Patent Application
20090315259
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
This present invention relates to a pathology game and method of playing the game.
There are 23 million people diagnosed with heart disease. Cancer is the second most devastating disease. Obesity has struck 1 out of 4 children which is the cause of hypertension, osteoarthritis, diabetes, coronary arteries disease, strokes, and cancer (breast and colon). Yet, many people are hesitant to seek medical advice due to fear of the unknown.
Games are a growing part of culture. For example, three quarters of children play games regularly. Games can be beneficial by promoting strategic thinking, understanding of context that is delivered, negotiating skills and data handling, communication, and exercising control over actions. Thus, games harness the desire to make learning fun and deploy rich visual and spatial aesthetics that draw players into fantasy worlds creating an exciting awe.
The purpose of the pathology game of the present invention is to teach diseases, symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatments, and preventative modalities. According to the game, players travel through the body via the circulatory system combating diseases with weapons in the form of treatments/remedies, medicine, surgery, and procedures or by deploying preventative modalities to avoid diseases. Thus, the invention teaches people about commonly-occurring diseases that affect the blood system, organs, limbs, and gives a visual look at how the circulatory system.
When such information is repeated, it is comprehended and eventually practiced. The purpose of the present invention is to educate, provide information, and promote health conscious people, thereby empowering them to make healthy choices.
According to the present invention a pathology board game is provided. The pathology board game includes a colored game board comprising (a) an illustration of the human circulatory system comprising organs and limbs; and (b) a colored circle or wheel comprising a plurality of diseases, each disease having its own number and color. The game also includes a plurality of treatment/remedy cards, wherein each card comprises at least one treatment or remedy for a disease and is colored to match a corresponding disease on the colored circle; and a plurality of preventative cards, wherein each card comprises at least one preventative modality to prevent a disease and is colored to match a corresponding disease on the colored circle.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a method of playing a pathology board game is provided. Each player chooses a cell for circulation throughout a human circulatory system comprising veins, arteries, and organs and illustrated on a colored game board. Each player is dealt a plurality of treatment/remedy cards and a plurality of preventative cards. During a turn, each player spins a colored circle on the colored game board, wherein the circle comprises a plurality of colored and numbered disease categories. A player advances the cell a number of spaces along the circulatory system corresponding to the number from the colored circle; and locates in a pathology booklet at least one of a treatment or prevention for the disease category for the vein, artery, or organ.
As used herein “substantially”, “relatively”, “generally”, “about”, and “approximately” are relative modifiers intended to indicate permissible variation from the characteristic so modified. They are not intended to be limited to the absolute value or characteristic which it modifies but rather approaching or approximating such a physical or functional characteristic.
In the detailed description, references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “in embodiments” mean that the feature being referred to is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Moreover, separate references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “in embodiments” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment; however, neither are such embodiments mutually exclusive, unless so stated, and except as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the invention can include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the embodiments described herein.
Given the following enabling description of the drawings, the system and methods should become evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
A. Game Board
As shown in
The aorta is divided into three sections: (1) the aortic arch branches off supplying blood via Circle of Willis to the brain 115 and the brachial arteries to the upper extremities 120 (e.g., arm); (2) the ascending aorta supplies oxygenated blood to the coronary arteries (not shown); and (3) the descending aorta supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen 125, pancreas 130, liver 135, kidneys 140, stomach (or gastric) 145, intestine 150, and lower extremities 155 (e.g., leg).
The blood is one of the body's major fluids. Blood is made of two components: liquid (plasma) and formed components cells known as erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, which float in the plasma. In the Pathology Game, the components of plasma and erythrocytes are used as the blood cell (i.e., spaces 160 along the circulatory system). Plasma carries antibodies and nutrients to the tissues and carries waste from the tissues. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, function to carry oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide from them.
As shown in
In embodiments, the disease categories or entities are as follows: edema (1) is lavender, thrombosis (10) is grey, bacteria (7) is green, inflammation (2) is orange, cancer (12) is brown, trauma (8) is dark blue, stenosis (5) is pink, emboli (13) is light blue, ischemia (3) is red, genetic (6) is plum, virus (9) is lime, parasite (14) is gold, necrosis (4) is dark grey or black, and yellow (11) is cholesterol.
B. Other Game Parts
In addition to the game board, the pathology game also comprises:
(1) a spinner (not shown) attached to the colored circle;
(2) pathology booklets that classify diseases in the categories according to the colored wheel as illustrated in
(3) preventative cards (e.g., 2×4 inches) which comprise solutions to avoid, manage, and slow the progression of a disease or illness as illustrated in
(4) treatment/remedy cards (e.g., 3×4 inches) which comprise treatment for the diseases as illustrated in
(5) pegs which are used to represent each individual game player; and
(6) card and peg holders (e.g., 8×2 inches).
As illustrated in
In embodiments, there may be 150 treatment/remedy cards, 60 preventative cards, 6 card and peg holders; and 6 pathology booklets.
C. Game Rules
In embodiments, the Pathology Game can be played with 2-6 players. Each player selects a peg, which will circulate the cardiovascular system via cells 160. Each player may be dealt (a) 16 treatment/remedy cards, comprising 13 pathology cards as illustrated in
The pathology cards comprise at least one treatment or remedy that may be printed on the back of the card. The preventative cards comprise at least one preventative modality to prevent illness or disease and may be printed on the back of the card. In embodiments, the front of the pathology cards may be red and the front of the preventative cards may be blue.
1. Spinning the Wheel and Using Cards
Each player spins the wheel 170 and moves the peg, representing a cell, the amount of spaces on the colored game board 100 that is indicated on the wheel. The color on the wheel indicates the disease entity.
For example, at the START, the wheel may be spun to the number 10 Thrombus, which is grey. A player moves his or her peg/cell ten spaces to within the vein. The player goes to the corresponding tab in the pathology booklet where the veins and arteries diseases are located (
As another example, the disease entity for the color brown is cancer (12). If the peg is moved to the lung when the number 12 is spun, it is referred to as lung cancer, as indicated in the sheet from the pathology booklet corresponding to cancer (
When a player uses a treatment/remedy card or a preventative card, the card is returned to the bottom of the respective deck of cards. The player then picks up another treatment/remedy card or preventative card. In embodiments, a player may exchange up to 5 treatment cards or preventative cards at any time during the game prior to his or her turn.
In embodiments, a player may use a multi-color treatment/remedy card or preventative card from different color categories to treat diseases of other categories. Treatment/remedy or preventative cards that can be used interchangeably will have several colors. For example, Stenosis (5), Thrombosis (10), Cholesterol (11), Emboli (13) and Ischemia (3) can all be treated with Anticoagulants. An Anticoagulant treatment card may appear in six different colors: pink, blue, grey, yellow, red, or all. The Anticoagulant treatment card may be used across different disease categories.
As other illustrative examples, embolectomy, pulmonary, arm and leg can be used in Stenosis (5) and Thrombosis (10). Bypass Graft, PTCA and Stents can be used to treat Ischemia (3), Stenosis (5), Necrosis (4), and Cholesterol (11). Joint replacement, organ replacement and removal, nephrectomy and splenectomy card may be used to treat Necrosis (4), Trauma (8), Inflammation (2) and Cancer (12). Surgical resection (colon, lobectomy, pancrotomy, nephrostomy and crainiotomy) can treat diseases of Cancer (12), Ischemia (3), Thrombosis (10), and Trauma (8). A preventative card (exercise stress reduction, low fat, and low sodium diet) can be used interchangeably for heart attacks, angina, ASHD, and CVA.
2. Moving Backwards
In the vein/artery, yellow is referred to as atheroscolosis which is a build up of plaque in the arteries; orange is inflammation and swelling; grey is a thrombus or clot; pink is stenosis which is narrowing of the vessels; and red is ischemia the narrowing of vessels secondary to anatomical changes. All these conditions will either obstruct the lumen partially or totally. These diseases will prevent blood from carrying nutrients, oxygen, or medication to the organ/limb. If a player lands on any of these diseases in the vein/artery and the player does not have the treatment/remedy, he or she must spin the wheel and move BACKWARDS the number of steps that is indicated on the wheel.
3. Cancer Spreads—Moving to a Different Organ
Cancer is known to metastasize (spread) to an adjoining area with or without treatment. Some cancers have favorite places to go (metastatic sites). Cancer may spread faster if there is a delay in treatment.
If a player lands on the following organs and does not have the remedy, he or she may not pass through that organ. Rather, the player must move the peg/cell to the organ of metastasis that is indicated below. If the player lands on:
lung—move the cell to the brain;
pancreas—move the cell to the spleen or liver;
spleen—move the cell to the liver;
liver—move the cell to the lung;
intestine—move the cell to the liver;
stomach—move the cell to the lung;
kidneys—move the cell to the liver or lung.
A player may resume the game at the metastatic site if he or she has the treatment/remedy card for metastatic treatment. If the player does not have the treatment/remedy card, he or she loses a turn. Metastatic treatment is usually palliative (e.g. radiation shrinks tumors or analgesics relieve pain) and will be on a pathology card.
4. Go to the Heart, Lung or Leg
Light blue its indicative of an embolus (13), which is a moving clot in the vessels. It will travel either to the leg, which is referred to as a deep vein thrombosis, or to the lung, which is referred to as a pulmonary embolus. Embolus originates from the heart due to an arrhythmia known as atrial fibrillation.
If a player spins the wheel to light blue (13) and lands in the heart and does not have the treatment or remedy card (e.g., cardioversion and/or anticoagulation), he or she must move the cell to the leg. If a player spins the wheel to light blue (13) and lands in the leg and does not have the treatment or remedy (e.g., anticoagulation and/or greenfield filter) then he or she must move the cell to the lung. If a player spins the wheel to light blue (13) and lands on the lung and does not have the treatment or remedy (e.g., anticoagulation), then the player loses a turn.
5. Medicine, Surgery, and Procedure Wild Cards
The Medicine, Procedure and Surgery cards are referred to as “WILD” cards (
These cards can be used in any color category to eradicate or treat diseases. When using these cards, each player must verbally indicate the name of the treatment, surgical intervention, and/or medicine needed to cure or manage that particular disease.
6. Goal
The goal of the game is to pass through every organ via the circulatory system to combat diseases.
In embodiments, as a player successfully passes through each organ, the player places a peg in the slot behind the card holder. For example, additional pegs corresponding to each organ, limb, or vein/artery may be on the side of the board. The additional pegs allow players to keep track of where they have passed through on the board. The player who passes through all 9 areas (leg, intestine, stomach, kidney, liver, spleen, pancreas, brain, and arm) in any order will be declared the winner of the game. As the player passes through the last organ, the player must have the cure (treatment/remedy or preventative) in order to win. If the player lacks the cure, then he or she loses a turn. The game is continued until a cure is obtained.
The exemplary and alternative embodiments described above may be combined in a variety of ways with each other. Furthermore, the steps and number of the various steps illustrated in the figures may be adjusted from that shown.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of particular exemplary and alternative embodiments, it is not limited to those embodiments. Alternative embodiments, examples, and modifications which would still be encompassed by the invention may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.
A
Adenocarcinoma—A malignant cell in the shape of alveoli from a glandular organ.
Antibiotic—A natural or synthetic substance that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth.
Anticholinergic—An agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses.
Anticonvulsant—a medicine used to prevent or control seizures or stop an ongoing series of seizures.
Antifibrotic—A substance that causes the regression of fibrosis.
Antiinflammatory—an agent that counteracts inflammation.
Angina—Severe heart pain caused by a relative deficiency of oxygen supply to its muscle.
Amylase—A class of enzymes that splits or hydrolyze starches.
Atherosclerosis—A deposit of calcium-lipid-cholesterol in the lining of the arteries.
Atrial fibrillation—A rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) that involves a rapid heart rate in which the upper chambers are stimulated to cotract in a very disorganized and abnormal manner.
Arthritis—inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and frequently changes in structure.
Arrhythmia—An irregular heart action caused disturbances in the discharge of cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node or ransmission through conductile tissue.
ALT—(Alanine aminotransferase) an enzyme in serum or body tissue that catalyzes the transfer of amino acid group thus allowing nitrogen to be excreted.
AST—(Aspartate Aminotransferase)—an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group forming alpha-ketoglutamic acid and aspartic acid.
Ascities—The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Anticoagulants—May be referred to as blood thinners, are medications that slow the clotting of blood or prevent existing clots from enlarging.
Antigladin—An antibody used to diagnose celiac disease.
Antihypertensive drugs—An agent that prevents or controls high blood pressure.
Antiendomysiol—A stool test used to diagnose celiac disease.
Antinuclear antigen—A blood test used to measure the presence of antinuclear antibody.
Antimicrobial—An agent that prevents or destroys microoraganisms.
Antiparasitic drug—An agent that destroys parasites.
Antiretroviral—An agent used to treat HIV infection.
Angiogram—A radiographic record of the size, shape and location of the heart and blood vessels after introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium.
Amputation—The removal of a limb or part of a limb during surgery.
Aortic Stenosis—Narrowing of the aorta or its orifice due to lesions of the wall with scar tissue.
Auscultation—Listening to heart, lungs, bowel and sounds with a stethoscope.
Autoimmune—A disease produced when the body attacks normal cells whose surface contains a self antigen causing destruction of tissue.
Autologous—Transfusion of blood donated by the patient before or during surgery
B
Barrett's esophagus—Inflammation and possibly ulceration of the lower part of the esophagus caused by gastric reflux or mucosal damage due to chemotherapy.
Barium Studies—An x-ray in which a white substance is placed into the rectum and colon through the anus to enhance x-ray pictures of the large bowel.
Betablockers—Drugs that oppose the excitatory effects of norepinephine, released from sympathetic nerve endings at beta-adrenergic receptors, and used to treat angina, arrhythmia, and migraine headaches.
Biopsy—removal of part of the tissue for examination under a microscope.
Blood culture—A blood test used to determine if microorganisms such as bacteria or fungui are present in the blood.
Bronchiectasis—Chronic dilation of the bronchus or bronchi with a secondary infection that involves the lower portion of the lung.
Bronchitis—Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial airways.
Bone marrow—soft organic material that fills the cavities of the bones.
BUN—(blood urea nitrogen) found in the blood in the form of urea, the metabolic product of the breakdown of amino acids.
Bypass Graft—A means of circumvention; Installation of an alternate route for blood to pass an obstruction in the artery.
C
CABG—(coronary artery bypass graft) Surgical establishment of a shunt that permits blood to travel from the aorta to a branch of the coronary artery at the point past obstruction.
Cancer—A term used to describe malignant neoplasms marked by abnormal, rapidly growing cells.
Cardioversion—A synchronized electric shock used to terminate a cardiac arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation.
Cardiomyopathy—Disease that weakens the heart muscle.
Carotid Endarterectomy—A surgical technique for removing intraarterial obstruction of the internal carotid artery.
Catheter—A tube passed through the body to evacuate fluids or inject them into body cavities.
CAT Scan—An x-ray to visualize organs and confirm any abnormalities.
Celiac Sprue—is an inflammatory condition caused by intolerance to gluten, a substance found in wheat or other grains.
Cellulitis—Inflammation of cellular or connective Tissue; an infection in, or close to the skin usually localized by the body's defense mechanisms.
Cholangiography—Radiography of the bile ducts.
Chemotherapy—In the treatment of disease, the application of chemical reagents that have a specific and toxic effect on the disease-causing microorganism.
Chemoprophylaxis—The use of drugs or chemicals to prevent a disease.
Circle of Willis—An arterial anastomosis located at the base of the brain which is formed by the anterior communicating, the two anterior cerebral, two internal carotid, two posterior communicating, and the two posterior cerebral arteries.
Craniotomy—A surgical opening into the skull for the removal of growth from the brain.
Creatinine—The decompensation product of the metabolism of phosphocreatine, a source of energy for muscle contraction. Increased quantities of it is found in advanced renal disease.
Colonoscopy—Examination of the colon or a colonscope.
Colostomy—An opening into a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to bypass an intestional obstruction.
Colon resection—The removal of a segment of the large intestine (colon).
Corticosteroids—used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy; for suppression of ACTH; suppression by the anterior pituitary to suppress immune responses.
Copper Chelating—used in chemotherapeutic treatment for metal poisioning.
Cystogram—An x-ray image of the urinary bladder produced by cystography.
Cystic fibrosis—an inherited disease that causes thick sticky mucous to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. This is caused by a defective gene which tells the body to produce abnormally thick mucous.
Cytotoxic—Producing a toxic effect on cells or destruction of cells.
D
Debridement—The removal of dead or foreign tissue in a wound.
Decadron—Medication used to decrease fluids in the body.
Dialysis—The process of diffusing blood across a semi-permeable membrane to remove toxic materials and to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance in cases of impaired or absence of kidney function.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy—A disease of the heart muscle with left ventricle enlargement and heart failure.
Diuretic—An agent that increases urine secretion.
Diverticulitis—Inflammation of a diverticulum in the intestinal tract especially in the colon causing stagnation of feces in the distended sac of the colon.
Doppler Studies—A sensitive noninvasive technique for determining blood flow to an organ.
E
Echocardiogram—The graphic recording of heart sounds produced by echocardiography.
Edema—A local or generalized condition in which the body tissue contain an excessive amount of fluid.
Effusion—The escape of fluid into a part, such as the pleural cavity.
Electrocardiogram—(EKG) A record of the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrolytes—are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge. It is important for the balance of electrolytes in your body to be maintained because they affect the amount of water in your body blood important processes.
Endarterectomy—Surgical removal of plaque material from the lining of an artery.
Endocarditis—Inflammation of the lining of the heart, chambers, and valves.
Endoscopic biopsy—Obtaining a tissue sample via small excision using an optical device.
Enterocolitis—Inflammation involving both the small Intestine and the colon.
ERCP—(Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography) A diagnostic test used to examine the duodenum, bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreatic ducts.
ESR—(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) A non specific screening test that indirectly measures how much inflammation is in the body.
Embolectomy—Removal of an embolus from a vessel.
Embolism—Obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot.
Emphysema—Pathological distention of interstitial tissues by gas or air usually occurance in the alveoli of the lungs.
Eosinophilia—The formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils a type of white blood cell in the blood.
Eosinphiluria—An increased amount of eosinophils in the urine.
F
Factor 8—A protein that helps blood clot.
Fibrosis—The formation of fibrous tissue as a reparative or reactive process.
Fibrinogen—A protein synthesized by the liver and present in blood plasma that is converted to fibrin through thrombin in the presence of calcium.
Fontanelles—An unossified space or soft spot lying between the cranial bones. (seen in newborns).
G
Gangrene—Death or decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood flow.
Gastritis—Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Gastrectomy—The surgical removal of part or all of the stomach.
Giardia Lamblia—An infection of the small intestine caused by the single celled protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia.
Gluten—A protein that is found in wheat or related grains and many foods we consume.
Greenfield Filter—A device that is inserted into the inferior vena cava in a folded position which springs open like an umbrella to prevent clots from migrating to major organs.
H
Haemophilus Influenza—An organism found in the respiratory tract; infections thought to be caused by a virus H. influenza.
Helicobacteri—A motile gram negative bacterium that causes some peptic ulcers.
Hematoma—A swelling or mass of blood confined to an organ, tissue, or space caused by a break in a blood vessel.
Hematuria—Blood in the urine.
Hepatitis—Inflammation of the liver; can be caused by infections with various organisms including bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Hydrocephalus—An increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain.
Hypague enema—A barium enema used to demonstrate and allow for examination of the colon.
Hypercoaguability—The state of being more readily coagulated than normal which can be associated with pathological conditions.
Hypoxemia—A decreased concentration of oxygen in the blood from inspired air.
Ileostomy—The surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the ileum that allows fecal material to drain in a bag.
Immunosuppressant—An agent that can suppress or prevent an immune response. Used to treat autoimmune disease or prevent rejection of a transplanted organ.
Infarction—An area of tissue in an organ or part that undergoes necrosis following cessation of the blood supply.
Infection—The presence and growth of microorganisms that resist the body's defenses and cause infection.
Infiltration—The pathological accumulation in the tissue or cells or substances not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal.
Inflammation—The non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury.
Insulin—A hormone that is secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas used to regulate blood sugar.
Interstitial fluid—The extracellular fluid that bathes the cells of the most tissues but which is not in the confines of the blood or lymph vessels.
Ischemia—A deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction of circulation.
L
Lactic dehydrogenase—An enzyme present in tissue and serum that is pertainent in the oxidation of lactate.
Leukemia—A malignancy of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow.
Lipase—An enzyme used to break down fats.
Lipoma—A fatty tumor.
Lobectomy—The surgical removal of a lobe of any organ or gland.
M
Malaise—A vague feeling of bodily discomfort or weakness as at the beginning of an illness.
Malignant—Growing worse, resisting treatment or threatening to produce death.
Mannitol—A diuretic used to excrete excess fluid.
Meningitis—Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain.
Mesentery—The peritoneal fold that encircles the small intestine and connects it to the abdominal wall.
Metastasis—Movement of bacteria or body cells from one part of the body to another.
Morphine sulfate—A form of opiate used as an analgesic and sedative.
Mucosal—A mucous membrane or moist tissue that lines organs and cavities of the body.
Mucociliary—Forms a line of defense by trapping inhaled particulate matter that is swept towards the mouth of the cilia.
N
Necrosis—The death of tissue or bone caused by insufficient blood supply.
Neoplasm—A new or abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth.
Nephritis—Inflammation of the kidney
Nephrostomy—The formation of an artificial fistula into the renal pelvis.
Nephrotoxic—A toxic substance that damages the kidneys.
Nitrogylcerin—A drug used to dilate blood vessels and which is commonly used to treat angina.
Norwalk virus—A calicivirus that is the causative agent in viral gastroenteropathy.
P
Palpitation—A rapid throbbing, pulsation, or fluttering of the heart.
Pancreatic enzymes—Enzymes used to aid in the digestion of fat, carbohydrates and proteins.
Pancreatotomy—surgical incision of the pancreas.
Pancrectectomy—Surgical removal of the pancreas.
Pancreatitis—Inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the pancreas.
Paracentesis—Insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity for the removal of fluids.
Parasite—A living organism that lives within and at the expense of another organism.
Paravovirus—A viral illness with symptoms of a blotchy rash which begins on the cheeks and spreads to the arms and legs.
Paraylsis—Temporary or permanent loss of muscular power or senation
Pericardium—A thin layer sac which encloses the heart.
Pericardial effusion—An accumulation of fluid between layers of membranes that line the heart.
Pericardiocentesis—A needle is used to aspirate the fluid from the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart.
Pericarditis—Inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac covering the heart.
Percutaneous Aspiration—A needle biopsy used to obtain and examine tissue.
Pleural sac—A delicate membrane that surrounds the lungs.
Plaque—A yellow area on the lining of the arteries formed by lipid deposits.
Plasmodium Vivax—The causative agent for malaria.
Pluerocentesis—Also called Thoracentesis. A procedure to remove fluid from the space between the linings of the outside of the lung (pleura).
Paracentesis—Insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity for the removal of fluids.
Pneumothorax A collection of air, (gas) in the pleural cavity.
Pneumovaccine—A preparation of a weakened strain of pneumonia that upon administration stimulates antibody production against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection.
Pulmonary Eosinophilia—Inflammation of the lung associated with an increase in eosinophils, a type of white blood cell.
Pulmonary Function test—test used to determine the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Pulmonary Neoplasms—Cancerous tumors of the lung.
Pyelonephritis—Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.
Pyuria—Pus or white blood cells in the urine.
R
Radiation—ionizing rays used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Retroperitoneum—Space behind the peritoneum and outside the peritoneal cavity.
Retrovirus—RNA—containing tumor viruses that are oncogenic and induce sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas.
Restrictive pulmonary function—A lung disease that is characterized by reduced lung volume and gas transfer.
Rheumatoid Factor—An immunonoglobulin present in the serum of adults with rheumatoid arthritis
Rhisa scan—A nuclear scan using radioactivity which may show changes of the circulation within the brain or CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) into the ventricles.
Rubella—A mild febrile infectious viral disease common in childhood (German measles).
S
Sedimentation rate—The rate at which a sediment is digested in a given volume of solution especially when subjected to the action of centrifuge.
Seizures—A sudden attack of spasms, or convulsion or epilepsy.
Serum—The watery portion of the blood after coagulation. A fluid found when clotted blood is left standing.
Sigmoidoscopy—Use of a sigmoidoscope to inspect the sigmoid colon.
Splenectomy—Surgical excision or removal of the spleen.
Steroids—hormones that are biologically active; they are secreted by the adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta in the form of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogen.
Stenosis—The constriction or narrowing of a passage or orifice.
Stool assay—A collection of stools used in diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestional tract.
Spinal tap—(lumbar puncture)—A procedure used to collect cerebral spinal fluid to check for the presence of injury or disease
Subdural hematoma—A blood clot beneath the duramater.
T
Tachycardia—An abnormal rapidity of heart action usually defined as a heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
Tamponade—A pathological condition resulting from the accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardium.
TEE—A diagnostic test (transesophageal echocardiogram) that employs ultrasound waves to make images of the heart chambers, valves, and surrounding structures.
Thallium stress test—A graded to measure an individual heart rate and oxygen intake under strenuous exercise. Thallium is used to visualize heart muscle in motion under stress.
Thoracentesis—Removal of fluid from the pleural space with a needle.
Thrombectomy—Excision of a thrombus from a blood vessel.
Thrombus—A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel or a cavity of the heart.
Troponin—A blood test that aids in earlier diagnosis of heart attack. Specific marker for myocardial (heart) injury.
TNF—(Tumor necrosis factor)—A member of the super protein family which induces necrosis of tumor cells.
Tubular necrosis—Death of tissue due to ischemia of the tubule that transports urine to the ureter.
U
Ultrasonographic—the use of ultrasound to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.
Urease—An enzyme that accelerates the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.
V
Vasospams—Spasms of the blood vessels, resulting in diminished blood supply and/or pain.
Ventriculaopertioneal—Shunt placed to relieve intracranial pressure caused by water on the brain; this fluid is shunted from the brain into the abdominal cavity.
Ventilation perfusion—A test used to measure breathing (ventilation) and circulation (perfusion)
in all areas of the lung using a radioactive material.
Ventricular Hypertrophy—An enlargement of the ventricle of the heart increase in its size.
W
Wilson's disease—A hereditary syndrome, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, where there is a accumulation of copper in various organs.
