Patent Application
20050223891
The primary purpose of combustion processes is to generate heat. In a power plant or in an industrial boiler system, the heat is utilized to generate high pressure steam which in turn may be used to provide process heating or may be used to produce electricity. Most conventional combustion processes utilize air as a source of oxygen. The presence of nitrogen in air does not benefit the combustion process and may even create problems. For example, nitrogen will react with oxygen at combustion temperatures forming nitrogen oxides (NOx), an undesirable pollutant. In many cases, the products of combustion must be treated to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions below environmentally acceptable limits. Moreover, the presence of nitrogen increases the flue gas volume which in turn increases the heat losses and decreases the thermal efficiency of the combustion process. Additionally, high nitrogen content in the flue gas may make it unattractive to capture CO2 either as a product or for sequestration. With the current emphasis on CO2 sequestration to alleviate harmful effects of global warming, it is critical to develop processes which will enable CO2 capture in a cost effective way.
One way to eliminate nitrogen from the combustion exhaust or flue gas is to use pure oxygen in the combustion process instead of air. However, combustion with oxygen generates very high temperatures and therefore some of the flue gas produced must be recycled to moderate temperatures. This in turn dilutes the oxygen content to about 27% (remaining ˜73% is CO2 and water) and maintains the flame temperature to the same value. While such a scheme would eliminate the problems associated with nitrogen, the cost of oxygen at present is too high to make it economically attractive.
Production of oxygen-enriched gas stream using ion transport ceramic membrane is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,272 which discloses a process for separating a feed gas stream into an oxygen-enriched gas stream which is used in a combustor and an oxygen-depleted gas stream. The feed gas stream is compressed, and oxygen is separated from the compressed feed gas stream using an ion transport module including an ion transport membrane having a retentate side and a permeate side. The permeate side of the ion transport membrane is purged with at least a portion of a combustion product gas stream obtained from the combustion in the combustor of the gas stream exiting the permeate side of the ion transport module. The disadvantages of this method of oxygen production are the high cost of fabrication of the membrane and the difficulty in producing membrane structures that are leak-proof. Also, oxygen recovery is typically low in membrane units.
The present invention is based on the use of high-temperature, oxygen-selective ceramic materials made in particulate form to produce a substantially nitrogen-free oxygen stream suitable for oxy-fuel application, and may provide an attractive option to reduce oxygen cost. Such systems utilize either pressure swing or temperature swing mode since the oxygen retention capacity of the ceramic material is strongly dependent on temperature and pressure. The process normally operates at temperatures greater than 300° C. and offers several advantages, including high oxygen capacity and large oxygen selectivity. A key advantage of this process is that it uses the oxygen-selective material in conventional pellet form in fixed bed reactors, which can be designed using traditional methods. Thus, the process can be commercially adopted more easily compared to the membrane based process mentioned above, which requires special fabrication, sealing and assembly procedures, and is known to have several issues in this regard. An additional advantage of the fixed bed, ceramic-based system is that it can directly produce an oxygen containing stream, substantially free of nitrogen, with the oxygen concentration suitable for oxy-fuel application. This is unlike conventional processes, such as cryogenic air separation method, which first produce high purity oxygen, and require subsequent dilution to get the required oxygen concentration.
The present invention is aimed at reducing the cost of oxygen by producing substantially nitrogen-free oxygen containing stream suitable for use in an oxygen consuming process. It relates to the use of a high-temperature, oxygen generation system to produce an oxygen-containing stream, substantially free of nitrogen. More particularly, it describes the use of an oxygen-selective ceramic material to separate oxygen from an air stream to produce an oxygen containing stream which can be employed as an oxygen source instead of air in an oxygen consuming process such as an industrial boiler or fired heater.
The present invention is directed to a method for forming a product gas stream for use in an oxygen consuming process comprising cyclically the steps:
a) feeding air through a reactor containing an oxygen selective mixed conductor, whereby oxygen is retained on the oxygen selective mixed conductor and the reactor is at a temperature greater than 300° C.; and
b) feeding an oxygen-depleted gas stream through the reactor, whereby oxygen is released from the oxygen selective mixed conductor.
The oxygen-selective mixed conductor is a perovskite type ceramic having the structural formula A1-xMxBO3-δ, wherein A is a rare earth ion, M is Sr, Ca, Ba, V or mixtures of these; B is Co, Mn, Cr, Fe or mixtures of these; x varies from greater than 0 to about 1; and δ is the deviation from stoichiometric composition resulting from the substitution of Sr, Ca and Ba for rare earth ions. Preferably, x varies from about 0.1 to about 1, most preferably about 0.2 to 1, and A is La, Y or mixtures of these; M is Sr, Ca or mixtures of these; and B is Co, Fe or mixtures of these.
The method may be practiced with one or more reactors present. The air and the oxygen depleted gas streams are fed to the reactor in either a cocurrent or a counter-current manner.
During the oxygen retention step (a) of the method, a nitrogen-rich gas is produced as the byproduct and an oxygen-containing stream substantially free of nitrogen is generated during step (b). The oxygen-containing stream substantially free of nitrogen is fed to an oxygen consuming process. The oxygen consuming process is a process selected from the group consisting of a chemical oxidation process, a partial oxidation process, a boiler, a combustion process, and a gasification process.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method of operating an oxygen consuming process comprising sequentially the steps:
The oxygen-selective mixed conductor is a perovskite type ceramic as described above. The oxygen-containing gas stream substantially free of nitrogen is fed to the oxygen consuming process at temperatures greater than 150° C. and at pressures of about 1 to about 20 bar.
In this method, steps (a) and (b) can be performed cyclically. The air and the oxygen depleted product gas stream can be fed to the reactor in a cocurrent manner or they can be fed to the reactor in a counter-current manner.
The by-product produced during the oxygen retention step (a) is a nitrogen-rich gas. Step (c) of this method will further produce a product gas stream comprising carbon dioxide which can be recovered for other uses.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method for forming a product gas stream for use in an oxygen consuming process comprising the steps:
The method is cyclical and is thermally self-sustaining. The oxygen selective mixed conductor is a perovskite as described above.
A fuel gas may be added to the oxygen-depleted gas stream and is preferably selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane or mixtures thereof.
The heat exchangers employed in this method can be multi-pass heat exchangers and the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger are arranged so that they can be internal heat exchangers, external heat exchangers and combinations of internal and external heat exchangers.
The air and the oxygen-depleted gas stream are fed to the reactor in a counter-current manner. In this method for forming a gas stream a nitrogen-rich gas is produced as a by-product during the oxygen retention step (a).
The second heat exchanger increases the temperature of the oxygen-depleted gas stream to about 900° C. which can contain up to about 5% oxygen.
In describing the invention by way of schematic drawings and through examples, a boiler is used as a representative oxygen consuming process. It is to be understood that the methods of the present invention can be applied to other oxygen consuming processes such as complete or partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, selective oxidation processes for the production of chemicals, combustion, gasification, etc.
The ceramic system primarily comprises at least 2 reactors filled with high temperature oxygen-selective ceramic material, such as perovskite material, and an inert ceramic material for internal heat exchange, optional multi-pass heat exchangers and switchover valves. The process is cyclic and may be compared to a pressure swing retention process. Briefly, air is passed into first bed where oxygen is preferentially retained onto the material and oxygen lean stream is withdrawn from the top of the bed. Once the material becomes at least in part saturated with oxygen, the operation is transferred to another vessel. The first bed is now purged with the combustion exhaust gas or recycled flue gas, which removes at least part of the oxygen and as a result also regenerates the material. Minimum of two reactors are required to ensure continuous operation.
Turning now to
Recycled flue gas from the boiler is first cooled in cooler C and then compressed in blower D prior to feeding it into multi-pass heat exchanger F through valve V1. Once heated, it passes through bed A, which is saturated with oxygen. The oxygen rich stream, 35, leaves the bed from the bottom, passes through the exchanger F and into the buffer tank H through valve V3.
A typical valve sequence is given in the table below:
The present invention can be integrated with an oxygen consuming process such as a boiler or fired heater in several ways with an objective of improving the efficiency. In one embodiment of this process, the boiler is operated under slightly under-oxidized conditions so that the flue gas contains no oxygen but contains a small amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The carbon monoxide and hydrogen are burned in the perovskite reactor to generate heat required to sustain and improve the cyclical operation of the perovskite reactor.
Alternatively, the boiler is operated under conditions such that the fuel is completely burned and a small amount of excess oxygen is present in the flue gas, typically about 0.5 volume %. In this case, the recycle flue gas is fed to the perovskite reactor along with the addition of a small amount of a suitable fuel such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane or a combination thereof in an amount at least sufficient to react with the excess oxygen present in the flue gas (stream 50 in
Alternatively yet, the boiler is operated under conditions of excess oxygen to assure complete combustion of all the fuel. In this case, the flue gas can contain up to 5% by volume oxygen. This flue gas is passed through an optional reactor to which a controlled amount of fuel gas as described above is added. The reactor may contain a catalyst such as a supported noble metal catalyst. The oxygen is consumed in this reactor by a reaction with the added fuel gas. As described above, a portion of the resulting gas after heat recovery is then fed to the perovskite reactor for generating the oxygen-containing gas stream. The combustion catalyst can be separate or may be combined with the perovskite in the same reactor, as a layer at the entrance to the reactor. Also, a layer of perovskite can act as a combustion catalyst.
Alternatively, the oxygen-containing gas leaving the perovskite reactor is cooled to separate the water in the stream as condensate thereby increasing the concentration of oxygen in the stream returning to the oxygen consuming process. The increased oxygen concentration may be beneficial to the oxygen consuming process operation and may provide more flexibility to the operation of the oxygen consuming process. An extension of this scheme is to use steam only as a regeneration gas as shown in
In one embodiment, water is removed from the recycled flue gas before it enters the ceramic oxygen generation system so that it consists of mainly CO2. It has been discovered that when the purge gas in the oxygen extraction step is CO2, the amount of oxygen recovered from the ceramic bed is higher compared to other gases such as N2 or steam. This is believed to be due to exothermic retention of CO2 on the ceramic material leading to greater oxygen release.
The schemes presented in
The schemes presented here relate to the concepts employed in ensuring efficient heat management. For example, one aspect of the invention provides for the use of inert materials for regenerative heat transfer in cyclic catalytic processes. The reactor configuration with inert materials is shown in
While such a heat transfer scheme is generally applicable to any cyclic process, it is particularly well-suited for processes with relatively high operating temperatures, e.g., about 250° C. or higher, where the unavailability of switchover valves for high temperature operation necessitates that all hot gas streams be effectively cooled so that standard valves can be employed. Furthermore, it is also well-suited to cyclic processes with relatively short cycle times, such as those in which the heating and cooling times are below about a minute, e.g., between about 15 to about 60 seconds.
According to embodiments of the invention, multi-pass compact heat exchangers are used to carry out supplemental heat transfer from hot gas streams. These include two external heat exchangers, which operate on cyclic duty in synchronization with the cyclic operation of the reactors. The heat exchange is further complemented with the internal regenerative heat exchange using inert layers of ceramic material. The external heat exchangers allow heat exchange between the inlet and outlet of the same streams, for example air and waste nitrogen stream or recycled flue gas and oxygen-rich streams. On the other hand, internal regenerative heat exchange allows heat exchange between two different streams, for example air and oxygen rich stream and waste nitrogen and recycled flue gas. This heat exchange philosophy also allows the use of low temperature switchover valves and enhances the reliability of the cyclic process.
The multi-pass exchangers, which are a part of the compact heat exchanger family, offer significant thermal advantages over conventional shell and tube exchangers. They are available commercially and may be employed for pressures as high as 2000 bar and temperatures as high as 800° C. A detailed review of compact heat exchangers can be found in an article by V. V. Wadekar, in CEP, December 2000, which is herein incorporated by reference. For high temperature applications, these heat exchangers are typically fabricated from stainless steel or other alloys.
While multi-pass exchangers are integral part of the schemes presented here, it may also be possible to adjust process parameters to complete all heat exchange using inert materials placed inside the reactor. This will eliminate the need for external heat exchange. On the other hand, it is also possible to carry out all heat exchange in heat exchangers thereby eliminating the need for inert layers within the reactor vessels.
One characteristic of cyclic processes is the possibility of contamination of the desired product stream with impurities as a result of vessel voids. For the present case, this means that the oxygen rich stream may get contaminated with nitrogen present in the voids at the end of the oxygen retention step. In order to avoid this, an additional step may be introduced. In this step the reactor will be rinsed with steam after the oxygen retention step. This will remove any nitrogen that may be present in the voids. The reactor now can be purged with the combustion exhaust gas or flue gas.
The oxygen-selective ceramic materials are typically oxygen-selective mixed conductors, which exhibit both high electronic and oxygen ionic conductivities at elevated temperature. Examples of these mixed conductors are perovskite-type oxides, CeO2-based oxides, Bi2O3-based oxides, ZrO2-based oxides, and brownmillerite oxides. In order to further enhance its electronic conductivity and catalytic activity for oxygen ionization, some metal phase can be added into the ceramic material to form a ceramic-metal composite. The metals can be selected from Cu, Ni, Fe, Pt, Pd, Rh and Ag.
In general, the oxygen-selective ceramic materials retain oxygen through conduction of oxygen ions and filling up the oxygen vacancies in its bulk phase. The oxygen retention capacity usually increases with increasing oxygen partial pressure and decreasing temperature. Therefore, the retention and release of oxygen into and from the ceramic material during retention and release steps perform efficiently in that the oxygen partial pressure during the retention step is much higher than that in the release step.
In a preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material comprises an oxygen-selective mixed ionic and electronic conductor. In a more preferred embodiment, the oxygen-selective ceramic material comprises a perovskite-type ceramic having the structural formula A1-xMxBO3-δ, where A is an ion of a metal of Groups 3a and 3b of the periodic table of elements or mixtures thereof; M is an ion of a metal of Groups 1a and 2a of the periodic table or mixtures thereof; B is an ion of a d-block transition metal of the periodic table or mixtures thereof; x varies from >0 to 1; and δ is the deviation from stoichiometric composition resulting from the substitution of ions of metals of M for ions of metals of A.
In a more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and x varies from about 0.1 to 1.
In another more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and A is one or more f-block lanthanides. In a more preferred embodiment, A is La, Y, Sm or mixtures thereof.
In another more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and M is at least one metal of Group 2a of the periodic table of elements. In a more preferred embodiment M is Sr, Ca, Ba or mixtures thereof.
In another more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and B is Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn or mixtures thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, B is V, Fe, Ni, Cu or mixtures thereof.
In another more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and x is about 0.2 to 1.
In another more preferred embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material is a perovskite-type ceramic and A is La, Y, Sm or mixtures thereof, M is Sr, Ca or mixtures thereof, and B is V, Fe, Ni, Cu or mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material conductor is a member selected from the group consisting of (1) ceramic substances selected from the group consisting of Bi2O3, ZrO2, CeO2, ThO2, HfO2 and mixtures thereof, the ceramic substances being doped with CaO, rare earth metal oxides or mixtures of these; (2) brownmillerite oxides; and (3) mixtures of these.
In another embodiment, the at least one oxygen-selective ceramic material conductor is at least one ceramic substance selected from the group consisting of Bi2O3, ZrO2, CeO2, ThO2, HfO2 and mixtures of theses, and the at least one ceramic substance is doped with a rare earth metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Y2O3, Nb2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3 and mixtures of these.
The powder of perovskite-type oxide was prepared first by mixing of corresponding metal oxides or hydroxides and then repeated steps of sintering, ball-milling and filtration for three times. The temperatures in 3 sintering steps were, respectively, 900° C., 950° C. and 1000° C., and the sintering time was 8 hours. The first sintering was conducted right after dry-mixing of La2O3, Sr(OH)28H2O, Ni2O3, Co2O3 and Fe2O3. The ball milling of the material was carried out with grinding media and water after each sintering. The solid was collected by filtration after ball milling. The filtration cake was dried at 100° C. for overnight before it was subjected to the next sintering. After the last ball-milling, the dried filtration cake was crushed and ground into fine powder. The final powder had a perovskite-type phase structure.
The perovskite-type oxide powder made in Example 1 was transformed into a slurry after addition of about 5 wt % hydroxyethyl cellulose and 14.5 wt % water. Thus obtained slurry was aged overnight before it was loaded into an extruder and transformed into extrudates (3 mm in diameter and 4 mm in length). The extrudates were dried in an oven at 90° C. for about 2 hr, and then calcined at 600° C. for 5 hr. The extrudates were finally sintered at 1050° C. for 8 h. The final extrudates were porous and mechanically strong.
The extrudates made in Example 2 were packed in a tubular reactor made of high temperature metal alloy. The reactor was designed in such a way that the gas streams of air, CO2 and steam could be fed into the reactor from either the top end or the bottom end of the reactor as required. Mass flow controllers controlled the flow rates of the gas streams. The reactor temperature and valves were controlled with PLC. The product and waste streams during purge and retention steps were collected in a tank, and their average compositions were analyzed with a gas analyzer and a GC. In the experiment, the reactor temperature was controlled at 825° C. An air stream at 7.6 slpm and a CO2 stream at 4.7 slpm were alternately fed into the reactor for every 30 seconds in a counter-current fashion. The reactor pressures were kept at 23.7 psia and 18.7 psia respectively during air and CO2 steps. During the last 2 seconds of the air step, the reactor pressure decreased from 23.7 psia to 18.7 psia. The average product composition during CO2 step was: 27.8% O2, 67.1% CO2 and 7.4% N2, while the waste stream generated during air step contained 2.3% O2, 12.5% CO2 and 83.5% N2. This demonstrates that an oxygen-rich stream containing primarily CO2 and O2 can be produced with the process disclosed in this invention
In this experiment, an air stream at 7.6 slpm and a stream of CO2+steam mixture at 4.5 slpm were alternately fed into the reactor described in Example 3 for every 30 seconds in a counter-current fashion. The reactor pressures were kept at 23.7 psia and 18.7 psia respectively during air and CO2+steam steps. The average product composition (on a dry basis) during CO2+steam step was: 40.8% O2, 44.5% CO2 and 14.7% N2, while the waste stream generated during air step contained 3.7% O2, 11.4% CO2 and 84.9% N2. This result indicates that an oxygen-rich stream can be produced with a mixture of CO2 and steam as purge gas using the process disclosed in this invention.
In this experiment, an air stream at 7.6 slpm and a stream of steam at 6.2 slpm were alternately fed into the reactor described in Example 3 for every 30 seconds in a counter-current fashion. The reactor pressures were kept at 23.7 psia and 18.7 psia respectively during air and steam steps. The average product composition (on a dry basis) during steam step was: 70.4% O2, 29.6% N2, while the waste stream generated during air step contained 0.3% O2 and 99.7% N2 (with trace amount other non-oxygen gases). This result showed that an oxygen-rich stream can be produced with stream as purge gas using the process disclosed in this invention.
Table 1 summarizes the results in Examples 3-5 and compares the product compositions on the wet basis, i.e. including the steam in the product stream. As shown, O2 concentration in the product on the wet basis increases with increasing CO2 concentration in the purge gas, indicating that CO2 has stronger regeneration capability than steam. As noted in the examples, there was some amount of nitrogen still presented in the product stream due to the void space in the reactor. This nitrogen can be easily eliminated from the void space by an additional step between the air and the purge gas steps.
While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims in this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
This application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,876 filed Dec. 6, 2002, which claims priority from Provisional U.S. Patent Applications 60/346,582 filed Jan. 8, 2002; 60/346,597 filed Jan. 8, 2002; and 60/347,268 filed Jan. 10, 2002.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60346582 | Jan 2002 | US | |
| 60346597 | Jan 2002 | US | |
| 60347268 | Jan 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10313876 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 11092345 | Mar 2005 | US |
