BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a microstrip antenna designed for use on a weapons system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a cylindrical shaped microstrip antenna array which operates at a frequency of 231 MHz±400 KHz and which is adapted for use on a weapons system such as a missile or other projectile.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A microstrip antenna operates by resonating at a frequency. The conventional design uses printed circuit techniques to put a printed copper patch on the top of a layer of dielectric with a ground plane on the bottom of the dielectric. The frequency of operation of the conventional microstrip antenna is for the length of the antenna to be approximately a half-wavelength in the microstrip medium of dielectric below the patch and air above the patch.
Another type of microstrip antenna is a quarter-wavelength microstrip antenna which is similar to the half wavelength microstrip antenna except the resonant length is a quarter-wavelength and one side of the antenna is grounded.
There is currently a need to provide an antenna which is similar in design and operates in a manner virtually identical to the quarter-wavelength microwave antenna and also provides for a significant increase in bandwidth.
This microstrip antenna is to be used on a weapons system or projectile such as a missile. There is also a requirement for a frequency of operation for the antenna of 231 MHz±400 KHz.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes some of the disadvantages of the past including those mentioned above in that it comprises a highly effective and efficient microstrip antenna designed to transmit telemetry data from a HARM missile at a frequency of 231 MHz±400 KHz. The microstrip antenna comprising the present invention is configured to wrap around a projectile's body without interfering with the aerodynamic design of the projectile.
The microstrip antenna of the present invention has three identical conformal antenna elements equally spaced around the circumference of a projectile's body. The antenna has an operating frequency of 231 MHz±400 KHz, and is designed for use with the HARM missile to transmit Telemetry data.
Each of the three identical antenna elements includes a dielectric printed circuit board, a rectangular shaped radiating element mounted on a top portion of the printed circuit board, and a ground plane mounted on the bottom portion of the printed circuit board.
A plurality of copper wire electrical shorts, i.e. copper vias are provided along one edge of the radiating element to connect the radiating element to the ground plane. The copper electrical shorts are equally spaced apart and run from the midpoint of radiating element to the one corner of the radiating element. The unique placement and configuration of the vias allows for a substantial increase in the width of the radiating element and an increase in the bandwidth to ±400 KHz about the center frequency of 231 KHz.
To achieve the proper polarization, each of the three antenna elements are driven with an equal amplitude signal and a progressive 120 degree phase shift. A three way power divider is used to obtain the equal amplitude signals and the progressive 120 degree phase shift is obtained by proper length of the feed lines from the power divider to each of the three antenna elements.
Each antenna element includes a tuning screw which is used to fine tune the operating frequency of each of the antenna elements of the microstrip antenna.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the partially shorted microstrip antenna comprising the present invention which includes the three identical antenna elements of the microstrip antenna;
FIG. 2 is an end view of the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top view of one of three identical microstrip antenna elements including the radiating patch for one of the three identical microstrip antenna elements for the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4A and 4B are side view illustrating the copper wire electrical shorts, i.e. copper vias which are provided along one edge of the radiating element to connect the radiating element to the ground plane of each the antenna elements of the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a side view illustrating the stringing technique to fabricate the copper electrical shorts/vias of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a bottom view of one of three identical microstrip antenna elements including the ground plane and tuning screw for one of the three identical microstrip antenna elements for the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating the electric fields generated by the radiating element for each of the antennas elements of the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 8A and 8B are antenna performance plots for the one of the antennas elements of the microstrip antenna of FIG. 1;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a perspective view of a microstrip antenna array 20 which includes three identical conformal antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 which are mounted on the outer surface of a missile 28, shown in phantom in FIG. 1. Each of the three antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 are positioned every 120 degrees around the outer surface of missile 28 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is an end view of the microstrip antenna 20 of FIG. 1 illustrating the three identical antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of FIG. 1.
The present invention which comprises antenna array 20 includes the three antenna elements 22, 24, and 26, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is designed for use with the HARM missile. The HARM missile is a supersonic air-to-surface missile designed seek and destroy enemy radar-equipped air defense systems. The Navy and Marine Corps F/A-18 and EA-6B have the capability to employ the AGM-88 HARM (high-speed anti-radiation missile). The Harm missile operates in the P band.
Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4A, each of the antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 includes a dielectric printed circuit board 30 fabricated from a plurality of high frequency laminates 32 and 34 (shown in FIG. 4A), part number RT/duroid 6002, commercially available from Rogers Corporation of Rogers, Connecticut. The dielectric laminates/layers 32 and 34 selected for each element antenna 20 has overall dimensions of 9.171 inches by 7.312 inches. The thickness of circuit board 30 is about 0.210 inches. RT/duroid 6002 is a microwave material with low loss and a low dielectric constant providing for excellent electrical and mechanical properties at microwave frequencies. It should be understood that the circuit board 30 can be fabricated from three or more layers of a dielectric laminate material such as RT/duroid 6002.
Each microstrip antenna element 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20 also has an outer cover 36 which is an environment protection laminate fabricated from Rogers Corporation Duroid 5870 high frequency laminate. The thickness of the outer cover 36 is about 0.125 inches.
Each of the microstrip antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20 includes a generally rectangular shaped copper radiating element or patch 40 which has overall dimension of 8.176 inches in length and a width of 5.304 inches. The copper radiating patch 40 for each microstrip antenna element 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20 is mounted on the upper surface of the circuit board 30 for each antenna element 22, 24 and 26. Copper plating is used to fabricate the copper radiating patch 40.
Each of the microstrip antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20 also includes a generally rectangular shaped copper ground plane 42. The copper ground plane 42 for each element 22, 24 and 26 is mounted on the bottom surface of the circuit board 30 for each antenna element 22, 24 and 26.
A plurality of copper wire electrical shorts 44 shown in FIG. 3, i.e. copper vias are provided lengthwise along one edge 46 of radiating element 40 to connect the radiating element 40 to the ground plane 42 of each antenna element 22, 24 and 26. The copper wire electrical shorts/vias 44 are equally spaced apart and run from the midpoint of radiating element 40 to the one corner of the radiating element 40.
As seen in FIG. 3, the radiating element 40 has sixteen vias 44, with each via 44 being spaced apart wire center to center by 0.271 inches from an adjacent via. The placement of vias 44 along lower edge 46 of the radiating element 40 is from the midpoint of radiating element 40 to lower right corner of radiating element 40.
As shown in FIG. 3, current flow in the radiating element is from the upper or opposite edge 48 and left side edge 50 of radiating element 40 to through the vias 44 to the ground plane 42. A plurality of arrows 52 indicating the direction and pattern of current flow on the radiating element 40. The electrical feed 51 for the radiating patch 40 each antenna element 22, 24 and 26 is located near the lower edge 46 of radiating patch 40 at the center of the radiating patch 40.
Antenna 20 receives three equal amplitude RF electrical signals which are provided to the feeds 50 for the microstrip antenna elements 22, 24 and 26. The RF electrical signals are obtained from a commercially available three way power divider(not illustrated). The power divider is electrically connected to each of the three antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 by electrical transmission lines. The electrical transmission lines, which are electrical cables having different lengths, are configured to provide for a 120 degree progressive phase shift. Thus, when the signal to antenna element 22 is 0 degrees, the signal to antenna element 24 will be 120 degrees and the signal to antenna element be 240 degrees.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 6, there is shown a tuning screw 54 which is used to fine tune the operating frequency of each antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of microstrip antenna 20. The tuning screw 54 for each antenna element 22, 24 and 26 is located within the ground plane 42 in proximity to the corner 56 of ground plane 42 where edges 48A and 50A of ground plane 42 meet. A slot 58 is provided within the tuning screw 54. The slot 58 within each antenna element 22, 24 and 26 allows a user to use a screw driver to fine tune the antenna element 22, 24 and 26 to the desired operating frequency. The use of tuning screw eliminates the tuning tabs within each antenna element 22, 24 and 26 which have also been used to fine tune antenna elements to a desired operating frequency.
Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a general directional pattern for the electric field generated by each of the antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20. This electric field is represented by electric field vectors 59 generated along edge 50 and electric field vectors 60 generated along edge 62.
Referring to FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B, there is shown a plurality of copper wire electrical shorts 44, i.e. copper vias 44 which are provided along one edge of the radiating element and through the dielectric printed circuit board 30 (as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B) to connect the radiating element 40 to the ground plane 42 (shown in FIG. 6). The copper electrical shorts 44 are equally spaced apart and run from the midpoint of radiating element 40 to the one corner of the radiating element 40. The unique placement and configuration of the vias 44 allows for a substantial increase in the width of the radiating element 40 and an increase in the bandwidth to ±400 KHz about the center frequency of 231 KHz.
As shown in FIG. 5, a single wire copper wire 64 is strung through a plurality of openings 66 in the dielectric printed circuit board 30 is used to fabricate the copper electrical shorts/vias 44 for connecting the radiating element 40 to the ground plane 42 of each of the antenna elements 22, 24 and 26. The copper wire 64 is then pulled through the openings 66 until the copper wire 64 is flush and in contact with radiating element 40 and the ground plane 42 (as shown in FIG. 4A). Solder can then be used to secure the radiating element 40 and copper wire 64 to the ground plane 42.
It should be noted that there are openings drilled into the radiating element 40 and the ground plane 42 which align with the openings 66 drilled into the dielectric printed circuit board 30.
Utilizing the stringing technique illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5, saves a considerable amount time and money in fabricating the vias 44 for each of the antenna elements 22, 24 and 26 of antenna 20. Using the prior technique of fabricating each separately by placing a separate copper wire in each opening 66 in the dielectric printed circuit board 30 and then soldering the wire to the ground plane and the radiating element required several hours of intensive labor and substantially raised the fabrication cost of the antenna.
Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, there is shown antenna performance plots for one of the antenna elements of the microstrip antenna 20 of FIG. 1. The antenna performance plots 70, 72 and 74 of FIG. 8A illustrate horizontal polarization for one antenna element 22, 24 or 26 of the microstrip antenna 20 of FIG. 1. The antenna element was mounted on a ten inch diameter tube which simulated a missile, and measurements were made looking perpendicular into the missile. The antenna performance plots 80, 82 and 84 of FIG. 8A illustrate horizontal polarization for one antenna element 22, 24 or 26 of the microstrip antenna 20 of FIG. 1. The plots of FIGS. 8A and 8B show that the microstrip antenna has excellent cross polarization performance.
From the foregoing, it is readily apparent that the present invention comprises a new, unique, and exceedingly useful microstrip antenna adapted for use on projectiles such as the harm missile, which constitutes a considerable improvement over the known prior art. Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Patent Grant
7750853
