Patent Application
20100016149
The present invention relates to an oxygen storage/release material used in an exhaust gas purifying catalyst for purifying an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine and the like, and an exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprising the same.
Conventionally, a three-way catalyst capable of simultaneously performing oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) and reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) has been used as the catalyst for purifying automotive exhaust gases. For example, catalysts obtained by supporting a noble metal such as platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh) and palladium (Pd) on a porous oxide support such as alumina (Al2O3) are widely known. In order to simultaneously and effectively purify CO, HC and NOx by the activity of the three-way catalyst, it is important that the ratio between air and fuel (air-fuel ratio A/F) supplied to the automotive engine is controlled to the near theoretical air-fuel ratio (stoichiometric ratio).
However, the actual air-fuel ratio fluctuates to the rich (fuel rich atmosphere) side or the lean (fuel lean atmosphere) side centering on the stoichiometric ratio depending on the driving conditions or the like of an automobile and in turn, the exhaust gas atmosphere also fluctuates to the rich side or the lean side. For this reason, high purification performance cannot be necessarily ensured only by a three-way catalyst. In order to enhance the exhaust gas purifying ability of the three-way catalyst by absorbing the fluctuation of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas, a material having a so-called oxygen storage/release capacity of storing oxygen when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is high and releasing oxygen when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is low, is used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst.
Regarding the oxygen storage/release material, for example, ceria (CeO2) or a material based on ceria (CeO2), such as ceria-zirconia (CeO2—ZrO2) composite oxide, is known and widely used in practice. However, in order to achieve stable purification of an exhaust gas, an oxygen storage/release material having a higher oxygen storage/release capacity has been demanded and studied.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) Nos. 2005-087892 and 2006-075716 describe an exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprising an oxygen storage/release material consisting of a rare earth oxysulfate or oxysulfide represented by A2O2SO4 or A2O2S (A is a rare earth element) and a noble metal supported thereon. In these patent publications, the exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprising an oxygen storage/release material consisting of a rare earth oxysulfate or oxysulfide and a noble metal supported thereon is found to have an oxygen storage/release capacity about 8 times higher than that of conventional exhaust gas purifying catalysts which comprise an oxygen storage/release material consisting of a CeO2—ZrO2 composite oxide and a noble metal supported thereon.
However, such an oxygen storage/release material consisting of a rare earth oxysulfate or oxysulfide has a problem in that the temperature allowing the material to exhibit the oxygen storage/release capacity is generally high compared to conventional oxygen storage/release materials consisting of a ceria (CeO2)-based material, and the material does not act at low temperatures.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an oxygen storage/release material using a rare earth oxysulfate or oxysulfide, which has a high oxygen storage/release capacity even at lower temperatures, and an exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprising the same.
The present invention for attaining this object is as follows.
(1) An oxygen storage/release material, comprising a compound consisting of Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S in which at least a part of Pr is replaced with Ce.
(2) The oxygen storage/release material described in item (1), wherein the compound consists of (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 and/or (Pr1-xCex)2O2S wherein x is a number of 0.005 to 0.5.
(3) An exhaust gas purifying catalyst, comprising the oxygen storage/release material described in item (1) or (2) and a metal supported thereon.
An oxygen storage/release material of the present invention comprises a compound consisting of Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S in which at least a part of Pr is replaced with Ce.
The oxygen storage/release material generally stores or releases oxygen by a redox reaction resulting from a valence change of the element ion constituting the oxygen storage/release material. In conventional oxygen storage/release materials using a ceria-zirconia composite oxide (e.g., (CeZr)O2), in a rich atmosphere, i.e., when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is low, oxygen is released generally through a reaction represented by the following formula:
(CeZr)O2→(CeZr)O1.5+¼O2 (1)
On the other hand, in a lean atmosphere, i.e., when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is high, oxygen is stored through a reverse reaction. Such a reversible redox reaction absorbs the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio A/F in the exhaust gas, and promotes the purification of the exhaust gas. Compared to this, in the oxygen storage/release material using a rare earth oxysulfate (A2O2SO4, wherein A is a rare earth element), oxygen is released by changing a rare earth oxysulfate to a rare earth oxysulfide through the following reaction:
A2O2SO4→A2O2S+2O2 (2)
i.e., a redox reaction of the sulfur element contained in the rare earth oxysulfate, and oxygen is stored through a reverse reaction.
As is clear from formulae (1) and (2), the oxygen storage/release material using a rare earth oxysulfate and/or oxysulfide theoretically has an oxygen storage/release capacity about 8 times higher than that of the conventional ceria-zirconia composite oxide. Accordingly, when an oxygen storage/release material consisting of a rare earth oxysulfate and/or oxysulfide having such a high oxygen storage/release capacity is used in an exhaust gas purifying catalyst, the catalyst is enhanced in the ability of absorbing the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) in an exhaust gas, as a result, the purification performance of the catalyst is enhanced.
According to the present invention, a compound consisting of Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S which are praseodymium oxysulfate and/or oxysulfide, and in which at least a part of Pr is replaced with Ce, is used as an oxygen storage/release material. Generally, the rare earth oxysulfate and/or oxysulfide have an oxygen storage/release capacity only in a temperature range higher than from 600 to 700° C., although this may vary depending on other various conditions such as the rare earth element used and the composition or concentration of the ambient atmosphere gas. Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S using praseodymium (Pr) as the rare earth element also have an oxygen storage/release capacity generally in a temperature range higher than 600 to 700° C. Therefore, in the case of an exhaust gas purifying catalyst using an oxygen storage/release material consisting of such a material, the exhaust gas purifying performance in a temperature range lower than 600 to 700° C. becomes low. The present inventors have found that when at least a part of Pr in a compound consisting of Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S is replaced with Ce, the temperature at which the oxygen storage/release material exhibits the oxygen release capacity is lowered, as compared to a case where partial replacement with Ce is not effected.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the structure of sulfate ion in Pr2O2SO4 can be distorted by replacing at least a part of Pr in Pr2O2SO4 with Ce, so that a reversible reaction between oxysulfate and oxysulfide of praseodymium represented by the following formula (3) is likely to occur.
Pr2O2SO4→Pr2O2S+2O2 (3)
In the present invention, Pr in the compound Pr2O2SO4 can be replaced with Ce in a range of generally from 0.5 to 50 mol %, preferably from 5 to 25 mol %.
The oxygen storage/release material consisting of (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 (wherein x is generally a number of 0.005 to 0.5), in which at least a part of Pr in Pr2O2SO4 of praseodymium oxysulfate is replaced with Ce, may be prepared by any method known to a person skilled in the art. According to the present invention, (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 may be prepared, for example, by a method using a surfactant as a source of a sulfuric acid group moiety in (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4. Specifically, (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 may be prepared by mixing praseodymium nitrate as a source of praseodymium, cerium nitrate as a source of cerium corresponding to the amount in which Pr should be replaced, a basic solvent for hydroxylating them, such as aqueous ammonia, and a surfactant as a source of a sulfuric acid group moiety, such as sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), at a predetermined concentration, and subjecting the obtained precipitate to washing, drying, pulverization, firing and the like.
The surfactant, such as sodium dodecylsulfate, used as a source of a sulfuric acid group moiety in (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 may be introduced into praseodymium nitrate and cerium nitrate of raw materials at a concentration sufficient to produce (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4. Further, in a preparation method of (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 using such a surfactant, it is believed that not only the surfactant acts as a source of the sulfuric acid group, but also a carbon chain moiety thereof acts as an organic template. Therefore, since a precipitate obtained by mixing raw materials can have regular layers, (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 having a high surface area can be obtained by firing the precipitate to decompose and remove the organic template moiety.
The drying and firing of the precipitate may be performed at a temperature and for a time sufficient to decompose and remove the organic template moiety of the surfactant and obtain (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 having a high surface area. For example, the drying may be performed at room temperature under reduced pressure or at a temperature of 80 to 250° C. for 12 to 24 hours, and the firing may be performed at a temperature of 500 to 700° C. for 1 to 20 hours.
According to the present invention, an oxygen storage/release material which is a compound consisting of Pr2O2SO4 and/or Pr2O2S in which at least a part of Pr is replaced with Ce is used as a catalyst support, and a catalyst metal as an active ingredient is supported on the catalyst support, thereby an exhaust gas purifying catalyst enhanced in the performance of purifying an exhaust gas can be obtained.
By using the oxygen storage/release material of the present invention, the oxygen storage/release capacity at low temperatures is enhanced as compared to the conventional rare earth oxysulfate and/or oxysulfide. Therefore, the air-fuel ratio (A/F) fluctuation in the exhaust gas under a low-temperature condition can be absorbed, so that the purification performance of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst can be enhanced.
According to the present invention, the metal which is supported on (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 and/or (Pr1-xCex)2O2S of a catalyst support may be selected from any metal known to a person skilled in the art as a catalyst component of an exhaust gas purifying catalyst. Preferably, such a metal may include at least one noble metal selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd) and iridium (Ir).
The supporting of the metal on (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 may be performed by any method known to a person skilled in the art.
For example, the metal may be supported by a method where a compound containing the above-described metal as the cation is used as a metal source and (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 is dipped in a solution of the compound at a predetermined concentration and then, subjected to drying, firing and the like, or a method where a complex of the above-described metal is used as a metal source and (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 is dipped in a solution of the complex at a predetermined concentration and then, subjected to drying, firing and the like. The metal may be supported on (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 in a supporting amount of generally from 0.25 to 20 wt %.
The drying and firing of (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4 dipped in a solution containing a compound or complex of the metal can be performed at a temperature and for a time sufficient to support the metal on (Pr1-xCex)2O2SO4. For example, the drying may be performed at a temperature of 80 to 250° C. for 12 to 24 hours, and the firing may be performed at a temperature of 400 to 500° C. for 2 to 10 hours.
The exhaust gas purifying catalyst may be used, for example, by compressing the fired powder of metal-supported material and pulverizing it into a pellet form, or by adding a predetermined binder to the fired powder of metal-supported material to form a slurry and coating the slurry on a catalyst substrate such as a cordierite-made honeycomb substrate.
The present invention is described in detail below based on Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In the following Examples, an exhaust gas purifying catalyst was prepared by supporting Pd as a catalyst noble metal on an oxygen storage/release material where a part of Pr in Pr2O2SO4 is replaced with Ce, and the oxygen release capacity thereof was examined.
As a Comparative Example, an exhaust gas purifying catalyst was prepared by supporting 1 wt % of Pd on an oxygen storage/release material consisting of praseodymium oxysulfate Pr2O2SO4. First, praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate (Pr(NO3)3.6H2O), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as a source of a sulfuric acid group moiety, ammonia and water were introduced into a flask at a molar ratio of 1:2:30:60. Then, the flask was placed in an oil bath at 40° C., and the contents were stirred by a stirrer at a rotational speed of 350 rpm for 1 hour in an atmosphere open system. Subsequently, the temperature was elevated to 60° C. before stirring for 9 hours, and the system was cooled to room temperature (pH=about 11). The obtained precipitate was separated by centrifugal separation, washed several times with distilled water and then dried under reduced pressure at room temperature. The dried sample was pulverized into a powder form and then fired in a draft at a temperature of 500° C. or more for 5 hours to obtain praseodymium oxysulfate Pr2O2SO4.
Thereafter, 1 mL of a palladium nitrate solution was prepared at a concentration giving a Pd supporting amount of 1 wt % per 0.4 g of Pr2O2SO4. Then, about 0.4 g of the Pr2O2SO4 powder prepared above was charged into a crucible, and the crucible was placed on a hotting stirrer and set to a temperature allowing the palladium nitrate solution to dry. When the crucible became hot, the palladium nitrate solution was added dropwise little by little while drying it. After the completion of dropwise addition, the sample was left standing at room temperature for about 1 hour and dried overnight at a temperature of 120° C. in a dryer. The dried sample was lightly loosened and then fired in air at 400° C. for 2 hours to obtain an exhaust gas purifying catalyst of Pd/Pr2O2SO4.
An exhaust gas purifying catalyst of Pd/(Pr0.8Ce0.2)2O2SO4 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that a part of the raw material praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate (Pr(NO3)3.6H2O) was replaced with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O) to become Pr:Ce=0.8:0.2 (by mol) in terms of the charge ratio.
The oxygen release capacity of the exhaust gas purifying catalysts of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 prepared above was evaluated by derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). In other words, each catalyst was heated to 900° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./min while supplying a test gas of 5% H2/He thereto, and the mass change of each catalyst involved in the oxygen release from the oxygen storage/release material in the process of elevating the temperature was measured. The results obtained are shown in
As is clear from
According to the present invention, replacing at least a part of Pr in a compound consisting of praseodymium (Pr) oxysulfate or oxysulfide (Pr2O2SO4 or Pr2O2S) with Ce can give an oxygen storage/release material in which the temperature region, in which the material exhibits the oxygen release capacity, is greatly extended to the lower temperature side, as compared to conventional oxygen storage/release materials consisting of a rare earth oxysulfate or oxysulfide. Therefore, when such an oxygen storage/release material is used in an exhaust gas purifying catalyst, the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) in an exhaust gas can be significantly suppressed even at low temperatures, so that purification of an exhaust gas can be achieved in a state closer to an optimal A/F value and the exhaust gas purifying performance of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst can be remarkably enhanced.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-134025 | May 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2008/059502 | 5/16/2008 | WO | 00 | 6/23/2009 |
