Patent Grant
7572532
This is the U S. National Phase of International Application No PCT/FR2005/000683, filed 21 Mar. 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
The invention relates to a novel oxide material. The invention also relates to an electrode comprising such a material. Finally, the invention relates to a device for producing electrical energy of the fuel cell type comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a cathode which is such an electrode.
A cell, or secondary battery such as an electrochemical cell, converts chemical energy into electrical energy. In a fuel cell, hydrogen, coming for example from any carbon-based fuel such as gas, a petroleum based oil product, or methanol, is combined with oxygen drawn from the air in order to produce electricity, water and heat by means of an electrochemical reaction. The core of the fuel cell is composed of an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte which is a solid ceramic-based electrolyte. The oxygen ions flow through the electrolyte and the electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode.
SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells) are fuel cells that usually operate at high temperatures, of around 650 to 1000° C. They can be used in steady-state high-power (250 kW) and low-power (1 to 50 kW) supply systems. They are potentially advantageous owing to their high electrical efficiency (generally around 50 to 70%) and owing to the use of the heat that they produce.
Current SOFC materials operate at temperatures of about 900 to 1000° C. and will be explained below. The solid electrolyte most commonly used is yttrium-stabilized zirconia or YSZ. The anode, which is in particular the site of the reaction between H2 and the O2− anions coming from the electrolyte, is most commonly a cermet (a metal/ceramic composite) of the type in which nickel is dispersed in stabilized zirconia (YSZ), optionally doped with ruthenium Ru. The cathode, which collects the charges and is the site of the reduction of oxygen, which then diffuses in the O2− anion state through the electrolyte, is most usually based on an oxide of perovskite structure, such as lanthanum manganite doped with strontium (La,Sr)MnO3±δ. Finally, bipolar plates, or interconnectors, are present, generally there being two of them, and their function is to collect the charges at the anode and at the cathode and to separate the two gases, namely fuel (H2) and oxidizer (O2).
Now, the operation of the cell at such a high temperature poses many problems, especially the cost of the interconnectors and the chemical and above all mechanical behavior of the materials at temperature. This is why it has been envisaged to lower the operating temperature of the cell, to around 600-800° C. This would allow Inconel® (a heat-resistant alloy based on Ni, Cr and Fe) or stainless steels to be used as interconnectors. The electrolyte that has been envisaged for replacing YSZ is cerium oxide doped with gadolinium oxide, CeO2:Gd2O3(Ce0.9Gd0 1O1 95) with a fluorite structure, or a substituted LaGaO3 perovskite La0.9,Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0 2O2 85). The anode could be based on vanadium chromite. As regards the cathode, various materials have been studied, including perovskites of the ABO3 type, and in particular doped LaMnO3 for reasons of good mechanical behavior, which may or may not be deficient on the A sites, and above all oxygen-deficient perovskites ABO3−δ such as (La,Sr)CoO3−δ. It remains the case that, at the present time, there is no material making it possible to use the cathode with, simultaneously, high electronic conductivity, a high ionic conductivity, good thermal stability and sufficient efficiency from the industrial standpoint.
It was to solve these problems of the prior art that another type of oxide material had to be sought. The material according to the invention does this,
The material according to the invention is an oxide material of the following general formula:
A2−x−yA′xA″yM1−zM′zO4+δ (1)
where:
A is a metal cation belonging to the group formed by lanthanides and/or alkali metals and/or alkaline-earth metals;
A′ is at least one metal cation belonging to the group formed by lanthanides and/or alkali metals and/or alkaline-earth metals;
A″ is a cationic vacancy, that is to say a cation A and/or cation A′ vacancy;
M is a metal belonging to the group formed by metals of the transition elements; and
M′ is at least one metal belonging to the group formed by metals of the transition elements, said material being such that:
0<y<0.30, preferably 0<y≦0.20;
0<δ<0.25, preferably 0<δ<0.10;
0≦x≦2; and
0≦z≦1.
The above formula therefore includes the case in which x is equal to 0 or 2, that is to say the case in which only a single metal cation is present, and also, whether independent of the previous case or not, the case in which z is equal to 0 or 1, that is to say the case when only a single metal is present.
A′ may represent several metal cations and M′ may also, independently, represent several metals. A person skilled in the art knows how to rewrite formula (1) according to the number of components.
The presence of an oxygen superstoichiometry coefficient δ with a value strictly greater than 0 advantageously contributes to the ionic conductivity of the material.
According to one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, M and M′ are of mixed valency, that is to say such materials advantageously contribute to the electronic conductivity of the material.
Advantageously, such materials according to the invention exhibit good thermal stability in terms of composition. This has been shown by TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) in air and verified by X-ray diffraction at temperature on two materials according to the invention which are Nd1 95NiO4+δ and Nd1 90NiO4+δ: measurement of the oxygen superstoichiometry coefficient δ with respect to temperature, over a range from room temperature, i.e. about 20° C., up to 1000° C. shows no sudden changes and confirms that the weight loss is directly and only proportional to the variation in the oxygen content of the material.
Advantageously, the A″ vacancies are distributed randomly. Electron diffraction patterns obtained by electron transmission microscopy of the material according to the invention, namely Nd1 90NiO4+δ, reveal no elongation or smearing of the main (001) spots, showing perfect order along the c axis and the absence of intergrowth structures of the Ruddlesden-Popper type within the A2MO4+δ stacks, thus confirming such a random distribution of the neodymium vacancies.
The term “lanthanide” is understood according to the invention to mean lanthanum La or an element of the group of lanthanides such as Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Ex, Tm, Yb or Lu and Y. The term “alkali metal” is understood according to the invention to mean an element excluding hydrogen from group 1 (IUPAC version) of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The term “alkaline-earth metal” is understood according to the invention to mean an element of group 2 (IUPAC version) of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The term “transition metal” is understood according to the invention to mean an element of groups 3 to 14 (IUPAC version) of the Periodic Table of the Elements, including of course elements of period 4, such as titanium Ti or gallium Ga, elements of period 5, such as zirconium Zr or tin Sn, and elements of period 6, such as tantalum Ta or mercury Hg. Preferably, according to the invention, the transition metal is an element of period 4.
The material according to the invention is advantageously characterized by very detailed measurements of one or more (A and/or A′)/(M and/or M′) ratios by using a Castaing microprobe (or EPMA, standing for Electron Probe Microanalysis) which make it possible to bring out the cation vacancy structure of said material,
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, said material is such that:
In the particular cases according to the invention in which x is not equal to 0 or 2, and z is not equal to 0 or 1, the number of type A cations is at least two, namely A and A′, and the number of type M cations is at least two, namely M and M′.
In such a case, preferably:
A is chosen from the group formed by lanthanum La, praseodymium Pr and neodymium Nd, preferably neodymium Nd; and
A′ is chosen from the group formed by strontium Sr and calcium Ca, preferably calcium Ca;
M′ is chosen from the group formed by manganese Mn, iron Fe, copper Cu and cobalt Co, preferably copper Cu and manganese Mn.,
In one particularly preferred embodiment according to the invention, the material has a crystallographic structure of K2NiF4 type shown for example in “Inorganic Crystal Structures”, page 30 by B G Hyde and S Anderson, Wiley Interscience Publication (1988). The structure is thus formed from layers of oxygen-containing octahedra MO6 shifted with respect to one another by ½ ½ ½, A atoms ensuring cohesion between the layers and additional Oi oxygens possibly being inserted between these layers in vacant interstitial sites.
In a preferred embodiment, the material according to the invention possesses an oxygen surface exchange coefficient k of greater than 1×10−8 cm/s at 500° C. and 2×10−6 cm/s at 900° C. in the case of oxygen. The variation in said coefficient follows an Arrhenius law, which makes it easy to calculate this coefficient for another temperature in the temperature range of interest in the invention. This value is generally difficult to achieve with the existing materials used in fuel cells.
In a preferred embodiment, independently of the previous embodiment or not, the material according to the invention possesses an electronic conductivity σe of at least 70 S/cm, preferably at least 80 S/cm and even more preferably greater than 90 S/cm at 700° C.
In a preferred embodiment, independently of the previous embodiment or not, the material according to the invention possesses an oxygen diffusion coefficient of greater than 1×10−9 cm2/s at 500° C. and 1×10−7 cm2/s at 900° C. The variation in said coefficient follows an Arrhenius law, which makes it easy to calculate this coefficient for another temperature in the temperature range of interest to the invention,. This value is generally not achievable in the case of the existing materials used in fuel cells.
In one preferred embodiment, the material according to the invention possesses an oxygen surface exchange coefficient k of greater than 1×10−8 cm/s at 500° C. and 2×10−6 cm/s at 900° C. in the case of oxygen, an electronic conductivity σe of at least 70 S/cm, preferably at least 80 S/cm and even more preferably greater than 90 S/cm at 700° C., and an oxygen diffusion coefficient of greater than 1×10−9 cm2/s at 500° C. and 1×10−7 cm2/s at 900° C.
The invention also relates to an electrode comprising at least one material according to the invention.,
Finally, the invention relates to a device for producing electrical energy, of the fuel cell type comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a solid electrolyte, an anode, and a cathode which is an electrode according to the invention. Said device also usually includes an anode interconnector and a cathode interconnector. Apart from the cathode, all the other components of said device are elements known to those skilled in the art.
Advantageously, the device according to the invention makes it possible to use the cathode according to the invention with both good electronic conductivity and good ionic conductivity, and also good thermal stability and sufficient efficiency from the industrial standpoint.
Finally, the invention relates to any process using such a device.
The invention also relates to the use of the electrode according to the invention as an oxygen pump electrode for gas purification.
The following examples illustrate the invention without in any way limiting its scope,
Two materials according to the invention were synthesized, namely Nd1.95NiO4+δ and Nd1.90NiO4+δ, having respective y values of 0.05 and 0.10. These materials were synthesized by solid-state reaction of Nd2O3 and NiO oxides at 1100° C. or by mild chemical or sol-gel routes, for example from neodymium and nickel nitrates in solution. Their superstoichiometry values were δ=0.15 and δ=0.06 respectively, determined by an Ni3+ chemical analysis (iodometry),
Their electronic conductivities σe measured at 700° C. were 100 S/cm and 80 S/cm respectively. Their oxygen surface exchange coefficients k were 5.5×10−8 cm/s and 1.7×10−8 cm/s at 500° C. respectively, and 5.5×10−6 cm/s and 1.7×10−6 cm/s at 900° C. respectively. Their oxygen diffusion coefficients were 3.2×10−9 and 5.2×10−9 cm2/s at 500° C. respectively and 3.5×10−7 and 2.5×10−7 cm2/s at 900° C. respectively. The percentage content of Ni3+ cations at 700° C., determined by TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) in air, was 35% and 28% respectively. The variation in oxygen stoichiometry within this temperature range, in which the operating temperature of a fuel cell lies, was small and had no influence on the thermal expansion coefficient, which remained constant and equal to 12.7×10−6 K−1.
The electrochemical properties of these two materials according to the invention were evaluated in a three-electrode setup in a half-cell of the electrode material/YSZ/electrode material type in which the counterelectrode and the working electrode were symmetrical, these being painted onto the electrolyte and annealed at 1100° C. for two hours. The platinum reference electrode was placed far from the other two electrodes. The behavior of this material was analyzed under conditions close to those of an SOFC cell, that is to say under current and over a temperature range from 500 to 800° C. The measured cathode overvoltages had to be as low as possible. It was found, not surprisingly, that these overvoltages decreased strongly with temperature.
The cathode overvoltage of the material according to the invention with the particular composition Nd1.95NiO4+δ was then compared with the cathode overvoltages of conventional materials, namely LSM (La0.7Sr0 3MnO3) and LSF (La0.7Sr0.3FeO3) from data obtained from the literature (M Krumpelt et al., Proceedings European SOFC Forum (Lucerne 2002), published by J Huilsmans, Vol. 1, page 215).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 04 03036 | Mar 2004 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2005/000683 | 3/21/2005 | WO | 00 | 9/20/2006 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005/099003 | 10/20/2005 | WO | A |
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