, 55.77, 21.46; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 228.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.46-6.38 (m, 2H), 6.34 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ158.54, 157.24, 148.06, 130.45, 129.75, 123.26, 119.20, 110.20, 109.01, 105.64, 114.91, 55.77, 21.46; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 186.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.27 (3H, s), 6.58 (2H, s), 6.73 (1H, s), 6.9-7.1 (4H, m); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.7, 116.4, 116.6 (d, J = 23 Hz), 120.9 (d, J = 8.6 Hz), 120.9, 125.3, 140.0, 153.5 (d, J = 2.6 Hz), 158.0, 159.1 (d, J = 241 Hz); GC-MS (EI, m/z): 216.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.9, 154.0, 134.3, 131.5, 128.7, 128.0, 121.9, 117.1, 21.3; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C14H15O2 (M + H)+: 215.1072, found: 215.1069.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.33-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.06 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J = 2.3 Hz, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.63, 151.81, 148.80, 144.19, 130.09, 123.15, 118.25, 112.39, 108.71, 102.62, 101.94; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 214.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.60-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.25- 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.91, 143.98, 141.08, 133.93, 130.60, 130.47, 124.88, 124.12, 119.25, 20.83; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C12H12NO (M + H)+: 186.0919, found: 186.0916.
		1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.23, 153.99, 148.80, 144.96, 135.10, 133.78, 131.23, 130.47, 129.12, 122.99, 121.45, 119.75, 112.00, 20.78; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 235.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 5.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.51, 155.31, 140.88, 134.53, 132.83, 130.37, 128.03, 123.77, 123.51, 118.88, 117.26, 112.56, 20.84; HRMS-EI: m/z calcd for C15H12OS (M+): 240.0603, found: 240.0609.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.43 (1H, d, J = 1.1), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 2.7), 8.11 (1H, dd, J = 2.7, 1.1), 7.24 (2H, d, J = 8.5), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8.5), 2.39 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.5, 150.7, 141.1, 138.3, 135.8, 135.1, 130.3, 121.1, 20.9; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C11H11N2O (M + H)+: 187.0871, found: 187.0875.

Example 14

Synthesis of 4,4′-dimethyldiphenylsulfide

4-methylthiophenol (1.5 mmol), copper iodide (0.1 mmol), ligand L-II-34 (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (1.0 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 120° C. for 14 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product 4,4′-dimethyldiphenylsulfide (36.4mg, yield 17%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.32 (s, 6H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.25 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 21.2, 130.0, 131.2, 132.8, 137.0.

Example 15

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines By Reaction of Aryl Bromides/Iodides and Amines

Aryl bromide /iodide substrates (1.0 mmol), amine (1.2 mmol), copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-38 (0.05 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1 mL of DMSO was added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 20-70° C. for 5-10 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product aromatic amines. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

	Temperature
Substrate, Product and Yield	and Time	Characterization data of product
	70° C., 6 h          70° C., 6 h	1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.27 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.02 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.26, 139.54, 129.38, 128.75, 127.62, 127.34, 117.66, 112.94, 48.41; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C13H14N (M + H)+: 184.1121, found: 184.1124.
	24° C., 6 h
	70° C., 10 h	1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.17 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.13-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.06 (q, J = 3.6 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 176.3, 147.3, 129.3, 118.2, 113.6, 62.3, 19.2, 18.3; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C11H16NO2 (M + H)+: 194.1182, found: 194.1173.
	70° C., 5 h	1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.78 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.06 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.32 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.21 (m, 1H), 1.17-1.09 (m. 2H): 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.1, 141.8, 115.1, 115.0, 56.0, 53.0, 33.8, 26.2, 25.3; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C13H20NO (M + H)+: 206.1539, found: 206.1543.
	50° C., 10 h	1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.65-6.54 (m, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 3.97 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.67, 138.97, 129.09, 128.74, 127.45, 127.40, 122.06, 113.99, 48.32; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C13H13ClN (M + H)+: 218.0731, found: 218.0735.

Example 16

Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers Via Reaction of Aryl Bromides with phenols

Aryl halide substrate (1.0 mmol), phenol (1.2 mmol), copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand L-II-37 (0.05 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube.

The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 1 mL of DMSO was added. The reaction mixture was well stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtrated through silica gel and kieselguhr. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product diaryl ether. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

aryl bromide
and phenol	product and yield	Characterization data of product
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.94 (m, 4H), 7.01 (m, 2H), 7.58 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.9, 105.4, 115.5, 117.3, 119.2, 122.1, 134.3, 148.1, 157.3, 162.8; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 225.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.90 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 6.92-6.88 (4H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 2.55 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 196.6, 162.9, 156.6, 148.4, 131.3, 130.5, 121.6, 116.3, 115.0, 55.6, 26.3; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 242.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.42 (2H, m), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.18 (1H, m), 7.06 (2H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 6.92 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.4, 156.0, 140.0, 134.3, 129.7, 127.6, 126.9, 126.4, 124.3, 121.0, 119.3, 114.9, 112.2, 55.6; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 250.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.35 (s, 3H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.58 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.1, 156.0, 134.0, 138.1, 133.9, 129.2, 128.7, 128.3, 127.9, 127.6, 122.3, 118.0, 116.3, 115.7, 21.3; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 260.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.30 (s, 2H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H,), 1.32 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.35, 155.08, 145.69, 132.62, 130.22, 126.51, 118.95, 118.65, 117.95, 115.96, 34.32, 31.58, 20.77; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 240.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.91-6.81 (8H, m), 3.85 (4H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.08 (4H, m); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.3, 151.6, 151.3, 147.1, 119.6, 119.1, 117.3, 114.6, 66.9, 55.6, 50.2; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 286.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87-6.84 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.7, 155.7, 140.4, 129.8, 127.0, 125.3, 124.6, 122.9, 120.6, 117.9, 117.0, 21.4; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 252.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.15- 7.09 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.23 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.72, 159.37, 156.82, 129.85, 123.63, 119.37, 97.38, 95.58, 55.54; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 230.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.61, 155.87, 150.42, 139.57, 124.33, 120.93, 115.44, 114.91, 55.77, 21.46; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 228.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.46-6.38 (m, 2H), 6.34 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.54, 157.24, 148.06, 130.45, 129.75, 123.26, 119.20, 110.20, 109.01, 105.64, 114.91, 55.77, 21.46; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 186.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.9, 154.0, 134.3, 131.5, 128.7, 128.0, 121.9, 117.1, 21.3; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C14H15O2 (M + H)+: 215.1072, found: 215.1069.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.33-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.06 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J = 2.3 Hz, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.63, 151.81, 148.80, 144.19, 130.09, 123.15, 118.25, 112.39, 108.71, 102.62, 101.94; GC-MS (EI, m/z): 214.1 (M+).
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.60-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.25- 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.91, 143.98, 141.08, 133.93, 130.60, 130.47, 124.88, 124.12, 119.25, 20.83; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C12H12NO (M + H)+: 186.0919, found: 186.0916.
		1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.23, 153.99, 148.80, 144.96, 135.10, 133.78, 131.23, 130.47, 129.12, 122.99, 121.45, 119.75, 112.00, 20.78; LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 235.1 (M + H)+.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 5.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 155.51, 155.31, 140.88, 134.53, 132.83, 130.37, 128.03, 123.77, 123.51, 118.88, 117.26, 112.56, 20.84; HRMS-EI: m/z calcd for C15H12OS (M+): 240.0603, found: 240.0609.
		1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.43 (1H, d, J = 1.1), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 2.7), 8.11 (1H, dd, J = 2.7, 1.1), 7.24 (2H, d, J = 8.5), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8.5), 2.39 (3H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.5, 150.7, 141.1, 138.3, 135.8, 135.1, 130.3, 121.1, 20.9; HRMS-ESI: m/z calcd for C11H11N2O (M + H)+: 187.0871, found: 187.0875.

Example 17

Synthesis of N-4′-methoxyphenylpyrrole Via Coupling Reaction of 4-chloroanisole with Pyrrole

Cuprous oxide (0.1 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (this sequence was repeated three times), and then 4-chloroanisole (1.0 mmol), pyrrole (1.3 mmol) and 0.5 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=50: 1) to give the product N-4′-methoxyphenylpyrrole (88 mg, 51% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.29-7.33 (m, 2H), 6.98-7.01 (m, 2H),6.90-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.32 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H). GC-MS (EI): m/z =173 [M]⁺.

Example 18

Synthesis of N-4′-methoxyphenylpyrrole Via Coupling Reaction of 4-chloroanisole with Pyrrole

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 17 except different oxalamide ligands was used. The results of the supplemental experiment are shown in the following table.

	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%
	L-II-82	51	L-II-83	42	L-II-84	25
	L-II-85	48	L-II-86	23	L-II-87	18
	L-II-88	36	L-II-89	17	L-II-21	32
	L-II-79	28	L-II-80	33	L-II-81	30
	L-II-98	22	L-II-99	36

Example 19

Synthesis of N-aryl Heterocycles

Cuprous oxide (0.1 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-chloroanisole (1.0 mmol), nitrogen heteroaryl compound (1.3 mmol) and 0.5 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product N-aryl heterocycles.

Different N-heteroaromatic rings were used in this example. The results are given in the following table.

Product and Yield Characterization data of product
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.72 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.68 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.2, 136.3, 132.8, 128.9, 128.3, 125.9, 122.1, 120.9, 120.0, 114.7, 110.3, 102.8, 55.6. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C15H13NO (M + H+): 223.0997, found 223.1002.
                  1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.14 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.12-7.07 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.8, 141.3, 130.2, 128.5, 125.8, 123.0, 120.2, 119.6, 115.0, 109.6, 55.6. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C19H15NO (M + H+): 273.1154, found 273.1157.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): δ 7.81 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.55 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.42 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): δ 158.2, 140.6, 134.0, 126.8, 119.9, 114.5, 107.2, 55.6. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C10H10N2O (M + H+): 174.0793, found 174.0792.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.03-6.97 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 158.8, 135.8, 130.7, 130.0, 123.2, 118.7, 114.8, 55.6. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C10H10N2O (M + H+): 174.0793, found 174.0796.

Example 20

Synthesis of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide Via Coupling Reaction of 4-chloroanisole with Benzamide

Cuprous oxide (0.1 mmol), ligand L-II-83 (0.1 mmol), potassium phosphate (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-chloroanisole (1.0 mmol), benzamide (1.3 mmol) and 0.5 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=2:1) to give the product N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide (127 mg, 56% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.85 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.55-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H). LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 228.1 (M+H)⁺.

Example 21

Synthesis of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide Via Coupling Reaction of 4-chloroanisole with Benzamide

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 20 except that different oxalic diamide ligands were used. The results of the experiment are shown in the following table.

Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%
L-II-82	53	L-II-83	56	L-II-84	15
L-II-85	30	L-II-86	20	L-II-87	32
L-II-88	37	L-II-89	35	L-II-21	20
L-II-79	25	L-II-80	28	L-II-81	38
L-II-90	60	L-II-90	75 (The reaction time
			was extended to 36
			hours)

Example 22

Synthesis of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide Via Coupling Reaction of 4-chloroanisole with Benzamide

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 20 except that different copper salt catalysts, bases, solvents and temperatures were used. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

Entry	Copper salt	Base	Solvent	Temperature/° C.	Yield/%
1	CuI	K3PO4	DMSO	120	40
2	CuBr	K3PO4	DMSO	120	45
3	CuCl	K3PO4	DMSO	120	41
4	CuTc	K3PO4	DMSO	120	38
5	Cu(OAc)2	K3PO4	DMSO	120	37
6	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	120	56
7	CuBr2	K3PO4	DMSO	120	29
8	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	120	28
9	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	120	39
11	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMF	120	28
12	Cu2O	K3PO4	MeCN	120	42
13	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	130	58
14	Cu2O	K3PO4	DMSO	140	55

Example 23

Synthesis of N-aryl Benzamides

Cuprous oxide (0.1 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 1-chloro-4-(methoxyl)benzene (1.0 mmol), amide (1.3 mmol) and 0.5 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give N-aryl benzamide.

In this example, different chlorobenzenes and amides were used. The results are given in the following table.

Product and Yield Characterization data of product
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.81 (br s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H). LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 165.1 (M + H)+.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d = 7.28 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.15 (m, 3H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.44 ppm (s, 3H); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 242.1 (M + H)+.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.50 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 5H,), 2.60 (t, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 8.0 Hz), 2.20-2.14 (m, 2H); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 192.1 (M + H)+.
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.96 (br s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H); LC-MS (ESI, m/z): 211.1 (M + H)+.

Example 24

Coupling of 4-chloroanisole with Sodium Alkylsulfinate or Sodium Arylsulfinate

Sodium methanesulfinate (0.6 mmol), copper iodide (0.05 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-chloroanisole (0.5 mmol) and 1 mL of DMSO were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the contents of the of Schlenk tube were washed with ethyl acetate, and filtered through silica gel and celite column. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give the product.

1-methoxy-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.05 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 7.04 (dd, J=7.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (dd, J=7.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H); ELMS (m/z) 186 (M+)

1-methoxy-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.84 (s, 3H), 6.96 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.90 (m, 4H); ELMS (m/z) 248 (M+).

The results obtained by using different ligands are listed in the following table.

Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%
PhSO2Na
L-I-16	20	L-II-3	30	L-II-5	15
L-II-7	10	L-II-18	16	L-II-19	20
L-II-44	5	L-II-47	8	L-II-53	15
CH3SO2Na
L-II-31	17	L-II-37	24	—	—

Example 25

Synthesis of 4-methoxyphenol By Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-chloroanisole

Copper acetylacetonate (Cu(acac)₂) (0.025 mmol), ligand L-II-93 (0.025 mmol), lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1.05 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-chloroanisole (0.5 mmol), 0.8 mL of DMSO and 0.2 mL of H₂O were added successively under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 130° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, 2 mL of hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L), water and ethyl acetate were added and separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (dichloromethane: methanol=60: 1) to give the product 4-methoxyphenol (46 mg, 74% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.79-6.61 (m, 4H), 4.96 (br s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 55.9, 114.9, 116.1, 149.6, 153.7; ESI-MS: 125.1 (M+H)⁺

Example 26

Synthesis of 4-methoxyphenol By Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-chloroanisole

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 25 except that different oxalic diamide ligands were used. The results obtained are shown in the following table.

	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%	Ligand	Yield/%
	L-II-30	25	L-II-34	19	L-II-35	4
	L-II-58	21	L-II-59	5	L-II-60	6
	L-II-62	23	L-II-64	27	L-II-65	64
	L-II-91	2	L-II-92	8	L-II-93	74
	L-II-94	9	L-II-95	2	L-II-96	37
	L-II-97	41

Example 27

Synthesis of 4-methoxyphenol By Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-chloroanisole

The operation of this example was the same as that of Example 25. L-II-93 was chosen as the ligand, and different copper catalysts, bases, solvents were used. The results are shown in the following table.

				Concen-
	Copper			tration/	Yield/
Entry	salt	Base	Solvent/mL	mol/L	%
1	Cu(acac)2	K3PO4	DMSO/H2O = 0.5/0.5	0.5	24
2	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.5/0.5	0.5	32.5
3	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.75/0.25	0.5	56
4	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	75
5	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.85/0.15	0.5	62
6	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.9/0.1	0.5	58
7	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.95/0.05	0.5	58
8	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 1/0	0.5	0
9	Cu2S	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	0
10	Cu2O	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	75
11	CuSCN	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	16
12	CuCN	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	38
13	CuBr	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	71
14	CuCl	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	71
15	CuI	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	74
16	Cu(OAc)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	49
17	CuO	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	76
18	CuCl2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	74
19	CuBr2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	80
20	CuTc	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	0.5	73
21	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	1	83
22	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMA/H2O = 0.8/0.2	1	9
23	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMF/H2O = 0.8/0.2	1	10
24	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/t-BuOH/H2O =	1	28
			0.5/0.5/0.1
25	Cu(acac)2	LiOH•H2O	DMSO/H2O = 0.8/0.2	1.5	80

Example 28

Synthesis of Substituted Phenol Via Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of Aryl

Copper acetylacetonate (Cu(acac)₂) (0.025 mmol), ligand L-II-93 (0.025 mmol) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1.05 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then aryl chloride (0.5 mmol), 0.8 mL of DMSO and 0.2 mL of H₂were added successively under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 130° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, 2 mL of hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L), water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product substituted phenol.

Product and Yield Characterization data of product
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.03 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.93 (br s, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.5, 115.1, 130.0, 130.1, 153.3; ESI-MS: 109.1 (M + H)+
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.56-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (ddd, J = 8.1, 2.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (br s, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 26.8, 114.8, 121.0, 121.1, 130.0, 138.3, 156.5, 199.6; ESI-MS: 137.1 (M + H)+
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.22-8.14 (m, 1H), 7.83-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.8 Hz 1H), 6.79 (dd, J = 7.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 108.7, 120.7, 121.6, 124.4, 125.3, 125.9, 126.5, 127.7, 134.8, 151.5; ESI-MS: 145.1 (M + H)+
                  1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.94-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.73 (m, 2H), 5.90 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.38 (d, J = 36.4 Hz), 151.30 (d, J = 2.2 Hz), 116.35 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 116.07 (d, J = 23.3 Hz); ESI-MS: 111.0 (M − H)−

Example 28

Synthesis of Substituted Phenol Via Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of Aryl Iodide/Bromide

Copper acetylacetonate (Cu(acac)₂) (0.1 mmol), ligand L-II-65 (0.1 mmol) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (4.2 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-iodoanisole or 4-bromoanisole (2 mmol), 1.6 mL of DMSO and 0.4 ml of H₂O were added successively under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 80° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, 6 mL of hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L), water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product p-methoxy phenol (for 4-iodoanisole: yield 95%, for 4-bromoanisole: yield 93%).

Example 29

Coupling Reaction of 4-bromoanisole with Benzylamine

Copper catalyst (0.01 mmol), ligand (0.01 mmol) and base (1.5 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then 4-bromoanisole (1.0 mmol), benzylamine (1.5 mmol) and 1 mL of solvent were added.

The reaction mixture was stirred well at 80° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the product N-(4-methoxy)phenylbenzylamine.

The results obtained are shown in the following table.

	Copper				Tempera-
No.	catalyst	Ligand	Base	Solvent	ture/° C.	Yield/%
1	CuI	L-II-94	K3PO4	DMSO	80	45
2	CuI	L-II-94	KOH	DMSO	80	76
3	CuI	L-II-94	NaOH	DMSO	80	96
4	CuI	L-II-94	NaOAc	DMSO	80	94
5	Cu2O	L-II-93	KOH	DMSO	80	98
6	Cu2O	L-II-93	NaOH	DMSO	80	97
7	Cu2O	L-I-16	KOH	tBuOH	80	98
8*	Cu2O	L-I-16	NaOH	tBuOH	70	94
*Reaction at 70° C. for 24 hours.

Example 30

Coupling Reaction of 4-bromoanisole with Other N-nucleophiles

Copper catalyst (0.1 mmol), ligand (0.1 mmol) and potassium phosphate (2.0 mmol) were added into a 10 mL of Schlenk tube. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (three times), and then aryl bromide (1.0 mmol), 1 mL of DMSO and coupling reagent (2.0 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred well at 90° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added and mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give the corresponding coupling products. The experimental results are as follows:

N-nucleophiles	Copper catalyst	Ligand	Product and Yield
NH3•H2O	CuI	L-II-71
	Cu2O	L-II-82
	Cu2O	L-II-82
	Cu2O	L-II-82
	Cu2O	L-II-90
	Cu2O	L-II-90

All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference as if each individual document is cited as a reference in the present application. It should also be understood that, after reading the above contents of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications, equivalents of which falls in the scope of claims as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. Use of a compound of formula I:

2. The use of claim 1, characterized in that R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, unsubstituted quinolinyl, substituted or unsubstituted

3. The use of claim 1, characterized in that R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, C1-C4alkyl, pyridyl, and adamantyl; Ra is selected from (a) or (b):(a) OR′; wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; or(b) N(R″)2; wherein each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C7-C25 alkyl-aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl-3- to 20-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 20-membered heterocyclic group; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group has 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; the cycloalkyl or heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic, polycyclic, spiro or bridged ring structure.

4. A method of coupling reaction of aryl halide, wherein it comprises carrying out the coupling reaction by using copper as a catalyst and a compound represented by the following formula I as a ligand:

5. The method of claim 4 wherein, in the reaction, the molar ratio of the ligand to the reactant of aryl halide is 1-50:100, and preferably 5-20:100; and/or the molar ratio of the ligand to the copper catalyst is 1-5: 1, and preferably 1-2:1.

6. The method of claim 4, characterized in that the reaction comprises:

7. The method of claim 4 wherein the reaction temperature is 50-180° C., and preferably 100-130° C.

8. The method of claim 4 wherein the reaction includes the following reaction (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) or (8): (1) carrying out reaction of

9. A catalyst system for aryl coupling reaction, which comprises: a copper catalyst, a ligand, a base, and an organic solvent; wherein the copper catalyst is selected from the group consisting of CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuTc, Cu(OAc)2, CuSO4, Cu2O, CuBr2, CuCl2, CuO, CuSCN, CuCN, Cu(acac)2, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is CuI, Cu2O, or Cu(acac)2;the base is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, and/or a hydrate of the base, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is potassium phosphate, cesium carbonate, orlithium hydroxide;the solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, DMF, DMA, NMP, acetonitrile, isopropanol, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, tert-butanol, and the combinations thereof; and preferably is DMSO and/or DMF and/or DMSO/H2O;the ligand has the structure as shown by the following formula (I):

10. A compound of the following formula (I):

11. The compound of claim 10, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of

12. A process for preparation of a compound of claim 10 or 11, wherein the process is carried out by a method selected from the process (i), (ii) or (II): process (i) comprises a step of: