Patent Grant
11855346
Disclosed herein are various embodiments of antenna assemblies. In preferred embodiments, such assemblies, or any of the individual structures/features of such assemblies, may be used in RADAR or other sensor modules for vehicles.
Antennas are often designed to have the radiation pattern with the beam pointing at the boresight direction, which is typically the direction perpendicular to the plane bearing the radiating elements. It is also commonly desired that the deviation of the main beam of the radiation pattern from the boresight, called the squint, should be minimal. By contrast with antennas pointing at the boresight direction, some of the antennas disclosed herein are purposely designed to have a squint. Generally, the disclosed antenna is pointing away from the boresight and the boresight direction is considered as a special case of a zero squint. However, some of the assemblies disclosed herein comprise novel features for boresight antennas.
Antennas designed to have a predetermined angle of squint can be useful when aligning the antenna beam with a preferred direction by means of mechanical rotation of the antenna body is impossible or undesirable. Alternatively, a squint can be tolerated as being a result of a trade-off with other antenna parameters (gain, side lobes, etc.) and if the aligning of the beam direction by mechanical rotation is possible.
In automotive RADAR sensors, which typically operate in the frequency band from 76 GHz to 81 GHz, antennas with a squinted beam, e.g., 45 degrees, can be used as a side-looking antenna for detecting vehicles or other objects within the adjacent lane. Depending on the specific application, the desired squint angle can be different and may range from 0 degrees to 90 degrees in certain embodiments.
In preferred embodiments, the antennas disclosed herein utilize a waveguide fed, parallel-plate slot array structure. Aspects of the present disclosure may be particularly useful for mm-wave antennas and can be used in various applications including, but not limited to, automotive RADAR sensors. Some such embodiments may have one or more features specifically configured to provide one or more targeted squint angles for the corresponding radiation pattern.
In a more particular example of an antenna, such as an antenna for a RADAR or other vehicle sensor module, the antenna may comprise a feed waveguide comprising one or more feeding slots and a parallel plate waveguide operably coupled with the feed waveguide such that each of the one or more feeding slots of the feed waveguide is configured to inject electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide. A plurality of radiating slots may be formed in an array and/or in a plurality of rows and/or columns extending away from the feed waveguide to deliver electromagnetic energy out of the antenna assembly.
In some embodiments, the antenna assembly may be configured to deliver the electromagnetic energy from the antenna assembly with a predetermined beam squint at one or more predetermined angles from a boresight direction of the parallel plate waveguide.
In some embodiments, each of the plurality of columns of radiating slots may be shifted relative to an adjacent column of radiating slots.
Some embodiments may further comprise a plurality of protrusions formed on a surface of the parallel plate waveguide opposing the plurality of radiating slots. In some such embodiments, each of the plurality of protrusions may be elongated. Each of the plurality of radiating slots may also, in some embodiments, be elongated in a shape that is identical to, or at least substantially matching, a cross-sectional shape of each of the plurality of protrusions (or at least a subset).
In some embodiments, the parallel plate waveguide may be defined by an antenna body and a cover plate coupled to the antenna body. In some such embodiments, the parallel plate waveguide may be further defined by a sidewall piece positioned between the antenna body and the cover plate. This sidewall piece may define sidewalls for the parallel plate waveguide to prevent or at least inhibit leakage of electromagnetic energy from the parallel plate waveguide. Alternatively, sidewalls may extend from one of the other layers/components of the assembly.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the parallel plate waveguide is defined by a printed circuit board. For example, in some embodiments, a printed circuit board may form one layer and/or surface of the waveguide.
In an example of a vehicle antenna assembly according to some embodiments, the assembly may comprise an antenna body comprising a feed waveguide defined by the antenna body and extending along an elongated axis. The feed waveguide may be formed by opposing rows of adjacent posts defining the feed waveguide therebetween, or by opposing solid sidewalls. The assembly may further comprise one or more feeding slots extending into the feed waveguide and a cover plate coupled to the antenna body to define a parallel plate waveguide between the cover plate and a surface of the antenna body into which the one or more feeding slots are positioned. A plurality of radiating slots may be formed in a plurality of columns and/or rows. Each (or, at least a subset) of the plurality of columns/rows may extend in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to the elongated axis of the feed waveguide. One or more of the walls of the feed waveguide and/or the parallel plate waveguide may, in some embodiments, be defined by a series of spaced, adjacent, posts rather than solid walls.
Some embodiments may further comprise a plurality of sidewalls extending between the antenna body and the cover plate to define a height of the parallel plate waveguide. In some such embodiments, each of the plurality of sidewalls may be defined by a sidewall piece positioned between the antenna body and the cover plate. Alternatively, each of the plurality of sidewalls may integrally extend from the cover plate as part of the cover plate.
Some embodiments may further comprise a plurality of elongated protrusions extending from a surface of the antenna body opposing the plurality of radiating slots. In some such embodiments, each (or each of at least a subset) of the plurality of elongated protrusions may be positioned below a corresponding radiating slot.
In an example of a vehicle sensor assembly according to some embodiments, the assembly may comprise a first waveguide defined within a first layer of an antenna body and a second waveguide at least partially defined by the first layer. One or more elongated feeding slots may extend along an axis of the first waveguide and may be configured to deliver electromagnetic energy from the first waveguide to the second waveguide. A plurality of elongated protrusions may be formed along a surface of the antenna body at least partially defining the second waveguide. A plurality of radiating slots may be formed in the antenna body and may be configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation outside of the antenna body from the second waveguide.
In some embodiments, the antenna body may comprise a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a third side, and a fourth side opposite the third side. The first waveguide may extend at least substantially an entire distance between the first side of the antenna body and the second side of the antenna body and may be confined to a narrow region of the antenna body between the third side and the fourth side. The narrow region preferably comprises less than one half of a width of the antenna body defined between the third side and the fourth side. In some embodiments, the narrow region comprises less than one-fourth of the width of the antenna body defined between the third side and the fourth side. In some embodiments, the first waveguide is positioned adjacent to the third side.
The plurality of elongated protrusions may be formed in a plurality of columns and/or rows similar to the radiating slots. In some embodiments, the plurality of radiating slots may be formed in a plurality of rows and/or columns, wherein a number of rows and/or columns of the elongated protrusions may be equal to a number of rows and/or columns of the radiating slots. In some embodiments, the number of radiating slots may be equal to the number of elongated protrusions.
In some embodiments, each (or, alternatively, at least a subset) of the elongated protrusions is aligned with a corresponding radiating slot.
In some embodiments, the vehicle sensor assembly may be configured to deliver electromagnetic energy from the plurality of radiating slots with a predetermined beam squint, which may be measured as a non-zero angle from the boresight direction in some cases.
The features, structures, steps, or characteristics disclosed herein in connection with one embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more alternative embodiments.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the disclosure are described, including various embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the figures, in which:
A detailed description of apparatus, systems, and methods consistent with various embodiments of the present disclosure is provided below. While several embodiments are described, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to any of the specific embodiments disclosed, but instead encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. In addition, while numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed herein, some embodiments can be practiced without some or all of these details. Moreover, for the purpose of clarity, certain technical material that is known in the related art has not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure.
As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result to function as indicated. For example, an object that is “substantially” cylindrical or “substantially” perpendicular would mean that the object/feature is either cylindrical/perpendicular or nearly cylindrical/perpendicular so as to result in the same or nearly the same function. The exact allowable degree of deviation provided by this term may depend on the specific context. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, structure which is “substantially free of” a bottom would either completely lack a bottom or so nearly completely lack a bottom that the effect would be effectively the same as if it completely lacked a bottom.
Similarly, as used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint while still accomplishing the function associated with the range.
The embodiments of the disclosure may be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts may be designated by like numerals. It will be readily understood that the components of the disclosed embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the apparatus and methods of the disclosure is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments of the disclosure. In addition, the steps of a method do not necessarily need to be executed in any specific order, or even sequentially, nor need the steps be executed only once, unless otherwise specified. Additional details regarding certain preferred embodiments and implementations will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As best shown in the exploded view of
Antenna body 150 comprises a plurality of protrusions 152. Protrusions 152 may be used to control the excitation of the radiating slots 102 located above them. More specifically, they may allow for controlling of the amplitude and phase of the radiating slots excitation.
Protrusions 152 are, like slots 102, formed in an array having offset columns. Thus, column 152a of protrusions 152 is offset from adjacent column 152b, and so on. In preferred embodiments, protrusions 152 may have one or more parameters that correlate with slots 102. Thus, for example, preferably, protrusions 152 have the same shape, a substantially identical shape, or at least a similar shape. Thus, in the depicted embodiment, protrusions 152 have an elongated, rectangular shape that matches that of slots 102. However, it is contemplated that one or both of protrusions 152 and slots 102 may have other shapes, such as elliptical, trapezoidal, oblong, or the like. Preferably, however, one or both of slots 102 and protrusions 152 are elongated in one direction to provide an identifiable elongated axis. Thus, it may be preferred to avoid circular shapes, for example.
It may also be preferred that the protrusions 152 have the same or a similar size with respect to the slots 102. Thus, although it may be preferred that they have the same, or at least substantially the same size (within about ±15% of one or more dimensions such as length, width, and/or area/footprint). However, it is contemplated that, in some embodiments, one or more of the length, width, and area of the protrusions 152 may be between about 50% and about 150% of the corresponding length, width, and/or area of the slots 102.
As another preferred matching parameter, preferably, most or all of protrusions 152 are positioned directly, or at least substantially directly, under a corresponding slot 102. However, it is contemplated that, in some embodiments, the positioning of each protrusion 152 may be shifted slightly (preferably less than about 0.5 mm in automotive applications; for other applications, such as applications using radiation at a frequency of around 30 GHz, for example, the shifting may be 1 mm or more) relative to one or more (in some cases, each) corresponding slot 102. In addition, although it may be preferred to have an equal number of protrusions 152 as slots 102, it is contemplated that some protrusions 152 may be omitted. Moreover, in some embodiments, protrusions 152 may be omitted altogether. However, when present, preferably sufficient numbers of protrusions 152 are formed such that there is an equal number of columns and/or rows of protrusions 152 as columns and/or rows of slots 102.
Preferably, when present, protrusions 152 are between about 0.1 mm and about 0.4 mm in height for automotive applications operating in the frequency range of 76-81 GHz. However, as those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the height of the protrusions 152 may vary in accordance with the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation being used. The height used may also vary depending upon the desired use of the antenna, since the height of the protrusions 152 may be used as a parameter to control the amplitude and/or phase of the excitation of the radiating slots 102 and/or may be used to direct a squint of a main lobe of the antenna, the shape of the main lobe, and/or the level of side lobes and/or the grating lobe. The preferred sizes of the protrusions 152 may be identified using 3-D simulation software, such as HFSS, and may be selected among results of various simulations or using an optimization procedure. For example, the present inventors have discovered that, in the embodiment shown of
The desired sizes of the radiating slots 102 may be found using, for example, 3-D simulation software. Although the locations of the slots 102 are preferably synchronized with the locations of the protrusions 152 such that they are aligned with one another, the slot-to-slot distance (as well as the protrusion-to-protrusion distance) in the x direction is preferably constant (although may be non-uniform in other contemplated embodiments, which may provide for another degree of freedom to shape the desired radiation pattern) and may vary from about one-fourth to about a full wavelength of the parallel-plate waveguide wavelength. This distance may effectively impact the squint angle and may therefore be a prime design parameter determining the squint value. The slot-to-slot distance (as well as the protrusion-to-protrusion distance) in the other direction (y direction in the figures) is also preferably constant and may be, for example, about a half wavelength of the wave propagating in the internal waveguide 155 described below.
Antenna body 150 further comprises a self-contained, feed waveguide 155, which may be formed within a tunnel 155 formed within body 150. A series of feed slots 158 are formed along waveguide 155 to allow electromagnetic energy to be introduced from waveguide 155 into a parallel plate waveguide formed between upper surface of antenna body 150 and lower surface of cover 110. Feed slots 158 are arranged in a straight line and preferably extend along waveguide 155 at a positioned near, but not precisely along, the center of waveguide 155 (between opposing walls extending along the elongated axis of waveguide 155).
It should be understood that, although in the preferred embodiment depicted, feed waveguide 155 is formed as a tunnel extending within a solid waveguide body structure, various alternative embodiments are contemplated. For example, as one alternative, feed waveguide 155 may be formed by coupling two separate layers together. In such embodiments, one of the layers may wholly form feed waveguide 155 and the other layer may contain feed slots 158, or any of the other waveguide feed structures disclosed herein or otherwise available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, each layer of the aforementioned layered structure may partially form the feed waveguide 155. Similarly, feed waveguide 155 may be formed by opposing rows of posts rather than solid walls in other alternative embodiments. In addition, with respect to this and any of the other embodiments disclosed herein, a PCB may form a layer, such as the bottom layer, of the waveguide, if desired.
In the depicted embodiments, the number of feed slots 158 is equal to the number of columns of protrusions 152 and the number of columns of radiating slots 102. However, as will be apparent from a review of all embodiments disclosed herein, this need not be the case for all contemplated embodiments. In addition, the size/footprint of feed slots may be identical, or at least substantially identical, to that of the protrusions 152 and/or radiating slots 102, but this need not always be the case either.
As shown in
Finally, it may be preferred to have all of the protrusions 152 and/or radiating slots 102 positioned on one side of the feed slots 158, as shown in
In order to provide sidewalls for the parallel-plate waveguide defined in between antenna body 150 and cover 110, a sidewall piece 140 may be provided. Sidewall piece 140 preferably comprises a full perimeter having an open center to allow for a space for confinement of electromagnetic energy between the upper surface of antenna body 150 and the lower surface of cover plate 110 without allowing EM leakage through the sides of the waveguide. However, it is contemplated that, in alternative embodiments, these sidewalls may be an integral part of another layer/piece of the assembly. For example, the parallel plate waveguide may have sidewalls that extend integrally from cover 110 and/or from antenna body 150 rather than providing a separate layer for these sidewalls. It is also contemplated that sidewalls, or any of the other waveguide structures described herein, may be formed using a series of adjacent posts rather than continuous walls in alternative embodiments. Indeed, any of the sidewalls of the various waveguide structures disclosed herein may be formed using adjacent posts rather than continuous sidewalls in alternative embodiments. Similarly, any of the structures described as being formed from rows of adjacent posts may be replaced with continuous walls.
In the depicted embodiment, sidewall piece 140 comprises a series of sidewall protrusions 142. Sidewall protrusions 142 are optional but the present inventors have discovered that they may improve performance for certain types of applications. As shown in
In preferred embodiments, the height of the sidewalls of the parallel plate waveguide created by sidewall piece 140 is between about 0.5 mm and about 1 mm. Although it is contemplated that this dimension may vary from the preferred range, it is thought that this range provide the most utility for automotive RADAR applications.
In addition, antenna body 250 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 255 therein. A series of feed slots 258 arranged in a row are positioned along waveguide 255 to facilitate introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide.
Antenna assembly 200, however, differs from assembly 100 in that the columns of vertical protrusions 252 and corresponding radiating slots 202 are not staggered. More particularly, the staggered columns of radiating slots and vertical protrusions from antenna assembly 100 have been removed. A sidewall protrusion 242 is aligned with each column of radiating slots 202 and vertical protrusions 252. Thus, the leftmost sidewall protrusion 242 is aligned with column 202a of radiating slots 202 and column 252a of protrusions 252. The adjacent protrusion 242 is aligned with column 202b of radiating slots 202 and column 252b of protrusions 252, and so on.
The various parameters of each of these elements may vary as previously described. For example, although the number, size, and placement of slots 202 is matched identically with protrusions 252, one or more of these parameters may vary as previously described in connection with assembly 100.
The sidewall piece 340 again comprises a plurality of sidewall protrusions 342. However, unlike sidewall piece 240 of assembly 200, sidewall protrusions 342 extend in between each pair of adjacent columns 352a/352b, etc., of vertical protrusions 352 and, because radiating slots 302 are aligned with protrusions 352, each pair of adjacent columns 302a/302b, etc., of radiating slots 302.
Similar to the previously depicted embodiments, antenna body 350 comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 355 therein. In addition, a series of feed slots 358 arranged in a row are positioned along waveguide 355 to facilitate introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide collectively defined by layers 310, 340, and 350.
A distance between adjacent radiating slots 402 in the same column is shown in
Considering a single column of equidistant radiating slots 402 separated by distance d, the slot-to-slot phase difference will be (2π·d)/(λp-p), where λp-p is the wavelength in the parallel-plate waveguide. Given the TM0-mode of propagation and small losses, λp-p can be close to λ0—the wavelength in free space.
The progressively changing phase of excitation of slots in the x direction, depending on d, will determine the angle of the main lobe of the radiation pattern of the corresponding antenna—i.e., the “squint angle.”
With a sufficiently large d (e.g., d>0.5λ0), the radiation pattern of the column of radiating slots 402 will have a big grating lobe, comparable with the main lobe. The grating lobe can, however, be suppressed if two adjacent columns of radiating slots 402 are used instead of a single column; and if one column is shifted relative to the other at distance d/2 in the x direction to provide offset columns of radiating slots, as previously described.
On the one hand, considering a special case when d is close to λ0, shifting one column of radiating slots 402 by d/2, will add πradians phase difference to the out-of-phase excited column, thereby equalizing the phases in adjacent columns. On the other hand, the slot-to-slot distance in the x direction in the composite array formed by the two adjacent rows is reduced and is only d/2. Again, without being limited by theory, it is thought that this explains why the array of two columns of offset radiating slots 402 will efficiently radiate and have reduced grating lobes compared with a single column of such radiating slots 402.
The following example considers a more general case when d is not necessarily close to λo. The radiation pattern of two adjacent columns is
|F2(θ)|=|F1(θ)|·|AF(θ)|, where:
Calculations show that |F2(θ)| will have sufficiently reduced grating lobe because it will be suppressed by the array factor |AF(θ)|.
The structure in
As shown in
As also shown in
Similar to the previously depicted embodiments, antenna body 650 comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 655 therein. However, rather than providing a series of feed slots along waveguide 655, a single, elongated slot 658 is provided along waveguide 655 to facilitate introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide collectively defined by layers 610, 640, and 650.
Antenna body 650 further comprises a plurality of vertical protrusions 652 extending into the aforementioned parallel plate waveguide. Protrusions 652 are, like radiating slots 602, arranged in a staggered array in which each column of protrusions 652 is shifted relative to each adjacent column of protrusions 652, preferably such that the protrusions 652 in one column (652b, for example) are shifted along the x axis relative to each adjacent column (652a, for example) so as to be at or near a midpoint between adjacent protrusions 652 in an adjacent column.
Yet another embodiment of an antenna assembly 700 is depicted in
Like assembly 600, the sidewall piece 740 of assembly 700 lacks sidewall protrusions. As shown in
Similar to the previously depicted embodiments, antenna body 750 comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 755 therein. Similar to assembly 600, waveguide 755 of assembly 700 comprises a single, elongated slot 758 configured to facilitate introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide collectively defined by layers 710, 740, and 750.
Antenna body 750 further comprises a plurality of vertical protrusions 752 extending into the aforementioned parallel plate waveguide. Protrusions 752 are, like radiating slots 702, arranged in a staggered array in which each column of protrusions 752 is shifted relative to each adjacent column of protrusions 752, preferably such that the protrusions 752 in one column (752b, for example) are shifted along the x axis relative to each adjacent column (752a, for example) so as to be at or near a midpoint between adjacent protrusions 752 along the x axis in an adjacent column.
However, antenna body 750 differs from the embodiments depicted in previous embodiments in that some of the protrusions 752, along with their corresponding radiating slots 702, are positioned on opposite sides of feed slot 758. In the depicted embodiment, one protrusion 752 from every other column is positioned on one side of feed slot 758 and the remainder of protrusions 752 are all positioned above, or on the other side of feed slot 758. However, as those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, a variety of alternatives are possible. For example, although it may be preferred for certain applications that most of the slots and protrusions are positioned on just one side of the feed slot(s) and/or self-contained waveguide, it may be useful for certain purposes to position additional protrusions 752 and/or radiating slots 702 “below” (from the perspective of the figures) waveguide 755 and/or feed slot 758. To accomplish this, the waveguide 755 may, in some embodiments, be shifted up along the x axis to a more central position within antenna body 750. This embodiment further illustrates the fact that the number of the columns and/or rows of radiating slots and/or vertical protrusions may be odd instead of even.
Another antenna assembly 800 according to other embodiments is depicted in
As also shown in
In addition, it is further contemplated that the vertical protrusions 852 may be formed in staggered columns in alternative embodiments, as previously described. Also. it should be noted that the number of columns of radiating slots 802 is typically equal to the number of columns of vertical protrusions 852 as in the above embodiments, however some vertical protrusions may be excluded, or even the whole columns of vertical protrusions may be excluded, in alternative embodiments, as shown in
Antenna body 850 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 855 therein. Waveguide 855 comprises a plurality of spaced feed slots 858 extending a row, which slots 858 are configured to facilitate introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide collectively defined by layers 810, 840, and 850.
Antenna assembly 800 illustrates a possible embodiment of a high-gain antenna with a defined beam squint. The radiating slots 802 are arranged in 16 columns with 4 slots in each column. Simulated gain of this antenna is 21 dB with a squint angle of 45 degrees.
Still another antenna assembly 900 according to other embodiments is depicted in
As shown in
Antenna body 950 comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 955 therein. Waveguide 955, however, differs from all previously depicted embodiments in that it comprises a plurality of spaced feed slots 958 extending in two adjacent, staggered rows. More particularly, a first row 958a of feed slots 958 extends along waveguide 955 and includes feed slots 958 that are aligned with every other column of vertical protrusions 952. Similarly, a second row 958b of feed slots 958 extends along waveguide 955 spaced apart from row 958a along the x axis and includes feed slots 958 that are aligned with every other column of vertical protrusions 952 (the columns of vertical protrusions 952 lacking a corresponding, adjacent feed slot 958 in column 958a). It is also worth noting that row 958a of feed slots 958 are positioned adjacent to a first sidewall of waveguide 955 and row 958b of feed slots 958 are positioned adjacent to a second sidewall of waveguide 955 opposite from the aforementioned first sidewall. It should be noted that columns 958a and 958b are located on the opposite sides of the waveguide 955 central line.
Because feed slots 958 are arranged on opposite sides of waveguide 955 relative to the waveguide central line, they are excited in phase, given that the slot-to-slot distance along the Y axis is preferably λWg/2. Additional phase difference that may be caused by the distance between the feed slots 958a and 958b along the X axis may be compensated by staggering vertical protrusions 952a and 952b and radiating slots 902a and 902b by the same distance. This arrangement allows additional flexibility in controlling the phases of the radiating slots 902.
Yet another antenna assembly 1000 according to other embodiments is depicted in
As shown in
Antenna body 1050 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained waveguide 1055 therein. Waveguide 1055, however, differs from all previously depicted embodiments in that it is “wavy.” In other words, waveguide 1055 is defined by sidewalls that curve or meander back and forth together, at least in part, in a manner similar to a sine wave. Of course, other embodiments are contemplated in which the meandering may be defined by sharp corners and straight lines rather than a curved line. A single feed slot 1058 extends along waveguide 1055, preferably at a central or at least relatively central location such that the feed slot 1058 is crossing a “wavy” central line of the waveguide 1055. The imaginary central line of the “wavy” waveguide 1055 is also “wavy” and is located in the middle, between the “wavy” internal walls of waveguide 1055.
In some embodiments, the peaks and valleys of the waveguide 1055 may be aligned, or at least substantially correspond with, the positioning of the adjacent radiating slots 1002 and/or protrusions. Of course, this alignment of peaks/valleys of waveguide 1055 and the radiating slots 1002 and/or protrusions need not be part of all contemplated embodiments.
It is also worth noting that a “wavy” waveguide can be a periodically curved or otherwise bent waveguide with a period of λWg. For example, it can be a waveguide with the “wavy” central line described by the equation X=A·sin(2πY/λWg+ϕ)). The portions of the feed slot (or individual feed slots) preferably separated by a distance λWg/2 will be excited in-phase because they interrupt the currents on the opposite sides of the waveguide 1055 “wavy” central line. This can be verified by considering a surface currents distribution in a rectangular waveguide. Therefore, each column of the radiating slots will be excited in phase. Additional phasing of the adjacent columns of radiating slots can be achieved by shifting the columns relative to each other as previously described.
Further alternative structures of various preferred embodiments are provided in antenna assembly 1100 of
As shown in
Antenna body 1150 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel extending adjacent to one side thereof to define a self-contained feed waveguide 1155 therein. Waveguide 1155 may be similar in shape and positioning to various other embodiments disclosed herein. However, feed slot 1158 differs from all previously depicted embodiments in that it is “wavy.” In other words, feed slot 1158 curves or otherwise meanders back and forth, at least in part, in a manner similar to a sine wave. Of course, other embodiments are contemplated in which the meandering may be defined by sharp corners and straight lines rather than a curved line.
In the depicted embodiment, the meandering corresponds, at least in part, with the placement of the adjacent protrusions 1152 and radiating slots 1102. Each peak and valley of the feed slot 1158 may be positioned adjacent to a corresponding column of protrusions 1152 and radiating slots 1102 (however, in alternative embodiments, they may be shifted along the y axis from this position) and the number of peaks plus valleys of the feed slot 1158 is equal to the number of columns of protrusions 1152 (or the number of columns of radiating slots 1102). Of course, this need not be precisely the case in all contemplated embodiments but may be preferred.
It is worth mentioning that peaks and valleys of the “wavy” feed slot are located on the opposite side of the central line of waveguide 1155, which itself is straight in this embodiment. Since the distance between the adjacent peaks and valleys along the Y-axis is substantially λ=Wg/2, they will be excited in phase. Despite the fact that the peaks and valleys are excited in phase, staggering of the radiating slots 1102a and 1102b and corresponding vertical protrusions 1152a and 1152b may be desirable. Staggering allows to compensate for the phase difference due to the different traveling distance along the X-axis from the peaks and from the valleys to the appropriate radiating slots 1101a and 1102b. Operation of the antenna in this embodiment is similar to that depicted in
Yet another example of an antenna assembly 1200 is depicted in
As shown in
Antenna body 1250 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel defining a waveguide 1255 therein. Waveguide 1255 is “wavy” or meandering, as previously described. However, unlike previously depicted embodiments, waveguide 1255 is positioned along a central portion of antenna body 1250. Antenna assembly 1200 can therefore be considered a “boresight” antenna assembly. In other words, unlike the previous embodiments, antenna assembly 1200 is not specifically configured to provide a squinted beam.
A straight feed slot 1258 extends along a central region of the waveguide 1255. As previously mentioned, this feed slot 1258 allows electromagnetic energy to be injected into the parallel plate waveguide formed by antenna body 1250, cover 1210, and sidewall piece 1240.
Another antenna assembly 1300 is depicted in
As shown in
Antenna body 1350 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel defining a waveguide 1355 therein. Waveguide 1355 is “wavy” or meandering, as previously described. Waveguide 1355 is also positioned shifted away from a center of antenna body 1350. However, due to the presence of various features described herein, antenna assembly 1300 can be considered a “squinted” antenna assembly. In other words, antenna assembly 1300 is configured to provide a squinted beam and various parameters of its features can be used to direct the squinted beam as desired.
A straight feed slot 1358 extends along or near a central region of the waveguide 1355. As previously mentioned, this feed slot 1358 allows electromagnetic energy to be injected into the parallel plate waveguide.
Notably, antenna assembly 1300 provides another unique feature in the form of a series of protruding ridges 1352 that are formed in straight lines in an array along the surface of antenna body 1350 forming the parallel plate waveguide. These ridges 1352 may provide an effect similar, but not identical, to that of the vertical protrusions described above in connection with several embodiments. It is thought that ridges 1352 may follow the electric field distribution inside the cavity of the parallel plate waveguide. Ridges 1352 may therefore be used as an additional parameter for reduction of grating lobes, if desired.
Yet another antenna assembly 1400 is depicted in
There are a few notable aspects of this embodiment that are worth pointing out. First, cover plate 1410 again comprises an array of elongated, radiating slots 1402 arranged in staggered columns 1402a, 1402b, etc. However, slots 1402 are oval or elliptical in shape, which differs from the more rectangular slots with rounded corners (they need not be rounded in all contemplated embodiments) of the previous embodiments. In addition, antenna body 1450 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel defining a waveguide 1455 therein. Waveguide 1455 is also positioned along a center of antenna body 1450 and should be considered a “boresight” embodiment of the invention, as previously described. A straight feed slot 1458 extends along or near a central region of the waveguide 1455 to facilitate injection of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide.
Another embodiment of an antenna assembly 1500 is depicted in
As shown in
Antenna body 1550 again comprises an elongated slot or tunnel defining a waveguide 1555 therein. Waveguide 1555 is “wavy” or meandering, as previously described and extends adjacent to a sidewall of antenna body 1550. Antenna assembly 1500 should be considered a “squinted” antenna assembly configured to provide a squinted beam and various parameters of its features can be used to direct the squinted beam as desired. A straight feed slot 1558 extends along or near a central region of the waveguide 1555 for introduction of electromagnetic energy into the parallel plate waveguide.
Yet another embodiment of an antenna assembly 1600 is depicted in
As shown in
Two additional aspects of assembly 1600 are worth noting. First, unlike previous embodiments, assembly 1600 comprises a “center-fed” feed waveguide 1658. In other words, waveguide 1658 is fed at or near the center of the waveguide by way of feed opening 1656 rather than at the end, as with previous embodiments. This feeding configuration is preferably at, or at least substantially at, the phase center of the antenna, which may ensure or at least facilitate practically boresight radiation.
The center-feeding mechanism of the antenna of
Another potential benefit or difference from the edge-fed waveguide antennas is that center-fed embodiments may have a different flexibility in terms of placement or positioning in a MIMO array configuration.
As shown in
It is also worth noting that assembly 1600 comprises a separate layer 1645 within which the feed slot 1658 into the parallel plate waveguide is formed. Of course, this feature may be applied to any of the previous embodiments. Similarly, in an alternative embodiment to the specific embodiment depicted in
Finally,
It should also be understood that, although the radiating slots of the embodiments of
These figures further illustrate that with d/λ0=0.5 the main lobe is pointing in the direction close to −90 degrees—“end fire” case. Similarly, with d/λ0=0.574 the main lobe is pointing at ˜−45 degrees; with d/λ0=0.7, at ˜−25 degrees; and with d/λ0=1 at ˜0 degrees.
The latter case (d/λ0=1 with the main lobe pointing at ˜0 degrees, i.e., the boresight case), is a special case of the squint antenna. In all cases shown in
However, it should be noted that the model of
As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, antenna/waveguide/sensor assemblies incorporating the structures described herein may further comprise a PCB or other electromagnetic-generating element from which electromagnetic waves may be generated to feed one or more waveguide structures. These elements may be provided in a separate layer or, alternatively, may be provided in the same layer.
It should also be understood that whereas preferred embodiments may be used in connection with vehicle sensors, such as vehicle RADAR modules or the like, the principles disclosed herein may be used in a wide variety of other contexts, such as other types of RADAR assemblies, including such assemblies used in aviation, maritime, scientific applications, military, and electronic warfare. Other examples include point-to-point wireless links, satellite communication antennas, other wireless technologies, such as 5G wireless, and high-frequency test and scientific instrumentation. Thus, the principles disclosed herein may be applied to any desired communication sub-system and/or high-performance sensing and/or imaging systems, including medical imaging, security imaging and stand-off detection, automotive and airborne radar and enhanced passive radiometers for earth observation and climate monitoring from space.
The foregoing specification has been described with reference to various embodiments and implementations. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, various operational steps, as well as components for carrying out operational steps, may be implemented in various ways depending upon the particular application or in consideration of any number of cost functions associated with the operation of the system. Accordingly, any one or more of the steps may be deleted, modified, or combined with other steps. Further, this disclosure is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope thereof. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, are not to be construed as a critical, a required, or an essential feature or element.
Those having skill in the art will appreciate that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. The scope of the present inventions should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3078463 | Lamy | Feb 1963 | A |
| 3599216 | Paine | Aug 1971 | A |
| 4429313 | Muhs, Jr. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 5010351 | Kelly | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5650793 | Park | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5955998 | Roberts | Sep 1999 | A |
| 10381741 | Kirino et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
| 20150123862 | Milroy | May 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2017078183 | May 2017 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report for PCT/US2022/020834; European Patent Office; Rijswijk, The Netherlands; completed Oct. 28, 2022; dated Jan. 22, 2023. (Year: 2023). |
| Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US2022/020834; European Patent Office; Rijswijk, The Netherlands; completed Oct. 28, 2022; dated Jan. 22, 2023. (Year: 2023). |
| P. Delos et al., “Phased Array Antenna Patterns—Part 2: Grating Lobes and Beam Squint”; posted on the internet at npdigest.com; Oct. 2020 issue; pp. 2-5; published by Analog Devices, Inc.; Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA. (Year: 2020). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220302596 A1 | Sep 2022 | US |
