Patent Grant
8251103
This application is directed generally to papermaking, and more specifically to fabrics employed in papermaking.
In the conventional fourdrinier papermaking process, a water slurry, or suspension, of cellulosic fibers (known as the paper “stock”) is fed onto the top of the upper run of an endless belt of woven wire and/or synthetic material that travels between two or more rolls. The belt, often referred to as a “forming fabric,” provides a papermaking surface on the upper surface of its upper run that operates as a filter to separate the cellulosic fibers of the paper stock from the aqueous medium, thereby forming a wet paper web. The aqueous medium drains through mesh openings of the forming fabric, known as drainage holes, by gravity or vacuum located on the lower surface of the upper run (i.e., the “machine side”) of the fabric.
After leaving the forming section, the paper web is transferred to a press section of the paper machine, where it is passed through the nips of one or more pairs of pressure rollers covered with another fabric, typically referred to as a “press felt.” Pressure from the rollers removes additional moisture from the web; the moisture removal is enhanced by the presence of a “batt” layer of the press felt. The paper is then transferred to a dryer section for further moisture removal. After drying, the paper is ready for secondary processing and packaging.
As used herein, the terms machine direction (“MD”) and cross machine direction (“CMD”) refer, respectively, to a direction aligned with the direction of travel of the papermakers' fabric on the papermaking machine, and a direction parallel to the fabric surface and traverse to the direction of travel. Likewise, directional references to the vertical relationship of the yarns in the fabric (e.g., above, below, top, bottom, beneath, etc.) assume that the papermaking surface of the fabric is the top of the fabric and the machine side surface of the fabric is the bottom of the fabric.
Typically, papermaker's fabrics are manufactured as endless belts by one of two basic weaving techniques. In the first of these techniques, fabrics are flat woven by a flat weaving process, with their ends being joined to form an endless belt by any one of a number of well-known joining methods, such as dismantling and reweaving the ends together (commonly known as splicing), or sewing on a pin-seamable flap or a special foldback on each end, then reweaving these into pin-seamable loops. A number of auto-joining machines are now commercially available, which for certain fabrics may be used to automate at least part of the joining process. In a flat woven papermaker's fabric, the warp yarns extend in the machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the cross machine direction.
In the second basic weaving technique, fabrics are woven directly in the form of a continuous belt with an endless weaving process. In the endless weaving process, the warp yarns extend in the cross machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the machine direction. Both weaving methods described hereinabove are well known in the art, and the term “endless belt” as used herein refers to belts made by either method.
Effective sheet and fiber support are important considerations in papermaking, especially for the forming section of the papermaking machine, where the wet web is initially formed. Additionally, the forming fabrics should exhibit good stability when they are run at high speeds on the papermaking machines, and preferably are highly permeable to reduce the amount of water retained in the web when it is transferred to the press section of the paper machine. In both tissue and fine paper applications (i.e., paper for use in quality printing, carbonizing, cigarettes, electrical condensers, and like) the papermaking surface comprises a very finely woven or fine wire mesh structure.
Typically, finely woven fabrics such as those used in fine paper and tissue applications include at least some relatively small diameter machine direction or cross machine direction yarns. Regrettably, however, such yarns tend to be delicate, leading to a short surface life for the fabric. Moreover, the use of smaller yarns can also adversely affect the mechanical stability of the fabric (especially in terms of skew resistance, narrowing propensity and stiffness), which may negatively impact both the service life and the performance of the fabric.
To combat these problems associated with fine weave fabrics, multi-layer forming fabrics have been developed with fine-mesh yarns on the paper forming surface to facilitate paper formation and coarser-mesh yarns on the machine contact side to provide strength and durability. For example, fabrics have been constructed which employ one set of machine direction yarns which interweave with two sets of cross machine direction yarns to form a fabric having a fine paper forming surface and a more durable machine side surface. These fabrics form part of a class of fabrics which are generally referred to as “double layer” fabrics. Similarly, fabrics have been constructed which include two sets of machine direction yarns and two sets of cross machine direction yarns that form a fine mesh paperside fabric layer and a separate, coarser machine side fabric layer. In these fabrics, which are part of a class of fabrics generally referred to as “triple layer” fabrics, the two fabric layers are typically bound together by separate stitching yarns. However, they may also be bound together using yarns from one or more of the sets of bottom and top cross machine direction and machine direction yarns. As double and triple layer fabrics include additional sets of yarn as compared to single layer fabrics, these fabrics typically have a higher “caliper” (i.e., they are thicker) than comparable single layer fabrics. An illustrative double layer fabric is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,755 to Thompson, and illustrative triple layer fabrics are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,303 to Osterberg, U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,326 to Vohringer, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,437,315 and 5,967,195 to Ward, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,797 to Troughton.
Drainage channels though the forming fabric can have a significant impact on the drainage behaviour of the wire. By understanding and controlling drainage, forming fabric performance can be modified and/or improved.
As a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a papermaker's fabric with improved drainage characteristics. The papermaker's fabric comprises: a set of top MD yarns; a set of top CMD yarns interwoven with the top MD yarns to form a top fabric layer; a set of bottom MD yarns; a set of bottom CMD yarns interwoven with the bottom MD yarns to form a bottom fabric layer; and a set of binding yarns that interweaves with and binds together the top and bottom fabric layers. The fabric has a Channel Factor (CF) of greater than 2.0, the CF being defined in Equation (1) as:
CF=(PSMW/PSML)×(SOA % PS/SOA % RS) (1)
wherein:
PSMW=the CMD width of an interstice between adjacent top MD yarns;
PSML=the MD width of an interstice between adjacent top CMD yarns;
SOA % PS=surface open area in the top fabric layer; and
SOA % RS=surface open area in the bottom fabric layer.
With these parameters, the fabric may enjoy improved drainage characteristics compared to prior papermaking fabrics.
As a second aspect, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a papermaker's fabric comprising: a set of top MD yarns; a set of top CMD yarns interwoven with the top MD yarns to form a top fabric layer; a set of bottom MD yarns; a set of bottom CMD yarns interwoven with the bottom MD yarns to form a bottom fabric layer; and a set of binding yarns that interweaves with and binds together the top and bottom fabric layers. The fabric has a Drainage Factor (DF) of greater than 2.0, the DF being defined in Equation (2) as:
DF =Warp coverage RS (%)/warp coverage PS (%) (2)
wherein:
Warp coverage RS(%)=bottom MD yarns/cm×bottom MD yarn diameter (mm)×10; and
Warp coverage PS(%)=top MD yarns/cm×top MD yarn diameter (mm)×10.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Thicknesses and dimensions of some components may be exaggerated for clarity.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein the expression “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
In addition, spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.
The present invention is directed to papermaker's forming fabrics. As described above, a typical papermaker's forming fabric comprises MD and CMD yarns that are interwoven with each other in a predetermined pattern to create a sieve-like structure. Triple layer forming fabrics include a top fabric layer formed of interwoven top MD and top CMD yarns and a bottom fabric layer formed of interwoven bottom MD and bottom CMD yarns. The top and bottom fabric layers are bound together with binding or stitching yarns. In some instances (for example, the fabrics discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,195 to Ward and U.S. Pat. No. 7,059,357), the binding yarns help to form the weave pattern of the top fabric layer.
The interweaving of the top MD and top CMD yarns (and in appropriate instances the binding yarns, when the binding yarns are integral to the weave pattern) forms holes or interstices in the top fabric layer that are defined or framed by the top MD and CMD yarns. Similarly, the bottom MD and bottom CMD yarns define holes or interstices in the bottom fabric layer (typically the binding yarns do not frame the interstices in the bottom fabric layer). An interstice in the top fabric layer is typically in fluid communication with an interstice in the bottom fabric layer; together, these top layer and bottom layer interstices form a “channel” through which water from paper stock can drain.
The inventors have determined that the shape of the “channel” created by the mesh of a forming fabric can influence drainage, and that by intentionally engineering the shape of the channel, drainage can be positively affected. Not only is drainage influenced by the channel shape, but also the sheet build-up in the initial drainage zone can be very much controlled by the free surfaces through the wire. In one embodiment, it has been determined that a channel shape that is larger on the paper side of the fabric than on the running side can improve drainage characteristics. Such a channel 20 is schematically shown in
In particular, it has been determined that fabrics having a “Channel Factor” of greater than 2 can provide significantly better drainage to a fabric. As used herein, the term “Channel Factor” (CF) can be calculated according to equation (1):
CF=(PSMW/PSML)×(SOA % PS/SOA % RS) (1)
wherein
PSMW=paper side mesh width (i.e., the CMD width of a hole or interstice between adjacent paper side MD yarns);
PSML=paper side mesh length (i.e., the MD width of a hole or interstice between adjacent paper side CMD yarns);
SOA % PS=surface open area on the paper side; and
SOA % RS=surface open area on the running side.
SOA % PS=1−[(# of top MD yarns/cm×diameter of top MD yarns(cm))+(# of top CMD yarns/cm×diameter of top CMD yarns(cm))−(# of intersection points/cm2)(diameter of top MD yarns)(diameter of top CMD yarns(cm))]
A similar calculation can be performed for the SOA % RS for the bottom fabric layer, replacing top MD and CMD yarns with bottom MD and CMD yarns.
The yarn and mesh sizes for an exemplary engineered drainage fabric (Fabric D) are shown in Table 1 below, wherein it is compared to three other existing triple layer fabrics (Fabrics A, B and C). Each of the fabrics has a plain weave paper surface formed by top MD (warp) yarns, top CMD (weft) yarns and CMD binding yarn pairs. In calculating “weft ratio,” a pair of CMD binding yarns is considered to be the equivalent of one top CMD yarn, but is not included as a bottom CMD yarn.
The analytical results are shown in Table 2 below.
It can be seen that in the engineered channel design (D), the CF is 3.1, whereas the other fabrics have a CF of 1.7 or less. The higher CF is largely a consequence of a much higher PSMW/PSML ratio than is present in the conventional fabrics (A, B, C). The higher PSMW/PSML ratio can increase the size of the drainage channels in the paper side of the fabric while still providing excellent fiber support. As a result of the higher CF, the engineered channel design may provide improved drainage characteristics.
In some embodiments, the CF of the fabric may be greater than 2.0, greater than 2.25, greater than 2.5, greater than 2.75, or even greater than 3.0, depending on the weave pattern and the diameters of the yarns employed in the fabric. In some embodiments, the CF may not exceed 4.0, may not exceed 4.5, or may not exceed 5.0, or may not exceed 6.0, once again depending on the weave pattern and the diameters of the yarns employed in the fabric.
It has also been determined that papermaking fabrics can be analyzed in terms of a “Drainage Factor”. The Drainage Factor (DF) of a fabric can be calculated as follows:
DF=Warp coverage RS(%)/warp coverage PS(%) (2)
wherein
Warp coverage RS(%)=RS warp count/cm×RS warp diameter (mm)×10
Warp coverage PS(%)=PS warp count/cm×PS warp diameter (mm)×10
The yarn sizes and weave meshes of some exemplary conventional and inventive fabrics are shown in Table 3 below. In each instance the fabrics are triple layer fabrics with CMD stitching yarns. Fabrics G, H and I are conventional fabrics with top MD/bottom MD yarn ratios (i.e., warp ratios) of 1:1. Fabrics J, K and L are engineered drainage fabrics with warp ratios of less than 1.0.
It can be seen that the engineered drainage fabrics J, K and L all have Drainage Factors of greater than 2.0. This increased drainage factor is a consequence of the combination of a higher warp count on the running side than the paper side (i.e., more bottom MD yarns than top MD yarns) and a larger warp diameter on the running side than the paper side. This arrangement can encourage improved drainage in the manner discussed above.
In some embodiments, the DF of the inventive fabrics may be higher than 2.0, in additional embodiments higher than 2.5, in others higher than 3.0, and in still others higher than 3.5. In some embodiments the DF is lower than 6.0, in others lower than 5.0 and in still others lower than 4.0.
Table 4 sets forth data on drainage holes for the fabrics G-L.
It can be seen that the conventional fabrics have paper side hole W/L ratios of 1.0 or greater and running side hole W/L ratios of less than 1.0.
Those skilled in this art will recognize that this concept is most applicable to triple layer fabrics, which have paper side and running side MD yarns and paper side and running side CMD yarns, although other variations, such as those in which MD or CMD yarns function as both paper side yarns and stitching yarns (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,967,195 and 7,219,701, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties). In such cases, the PSMW and PSML are measured between the paper side yarns and the stitching yarns that form a portion of the papermaking weave, and the SOA % PS and SOA % RS include the stitching yarns in the calculation thereof. In other embodiments one or more of top MD yarns, top CMD yarns, bottom MD yarns and bottom CMD yarns may be replaced by binding yarns that are integrated into the weave pattern. Exemplary weave patterns of this type are illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,764.
The form of the yarns utilized in fabrics of the present invention can vary, depending upon the desired properties of the final papermaker's fabric. For example, the yarns may be monofilament yarns, flattened monofilament yarns as described above, multifilament yarns, twisted multifilament or monofilament yarns, spun yarns, or any combination thereof. Also, the materials comprising yarns employed in the fabric of the present invention may be those commonly used in papermaker's fabric. For example, the yarns may be formed of polyester, polyamide (nylon), polypropylene, aramid, or the like. The skilled artisan should select a yarn material according to the particular application of the final fabric. In particular, round monofilament yarns formed of polyester or polyamide may be preferred.
Pursuant to another aspect of the present invention, methods of making paper are provided. Pursuant to these methods, one of the exemplary papermaker's forming fabrics described herein is provided, and paper is then made by applying paper stock to the forming fabric and by then removing moisture from the paper stock. As the details of how the paper stock is applied to the forming fabric and how moisture is removed from the paper stock is well understood by those of skill in the art, additional details regarding this aspect of the present invention need not be provided herein.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined herein in the following claims.
The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/257,957, filed Nov. 4, 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2172430 | Barrell | Sep 1939 | A |
| 2554034 | Koester et al. | May 1951 | A |
| 3094149 | Keily | Jun 1963 | A |
| 3325909 | Clark | Jun 1967 | A |
| 3851681 | Egan | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3885602 | Slaughter | May 1975 | A |
| 3920508 | Yonemori | Nov 1975 | A |
| 4054625 | Kozlowski et al. | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4093512 | Fleischer | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4182381 | Gisbourne | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4231401 | Matuska | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4244543 | Ericson | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4289173 | Miller | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4290209 | Buchanan et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4408637 | Karm | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4414263 | Miller et al. | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4438788 | Harwood | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4452284 | Eckstein et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4453573 | Thompson | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4501303 | Osterberg | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4515853 | Borel | May 1985 | A |
| 4529013 | Miller | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4564052 | Borel | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4564551 | Best | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4579771 | Finn et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4592395 | Borel | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4592396 | Borel et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4605585 | Johansson | Aug 1986 | A |
| 4611639 | Bugge | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4621663 | Malmendier | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4633596 | Josef | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4636426 | Fleischer | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4642261 | Fearnhead | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4676278 | Dutt | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4705601 | Chiu | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4709732 | Kinnunen | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4729412 | Bugge | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4731281 | Fleischer et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4739803 | Borel | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4755420 | Baker et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4759975 | Sutherland et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4759976 | Dutt | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4815499 | Johnson | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4815503 | Borel | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4909284 | Kositzke | Mar 1990 | A |
| RE33195 | McDonald et al. | Apr 1990 | E |
| 4934414 | Borel | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4941514 | Taipale | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4942077 | Wendt et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4945952 | Vöhringer | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4967805 | Chiu et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4987929 | Wilson | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4989647 | Marchand | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4989648 | Tate et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4995429 | Kositzke | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4998568 | Vohringer | Mar 1991 | A |
| 4998569 | Tate | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5013330 | Durkin et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5022441 | Tate et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5025839 | Wright | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5066532 | Gaisser | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5067526 | Herring | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5074339 | Vohringer | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5084326 | Vohringer | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5092372 | Fitzka et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5101866 | Quigley | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5116478 | Tate et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5151316 | Durkin et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5152326 | Vohringer | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5158118 | Tate et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5219004 | Chiu | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5228482 | Fleischer | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5238536 | Danby | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5254398 | Gaisser | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5277967 | Zehle et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5358014 | Kovar | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5379808 | Chiu | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5421374 | Wright | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5421375 | Praetzel | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5429686 | Chiu et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431786 | Rasch et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5437315 | Ward | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5449026 | Lee | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5454405 | Hawes | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5456293 | Ostermayer et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5465764 | Eschmann et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5482567 | Barreto | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5487414 | Kuji et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5503196 | Josef et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5507915 | Durkin et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5518042 | Wilson | May 1996 | A |
| 5520225 | Quigley et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5542455 | Ostermayer et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5555917 | Quigley | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5564475 | Wright | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5641001 | Wilson | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5651394 | Marchand | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5709250 | Ward et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| RE35777 | Givin | Apr 1998 | E |
| 5746257 | Fry | May 1998 | A |
| 5826627 | Seabrook et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5857498 | Barreto et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5881764 | Ward | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5894867 | Ward et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5899240 | Wilson | May 1999 | A |
| 5937914 | Wilson | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5967195 | Ward | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5983953 | Wilson | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6073661 | Wilson | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6103067 | Stelljes et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112774 | Wilson | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6123116 | Ward et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6145550 | Ward | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6148869 | Quigley | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6158478 | Lee et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6179013 | Gulya | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179965 | Cunnane et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6202705 | Johnson et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6207598 | Lee et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6227255 | Osterberg et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6237644 | Hay et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6240973 | Stone et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6244306 | Troughton | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6253796 | Wilson et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6276402 | Herring | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6368465 | Stelljes et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379506 | Wilson et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6581645 | Johnson et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6585006 | Wilson et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6786242 | Salway et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6837277 | Troughton et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6899143 | Rougvie et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6904942 | Odenthal | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 7001489 | Taipale et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7008512 | Rougvie et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7059357 | Ward | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7108020 | Stone | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7275566 | Ward | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7445032 | Barrett et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7581567 | Ward et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7604026 | Herman | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7766053 | Barratte | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 20030010393 | Kuji | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030024590 | Stone | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20040003860 | Taipale et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040079434 | Martin et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040102118 | Hay et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040104005 | Brewster et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040149343 | Troughton et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20050268981 | Barratte | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060169346 | Fahrer et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060266484 | Vinson et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060278298 | Ampulski et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20090183795 | Ward et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 454 092 | Dec 1927 | DE |
| 3318960 | Nov 1984 | DE |
| 33 29 740 | Mar 1985 | DE |
| 10 2005 041 042 | Mar 2007 | DE |
| 0 048 962 | Sep 1981 | EP |
| 0 158 710 | Oct 1984 | EP |
| 0 185 177 | Oct 1985 | EP |
| 0 224 276 | Dec 1986 | EP |
| 0 264 881 | Oct 1987 | EP |
| 0 269 070 | Nov 1987 | EP |
| 0 284 575 | Feb 1988 | EP |
| 0 283 181 | Mar 1988 | EP |
| 0 350 673 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0 408 849 | May 1990 | EP |
| 0 408 849 | May 1990 | EP |
| 0 672 782 | Mar 1995 | EP |
| 0 794 283 | Sep 1997 | EP |
| 1 605 095 | Dec 2005 | EP |
| 1 630 283 | Mar 2006 | EP |
| 1 849 912 | Oct 2007 | EP |
| 2 597 123 | Apr 1986 | FR |
| 2157328 | Oct 1985 | GB |
| 2245006 | Feb 1991 | GB |
| 8-158285 | Dec 1994 | JP |
| WO 8600099 | Jan 1986 | WO |
| WO 8909848 | Apr 1989 | WO |
| WO 9961698 | Dec 1999 | WO |
| WO 0200996 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 0310304 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| WO 03093573 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO 2005017254 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006015377 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006015377 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110100577 A1 | May 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61257957 | Nov 2009 | US |
