This invention relates to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which has two fused-fiber couplers, interconnected by two optical fibers that provide both a phase shift and a thermal compensation for the interferometer.
In particular, it relates to a passive thermal compensation of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), taking advantage of thermo-optic properties of specially designed optical fibers which interconnect the two couplers and which allow to control the MZI within a desired temperature range.
All-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers typically include two optical couplers separated by a phase shift region, which comprises two optical fibers that interconnect, said couplers. The two fibers, which are often referred to as “arms” have different optical path lengths so that optical signals propagate through them at different velocities in the phase shift region. Light launched into the device passes through the first coupler where it is split and led through the pair of optical fibers. Both lightwaves are then coupled again by the second coupler and taken out as an optical signal output from the two output ports of the second coupler. If the light portions recombining at the second coupler are in phase, they constructively interfere at one of the output ports of the second coupler; if they are not in phase, in particular if the two light portions incur a π differencing phase shift, they combine constructively at the other output port of the second coupler.
Mach-Zehnder interferometers are known for their narrow band capabilities. For example, they can be used in dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) optical communication systems. For this purpose, they must be stable over a range of environmental conditions, such as temperatures, within a defined range, and during presence of temperature variations. However, the refractive indices or the optical path lengths of the two connecting fibers of the device between the two couplers will usually vary with temperature. If the temperature dependence of the indices of refraction of the two fibers is not equal or if the optical paths of the two fibers are not equal, the temperature variations will cause variations in the differential phase shift. Consequently, the channel spacing of the device, defined as the wavelength separation between the transmission peaks of wavelengths of two adjacent channels, as well as the wavelength peaks and passband, become unstable, which causes significant problems for DWDM applications due to the small separation between channels in DWDMs.
In view of the importance of MZ-type interferometer devices, it is highly desirable to have available such devices that can exhibit stable performance even in the presence of some thermal disturbances. This can be achieved by compensating for the temperature induced shift so as to maintain the optical path length difference unchanged as the temperature varies.
Efforts have been made in the past to design Mach-Zehnder interferometers and other fiber optic devices so as to achieve high thermal stability and minimize temperature variations and other thermal effects.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,141 provides an all-fiber MZI with connecting fibers or arms between the couplers being of equal length and located close to each other, thus ensuring that the effects of temperature changes are minimized since both arms are equally affected by temperature variations. In such case, however, the connecting arms must be made of the same material and to achieve the required phase shift a transducer is coupled to at least one of the interferometer arms, which is not a very practical feature.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,909 discloses a different manner by which optical devices having a plurality of waveguides of differing lengths, such as wavelength routers, may be treated to achieve improved temperature independence. This is done by applying a temperature-compensating material, such as a polymer, on selected areas of the device thereby varying the cross-sections of the waveguides to improve temperature independence. Such procedure is not straightforward, since it is difficult to access the evanescent field, i.e. to apply the polymer near the core of the fiber.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,948 describes a temperature compensation technique of an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer, where two connecting fibers are of different lengths. This is achieved by mounting the shorter fiber on a composite substrate, such that, as temperature rises, the substrate expands to increase the tension and length of the shorter fiber in order to maintain a constant path length difference, or the longer fiber is mounted on a composite substrate such that, as the temperature rises, the substrate contracts to decrease the tension and length of the longer fiber and thereby preserve the desired path difference. This is essentially a packaging technique, which proves to be complex, since it requires delicate adjustments and mechanical fabrication, for example, when the connecting fibers between the couplers are essentially of the same length.
Thus, there is still a need for an all-fiber MZI with a passive thermal compensation that would allow controlling the thermal dependence of the device within a desired temperature range in a precise and accurate way, without adding complexity to the packaging of the component.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved passively thermally compensated all-fiber MZI.
A further object is to provide a method for enabling a passive control of the thermal properties of an all-fiber MZI.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description thereof.
In essence, the present invention comprises an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer having two optical couplers and two arms made of optical fibers extending between and connecting said couplers, so as to form a phase shift region between said couplers with a predetermined optical path length difference defined either by a difference in the indices of refraction of the two fibers, or by a difference in geometrical length between the two couplers, the composition of at least a segment of one or both of said arms being so doped as to provide a desired thermal dependence in the MZI within a predetermined temperature range. The doped composition compensates for a temperature induced shift, while maintaining the optical path length difference unchanged as the temperature varies within said temperature range.
The adjustment of the composition with dopants can take place in the core of the fiber or in the cladding or both. The type of dopant used and its dosage can be selected to control the thermal wavelength drift of the MZI with about 1-2 picometer/° C. accuracy within a desired temperature range which is normally between about −35° C. and +85° C. In both cases, namely with equal length arms and with different length arms, additional fine tuning may be obtained by providing one of the arms with an adiabatic taper, thus further increasing the accuracy of the thermal dependence. Combinations of dopants such as Ge—P or Ge—B are preferred, but any suitable dopants may also be used to achieve the predetermined thermal dependence.
The method of the present invention comprises adjusting the composition of at least one connecting fiber between the couplers of the MZ structure with dopants, so as to achieve a predetermined thermal dependence. This can be done by splicing a length of a doped fiber into one or both connecting fibers. The actual testing procedure that may be used consists in placing the MZI in a heating-cooling enclosure and launching light from a broadband source (BBS) into the MZ device. The light is split, in the first coupler, into optical signals that propagate through the connecting fibers in the phase shift region and then are coupled again and taken out as an optical signal output from the second coupler. The heating-cooling enclosure is used to achieve a variable temperature within a desired range. The optical signal output is taken out of this enclosure, through a switch and into an optical spectrum analyser (OSA) by which the thermal dependence is measured at different temperatures. By using various doped fibers or splices between the couplers of the MZI, and measuring the thermal dependence at various temperatures, one can control such thermal dependence within the given temperature range by selecting doped fibers of appropriate composition. A proper modelling of the thermal properties of the fibers allows designing interferometers with the desired thermal characteristics without further iterations.
In this manner, it is possible to achieve designs that make use of fiber compositions suitable to produce temperature-controlled MZ devices with connecting arms between the couplers of equal length that have an optical path difference to produce the MZ effect, or with connecting fibers of different lengths, for instance in a crescent-like configuration.
In an output arm of the MZI, the condition for observing a maximum or a minimum of transmitted power is generally written as:
where k0=2π/λ is the wave number, λ being the wavelength in vacuum; N1 and N2 are the effective indices of the optical fibers in the first and second arm respectively of the interferometer; L1 and L2 are the lengths of the first and second arm respectively of the interferometer; z1 and z2 are integration variables along the length of the first and second arm, respectively; and m is an integer.
The thermal dependence of an MZI is calculated by differentiation of equation (1) with respect to wavelength λ, temperature T and lengths L1 and L2. The result can be expressed in the following form:
where Δλ is the fringe spacing, i.e. the wavelength separation between two transmission peaks in one given output port of the interferometer; ε1 and ε2 are the unitary elongations of the arms 1 and 2, caused by thermal expansion of either the fiber or of the substrate.
The fringe spacing is found by the following equation:
where Ng1 and Ng2 are the group effective indices in the arms 1 and 2 respectively.
In equation (2), the brackets in the first line encompass the thermo-optic effect, the second line describes the elasto-optic effect (which is the change of index of refraction under elongation) and the third line, the optical path-length change under elongation. The elongations ε1 and ε2 are functions of z1 and z2 respectively and describe a change in length such that:
where L is the length of a small segment along the fiber.
In the case of two arms of different lengths L1, L2, the wavelength shift is determined both by the thermo-optic effect and the differential expansion between the two arms. The thermo-optic effect is dominant and is expressed as follows:
When the difference in geometrical length between the two arms is not too large, typically in the range of about 1 mm for a spacing of 100 GHz, a small difference in dn/dT suffices to compensate for the thermal unbalance. This dn/dT is controlled by the composition of the fibers.
In the case of two optic fibers of equal lengths, L1=L2=L, the thermal wavelength drift is dominated by the thermo-optic effect embodied by the first term of the above relation. The condition to obtain an athermal MZI is that the difference in parentheses in said term be equal to zero, that is
It is still possible to choose other values for this difference so as to achieve a desired thermal dependence.
The present invention makes it possible to achieve designs that make use of precise fiber compositions either to. produce temperature-controlled MZI devices with equal length arms in a parallel configuration or MZI devices with different length arms, for instance in a crescent-like configuration.
This invention will be more fully disclosed in the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings, the same elements are identified by the same reference numbers.
The embodiment shown in
Thus, for fibers of equal lengths L1=L2, the wavelength spacing of the MZI depends only on the difference between the effective indices of refraction of the two arms, and the temperature dependence of the wavelength of any channel on the difference between the thermo-optic coefficients of the two arms.
In the embodiment of
The embodiment of
Thus, in this particular example, the fiber of arm 16 is chosen as being SMF-28 and the fiber of insert 22 is chosen so as to have a thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT and the index of refraction N2 superior to those of the SMF-28 fiber. For instance, INO 500 (Ge—P/Si02) or Redfern GF2 (Ge—B/Si02) are suitable for this purpose. The insert 22 made of such doped fiber is tapered with a adiabatic taper 24 so that in this tapered region the optical signal is guided by the cladding of which the thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT is inferior to that of SM-28 fiber and of which the index of refraction is slightly inferior to that of the SMF-28 fiber. The length of the taper 24 is then adjusted so that the overall thermo-optic coefficient of the second arm 18 is equal to that of the first arm 16 and so that the index of refraction N2 of the second arm 18 is superior to the index of refraction N1 of the first arm 16. The device is then mounted on the substrate as described with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 1 and shows similar temperature stability of the order of 1 to 2 pm/° C.
It should be noted however, that this particular embodiment is applicable only when the thermo-optic coefficients of the two types of fibers are sufficiently close to ensure a maximum thermal dependence of the device of the order of 20 pm/° C. in the absence of the tapered region in the second arm.
It should also be mentioned that it is generally known to provide a taper in one of the arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to achieve an optical path-length difference between the two interferometer arms. This is described, for instance, in the article entitled “Ultraviolet-light photosensitivity in Er3+—GE-doped optical fiber” by F. Bilodeau et al., published in Optics Letters, Vol. 15, No. 20 Oct. 15, 1990. However, again it was not realized that such design, when properly adjusted with dopants, could also provide temperature dependence control of the MZ device.
The embodiment shown in
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in
When the difference in the geometrical length between the two arms 26 and 28 is not too large, typically in the range of about 1 mm for a spacing of 100 GHz, a small difference in dn/dT suffices to compensate for the thermal unbalance. If a standard SMF-28 fiber of index of refraction N1 is used for the first arm 26 of length L1, the second arm 28 of length L2 may consist, for example, of P-doped silica with 5 to 10% wt P2O5, so as to cancel the thermo-optic effect in the following way:
The interferometer is then mounted on a substrate in the usual way, that is with two adhesive points on each side of the coupling region, said region being fixed by means of flexible gel. In such a way, temperature dependence of the MZI device 10 is controlled within an accuracy of 0.2 to 1 pm/° C. Compared to the planar designs disclosed previously, this embodiment has the advantage of allowing more flexibility in the composition on the second arm. A variant of this embodiment consists in tapering a region of the fiber in one of the two arms to achieve the desired thermal dependence.
Still another variant of the embodiment shown in
A further variant is illustrated in
The method of testing the various designs of Mach-Zehnder interferometers described above and illustrated in
A BBS broadband source 31 is used to launch a light signal into the MZI device 10 which is heated and cooled within the desired range of temperatures. The signals are processed by the MZI 10 and pass through switch 36 and into the OSA optical spectrum analyser 38 where the thermal dependence of the device 10 is measured within the predetermined range of temperatures generated in the enclosure 34. The composition of the arms within the MZI can thus be adjusted by design to achieve the desired result.
An example of such measurement by OSA 38 of a characteristic sinusoidal transmission spectrum at one of the output arms of MZI 10, is illustrated by the graph of FIG. 8. This measurement is made at 5° C. and 55° C. respectively in an MZI having arms which are made of fibers of different lengths, without thermal compensation provided by the present invention. As shown in this graph, there is a shift between the transmission peaks and minima at the different temperatures. Thus, as the temperature decreases, the peaks and minima shift to lower wavelengths.
The first MZI device was fabricated entirely from SMF-fiber without any thermal compensation and the measurements of wavelength versus temperature are plotted with empty circles and a broken line in FIG. 9. This MZI device has a thermal dependance of 8 pm/° C.
The second MZI device was fabricated with an insert in the long arm as shown in FIG. 6. The insert was 42 mm long and consisted of a doped fiber containing 12% by wt of P2O5 in its core. The measurements of wavelength versus temperature of this device are plotted with black circles and a solid line in FIG. 9 and show a thermal dependence of only 0.5 pm/° C. It is clear from this plot that thermal compensation in accordance with the present invention produces significantly improved results.
The invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but obvious modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention and the scope of the following claims.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2335216 | Feb 2001 | CA | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCTCA02/00148 | 2/8/2002 | WO | 00 | 10/31/2002 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO0206517 | 8/22/2002 | WO | A |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20030152304 A1 | Aug 2003 | US |