Patent Application
20080078563
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of certain embodiments of the present invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. The figures illustrate diagrams of the functional blocks of various embodiments. The functional blocks are not necessarily indicative of the division between hardware circuitry. Thus, for example, one or more of the functional blocks (e.g., processors or memories) may be implemented in a single piece of hardware (e.g., a general purpose signal processor or a block or random access memory, hard disk, or the like). Similarly, the programs may be stand alone programs, may be incorporated as subroutines in an operating system, may be functions in an installed software package, and the like. It should be understood that the various embodiments are not limited to the arrangements and instrumentality shown in the drawings.
The controller 14 is connected to a power supply 40 which provides one or more levels of voltage to the system 10. The power supply 40 may be an AC branch circuit. One or more batteries 42 provide a back-up power source for a predetermined period of time in the event of a failure of the power supply 40 or other incoming power. Functions of the controller 14 include displaying the status of the system 10 and/or installed components, resetting a part or all of the system 10, silencing signals, turning off strobe lights, and the like.
The addressable notification appliances 24 are coupled to the controller 14 across a pair of lines 18 and 20 that are configured to carry power and communications, such as command instructions. The notification appliances 24 may be wired in a fashion referred to as “T-Tapped”, forming multiple branches or spokes which may be tapped and run off in different directions. Supervision of the notification appliances 24 occurs by polling each notification appliance 24. The notification appliances 24 each have a unique address and both send and receive communications to and from the controller 14.
The hardwired notification appliances 26 are coupled with the controller 14 across a pair of lines 28 and 30. A notification signal sent on the network 22 from the controller 14 will be received by each hardwired notification appliance 26. An end of line (EOL) device 38, such as a resistor, interconnects the ends of the lines 28 and 30 opposite the controller 14.
The oxygen absorber systems 46 may be coupled with the controller 14 across a pair of lines 48 and 50. The oxygen absorber systems 46 may each have a unique address and both send and receive communications to and from the controller 14. An activation signal sent on the network 44 may thus activate only selected oxygen absorber system(s) 46. Alternatively, one or more oxygen absorber systems 52 may be installed on the network 58 across a pair of lines 54 and 56. An activation signal sent on the network 58 from the controller 14 will activate each oxygen absorber system 52. In another embodiment, one or more oxygen absorber systems 60 may be configured to communicate wirelessly with the controller 14. The oxygen absorber systems 60 may receive an activation signal from the controller 14 over a wireless network 64. One or more of the oxygen absorber systems 46, 52 and 60 may be self-contained units, having components, such as power supplies, separate from other components of the alarm system 10.
One oxygen absorber system configuration reduces the level of oxygen within an enclosed space by absorbing the oxygen from the ambient air. A negative or unbalanced pressure is created within the room. Clean air is pulled into the room through cracks, vents and the like, and thus smoke and noxious fumes are not pushed out of the room. In some situations, it may be desirable to have a system configuration that maintains a balanced pressure wherein the pressure is approximately the same inside and outside of the room. Therefore, another oxygen absorber system configuration may use a pressurized inert gas to dilute the volume of oxygen within an enclosed space while at the same time absorbing oxygen from the ambient air. Compared to systems which simply dilute the volume of oxygen with the inert gas, a more balanced air pressure is maintained inside the enclosed space, reducing the flow of air out of the room.
An oxygen absorber unit 76 encloses all or a part of the oxygen absorber system 70. The oxygen absorber unit 76 has at least one air outlet 82 connected to the enclosed space 72 with an outlet conduit 86, such as a hose or air duct. The oxygen absorber unit 76 has at least one air inlet 88 connected to the enclosed space 72 with an inlet conduit 92. Vents 124 and 133 may be provided at the enclosed space 72 end of the outlet and inlet conduits 86 and 92, respectively.
Alternatively, nozzles may be used to allow air flow in only one direction. Also, due to the shape, size and/or configuration of the enclosed space 72, it may be desirable to provide multiple inputs at different locations into the enclosed space 72. Therefore, multiple conduits, or first, second, third and fourth pipes 126, 128, 130 and 132 may replace the outlet conduit 86 and receive the air flow output of the absorber outlet 118. Each of the first, second, third and fourth pipes 126, 128, 130 and 132 may output air into the enclosed space 72 using first, second, third and fourth nozzles 134, 135, 136, and 137.
An inert gas cylinder 78 and oxygen absorbing material 80 are held within the oxygen absorber unit 76. The inert gas cylinder 78 holds inert gas under high pressure such as 150 bar (2175 psi) or 200 bar (2900 psi). The inert gas may be any single inert gas or combination of inert gases. For example, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, other inert gas, or a blend of more than one inert gas may be used. The inert gas does not cause harm to humans and other animals and is both clean and environmentally friendly.
The oxygen absorbing material 80 is formed of one or more chemicals that absorb oxygen. The quantity and/or surface area of the oxygen absorbing material 80 may be determined based on at least one of the rate of the pressurized gas flow from the inert gas cylinder 78, the volume of the inert gas within the inert gas cylinder 78, volume of air within the enclosed space 72, rate at which oxygen absorption is desired, and a desired percentage of oxygen in the enclosed space 72. Therefore, the quantity and/or exposed surface of the oxygen absorbing material 80 can be changed based on fire protection requirements. The oxygen absorbing material 80 may be sealed within a housing 84, forming a barrier that prevents ambient air from contacting the oxygen absorbing material 80. For example, one or more seals 90 and 91 may be formed of foil or other puncturable material and integrated with the housing 84. The seals 90 and 91 may be punctured or blown off with a predetermined pressure, such as from the pressurized gas flow. Alternatively, the seals 90 and 91 may be mechanically punctured or removed, or may be formed as flaps.
A control module 94 may be located within the oxygen absorber unit 76 and receives communications and command instructions from the controller 14 (
The control module 94 monitors communications from the controller 14 for packets of information addressed to the oxygen absorber system 70. A packet of information may contain a command instruction to activate the oxygen absorber system 70, or may request a return status response. The control module 94 may reply to a status request by indicating a pressure level of the inert gas cylinder 78 or a voltage level of the battery 96, for example.
An actuator/valve assembly 106 may be used to open the inert gas cylinder 78. The actuator/valve assembly 106 may be a valve which is opened and closed by an actuator, which may be solenoid, pneumatic, pulley cable, lever or any other type of actuator or actuation device known in the art. Other electrical and/or mechanical actuators may be used, such as an emergency lever 110 installed on the outside of the oxygen absorber unit 76. The emergency lever 110 provides a mechanical connection 112 to activate the actuator/valve assembly 106.
Line 108 connects the control module 94 to the actuator/valve assembly 106. When the control module 94 receives a command from the controller 14 to activate the oxygen absorber system 70, the control module 94 sends a signal, such as a predetermined voltage level, over the line 108 to the actuator/valve assembly 106. Optionally, when the control module 94 activates the oxygen absorber system 70, the control module 94 may also activate one or both of a strobe 114 and horn 116 located on the outside of the oxygen absorber unit 76.
When the actuator/valve assembly 106 is activated, inert gas is released from the inert gas cylinder 78 through cylinder outlet 120. The cylinder outlet 120 may be directed into a hose, pipe or other conduit 122 connected to or directed at the absorbing material 80. The flow of the pressurized gas may be used to break the seals 90 and 91 that seal the oxygen absorbing material 80 from ambient air. The inert gas flows through the oxygen absorbing material 80 and out the absorber outlet 118 to the outlet conduit 86. Optionally, the cylinder outlet 120 may direct the flow of inert gas directly to the outlet conduit 86 without using conduit 122.
The power or kinetic energy of the pressurized gas drives the ambient room air through the air inlet 88, into the oxygen absorber unit 76 and into and through the oxygen absorbing material 80. Also, a slight positive pressure is initially created within the enclosed space 72 by the addition of the inert gas. The oxygen absorbing material 80 absorbs oxygen from the ambient air. The oxygen-reduced air mixes with the inert gas, is output through the absorber outlet 118 and flows through the outlet conduit 86 and into the enclosed space 72. The movement of air may be assisted by use of a fan, turbine, or other device (not shown) which is discussed further below.
The oxygen absorber system 70 simultaneously absorbs oxygen at a first rate and adds inert gas at a second level or rate which is designed to balance the volume of removed oxygen while maintaining the volume of air, and thus the air pressure, within the enclosed space 72. Compared to system configurations which only pump in large volumes of inert gas, the system configuration of
Air outlet 154 and air inlet 156 are provided in the oxygen absorber unit 144 and are connected to the outlet and inlet conduits 86 and 92, respectively, as previously discussed in
Control module 94 receives commands from the controller 14 (
Alternatively, the control module 94 may not be used and the inert gas cylinder 142 may be controlled directly by the controller 14. In other words, the oxygen absorber system 140 may be non-addressable, such as the oxygen absorber systems 52 on the network 58 (
When the actuator/valve assembly 158 is commanded to open over line 160 or is opened manually, inert gas is released from the inert gas cylinder 142, flows through the conduit 150, and breaks or opens the seal 162 at the gas inlet 102 of the oxygen absorber unit 144. Alternatively, if the seal 162 is accomplished by a valve or flap, the seal 162 may be commanded open by the control module 94. At the same time, the seals 163 and 164 may be broken by the pressure created by the inert gas flowing into the oxygen absorber unit 144 or may be commanded open by the control module 94.
The inert gas enters the oxygen absorber unit 144, flows through the oxygen absorbing material 148, out the air outlet 154, through the outlet conduit 86 and into the enclosed space 72. Pressure increases slightly in the enclosed space 72, and ambient air is pulled through the inlet conduit 92 and the air inlet 156. The oxygen absorbing material 148 absorbs oxygen from the ambient air. Oxygen-reduced air is then discharged out of the air outlet 154 with the inert gas. Alternatively, the flow of pressurized inert gas may be used to turn or power a fan 166 to pull or suck additional ambient air through the inlet conduit 92 and air inlet 156. Alternatively, the fan 166 may be powered by an electric power source. The position of the fan 166 is not limited to the illustrated position.
Oxygen absorber unit 172 holds an inert gas cylinder 174 and oxygen absorbing material 178, which may be held within a housing 176. The controller 14 connects directly to actuator/valve assembly 184 via lines 54 and 56 to control the opening of the inert gas cylinder 174. A manual release 186 provides manual control of the actuator/valve assembly 184, and may be mounted within the oxygen absorber unit 172 or on an outer surface of the oxygen absorber unit 172. The oxygen absorber unit 172 has an air outlet 188 for outputting inert gas and oxygen-reduced air, and at least one ambient air inlet 190. The air outlet 188 and air inlet 190 are sealed from outer ambient air by one or more seals 180 and 181. The seals 180 and 181 may be valves, flaps or other electrical or mechanical devices which may be actuated by the controller 14, by the flow of the pressurized gas, or by a pressure differential.
To activate the oxygen absorber system 170, the controller 14 sends a command signal out on the lines 54 and 56 to open the actuator/valve assembly 184 and to actuate the seals 180 and 181 to open the air outlet 188 and air inlet 190. Inert gas is released from the inert gas cylinder 174, flows into a hose, tube or pipe 168 and into a venturi tube 138. The venturi tube 138 is formed of a tube with holes therein and a small inner diameter, creating a pressure within the venturi tube 138 that is greatly reduced compared to the surrounding air pressure. As the inert gas flows through the venturi tube 138, the negative pressure draws air into the venturi tube 138 through the holes. Ambient air mixes with inert gas and is output through the air outlet 188 and into the enclosed space 72. Ambient air is pulled into the oxygen absorber unit 172 through the air inlet 190.
The oxygen absorber system 170 may require a greater quantity of the compressed inert gas to drive the system 170 compared to the systems of
Outer blades 252 extend outwardly from the outer surface 240 and may extend along a length of the shaft 230. The outer blades 252 may be coated or embedded with an oxygen absorbing material. Alternatively, the outer blades 252 may be formed of a honeycomb shape. The size and number of outer blades 252 extending from the shaft 230 may be determined by a desired surface area based on how much oxygen is to be absorbed. Inner blades 250 extend inwardly from an inner surface 254 of the shaft 230. The inner blades 250 may be formed proximate the inert gas inlet 232 and the inert gas outlet 234.
Referring to
The oxygen absorbing material 264 may be a honeycomb structure, for example, which allows air to be pulled through. The oxygen absorbing material 264 is located between first and second ends 268 and 298 of the absorber housing 262. At the first end 268 of the absorber housing 262, a turbine 270 has blades 272 and is connected to a shaft 274 which extends through an airtight opening 276 in the absorber housing 262. Propeller blades 278 are mounted on the shaft 274 within the absorber housing 262.
Also proximate the first end 268, an air outlet 280 is formed in the absorber housing 262. The air outlet 280 is sealed with a seal 282, which may form a flap with hinge 284. Securing pin 286 may be inserted through a ring 288 extending from an outer surface 296 of the absorber housing 262 and into a hole 290 in the seal 282. A cavity 292 is formed in the outer surface 296 of the absorber housing 262 to retain a spring 294. The spring 294 exerts a force on the seal 282 in the direction of arrow A, while the securing pin 286 retains the seal 282 against the absorber housing 262, preventing ambient air from entering the absorber housing 262.
At the second end 298 of the absorber housing 262, an air inlet 300 is formed in the absorber housing 262. The air inlet 300 is sealed with seal 302, which may form a flap with hinge 304. Securing pin 306 may be inserted through a ring 308 extending from the outer surface 296 of the absorber housing 262 and into hole 310 in the seal 302. A cavity 312 is formed in the outer surface 296 to retain spring 314. The spring 314 exerts a force on the seal 302 in the direction of arrow B, while the securing pin 306 retains the seal 302 against the absorber housing 262, preventing ambient air from entering the absorber housing 262.
To activate the oxygen absorber system 260, the controller 14 sends a signal to one or more actuating components 316 and 318 which pull the securing pins 286 and 306, respectively. When the securing pin 286 is removed from the hole 290 in the seal 282, the force of the spring 294 pushes the seal 282 in the direction of arrow A. The seal 282 falls in the direction of arrow C, opening the air outlet 280. The seal 282 is retained by the hinge 284. The seal 302 is released in a similar manner to open the air inlet 300. The seal 302 falls in the direction of arrow D and is retained by the hinge 304.
The controller 14 also sends a signal to actuator/valve assembly 320 which opens the inert gas cylinder 266. Inert gas flows into a pipe or hose 322 and into inert gas inlet 324 of the turbine 270. The pressurized gas flow drives the turbine 270 in the direction of arrow E and thus turns the shaft 274 and propeller blades 278 in the direction of arrow F.
The inert gas leaves the turbine 270 through inert gas outlet 326, and flows out of the absorber housing 262 through air outlet 280. Positive pressure is created outside the absorber housing 262. The propeller blades 278 increase the ambient airflow into the air inlet 300 and through the oxygen absorbing material 264 in the direction of arrow G. The oxygen-reduced air mixes with the inert gas and flows out the air outlet 280.
As discussed previously, oxygen absorber systems may be configured to operate without the use of pressurized inert gas and without adding inert gas to the enclosed space 72.
When a fire alarm is received, the fan 342 is electrically operated. The inlet and outlet seals 350 and 352 are opened either by air pressure due to the fan 342, or may be electrically or mechanically operated, opened or removed as previously discussed. Ambient air flows through the housing 348 in the direction of arrow H. The oxygen absorbing material 346 absorbs oxygen, and oxygen-reduced air flows out of the housing 348 in the direction of arrow I. Negative pressure is experienced within the enclosed space 72 as the volume of oxygen is reduced. One or more pressure vents 358 may open to allow external air to flow into the enclosed space 72. The controller 14 may operate the fan 342 for a predetermined time and then stop. When the fan stops, the room pressure is restored to normal and outside air is no longer pulled into the enclosed space 72.
As discussed previously, oxygen absorber systems are designed to reduce the oxygen concentration from approximately 21% to approximately between 15% to 13%, which is a level that extinguishing fire and does not support combustion. The oxygen absorber systems that do not add inert gas may be designed to absorb a larger amount of oxygen, such as 7.525% of the oxygen content to compensate for additional oxygen brought in from outside the enclosed space 72, while oxygen absorber systems which use inert gas may be designed to absorb a lesser amount of oxygen, such as 6% of the oxygen content. With either type of system configuration, the enclosed space 72 is neither over-pressurized nor under-pressurized.
While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
