Patent Grant
8859554
The present application claims priority to U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 13/402,292, filed 22 Feb. 2012 and entitled “Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Pimobendan,” which claims priority to U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 11/072,207, filed 4 Mar. 2005 and entitled “Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Pimobendan,” which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 102004011512, filed on 8 Mar. 2004. The disclosure of each aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to the field of animal health. In particular, the invention relates to novel oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as part of the pharmaceutically active compounds, pimobendan.
Pimobendan, (4,5-dihydro-6-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazone) is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,563, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Pimobendan is a cardiotonic, hypotensive and anti-thrombotic. Said substance is useful in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Pimobendan hardly dissolves in water. The resorption of pimobendan when administered orally is prone to considerable inter- and intra-individual fluctuations if the active substance is incorporated in known or conventional pharmaceutical forms for oral administration. The reason for this is that pimobendan is characterized by a low solubility in aqueous media and a very highly pH-dependent solubility. To overcome this, hard gelatine capsules were used containing pimobendan formulated with citric acid, in particular at a weight ratio of pimobendan to citric acid of between 1:10 and 1:20 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,646, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). However, the high quantity of citric acid and the acidic taste of citric acid is not readily accepted by most animals—thus, such capsules have to be force-fed to the animals or mixed with food prior to application.
The problem underlying the present invention was to provide a pimobendan solid formulation readily acceptable by mammalian subjects, especially small animals.
The invention relates to novel solid formulations comprising as a pharmaceutically active compound pimobendan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is homogenously dispersed in a polyvalent acid and a flavor acceptable to small animals. Preferably, such solid formulations are granules or tablets. Most preferred is a tablet characterized in that the tablet comprises, 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg pimobendan, and further comprises lactose, corn starch, croscarmellose-sodium, citric acid, preferably at an amount of 50 mg/g of the solid formulation, artificial beef flavor, polyvidone, colloidal anhydrous silica and magnesium stearate.
The invention further relates to fluid-bed granulation processes for production of the solid formulations comprising the following steps:
Step g) is omitted if the solid formulation is a granule. If the solid formulation is a tablet, step g) is carried out.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of prevention and/or treatment of diseases wherein cardiotonic, hypotensive and anti-thrombotic substances have a therapeutic benefit, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a solid formulation prepared as described above.
Preferred is a method of prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a solid formulation according to the invention as disclosed above. Most preferably, the method comprises administering a tablet according to the invention, as defined above.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, Additionally, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, characterized in that a tablet comprising 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg pimobendan and further comprising lactose, corn starch, croscarmellose-sodium, 50 mg/g citric acid, artificial beef flavor, polyvidone, colloidal anhydrous silica and magnesium stearate is made.
Before the embodiments of the present invention it must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a tablet” includes a plurality of such tablets, reference to the “carrier” is a reference to one or more carriers and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All given ranges and values may vary by 1 to 5% unless indicated otherwise or known otherwise by the person skilled in the art. Accordingly, the term “about” is not used in the description.
Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the substances, excipients, carriers, and methodologies as reported in the publications which might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
The solution to the above technical problem is achieved by the description and the embodiments characterized in the claims.
To overcome the difficulties in the art, a process was invented. Only the invention of this novel, fluid-bed granulation process allowed the formulation of solid formulations according to the invention. With the process according to the invention, it was possible to formulate a long-term stable, capable of being produced on a large scale, homogenously dispersed, fast-releasing solid formulation. Despite the large size, pimobendan was homogenously dispersed. Such solid formulations comprise a flavor suitable for small animals, which surprisingly still allows a formulation having a polyvalent acid and yet have a palatibility rate of more than 70%—in many cases more than 90%. Thus, the solid formulations according to the invention are a major step forward in therapeutic application as they do not have to be force-fed to the animal.
In a first important embodiment, the invention relates to a solid formulation, comprising pimobendan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,563 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,646 (both herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), which is homogenously dispersed in a polyvalent acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and the anhydride of any of said polyvalent acids and mixtures thereof, and a flavor acceptable to small animals. Such flavors according to the invention preferably are selected from artificial beef flavors, artificial chicken flavors, pork liver extract, artificial meat flavor, honey flavor and the like. Said flavors not only disguise the taste of the polyvalent acid, but also the taste of pimobendan.
Preferably, the solid formulation according to the invention is a tablet or granule formulation. The granule formulation according to the invention is explained in more detail below. More preferably, the solid formulation is chewable.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, further comprising one or several pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Excipients according to the invention are preferably selected from the group consisting of diluents, disintegrants, carriers, binders, flow regulators, lubricants and solvents. Any other excipients known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may also be comprised in the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000). 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, Philadelphia, US. More preferably, said excipients are carriers/disintegrants selected from the group lactose, starch, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose derivatives, e.g. methylcellulose, and the like. Any other carrier known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may also form part of the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000). 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, Philadelphia, US.
One or several binders according to the invention are preferably selected from the group consisting of polyvidone (used synonymously for povidone), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxymethylcellulose, starch, gelatin, and the like. Any other binder known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may also be comprised in the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (loc. cit.).
The solid formulation according to the invention may also comprise one or several flow regulators selected from the group consisting of silica, preferably colloidal anhydrous silica, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, talc, and the like. Any other flow regulator known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may also be incorporated into the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (loc. cit.).
The solid formulation according to the invention may also comprise one or several disintegrants selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinised starch, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Any other disintegrant known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may also form part of the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (loc. cit.).
The solid formulation according to the invention may also comprise one or several lubricants selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, glyceryl behenate, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, talc and the like. Any other lubricant known to the skilled person and found suitable for the solid formulation according to the invention may form part of the solid formulation according to the invention. See also Remington, J. P. The science and Practice of Pharmacy (loc. cit.).
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the carriers are starch and lactose. The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the lactose consists of coarse particles greater than 200 μm in size. The person skilled in the art knows other types of lactose which are suitable as well as carrier according to the invention, e.g. fine lactose equal or smaller than 200 μm in size or spray-dried lactose. Preferred is lactose consisting of coarse particles greater than 200 μm in size.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the starch or various starches are selected from the group consisting of native starch, gelatinized starch, partly gelatinized starch, starch powder, starch granules, chemically modified starch and swellable, physically modified starch.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the starch is corn starch.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, comprising 0.5 mg to 20 mg of pimobendan. The more preferred solid formulation contains 1 to 10 mg of pimobendan. The even more preferred solid formulation contains 1.25 to 5 mg of pimobendan. Most preferred solid formulations contain 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg of pimobendan.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, comprising a content of 1:10-1:40 of pimobendan in relation to citric acid anhydride. The preferred ratio is 1:20.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the weight of the whole solid formulation is in the range of 250 to 3000 mg, with a more preferred weight range of 500 mg to 2000 mg, and most preferred weight of 500 mg, 1000 mg or 2000 mg.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the solid formulation is produced by a fluid-bed granulation process comprising or consisting of the steps:
Step g) is omitted if the solid formulation is a granule. If the solid formulation is a tablet, step g) is carried out.
The invention preferably also relates to a solid formulation according to the invention, characterized in that the solid formulation is produced by a fluid-bed granulation process comprising or consisting of the steps:
Step g) is omitted if the solid formulation is a granule. If the solid formulation is a tablet, step g) is carried out.
The invention preferably relates to a granule formulation as obtained by the process above that can either be administered in the granular form or as tablets after compressing the final granules to tablets. Therefore, the solid formulation according to the invention preferably is a granule (or a plurality of such granules) or a tablet. The administration of the granules can take place by mixing with food or by offering the granules directly to the animal, e.g. in a bowl. The application of the granular form will allow an individual dosing of pimobendan according to the body weight of the animal.
The tablets according to the invention have surprising advantages. The dissolution profile ensures immediate release of pimobendan. Surprisingly, it could be demonstrated that while compressing the final granules as mentioned above, a decrease in the dissolution characteristics is not observed. By ensuring an immediate release profile of pimobendan, the amount of drug to be administered can be kept as low as possible, thereby improving the safety profile, which is especially important for long-term treatment.
Furthermore, the dosing accuracy of the tablet is excellent. This is due to the fact that in accordance with the manufacturing process according to this invention, an excellent uniformity of pimobendan content is achieved. Furthermore, the tablets can be broken into two halves so that half the dose per tablet can be administered. Compared with the existing gelatin capsule, the dosing accuracy and compliance of both the animal and the animal owner are assured. This is even more important since the drug is administered for a chronic condition and long-term treatment.
Also, the palatability of the tablet is excellent. More than 90% of the dogs to whom the tablet according to this invention was given accepted the tablet voluntarily with only the tablet offered in a bowl. Compared with the existing gelatin capsule, the ease of administration has increased compliance with the prescribed treatment regime. This is important since the drug is administered for a chronic condition.
The invention preferably also relates to a tablet according to the invention, characterized in that the tablet is stable for at least 18 months at 25.degree. C. and 60% relative humidity. In the examples, testing parameter assays are disclosed for degradation of pimobendan, dissolution, loss on drying, hardness and disintegration of the tablet. The tablets according to the invention are within the specification limits regarding degradation of pimobendan, dissolution, loss on drying, hardness and disintegration.
Suitable packaging materials for tablets according to the invention are selected from, but not limited to: aluminum/aluminum blisters, PVC/PVDC blisters, and HDPE (high density polyethylene bottles).
The invention preferably also relates to a tablet according to the invention, characterized in that the tablet is oblong in shape. For such a tablet, characteristics like crushing strength, disintegration, uniformity of weight and content uniformity fulfill the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (ISBN/ISSN 92-871-5106-7 of 4.sup.th Edition 2004, Vol. 4.8, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), European Pharmacopoeia, 226 avenue de Colmar, F-67029 Strasbourg, France, http://www.pheur.org) and the United States Pharmacopoeia (http://www.usp.org; in print: USP-NF, catalog No. 2270001).
The invention preferably relates to a solid formulation, and most preferred a tablet according to the invention, characterized in that the solid formulation or tablet comprising 0.5-20 mg pimobendan, preferably of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg pimobendan, and further comprises lactose (35-50% by weight relative to the dry mass of the solid formulation/tablet=(w/w)), corn starch (25-50% w/w), croscarmellose-sodium (1-5%), citric acid (2.5-10% w/w), artificial beef flavor (5-30% w/w), polyvidone (1-5% w/w), colloidal anhydrous silica (0.1-1, preferably 0.1-0.5% w/w) and magnesium stearate (0.25-1.5% w/w), wherein the percentage by weight of pimobendan contains preferably about 0.25% (w/w) and the sum of the percentages by weight of all ingredients of the solid formulation including pimobendan is 100% (w/w). A skilled man is in a position to prepare such solid formulations, preferably a tablet. Thus, the skilled man knows that he can add to 0.25% (w/w) pimobendan at most 32.625% (w/w) corn starch, 4% (w/w) croscarmellose-sodium 5% (w/w) citric acid, 20% (w/w) artificial beef flavor, 4% (w/w) polyvidone, colloidal, 0.5% (w/w) anhydrous silica, 1% (w/w) magnesium stearate if the amount of lactose to be 32.625% (w/w). Moreover, the skilled man also knows that if he decided to reduce the amount of the artificial beef flavor, for example, to the minimum of 5% (w/w), he can increase the amount of lactose, for example, to 47.625% (w/w). The invention also relates to a solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 0.25% (w/w) pimobendan and any of the above other ingredients of the solid formulation, preferably the tablet, in the range given above so that the sum of the amounts by weight of the individual formulation ingredients is 100%.
The present invention is also directed to a solid formulation, preferably to a tablet, which comprises 1 mg pimobendan, 100-200 mg lactose, 100-200 mg corn starch, 4-20 mg croscarmellose-sodium, 10-40 mg citric acid anhydrous, 20-120 mg artificial beef flavor, 4-20 mg polyvidone, 0.4-4 mg colloidal anhydrous silica, and 1-6 mg magnesium stearate for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the solid formulation, preferably the tablet, comprises 1 mg pimobendan, 120-180 mg lactose, 120-180 mg corn starch, 8-18 mg croscarmellose-sodium, 15-30 mg citric acid anhydrous, 40-100 mg artificial beef flavor, 8-18 mg polyvidone, 0.5-2 mg colloidal anhydrous silica, and 2-5 mg magnesium stearate for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation/tablet. For example, the present invention relates to a solid formulation comprising for each 400 mg of total weight: 1 mg pimobendan, 20 mg citric acid anhydrous, 130.5 mg lactose, 130.5 mg corn starch, 16 mg polyvidone, 16 mg croscarmellose-sodium, 80 mg artificial beef flavor, 4 mg magnesium stearate, and 2 mg colloidal anhydrous silica. A skilled man is in a position to prepare such solid formulation/tablet. The skilled man also knows that he can vary the amount of each ingredient of the solid formulation/tablet within the ranges given above in that the total weight of the solid formulation/tablet for each 1 mg pimobendan is 400 mg. For example, the amount of lactose may be 100, 101, 102, . . . 108, 109, 110 etc.; 111, 112, . . . 118, 119, 120 etc.; 121, 122, . . . 128, 129, 120 etc.; 131, 132, . . . 138, 139, 140 etc.; 141, 142, . . . 148, 149, 150 etc.; 151, 152, . . . 158, 159, 160 etc.; 161, 162, . . . 168, 169, 170 etc.; 171, 172, . . . 178, 179, 180 etc.; 108, 182, . . . 188, 189, 190 etc.; 191, 192, . . . 198, 199, 200 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. In the same manner the amount of corn starch may be 100, 101, 102, . . . 108, 109, 110 etc.; 111, 112, . . . 118, 119, 120 etc.; 121, 122, . . . 128, 129, 120 etc.; 131, 132, . . . 138, 139, 140 etc.; 141, 142, . . . 148, 149, 150 etc.; 151, 152, . . . 158, 159, 160 etc.; 161, 162, . . . 168, 169, 170 etc.; 171, 172, . . . 178, 179, 180 etc.; 108, 182, . . . 188, 189, 190 etc.; 191, 192, . . . 198, 199, 200 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of citric acid anhydrous may be 10, 11, 12, . . . 18, 19, 20 etc.; 21, 22, . . . 28, 29, 30 etc.; 31, 32, . . . 38, 39, 40 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of artificial beef flavor may be 20, 21, 22, . . . 28, 29, 30 etc.; 31, 32, . . . 38, 39, 40 etc.; 41, 42, . . . 48, 49, 50 etc.; 50, 51, 52, . . . 58, 59, 60 etc.; 61, 62, . . . 68, 69, 70 etc.; 71, 72, . . . 78, 79, 80 etc., 81, 82, 83, . . . 88, 89, 90 etc.; 91, 92, . . . 98, 99, 100 etc.; 101, 102, . . . 108, 109, 110 etc.; 111, 112, . . . 118, 119, 120 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of polyvidone may be 4, 5, 6, . . . 8, 9, 10 etc.; 11, 12, . . . 18, 19, 20 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of croscarmellose-sodium may be 4, 5, 6, . . . 8, 9, 10 etc.; 11, 12, . . . 18, 19, 20 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of magnesium stearate may be 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.8, 1.9, 2.0 etc.; 2.1, 2.2, . . . 2.8, 2.9, 3.0 etc.; 3.1, 3.2, . . . 3.8, 3.9, 40 etc.; 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, . . . 4.8, 4.9, 5.0 etc.; 5.1, 5.2, . . . 5.8, 5.9, 6.0 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. Furthermore, the amount of colloidal anhydrous silica may be 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.8, 1.9, 2.0 etc.; 2.1, 2.2, . . . 2.8, 2.9, 3.0 etc.; 3.1, 3.2, . . . 3.8, 3.9, 4.0 mg for each 400 mg of total weight of the solid formulation, preferably a tablet, comprising about 1 mg pimobendan. A skilled man is in a position to prepare any of such inventive solid formulation, preferably as a tablet.
In another important embodiment, the invention relates to a fluid-bed granulation process comprising the following steps:
Step g) is omitted if the solid formulation is a granule. If the solid formulation is a tablet, step g) is carried out.
The invention preferably relates to a fluid-bed granulation process comprising the following steps:
Step g) is omitted if the solid formulation is a granule. If the solid formulation is a tablet, step g) is carried out.
Another embodiment is a method of prevention and/or treatment of diseases wherein cardiotonic, hypotensive and anti-thrombotic substances have a therapeutic benefit, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a solid formulation according to the invention as disclosed above. Preferred is a method of prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a solid formulation according to the invention as disclosed above. Most preferably, the method comprises administering a tablet according to the invention, characterized in that the tablet comprises 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg pimobendan, and further comprises lactose, corn starch, croscarmellose-sodium, citric acid preferably at an amount of 50 mg/g, artificial beef flavor, polyvidone, colloidal anhydrous silica and magnesium stearate. Preferably also, such treatment is by orally administering the solid formulation according to the invention.
The mammal according to the invention is preferably a mammal selected from the group consisting of dogs, cats and rodents such as rabbits.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, characterized in that a solid formulation according to the invention is used. Preferably, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure, characterized in that a tablet consisting of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg pimobendan and further consisting of lactose, corn starch, croscarmellose-sodium, 50 mg/g citric acid, artificial beef flavor, polyvidone, colloidal anhydrous silica and magnesium stearate is used.
The present invention furthermore relates to a kit, which comprises a solid formulation, preferably a tablet according to the present invention described herein, and a package leaflet or user instruction including the information concerning how the solid formulation, preferably the tablet, is to used via the oral route for the prevention and/or treatment of congestive heart failure in a mammal in need of such prevention or treatment, preferably in a dog, cat or rodent.
The following examples serve to further illustrate the present invention; but the same should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention disclosed herein.
(01) Pimobendan
Function: Active Ingredient
(02) Citric acid anhydrous <200 μm
Function: Diluent, Disintegrant
(03) Starch
Function: Carrier, Disintegrant
(04) Lactose coarse
Function: Carrier, Disintegrant
(05) Povidone
Function: Binder
(06) Croscarmellose Sodium
Function: Disintegrant
(07) Artificial Powdered Beef Flavor
Function: Flavor
(08) Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Function: Flow regulator, Disintegrant
(09) Magnesium stearate
Function: Lubricant
(10) Purified water
Function: Solvent
Appearance: brownish, oblong tablets, with break line.
1 batch=140000 tablets (1.25 mg Dosage)
1 batch=70000 tablets (2.50 mg Dosage)
1 batch=35000 tablets (5.00 mg Dosage)
1. 1. Granulating
2. Screening
3. Final Mixing
4. Compression
5. Packaging
Transfer the tablets in a suitable container.
The tablets can be packed e.g. by blistering of the tablets in a suitable machine.
1. Granules
1.1 Appearance: Brownish, white-speckled granules
1.2 Loss on Drying: Determine the loss on drying
2. Tablets
2.1 Appearance: Brownish, white-speckled, oblong tablets with breakline
2.2 Weight uniformity:
2.3 Hardness: Determine the hardness
2.4 Disintegration time: Determine the disintegration time according to USP/EP
A study to investigate the palatability of pimobendan-containing tablets was carried out. For a period of four days, two products were given to twenty or ten dogs, respectively, for voluntary uptake. For example, the following formulations with a content of 5 mg/500 mg active ingredient were examined:
In case of Ch. 010123 in competition with the identical formulation in granulated format, a voluntary uptake was observed in 36 out of 40 possible opportunities (i.e. when offered to 10 dogs for 10 days). This compares to an acceptance rate of 90.0%.
In case of Ch. 010222 in competition with a formulation in granulated format of equal quantity with 30% flavor, a voluntary uptake was observed in 31 out of 40 possible opportunities. This compares to an acceptance rate of 77.5%.
Examples for representative dissolution profiles of the tablet according to this invention are as disclosed in
Examples for representative dissolution profiles of the tablet according to this invention are as disclosed in
Examples for representative dissolution profiles of the tablet according to this invention are as disclosed in
Examples for representative dissolution profiles of the tablet according to this invention are as disclosed in
Examples for representative dissolution profiles of the tablet according to this invention are as disclosed in
Samples were taken from both the final blend before tableting and from the tableting process. The following results demonstrate the uniformity of pimobendan content.
The tablets according to this invention were part of an content uniformity test for the broken tablets. 10 tablets were taken from the beginning, middle and end of the tabletting process and broken into two halves. The pimobendan content was determined.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2004 011 512 | Mar 2004 | DE | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4361563 | Austel et al. | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4596705 | Schepky et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4654342 | Slater | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4868182 | Dage | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4906628 | Coates | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4954501 | Herter et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 5024998 | Bodor | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5151420 | Backstrom et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5364646 | Gruber et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5569657 | Nore et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 6407079 | Muller et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6476078 | Jerussi et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6713487 | Yu et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 7262165 | Lindenblatt et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 20030162835 | Staniforth et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030190343 | Thombre et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212114 | Sato | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040037869 | Cleverly et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040157887 | Whittle et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20050095293 | Brauns et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203097 | Folger et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050239692 | Lindenblatt et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20070112010 | Kleeman et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20080207629 | Folger et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20090082282 | Daemmgen et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20100035889 | Daemmgen et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100273807 | Kleeman et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20110251208 | Daemmgen et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20120148640 | Folger et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20130203690 | Daemmgen et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1222697 | Jun 1987 | CA |
| 2034569 | Jul 1991 | CA |
| 1336498 | Aug 1995 | CA |
| 1662250 | Aug 2005 | CN |
| 1702243 | Nov 2005 | CN |
| 3728244 | Mar 1989 | DE |
| 4001623 | Jul 1991 | DE |
| 0268146 | May 1988 | EP |
| 0306846 | Mar 1989 | EP |
| 0330052 | Aug 1989 | EP |
| 0335545 | Oct 1989 | EP |
| 439030 | Jul 1991 | EP |
| 1247456 | Oct 2002 | EP |
| 1260215 | Nov 2002 | EP |
| 1579862 | Sep 2005 | EP |
| 1903039 | Mar 2008 | EP |
| 1920785 | May 2008 | EP |
| 2228004 | Aug 1990 | GB |
| 61500788 | Apr 1986 | JP |
| H029825 | Jan 1990 | JP |
| H0570612 | Mar 1993 | JP |
| H11228302 | Aug 1999 | JP |
| 2005281283 | Oct 2005 | JP |
| 8502767 | Jul 1985 | WO |
| 0164190 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| 0197861 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| 0249646 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| 03012030 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 03074032 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| 03097067 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| 03099194 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2004000344 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2004016252 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| 2004033444 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| 2004050657 | Jun 2004 | WO |
| 2004058726 | Jul 2004 | WO |
| 2005035505 | Apr 2005 | WO |
| 2005084647 | Sep 2005 | WO |
| 2005092343 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| 2005107756 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| 2006022562 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2006060122 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| 2006060127 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| 2007054514 | May 2007 | WO |
| 2008055871 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2010060874 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Pfizer, “Solid Oral Dosage Forms Powder Blending” and “Solid Oral Dosage Forms, Blend Uniformity: Principles and Examples”, 2001, Pfizer, pp. 1-66. |
| Health and Human Services, Guidance for Industry, May 1999, Food and Drug Administration, pp. 1-56. |
| “905 Uniformity of Dosage Units”. 2011 The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Stage 6 Harmonization, Dec. 1, 2011, pp. 1-3. |
| Abstract in English for DE3728244,1989. |
| Abstract in English for EP0306846, 1989. |
| Abstract in English for EP0330052, 1989. |
| Abstract in English for JP2005281283, 2005. |
| Banker et al., “Uniformity of Dosage Units”. Modern Pharmaceutics, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 2006, p. 498. |
| Bassani et al., “Enhanced Water-Solubility of Albendazole by Hydroxy-Propyl-βCyclodextrin Complexation”. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry, vol. 25, No. 1-3, Mar. 1996, pp. 149-152. |
| Beers, et al., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Edition, Chapter 203, Section 16, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, 1999, pp. 1688-1692. |
| Berny et al., “Review: Animal Poisoning in Europe. Part 2: Companion Animals”. The Veterinary Journal, vol. 193, 2010, pp. 255-259. |
| Borgarelli et al., “Canine Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Part II: Pathophysiology and therapy”. The Veterinary Journal, vol. 162, 2001, pp. 182-195. |
| Calvert et al., “Congestive cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinscher dogs”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 181, 1982, pp. 598-602. |
| Calvert et al., “Signalment, Survival, and Prognostic Factors in Doberman Pinschers With End-Stage Cardiomyopathy”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 11, No. 6, 1997, pp. 323-326. |
| Cambridge Dictionary, homogeneous, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 1 page, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/homogeneous. |
| Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, homogeneous, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 1 page, http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/chambdict/homogeneous. |
| Chetboul, et al., “Comparitive Adverse Cardiac Effects of Pimobendan and Benazepril Monotherapy in Dogs with Mild Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease: A Prospective, Controlled, Blinded, and Randomized Study”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 21, 2007, pp. 742-753. |
| Choy et al., “Scaling of myocardial mass to flow and morphometry of coronary arteries”. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 104, 2008, pp. 1281-1286. |
| Cohn et al., “Cardiac Remodeling-Concepts and Clinical Implications: A Consensus Paper From an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 35, No. 3, 2000, pp. 569-582. |
| Collins English Dictionary, homogeneous, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 1 page, http://xreferplus.com/entry/hcengdict/homogeneous. |
| Conlon, P.D., “Nonsteroidal Drugs Used in the Treatment of Inflammation”. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, vol. 18, No. 6, Nove. 1988, pp. 1115-1131. |
| Cowley et al, “Treatment of severe heart failure: quantity or quality of life? A trial of enoximone”. , British Heart Journal, vol. 72, 1994, pp. 226-230. |
| Deneke et al., “Medikamentöse Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz”. Herzschr Elektrophys, vol. 15, Suppl. 1, 2004, pp. 1/74-1/80. |
| El-Hagrasy et al., “A Process Analytical Technology Approach to Near-Infrared Process Control of Pharmaceutical Power Blending: Part II: Qualitative Near-Infrared Models for Prediction of Blend Homogeneity”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 95, No. 2, Feb. 2006, pp. 407-421. |
| El-Hagrasy et al., “Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging for the Monitoring of Powder Blend Homogeneity”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 90, No. 9, Sep. 2001,. pp. 1298-1307. |
| Elliott, P., “Diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy”. Heart, vol. 83, 2000, pp. 106-112. |
| Erhardt, L., “An Emerging Role for Calcium Sensitisation in the Treatment of Heart Failure”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, vol. 14, No. 6, 2005, pp. 659-670. |
| Ettinger et al., “Effects of enalapril maleate on survival of dogs with naturally acquired heart failure”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 213, No. 11, 1998, pp. 1573-1577. |
| Fitton et al., “Pimobendan. A Review of its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential in Congestive Heart Failure”. Drugs and Aging, vol. 4, No. 5, 1994, pp. 417-441. |
| Fuentes, et al., “A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Pimobendan in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy,” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 16, 2002, pp. 255-261. |
| Groban, Leanne, “Diastolic Dysfunction in the Older Heart”. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 19, No. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 228-236. |
| Häggström et al., “New insights into degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs”. Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice, vol. 34, 2004, pp. 1209-1226. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/EP2005/002133 mailed May 31, 2005. |
| Katz et al., “A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan, a new cardiotonic and vasodilator agent, in patients with severe congestive heart failure”. American Heart Journal, vol. 123, 1992, pp. 95-103. |
| Kubo et al, “Beneficial Effects of Pimobendan on Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure. Results of a Multicenter Trial”. Circulation, vol. 85, No. 3, Mar. 1992, pp. 942-949. |
| Kvart et al., “Efficacy of Enalapril for Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs with Myxomatous Valve Disease and Asymptomatic Mitral Regurgitation”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 16, 2002, pp. 80-88. |
| Lai et al., “Real Time and Noninvasive Monitoring of Dry Powder Blend Homogeneity”. AIChE Journal, vol. 47, No. 11, Nov. 2001, pp. 2618-2622. |
| Lewis et al., “Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging for Product and Process Understanding”. in Process Analytical Technology, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., United Kingdom, 2010, pp. 272-276. |
| Lip et al., “ABC of heart failure: Aetiology”. British Medical Journal, vol. 320, Jan. 2000, pp. 104-107. |
| Lyon et al., “Near-Infrared Spectral Imaging for Quality Assurance of Pharmaceutical Products: Analysis of Tablets to Assess Powder Blend Homogeneity”. AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 3, No. 3, Art. 17, Sep. 2002, pp. 1-15. |
| Malik et al., “Permethrin Spot-On Intoxication of Cats: Literature review and survey of veterinary practitioners in Australia”. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, vol. 12, 2010, pp. 5-14. |
| Mamoru et al., “Effects of Long-term, Very-low-dose Pimobendan for Patients with Diastolic Heart Failure”. Journal of Cardial Failure, vol. 12, No. 8, Oct. 2006, p. S171. |
| McCrohon et al., “Differentiation of Heart Failure Related to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Coronary Artery Disease Using Gadolinium-Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance”. Circulation, vol. 108, Jul. 2003, pp. 54-59. Originally published online Jun. 23, 2003, http://circ.ahajournals.org, 7 pages. |
| Medline, homogeneous, Merriam-Webster, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 1 page, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/homogeneous. |
| Menard et al., “Physico-Chemical Aspects of the Complexation of Some Drugs with Cyclodextrins”. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, vol. 16, No. 1, 1990, pp. 91-113. |
| Merriam-Webster, homogeneous, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 2 pages, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homogeneous. |
| Monnet et al., “Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: Survival and Prognostic Indicators”. 1995, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12-17. |
| NG, TZien M.H., “Levosimendan, a New Calcium-Sensitizing Inotrope for Heart Failure”. Pharmacotherapy, vol. 24, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1366-1384. |
| O'Grady, et al., “Does Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy Delay the Onset of Congestive Heart Failure or Sudden Death in Doberman Pinschers with Occult Dilated Cardiomyopathy?” Acvim Abstracts, 1997, p. 138. |
| Okazaki et al., “A genetic linkage map of the Syrian hamster and localization of cariomyopathy locus on chromosome 9qa2.1-b1 using RLGS spot-mapping”. Nature Genetics, vol. 13, May 1996, pp. 87-90. |
| Packer et al., “Effect of Oral Milrinone on Mortality in Severe Chronic Heart Failure.” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 325, No. 21, Nov. 1991, pp. 1468-1475. |
| Piel et al., “Development of a parenteral and of an oral formulation of albendazole with cyclodextrins”. S.T.P. Pharma Sciences, vol. 9, No. 3, 1999, pp. 257-260. |
| Remme et al., “Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Pimobendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 15, Supp. 2, 1989, pp. S41-S44. |
| Remme et al., “Hemodynamic, Neurohumoral, and Myocardial Energetic Effects of Pimobendan, a Novel Calcium-Sensitizing Compound, in Patients with Mild to Moderate Heart Failure”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 24, No. 5, 1994, pp. 730-739. |
| Rodriguez, Damon B., “Treatment of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy*”. Compendium, vol. 24, No. 6, Jun. 2002, pp. 470-476. |
| Sisson, David, “Lecture Notes: Cardiology”, The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine, May 2001, pp. 1-18. |
| The American Heritage Dictionary, homogeneous, Last Accessed Feb. 10, 2011, 1 page, http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/hmdictenglang/homogeneous. |
| Van Meel et al., “Pimobendan Increases Survival of Cardiomyopathic Hamsters”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 13, 1989, pp. 508-509. |
| Villar et al., “Ibuprofen, Aspirin and Acetaminophen Toxicosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats”. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, vol. 40, No. 3, Jun. 1998, pp. 156-162. |
| Woolley et al., “Effects of Treatment Type on Vertebral Heart Size in Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease”. The Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, vol. 5, No. 1, 2007, pp. 43-48. |
| Endoh, Masao, “New Aspects of the Treatment of Myocardial Failure from a Pharmacological Standpoint”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 187, No. 10, 1998, pp. 827-831. |
| Sabbah et al., “Effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol, and digoxin on the progression of left ventricular dysfuntion and dilation in dogs with reduced ejection fraction”. Circulation, vol. 89, 1994, pp. 2852-2859. |
| Häggström et al., “Effects of long-term treatment with enalapril or hydralazine on the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system and fluid balance in dogs with naturally acquired mitral valve regurgitation”. American Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 57, No. 11, Nov. 1996, pp. 1645-1662. |
| Roland et al., “The Use of Pimobendan in Feline Heart Failure Secondary to Spontaneous Heart Disease”. The 18th Annual ECVIM Congress, Abstract, Belgium, Sep. 2008, 1 page. |
| Fujino et al., “Differential Effects of d- and I-Pimobendan on Cardia Myofilament Calcium Sensitivity”. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 247, No. 2, 1988, pp. 519-523. |
| Abstract in English for CN1702243A, 2005. |
| Goineau et al., “Cardiomyopathic Syrian Hamster as a Model of Congestive Heart Failure”. Current Protocols in Pharmacology, Supp. 42, Unit 5.50, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Sep. 2008, 12 pages. |
| Bastien et al., “Chronic AT receptor blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in (CHF 146) cardiomyopathic hamsters: effects on cardiac hypertrophy and survival”. Cardiovascular Research, vol. 43, 1999, pp. 77-85. |
| Côtéet al., “Congestive Heart Failure”. Feline Cardiology, Ch. 19, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-1242-7, 2011, p. 259. |
| Fox et al., “Prosepective Double-Blinded, Multicenter Evaluation of Chronic Therapies for Feline Diastolic Heart Failure: Interim Analysis”. ACVIM Abstracts, Abstract 78, 2003, pp. 398-399. |
| Fox, Philip R., “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Pathologic Correlates”. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, vol. 5, No. 2, Nov. 2003, pp. 39-45. |
| Kittleson et al., “The Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Milrinone in Dogs With Severe Idiopathic Myocardial Failure”. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 1, 1987, pp. 121-127. |
| “Cardiovascular system”. MIMS, IVS Annual, Chapter 5, 2003, p. 104. |
| “Citric Acid”. The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 13th Edition, Merck Research Laboratories Division of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, Index 2350, 2001, pp. 405-406. |
| “Pharmaceutical Necessities”. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, Chapter 66, 1990, pp. 1288-1300. |
| “Pimobendan”. The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 13th Edition, Merck Research Laboratories Division of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, Index 7515, 2001, p. 1332. |
| Ahmed et al., “Pharmaceutical challenges in veterinary product development”. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 54, 2002, pp. 871-882. |
| Asanoi et al., “Disparate Inotropic and Lusitropic Responses to Pimobendan in Conscious Dogs with Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 23, No. 2, 1994, pp. 268-274. |
| Atkins et al., “Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Chronic Valvular Heart Disease”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 23, No. 6, 2009, pp. 1-9. |
| Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 1st International Canine Valvular Disease Symposium, Paris, Oct. 30-31, 2004, pp. 1-45. |
| Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. “Freedom of Information Summary: Original New Animal Drug Application”. NADA 141-273, Vetmedin, Pimobendan Chewable Tablets, Apr. 30, 2007, pp. 1-46. |
| Buchanan et al. “Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 206, No. 2, Jan. 1995, pp. 194-199. |
| Burlage et al., “Other Pharmaceutical Adjuncts”., Physical and Technical Pharmacy, The Blakiston Division: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1963, pp. 653-662. |
| Gwathmey et al., “Abnormal Intracellular Calcium Handling in Myocardium From Patients With End-Stage Heart Failure”. Circulation Research, vol. 61, No. 1, 1987, pp. 70-76. |
| Hauf et al., “Acute and Long-Term Hemodynamic Effects of Pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS) in Comparison with Captopril”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 15, Supp. 2, 1989, pp. S49-S56. |
| Häggstrom et al., “Effect of Pimobendan or Benazepril Hydrochloride on Survival Times in Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure Caused by Naturally Occurring Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease: The QUEST Study”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 22, 2008, pp. 1124-1135. |
| Häggstrom et al., “Longitudinal Analysis of Quality of Life, Clinical, Radiographic, Echocardiographic, and Laboratory Variables in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Rexceiving Pimobendan or Benazepril: The QUEST Study”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2013, pp. 1-11. |
| Iwasaki et al., “Pimobendan Inhibits the Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Gene Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Murine Model of Viral Myocarditis”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 33, No. 5, 1999, pp. 1400-1407. |
| Jain et al., “Effects of Milrinone on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction”. Circulation, vol. 84, No. 2, Aug. 1991, pp. 798-804. |
| Kashem et al., “CardioClasp: A New Passive Device to Reshape Cardiac Enlargement”. ASAIO Journal, vol. 48, No. 3, 2002, pp. 253-259. |
| Kato, Kazuzo, “Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Pimobendan in Treatment of Heart Failure-Experience in Japan”. Cardiology, vol. 88, Supp. 2, 1997, pp. 28-36. |
| Koob et al., “Acute Effects of Furosemide on Blood Electrolytes and Hemodynamics in Dogs”. Angiology, 1978, pp. 463-472. |
| Lachman et al., “The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”., 3rd Edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 58-60. |
| Lamb et al., “Assessment of the value of the vertebral heart scale in the radiographic diagnosis of cardia disease in dogs”. Veterinary Record, vol. 146, 2000, pp. 687-690. |
| Liu et al., “Cardiovascular Pathology: The Role of Cardiovascular Pathology in Practice”. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice, Second Edition, Chapter 36, Saunders, 1999, pp. 817-844. |
| Lombard et al., “Clinical Efficacy of Pimobendan Versus Benazepril for the Treatment of Acquired Atrioventricular Valvular Disease in Dogs”. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 249-261. 2006. |
| Lord et al., “Radiology: Role of Radiology in Diagnosis and Management of Thoracic Disease”. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice, Second Edition, Chapter 7, Saunders, 1999, pp. 111-117. |
| Matsumori et al., “Pharmacology letters: Accelerated Communication: Pimobendan inhibits the activation of transcription factor NF-kB A mechanism which explains its inhibition of cytokine production and inducible nitric oxide synthase”. Life Sciences, vol. 67, 2000, pp. 2513-2519. |
| Ohte et al., “The Cardia Effects of Pimobendan (But Not Amrinone) Are Preserved at Rest and During Exercise in Conscious Dogs with Pacing-Induced Heart Failure”. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 282, No. 1, 1997, pp. 23-31. |
| Pagel et al., “Influence of levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone on the regional distribution of cardiac output in anaesthetized dogs”. British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 119, 1996, pp. 609-615. |
| Permanetter et al., “Acute Effects of Intraveneous UD-CG 115 BS (Pimobendan) on the Cardiovascular System and Left Ventricular Pump Function”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 14, Supp. 2, 1989, pp. S36-S40. |
| Rackley, Charles E., “Diseases of the Heart and Pericardium”., The Merck Manual, Chapter 25, 16th Edition, 1992, pp. 446-459. |
| Rudnic et al., “Oral Solid Dosage Forms”. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, Chapter 45, 2000, pp. 858-870. |
| Saavedra et al., “Reverse Remodeling and Enhanced Adrenergic Reserve From Passive External Support in Experimental Dilated Heart Failure”. Journal of the American College of Cariology, vol. 39, No. 12, 2002, pp. 2069-1076. |
| Sabbah, Hani N., “The Cardiac Support Device and the Myosplint: Treating Heart Failure by Targeting Left Ventricular Size and Shape”. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 75, 2003, pp. S13-S19. |
| Shiga et al., “b-Blocker Therapy Combined with Low-Dose Pimobendan in Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Report on Two Cases”. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, vol. 16, 2002, pp. 259-263. |
| Sisson et al., “Myocardial Diseases of Dogs”. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice, Second Edition, Chapter 27, Saunders, 1999, pp. 581-619. |
| Summerfield et al., “Efficacy of Pimobendan in the Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure or Sudden Death in Doberman Pinschers with Preclinical Dilated Cardiomyopathy (The PROTECT Study)”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 26, 2012, pp. 1337-1349. |
| Takeda et al., “Normalization of Left Ventricular Parameters Following Combined Pimobendan and Carvedilol Treatment in a Case of Unclassified Cardiomyopathy with Longstanding Refractory Status”. Internal Medicine, vol. 41, No. 12, Dec. 2002, pp. 1147-1152. |
| Tomanek et al., “Growth of the Coronary Vasculature in Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Model Dependence”. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research, vol. 40, No. 2, 1994, pp. 129-136. |
| Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, “Pimobendan”. [Accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimobenan on Mar. 10, 2014]. |
| Dictionary of Veterinary Drugs and Animal Health Products Markets in France, 12th Edition, 2003, 3 pages. |
| Lombard, Christophe W., “Therapy of Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs with Pimobendan”. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum, American College of Veterinary Internatl Medicine, Seattle, WA, 2000, pp. 107-1093. |
| Luis-Fuentes, Virginia, “The effect of pimobendan in English Cocker Spaniels and Doberman dogs with heart failure and idiopathic dialed cardiomyopathy (DCM)”. Ingelheimer Dialog, Boehringer Inglehim Vetmedica GmbH, Jun. 2000, Frankfort/Mainz, pp. 8-11. |
| Lewis, Alan B., “Clinical Profile and Outcome of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children”. American Heart Journal, vol. 123, No. 6, 1992, pp. 1589-1593. |
| Rinsyo to Kenkyu, “A case of diastolic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which sinus bradycardia and associated cardiac failure were improved as a result of cilostazol administration.” The Japanese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 83, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 125-130. |
| Loftsson et al., “Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins. 1. Drug Solubilization and Stabilization”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 85, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1017-1025. |
| Abstract in English of JPH0570612, 1993. |
| Abstract in English of JPH11228302, 1999. |
| Vidal et al., “Making sense of antisense”. European Journal of Cancer, vol. 41, 2005, pp. 2812-2818. |
| Pirollo et al., “Targeted Delivery of Small Interfering RNA: Approaching Effective Cancer Therapies”. Cancer Research, vol. 68, No. 5, Mar. 2008, pp. 1247-1250. |
| Phillips et al., “The challenge of gene therapy and DNA delivery”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 53, 2001, pp. 1169-1174. |
| Baur et al., “Cardiac remodelling and myocardial contractility in patients with congestive heart failure treated with furosemide and enalapril”. Basic Research in Cardiology, vol. 86, Supp. 1, 1991, pp. 157-163. |
| Hasenfuss et al., “Influence of the calcium-sensitizer UDCG-115 on hemodynamics and myocardial energetics in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Comparison with nitroprusside”. Basic Research Cardiology, vol. 84, No. 1, 1989, pp. 225-233. |
| Kato et al., “Clinical Evaluation of Pimobendan (UD-CG115BS) for Chronic Heart Failure—A Multicentre Placebo-Controlled Double Blind Study”. Journal of Clinical Therapeutics & Medicines, vol. 8, No. 6, 1992, pp. 1311-1351. |
| Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, “Milrinone”. [Accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milrinone on Mar. 10, 2014]. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130177613 A1 | Jul 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11072207 | Mar 2005 | US |
| Child | 13402292 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13402292 | Feb 2012 | US |
| Child | 13802989 | US |
