Patent Grant
6917347
This invention relates to components that are highly reflective of broadcast-frequency energy, such as antennas.
Broadcast-frequency antennas are important components of most spacecraft. For example, a communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit receives a broadcast-frequency communications signal up-linked from a ground antenna with an onboard broadcast-frequency antenna, amplifies the received signal, and then down-link transmits the amplified broadcast-frequency signal back to earth using a different onboard broadcast-frequency antenna. Other types of spacecraft also conduct most of their communications with earth stations and with each other using onboard broadcast-frequency antennas.
Each antenna has at least one broadcast-frequency antenna reflector, which operates by reflecting a broadcast-frequency signal either to (for signals being received) or from (for signals being transmitted) a broadcast-frequency transceiver. Each antenna reflector must be functional to reflect high power densities of broadcast-frequency signals, but it must, like other spacecraft components, be as light as possible due to the high cost of lifting loads to orbit. It must also have excellent thermal performance, inasmuch as it is heated both by the solar rays and by energy transfer from the reflected broadcast-frequency beam. Because the antenna reflector is relatively large in size, it is made to be very light in weight on an areal basis.
In one existing approach, the structure of the broadcast-frequency antenna reflector that defines its overall paraboloid or other shape is made of a light-weight composite material. Because such a material does not reflect broadcast-frequency energy well, the reflecting surface is covered with a broadcast-frequency reflective coating. The broadcast-frequency reflective coating is usually made of a multilayer coating having 3-7 layers of vacuum-deposited aluminum (VDA), silicon monoxide, and silicon dioxide. An epoxy undercoat may be applied to the composite material before applying the broadcast-frequency reflective coating to seal the porosity of the composite material and to provide a smooth surface for the deposition of the broadcast-frequency reflective coating. Before coating with the broadcast-frequency reflective coating, the surface of the composite material is abraded if there is no epoxy undercoat or grit blasted if an epoxy undercoat is used, to impart sufficiently low specularity to its surface.
The conventional antenna reflector is functional, but it is difficult and expensive to manufacture due to the difficulty in, and expense associated with, applying the multilayer coating system in a reproducible fashion. The thermal, electrostatic discharge (ESD), and specular properties of the antenna reflector therefore vary from antenna reflector to antenna reflector. At least some, and often all, of the layers of the multilayer coating are applied in a vacuum to a complexly shaped surface, and it is difficult to achieve uniform thin coatings by this approach. The thermal-radiative properties of the conventional multilayer coating are not as good as desired, and the ESD performance is not good for some embodiments. It is difficult to precisely control the layer thicknesses to achieve the proper balance of the properties. Further, it is difficult to achieve the required low-diffuseness, textured surface on the coating, which is required to ensure that the thermal energy of the sun is not focused on the sub-reflector (if a Cassegrain antenna) and other feed components of the broadcast-frequency antenna. If there is too much abrading or grit blasting, the deposited VDA layer is not smooth and continuous, which is required for good broadcast-frequency properties. In short, the fabrication of the conventional broadcast-frequency antenna is expensive, time-consuming, difficult to perform, difficult to reproduce, and in many cases, the resulting properties are only marginally acceptable.
There is a need for an improved approach to the fabrication of broadcast-frequency antenna reflectors and other components for spacecraft and for other applications where the article must be broadcast-frequency reflective, be light in weight, and have the necessary thermal-radiative and ESD properties. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages such as few process steps and less complexity in the fabrication process.
The present approach provides a broadcast-frequency reflective component that is much more readily and less expensively manufactured than the conventional broadcast-frequency reflective component. There is better reproducibility of the processing, reducing the variability between components. The thermal-radiative and solar diffuseness performance of the broadcast-frequency reflective component are superior to those of conventional broadcast-frequency reflective components, and the ESD performance is comparable. The superior thermal performance of the present approach means that the antenna or other component operates at a significantly lower temperature than does the prior antenna, an important consideration because an excessively high temperature may lead to warping and/or weakening of the composite material substrate.
In accordance with the invention, a component that is reflective for broadcast-frequency energy comprises a nonmetallic substrate having a substrate surface, and a layered coating overlying and contacting the substrate. Optionally but preferably, an undercoat is present at the substrate surface to seal its porosity and smooth it. The layered coating comprises an electrically conductive layer overlying and contacting the substrate surface, and a layer of a white paint overlying and contacting the electrically conductive layer. The white paint comprises a plurality of particles comprising a plurality of pigment particles, wherein each pigment particle has a composition of A[xAl(1−x)Ga]2O4(δD). In this relation, A is zinc, cadmium, and magnesium (or combinations thereof), D is a dopant selected from the group consisting of a cationic dopant having an ionic valence greater than +2 and an anionic dopant, the value of x is from 0 to 1, and the value of δ is from 0 to about 0.2. A binder is mixed with the particles to form a mixture, wherein the binder is an organic binder or an inorganic binder.
In the application of most interest, the substrate has a shape defining a broadcast-frequency antenna reflector, and in particular a broadcast-frequency Cassegrain antenna reflector. The substrate preferably is constructed from a composite material such as a graphite/epoxy composite material, preferably but not necessarily with an epoxy layer thereon defining the substrate surface.
The electrically conductive layer may be of any operable type. The preferred electrically conductive layer is a deposited metallic layer, such as vacuum deposited aluminum. The layer of the white paint preferably has a thickness of from about 0.0005 to about 0.002 inch.
A method for providing a component that is reflective for broadcast-frequency energy comprises the steps of preparing a nonmetallic substrate having a substrate surface, and applying a layered coating overlying and contacting the substrate. The layered coating is preferably as described herein, with the electrically conductive layer applied by metallic deposition and the paint layer applied by painting and drying. Additionally, a beam of broadcast-frequency energy may be directed against the component, which is preferably a broadcast-frequency antenna reflector.
The present approach has numerous advantages as compared with the conventional approach of the multilayer coating with 3-7 layers of vacuum deposited aluminum, silicon monoxide, and silicon dioxide. The present approach is much more readily implemented, at significantly less cost. The electrically conductive layer is preferably applied by vacuum deposition. The white-paint layer is easily applied to the electrically conductive layer, preferably by a painting technique such as spraying. The thermal radiative properties and electrostatic discharge properties of the white paint layer provide the coated component protection against excessive heat buildup and electrostatic charge buildup, so that the present component operates at a significantly lower temperature and with less risk of charge buildup than a conventionally coated antenna reflector. The upper layers of the conventional multilayer coating are dielectric and build up electrical charges thereon. The white paint also has a low specular diffuseness to scatter solar radiation rather than reflect it to the other components of the antenna. By comparison, conventionally produced antenna reflectors must be heavily abraded or grit blasted to give them a low-diffuseness, low-specularity surface, and the abrading and grit blasting are difficult to control and make uniform across the surface of the antenna reflector. Because of the reduced complexity of the present approach, the time to fabricate a 6-foot diameter parabolic antenna is 3-4 days for the present approach and 3-4 weeks for the prior approach.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment.
A layered coating 36 overlies and contacts the substrate surface 32 of the substrate 30. The layered coating 36 comprises an electrically conductive layer 38 overlying and contacting the substrate surface 32. The electrically conductive layer 38 is of any operable type. Preferably the electrically conductive layer 38 is a deposited metallic layer. In this case, the electrically conductive layer 38 is preferably a layer of vacuum-deposited aluminum from about 1,500 to about 6,000 Angstroms thick.
A layer of a white paint 40 overlies and contacts the electrically conductive layer 38. The white paint comprises a plurality of particles comprising a plurality of pigment particles. Each pigment particle preferably has a composition of A[xAl(1−x)Ga]2O4(δD), where A is selected from the group consisting of zinc, cadmium, and magnesium, D is a dopant selected from the group consisting of a cationic dopant having an ionic valence greater than +2 and an anionic dopant, the value of x is from 0 to 1, and the value of δ is from 0 to about 0.2. Preferably, A is zinc, the atomic ratio of Al:Ga is from about 0.6 to about 1.0, D is indium and δ is 0.1 weight percent expressed as indium oxide. A binder is mixed with the particles to form a mixture. The binder may be an organic binder or an inorganic binder. The paints and their method of preparation are disclosed more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,820,669; 5,807,909; 6,099,637; and 6,124,378, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference. The layer of the white paint 40 is preferably from about 0.0005 inch to about 0.002 inch thick.
In service, the beam path 28 passes through the layer of the white paint 40 and reflects from the electrically conductive layer 38. The layer of the white paint 40 has a low insertion loss, so that there is little attenuation of the broadcast-frequency energy as it passes through the layer of the white paint 40.
The layered coating 36 is applied, step 82. The metallic electrically conducting layer 38 is deposited by any appropriate technique, such as vacuum deposition in the case of a vacuum-deposited aluminum layer.
The layer of white paint 40 is prepared, applied (preferably by spraying) over the electrically conductive layer 38, and cured in the manner provided in the '669, '909, '637, and '378 patents. The binder may be an inorganic silicate, or an organic compound such as a silicone, epoxy, or polyurethane. The inorganic binders produce better thermal radiative and electrical-conductivity properties than the organic binders, but the inorganic binders are more difficult to apply. The determination as to the type of binder to use depends upon the mission requirements.
The cured white paint has a low insertion loss for the broadcast-frequency energy, so that it introduces little electrical impedance to the broadcast-frequency signal. On the other hand, the white paint has a low specularity to avoid reflection of intense light into the broadcast-frequency transceiver that might damage it, has good thermal radiative properties to prevent overheating of the substrate 30 that might warp it or degrade the composite or epoxy properties, and has good ESD charge dissipation to prevent electrical charging of the coated article.
A beam of broadcast-frequency energy is directed against the finished article, step 84. As the term is used herein, “broadcast-frequency” energy preferably has a frequency of from about 100 MHZ (megahertz) to about 100 GHZ (gigahertz). The beam of broadcast-frequency energy is directed against the side of the antenna having the layer of white paint 40, passes through the layer 40, reflects from the electrically conductive layer 38, and again passes through the layer 40, as shown schematically in FIG. 2.
The present invention has been reduced to practice using test panels prepared in the manner discussed above, with various types of white-paint layers.
In a first test series, test panels were prepared with the white paint having a potassium silicate inorganic binder, and test panels were prepared with the white paint having a silicone organic binder, in various cured paint thicknesses. Thermal radiative properties were measured as follows:
For comparison, three-layer and seven-layer embodiments of the prior approach of
An important consideration for thermal performance is maintaining the ratio of (solar absorptance/total normal emittance) as low as possible. The thermal performance of the present approach, using either inorganic or organic binder in the paint, is far superior to that of the prior approach. As a result, it is expected that the antenna of the present approach will operate as much as 100° F. cooler than that of the prior approach.
Similarly prepared test panels were tested for their electrostatic discharging (ESD) performance in a simulated multiple substorm solar radiative environment at different temperatures, consisting of an 80 percentile environment for 30 minutes, a 90 percentile environment for 15 minutes, a 95 percentile environment for 10 minutes, and a 99 percentile environment for 5 minutes. The voltage on the surfaces of the test are:
For comparison, three-layer and seven-layer embodiments of the prior approach of
All of these coatings meet their specification requirements.
A test panel having the inorganic paint and a test panel having the organic paint were cycled 20 times in a thermal shock test between −195° C. and 125° C., with no cracking or loss of paint adhesion. The three-layer and seven-layer prior art coatings also meet this requirement.
Test panels were tested for broadcast-frequency loss at a frequency of 27-40 GHZ. The losses are summarized as follows:
For comparison, the three-layer and seven-layer prior coatings have a broadcast-frequency loss of −0.01 dB. A loss of less than 0.1 dB is acceptable, and a loss of less than 0.05 dB is considered good, so all of the coatings meet this requirement. Thus, these broadcast-frequency losses are acceptably low for use in Cassegrain antenna reflectors. Phase shifts were less than one degree, also acceptable for use in Cassegrain antenna reflectors.
To summarize, the broadcast-frequency properties, the ESD properties and the thermal shock properties of both the present approach and the prior approach are acceptable. The thermal properties, complexity, and cost of manufacturing of the present approach are far superior to those of the prior approach.
Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5543814 | Jenness, Jr. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5807909 | Cordaro et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5820699 | Asahi et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5993906 | Smith et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6099637 | Cordaro | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6124378 | Cordaro et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6273592 | Herst et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6456253 | Rummeli et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 20010044013 | McDonough et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040178967 A1 | Sep 2004 | US |
