Patent Application
20080280034
Transparent glass and glass-ceramic microspheres (i.e., beads) are used as optical elements for retroreflective signage, apparel, and pavement markings.
Pavement markings including microspheres prepared from compositions that comprise lanthanum oxide are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,130 (Tung) WO 96/33139, and US2003/0126803.
In one embodiment, a method of marking a pavement surface is described comprising providing a pavement surface and applying a pavement marking on the pavement surface wherein the pavement marking comprises transparent microspheres partially embedded in a binder.
In another embodiment, a pavement marking tape is described comprising an adhesive coated surface and an opposing viewing surface wherein the viewing surface comprises transparent microspheres partially embedded in a binder.
In yet another embodiment, a (retro)reflective element is described comprising a core and transparent microspheres partially embedded in the core. The core comprises an organic material, an inorganic material, or mixture thereof.
In each of these embodiments, the micropheres comprise certain LAZ, LAT, or LATZ compositions.
In one aspect, the microsphere composition is an LAZ base composition comprising 35 wt % to 70 wt % of one or more metal oxides selected from lanthanide series oxides and yttrium oxide; 15 wt % to less than 30 wt % Al2O3; and 5 to 35 wt % of one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, HfO2, ThO2, and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect, the microsphere composition is an LAT or LATZ base compostion comprising 15 wt % to 65 wt % of one or more metal oxides selected from lanthanide series oxides and yttrium oxide; 15 wt % to 35 wt % Al2O3; 2 wt % to 20 wt % TiO2; and 0 to 40 wt % of one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, HfO2, ThO2, and mixtures thereof.
In each of these aspects, the wt % of lanthanide series oxides, yttrium oxide, Al2O3, ZrO2, HfO2, ThO2 totals at least 65 wt % of the total microsphere composition.
Presently described are retroreflective articles, such as pavement markings, that comprise transparent microspheres partially embedded in a (e.g. polymeric) binder. Also described are (e.g. glass or glass-ceramic) microspheres, methods of making microspheres, as well as compositions of glass materials and compositions of glass-ceramic materials.
The microspheres comprise a lanthanide series oxide(s) (e.g. La2O3) or yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and one or more metal oxides selected from TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2. Base compositions with at least one lanthanide series oxide(s) (e.g. La2O3) or yttrium oxide, Al2O3, and one or more metal oxides selected from ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2 may be referred to herein as “LAZ”. Base compositions with at least one lanthanide series oxide(s) or yttrium oxide, Al2O3, and TiO2 may be referred to herein as “LAT”. “LATZ” base compositions comprise at least one lanthanide series oxide or yttrium oxide, Al2O3, TiO2, and one or more metal oxides selected from ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2.
The terms “beads” and “microspheres” are used interchangeably and refer to particles that are substantially spherical.
The term “solid” refers to beads that are not hollow, i.e., free of substantial cavities or voids. For use as lens elements, the beads are preferably spherical and non-porous. Solid beads are typically more durable than hollow beads. Solid beads can also focus light more effectively than hollow beads, leading to higher retroreflectivity.
The microspheres described herein are preferably transparent. The term “transparent” means that the beads when viewed under an optical microscope (e.g., at 100×) have the property of transmitting rays of visible light so that bodies beneath the beads, such as bodies of the same nature as the beads, can be clearly seen through the beads when both are immersed in oil of approximately the same refractive index as the beads. Although the oil should have an index of refraction approximating that of the beads, it should not be so close that the beads seem to disappear (as they would in the case of a perfect index match). The outline, periphery, or edges of bodies beneath the beads are clearly discernible.
The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoint includes all numbers subsumed within the range (e.g. the range 1 to 10 includes, for example, 1, 1.5, 3.33, and 10).
Beads described herein are particularly useful as lens elements in retroreflective articles. Transparent beads described herein typically have an index of refraction ranging from about 1.5 to about 2.0. The index of refraction is preferably at least 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, or 1.89. Depending on the composition, the refractive index may be higher.
Articles of the invention share the common feature of comprising microspheres comprising certain LAT compositions, LAZ compositions, or LATZ compositions described herein and/or a reflective element comprising such beads at least partially embedded in a core. At least a portion of the LAT, LAZ, or LATZ beads are exposed on the viewing surface of the pavement marking or reflective element article.
The pavement markings of the invention comprise a binder. In some aspects, the binder affixes the microspheres or the elements comprising microspheres to a pavement surface. Pavement surfaces are typically substantially solid and include a major portion of inorganic materials. Typically pavement surfaces include asphalt, concrete, and the like. The binder typically comprises a paint, a thermoplastic material, thermoset material, or other curable material. Common binder materials include polyacrylates, methacrylates, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyepoxide resins, phenolic resins, and polyesters. For reflective pavement marking paints the binder may comprise reflective pigment.
For reflective sheeting that is suitable for reflective signage, apparel, or other uses, the binder that affixes the beads is typically transparent. Transparent binders are applied to a reflective base or may be applied to a release-coated support, from which after solidification of the binder, the beaded film is stripped and may subsequently be applied to a reflective base or be given a reflective coating or plating.
The LAT, LAZ, or LATZ microspheres and the reflective elements comprising such microspheres are typically coated with one or more surface treatments that alter the pavement marking binder wetting properties and/or improve the adhesion of the microspheres and reflective elements in the binder. The reflective elements are preferably embedded in the pavement marking binder to about 20-40%, and more preferably to about 30% of their diameters such that the reflective elements are adequately exposed. Surface treatments that control wetting include various fluorochemical derivatives such as commercially available from Du Pont, Wilmington, Del. under the trade designation “Krytox 157 FS”. Various silanes such as commercially available from OSI Specialties, Danbury, Conn. under the trade designation “Silquest A-1100” are suitable as adhesion promoters.
With reference to
The core may comprise an inorganic material. Glass-ceramics are useful as a core material. The crystalline phase acts to scatter light resulting in a semi-transparent or opaque appearance. Alternatively, the core may comprise an organic material such as a thermoplastic or bonded resin core, i.e. a crosslinked cured resin such as an epoxy, polyurethanes, alkyds, acrylics, polyesters, phenolics and the like. Various epoxies, polyurethane, and polyesters are generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,254,563 (deVries, et al) and 3,418,896 (Rideout). The core may be a composite comprising an inorganic or polymeric particle that is coated with an organic material. In the latter case, the organic material may serve as a binder to affix the beads to the outside surface of the core.
The retroreflective elements may be prepared from a non-diffusely reflecting bonded resin core in combination with specularly reflecting microspheres (e.g. vapor coating the microspheres with a thin layer of aluminum in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,302.). This approach results in less durable retroreflective elements due to the use of metal which may be susceptible to chemical degradation. Less durable retroreflective elements would also result by incorporating metals (e.g. aluminum) into the core. In some embodiments, the retroreflective elements comprise at least one non-metallic light scattering material dispersed within the core. The coefficient of retroreflection RA of the (e.g. dry) reflective elements for an entrance angle of −4° and a 0.2° obervation angle is typically at least about 5 (Cd/m2)/lux and preferably at least about 10 (cd/m2)/lux as measured according to Procedure B of ASTM Standard E809-94a.
Reflective elements may be made by known processes, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,917,652 (Mathers, et al.); 5,774,265 (Mathers, et al.), and 2005/0158461-A1 (Bescup et al.).
The LAT, LAZ, or LATZ beads and/or LAT, LAZ, or LATZ reflective elements are particularly useful in pavement marking. With reference to
Typically, the microspheres and/or reflective elements are applied to a roadway or other surface through the use of conventional delineation equipment. The microspheres and/or reflective elements are dropped from a random position or a prescribed pattern if desired onto the surface, and each retroreflective element comes to rest with one of its faces disposed in a downward direction such that it is embedded and adhered to the paint, thermoplastic material, etc. If different sizes are used, they are typically evenly distributed on the surface. When the paint or other film-forming material is fully cured, the microspheres and/or retroreflective elements are firmly held in position to provide an extremely effective retroreflective marker.
In other aspects, beads and/or reflective elements are employed in retroreflective sheeting including exposed lens, encapsulated lens, embedded lens, or enclosed lens sheeting. Representative pavement-marking sheet material (tapes) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,932 (Tung et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,555 (Hedblom); U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,221 (Hedblom); U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,791 (Hedblom); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,262 (Hedblom).
Pavement marking sheet material generally includes a backing, a layer of binder material, and a layer of beads partially embedded in the layer of binder material. The backing, which is typically of a thickness of less than about 3 millimeters, can be made from various materials, e.g., polymeric films, metal foils, and fiber-based sheets. Suitable polymeric materials include acrylonitrile-butadiene polymers, millable polyurethanes, and neoprene rubber. The backing can also include particulate fillers or skid resistant particles. The binder material can include various materials, e.g., vinyl polymers, polyurethanes, epoxides, and polyesters, optionally with colorants such as inorganic pigments, including specular pigments. The pavement marking sheeting can also include an adhesive, e.g., a pressure sensitive adhesive, a contact adhesive, or a hot melt adhesive, on the bottom of the backing sheet.
Pavement markings typically exhibit an initial coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL according to ASTM E 1710-97 of at least 300 millicandelas/m2/lux, at least 500 millicandelas/m2/lux, at least 800 millicandelas/m2/lux, at least 1000 millicandelas/m2/lux, at least 2000 millicandelas/m2/lux, or at least 3000 millicandelas/m2/lux.
Patterned retoreflective (e.g. pavement) markings advantageously provide vertical surfaces, e.g., defined by protrusions, in which the microspheres are partially embedded. Because the light source usually strikes a pavement marker at high entrance angles, the vertical surfaces, containing embedded microspheres, provide for more effective retroreflection. Vertical surfaces also tend to keep the microspheres out of the water during rainy periods thereby improving retroreflective performance.
For example,
Pavement marking sheetings can be made by a variety of known processes. A representative example of such a process includes coating onto a backing sheet a mixture of resin, pigment, and solvent, dropping beads onto the wet surface of the backing, and curing the construction. A layer of adhesive can then be coated onto the bottom of the backing sheet. U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,541 (Hedblom) discloses a method of making patterned pavement markings and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Optionally, a scrim (e.g., woven or nonwoven) and/or an adhesive layer can be attached to the back side of the polymeric base sheet, if desired.
In some embodiments, two types of microspheres are employed wherein one type are the LAT, LAZ, or LATZ beads described herein and the second type are “high index microspheres,” having for example a refractive index greater than 2.0. In some aspects, one of the two types of microspheres will be larger. For instance, the LAT, LAZ, or LATZ microspheres may range in diameter from 175 to 250 micrometers in diameter while the high index microspheres are about 50 to 100 micrometers in diameter. In such case, the smaller high index microspheres may be disposed between the larger low index LAT, LAZ, LATZ microspheres. As a result, the high refractive index microspheres are protected against abrasion caused by repeated traffic wear. Typically, the larger microspheres will cover more than about 50 percent of the retroreflective portion of the pavement marking surface area.
The low index LAT, LAZ, or LATZ microspheres are typically present in an amount of at least 25 weight percent of the micropheres, and preferably from about 35 to about 85 weight percent of the total amount of microspheres used. The high refractive index microspheres can range from 15 to about 75 weight percent. These ranges provide a good balance between dry and wet retroreflectivity and provide good abrasion resistance. Generally, about 5% to about 50% of the viewing surface area of the pavement marking comprises the microspheres and/or reflective elements.
The microspheres are preferably placed selectively on the side and top surfaces of the protrusions while leaving the valleys between protrusions substantially clear so as to minimize the amount of microspheres used, thereby minimizing the manufacturing cost. The microspheres may be placed on any of the side surfaces as well as the top surface of the protrusions to achieve efficient retroreflection.
The binder layer of
The binder layer of
Specular pigment particles are generally thin and plate-like and are part of the binder layer, the organic core (a core comprising essentially only an organic binder material) of an element, or an organic binder coating on an inorganic particle that together make up a composite core of an element. Light striking the pigment particles is reflected at an angle equal but opposite to the angle at which it was incident. Suitable examples of specular pigments include pearlescent pigments, mica, and nacreous pigments. Typically, the amount of specular pigment present in the binder layer is less than 50 percent by weight. Preferably, the specular pigments comprise about 15 percent to 40 percent of the binder layer by weight, this range being the optimum amount of specular pigment needed for efficient retroreflection. Pearlescent pigment particles are often preferred because of the trueness in color.
In lieu of or in addition to combining transparent beads with a reflective (e.g. pigment containing) binder and/or element core, the beads may comprise a reflective (e.g. metallic) coating. Preferrably, the metallic coating is absent from the portion of the outside surface of the bead that oriented to receive the light that is to be retroreflected, and present on the portion of the outside surface of the bead that is oriented opposite to the direction from which light that is to be retroreflected is incident. For example, in
The components of the beads are described as oxides, i.e. the form in which the components exist in the completely processed glass and glass-ceramic beads as well as retroreflective articles, and the form that correctly accounts for the chemical elements and the proportions thereof in the beads. The starting materials used to make the beads may include some chemical compound other than an oxide, such as a carbonate. Other starting materials become modified to the oxide form during the heating and or melting of the ingredients. It is appreciated that fugitive componenets that are volatilized during the heating, melting, and spheroidizing process are not present in the completely processed microspheres.
The compositions of beads, discussed in terms of a theoretical oxide basis, can be described by listing the components together with their weight percent (wt %) concentrations or their mole percent (mol-%) concentrations in the bead. Listing mol-% concentrations of components demands care to be explicit about the chemical formulae to which the mol % figures are being applied. For example, in certain circumstances, it is convenient to describe lanthanum oxide by the chemical formula La2O3; however, in other circumstances it is more convenient to describe lanthanum oxide by the chemical formula LaO3/2, The latter notation is an example of an approach where the chemical formula for a metal oxide comprising a single metal is adjusted to yield a single metal atom per formula unit and whatever quantity of oxygen atoms (even if fractional) is required to reflect accurately the overall stoichiometry of the metal oxide. For compositions expressed herein in terms of concentrations given in units of mol-% of metal oxides, the mol-% figures relate to such formula units that include a single, unitary metal atom.
Lanthanum is one of a group of 15 chemically related elements in group IIIB of the periodic table (lanthanide series). The names, symbols, and atomic numbers of the lanthanide series elements are as follows:
In some embodiments, the microspheres may comprise oxides of other lanthanide series elements in place of or in combination with lanthanum oxide. In some embodiments, lanthanum oxide, gadolinium oxide, and combinations thereof, represent at least 80 wt %, at least 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, and even 100% of the lanthanide series oxides.
In other embodiments, the microspheres may comprise yttirum oxide in place of or in combination with lanthanum oxide. Accordingly, the microspheres described herein may comprise various combinations of one or more oxides selected from oxides of the lanthanide series of elements and/or yttirum oxide. Any of ranges described herein with respect to lanthanum oxide content can be applied to a combination of lanthanide series oxides and yttrium oxide.
The microspheres described herein comprise at least one lanthanide series oxide(s) and/or yttrium oxide in an amount totaling at least 15 wt %. The amount of lanthanide series oxide or yttrium oxide may range up to 70 wt %. In some embodiments, the amount of lanthanide series oxide or yttrium oxide is less than 65 wt %, 60 wt %, 55 wt-% or 50 wt %.
When the microspheres are LAZ micropheres and are substantially free of TiO2, the concentration of lanthanide series oxide(s) and/or yttrium oxide can be at least 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, or 40 wt %. When the microspheres are LAT microspheres and are substantially free of ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2, the microspheres can comprise at least 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, or 45 wt % of lanthanide series oxide(s) and/or yttrium oxide.
The microspheres described herein also comprise aluminim oxide in an amount of at least 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, or 20 wt %. The amount of aluminim oxide may range up to 35 wt %.
The micropheres described also comprise one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, ThO2.
The LAT and LATZ microspheres comprise titania (i.e. TiO2). Titania is a high index of refraction metal oxide with a melting point of 1840° C., and is typically used because of its optical and electrical properties, but not generally for hardness or strength. Similar to zirconia, titania is a strong nucleating agent known to cause crystallization of glass materials. Despite its high individual melting point, as a component in a mixture of certain oxides, titania can lower the liquidus temperature, while significantly raising the index of refraction of microspheres comprising such mixtures of oxides. Compositions comprising titania and optionally zirconia provide relatively lower liquidus temperatures and higher crystallinity when heat-treated appropriately, useful mechanical properties, and high transparency.
The concentration of TiO2 in the LAT and LATZ microspheres is at least 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt % or 5 wt % and typically ranges up to about 20 wt %. In some embodiments, the amount of TiO2 is at least 10 wt % or at least 15 wt %.
When relatively high concentrations of aluminum oxide are present, the amount of TiO2 is greater than the amount of Al2O3 in excess of 30 wt %, i.e. wt % TiO2 is greater than (wt % Al2O3-30 wt %). In various embodiments, the wt % of TiO2 meets one or more of the equations set forth in the following table:
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−29 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−28 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−27 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−26 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−25 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−24 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−23 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−22 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−21 wt %)
wt % TiO2>(wt % Al2O3−20 wt %)
In some embodiments, the microspheres are LAT micropheres and are substantially free of ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2. These embodiments generally comprise higher concentrations of the lanthanide series oxide(s) and/or yttrium oxide, as previously described. For LAT microspheres, the concentration of TiO2 generally ranges from 5 wt % to 20 wt %. For the LATZ microspheres the amount of TiO2 can range from 2 wt % to 20 wt %. When the (e.g. LATZ) further comprise alkaline earth oxides, the concentration of TiO2 is typically no greater than 15 wt %, yet can range up to 20 wt %.
The LAZ and LATZ microsphere comprise zirconia. Generally, the zirconia contributes chemical and mechanical durability as well as contributes to the high index of refraction of the beads. As is commonly known, zirconia often includes some level of hafnia (HfO2) contamination. Also, it is known that hafnia as well as thoria (ThO2) can exhibit similar physical and chemical properties to those of zirconia. Accordingly, although beads are described in terms of their content of zirconia, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that hafnia and thoria can be substituted in part or in whole for zirconia.
The amount of zirconia alone or in combination with HfO2, and/or ThO2 may range from 0 to 40 wt %. The LAZ or LATZ micropheres comprise at least 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, or 5 wt % of one or more metal oxides selected from ZrO, HfO2, and ThO2. In some embodiments, the (e.g. LATZ) microspheres comprise 15 wt % to 35 wt % of ZrO, HfO2, ThO2, and mixtures thereof.
The sum of the wt % of lanthanide series oxide or yttrium oxide, Al2O3, ZrO2, HfO2, and ThO2, is generally at least 65 wt %, 66 wt %, 67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt % or 70 wt % of the total microsphere composition.
In some embodiments, the composition of the microspheres consist essentially of LAT, LAZ, or LATZ. In other embodiments, the microspheres described herein may comprise 30 wt % to 35 wt % of other metal oxides. Such other metal oxides are selected as to not detract from the refractive index and/or acid resistance properties of the microspheres. Other metal oxides may be selected for addition with the purpose of lowering the melting point of the material, leading to easier processing. Suitable other metal oxides include for example LiO2, Na2O, K2O; alkaline earth oxides such as BaO, SrO, MgO and CaO; as well as ZnO, SiO2, and B2O3, Other metal oxides may be selected for addition with the purpose of improving the mechanical properties of the material. In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free (less than 1 wt %) of any other metal oxides. In other embodiments, the compositions comprises up to 20 wt % (e.g. 5 wt % to 15 wt %) of one or more alkaline earth oxides, particularly CaO and BaO.
Colorants can also be included in the beads of the present invention. Such colorants include, for example, CeO2, Fe2O3, CoO, Cr2O3, NiO, CuO, MnO2, V2O5 and the like. Typically, the beads include no more than about 5% by weight (e.g. 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) colorant, based on the total weight of the beads (theoretical oxide basis). Also, rare earth elements, such as praseodymium, neodymium, europium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium may optionally be included for color or fluorescence. Preferably, the microspheres are substantially free of lead oxide (PbO) and cadmium oxide (CdO).
The microspheres described herein can be prepared from a melt process. Microspheres prepared from a melt process are described herein as “fused.” For ease in manufacturing, the microsphere composition exhibits a relatively low liquidus temperature, such as less than about 1700° C., and preferably less than about 1600° C. Typically the liquidus temperature is less than about 1500° C. Generally, formulations including those at or near a eutectic composition(s) (e.g., binary or ternary eutectic compositions) will have lowest melting points in the system and, therefore, will be particularly useful.
Upon initial formation from a melt, beads are formed that are substantially amorphous yet can contain some crystallinity. The compositions preferably form clear, transparent glass microspheres when quenched. Upon further heat treatment, the beads can develop crystallinity in the form of a glass-ceramic structure, i.e., microstructure in which crystals have grown from within an initially amorphous structure, and thus become glass-ceramic beads. Upon heat treatment of quenched beads, the beads can develop crystallinity in the form of a nanoscale glass-ceramic structure, i.e., microstructure in which crystals less than about 100 nanometers in dimension have grown from within an initially amorphous structure, and thus become glass-ceramic beads. A nanoscale glass-ceramic microstructure is a microcrystalline glass-ceramic structure comprising nanoscale crystals. It is also within the scope to provide a transparent microspheres that are mostly crystalline (i.e., greater than 50 vol-% crystalline) directly after quenching, thus bypassing a heat-treatment step. It is believed that in such cases, employed cooling rates are not high enough to preserve an amorphous structure, but are high enough to form nanocrystalline microstructure.
“Glass microspheres” refers to microspheres having less than 1 volume % of crystals. Crystallinity is typically developed through heat-treatment of amorphous beads, although some glass-ceramic beads formed by quenching molten droplets may contain crystals without secondary heat treatment. The glass-ceramic microspheres comprise one or more crystalline phases, typically totaling at least 5 volume %. Glass-ceramic microspheres can comprise greater than 10 volume % crystals, greater than 25 volume % crystals, or greater than 50 volume % crystals.
Microspheres exhibiting X-ray diffraction consistent with the presence of a crystalline phase are considered glass-ceramic microspheres. An approximate guideline in the field is that materials comprising less than about 1 volume % crystals may not exhibit detectable crystallinity in typical powder X-ray diffraction measurements. Such materials are often considered “X-ray amorphous” or glass materials, rather than ceramic or glass-ceramic materials. Microspheres comprising crystals that are detectable by X-ray diffraction measurements, typically necessary to be present in an amount greater than or equal to 1 volume % for detectability, are considered glass-ceramic microspheres. X-ray diffraction data can be collected using a Philips Automated Vertical Diffractometer with Type 150 100 00 Wide Range Goniometer, sealed copper target X-ray source, proportional detector, variable receiving slits, 0.2° entrance slit, and graphite diffracted beam monochromator (Philips Electronics Instruments Company, Mahwah, N.J.), with measurement settings of 45 kV source voltage, 35 mA source current, 0.04° step size, and 4 second dwell time.
For good transparency, it is preferable that the microspheres comprise little or no volume fraction of crystals greater than about 100 nanometers in dimension. When present, the microspheres comprise less than 20 volume % of crystals greater than about 100 nanometers in dimension, more preferably less than 10 volume %, and most preferably less than about 5 volume %. The size of the crystals in the crystalline phase is less than about 20 nanometers (0.02 micrometers) in their largest linear dimension. Crystals of this size typically do not scatter visible light effectively, and therefore do not decrease the transparency significantly.
Beads of the invention can be made and used in various sizes. It is uncommon to deliberately form beads smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter, though a fraction of beads down to 2 micrometers or 3 micrometers in diameter is sometimes formed as a by-product of manufacturing larger beads. Accordingly, the beads are preferably at least 20 micrometers, (e.g. at least 50 micrometers, at least 100 micrometers, at least 150 micrometers.) Generally, the uses for high index of refraction beads call for them to be less than about 2 millimeters in diameter, and most often less than about 1 millimeter in diameter (e.g. less than 750 micrometers, less than 500 micrometers, less than 300 micrometers).
Glass microspheres described herein can be prepared by fusion processes as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,493,403 (Tung et al). In one useful process, the starting materials are measured out in particulate form, each starting material being preferably about 0.01 micrometer to about 50 micrometer in size, and intimately mixed together. The starting raw materials include compounds that form oxides upon melting or heat treatment. These can include oxides, (e.g. titania, zirconia, and alkaline earth metal oxide(s)), hydroxides, acid chlorides, chlorides, nitrates, carboxylates, sulfates, alkoxides, and the like, and the various combinations thereof. Moreover, multicomponent metal oxides such as lanthanum titanate (La2TiO5) and barium titanate (BaTiO3) can also be used.
Glass microspheres can, alternatively, be prepared by other conventional processes as, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,924,533 (McMullen, et al). and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,745 (Plumat). The oxide mixture can be melted in a gas-fired or electrical furnace until all the starting materials are in liquid form. The liquid batch can be poured into a jet of high-velocity air. Beads of the desired size are formed directly in the resulting stream. The velocity of the air is adjusted in this method to cause a proportion of the beads formed to have the desired dimensions. Typically, such compositions have a sufficiently low viscosity and high surface tension. Typical sizes of beads prepared by this method range from several tenths of a millimeter to 3-4 millimeters.
Melting of the starting materials is typically achieved by heating at a temperature within a range of about 1500° C. to about 1900° C., and often at a temperature, for example, of about 1700° C. A direct heating method using a hydrogen-oxygen burner or acetylene-oxygen burner, or an oven heating method using an arc image oven, solar oven, graphite oven or zirconia oven, can be used to melt the starting materials.
Alternatively, the melted starting material is quenched in water, dried, and crushed to form particles of a size desired for the final beads. The crushed particles can be screened to assure that they are in the proper range of sizes. The crushed particles can then be passed through a flame having a temperature sufficient to remelt and spheroidize the particles.
The starting materials can first be formed into larger feed particles. The feed particles are fed directly into a burner, such as a hydrogen-oxygen burner or an acetylene-oxygen burner or a methane-air burner, and then quenched in water (e.g., in the form of a water curtain or water bath). Feed particles may be formed by melting and grinding, agglomerating, or sintering the starting materials. Agglomerated particles of up to about 2000 micrometers in size (the length of the largest dimension) can be used, although particles of up to about 500 micrometers in size are preferred. The agglomerated particles can be made by a variety of well known methods, such as by mixing with water, spray drying, pelletizing, and the like. The starting material, particularly if in the form of agglomerates, can be classified for better control of the particle size of the resultant beads. Whether agglomerated or not, the starting material may be fed into the burner with the burner flame in a horizontal or vertical orientation. Typically, the feed particles are fed into the flame at its base.
The procedure for cooling the molten droplets can involve air cooling or rapid cooling. Rapid cooling is achieved by, for example, dropping the molten droplets of starting material into a cooling medium such as water or cooling oil. In addition, a method can be used in which the molten droplets are sprayed into a gas such as air or argon. The resultant quenched fused beads are typically sufficiently transparent for use as lens elements in retroreflective articles. For certain embodiments, they are also sufficiently hard, strong, and tough for direct use in retroreflective articles. A subsequent heat-treating step can improve their mechanical properties. Also, heat treatment and crystallization lead to increases in index of refraction.
When the quenched fused bead is subsequently heat treated, this heating step is carried out at a temperature below the melting point of the microsphere composition. Typically, this temperature is at least about 750° C. Preferably, it is about 800° C. to about 1000° C., provided it does not exceed the melting point of the microsphere composition. If the heating temperature is too low, the effect of increasing the index of refraction will be insufficient. Conversely, if the heating temperature is too high, bead transparency can be diminished due to light scattering from large crystals. Although there are no particular limitations on the time of this heating step to increase index of refraction, develop crystallinity, and/or improve mechanical properties, heating for at least about 1 minute is normally sufficient, and heating should preferably be performed for about 5 minutes to about 100 minutes. In addition, preheating (e.g., for about 1 hour) at a temperature within the range of about 600° C. to about 800° C. before heat treatment may be advantageous because it can further increase the transparency and mechanical properties of the beads. Typically, and preferably, heat-treatment step is conducted in air or oxygen. These atmospheres are generally beneficial in improving color characteristic of beads, making them whiter. It is also within the scope to conduct heat-treatment in an atmosphere other than air or oxygen.
The latter method of preheating is also suitable for growing fine crystal phases in a uniformly dispersed state within an amorphous phase. A crystal phase containing oxides of zirconium, titanium, etc., can also form in compositions containing high levels of zirconia or titania upon forming the beads from the melt (i.e., without subsequent heating). Significantly, the crystal phases are more readily formed (either directly from the melt or upon subsequent heat treatment) by including high combined concentrations of titania and zirconia (e.g. combined concentration greater than 70%).
Microspheres made from a melt process are characterized as “fused.” Fully vitreous fused microspheres comprise a dense, solid, atomistically homogeneous glass network from which nanocrystals can nucleate and grow during subsequent heat treatment.
The crush strength values of the beads of the invention can be determined according to the test procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,511 (Wood). Using this procedure, the beads demonstrate a crush strength of preferably at least about 350 MPa, more preferably at least about 700 MPa.
The durability of the beads can be demonstrated by exposing them to a compressed air driven stream of sand according to the test procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,469 (Lange). Using this procedure, the beads are resistant to fracture, chipping, and abrasion, as evidenced by retention of about 30% to about 60% of their original retroreflected brightness.
Acid resistance, as tested according to the method subsequently described in the examples, is also indicative of durability.
The following provides an explanation of the present invention with reference to its examples and comparative examples. Furthermore, it should be understood that the present invention is no way limited to these examples. All percentages are in weight percents, based on the total weight of the compositions, unless otherwise specified.
1. Patch brightness refers to the coefficient of retroreflection (RA) determined using a retroluminometer. The device directs white light onto a planar monolayer of microspheres disposed on a white backing material at a fixed entrance angle to the normal to the monolayer. The white backing material comprises a transparent acrylic copolymer pressure sensitive adhesive having a refractive index in the range of 1.46 to 1.53 and about 17.2 wt % of TiO2 pigment. The coefficient of retroreflection is measured by a photodetector at a fixed divergence angle to the entrance angle (observation angle) in units of (Cd/m2)/lux. Data reported herein were measured at −4° entrance angle and 0.2° observation angle. Retroreflective brightness measurements were made for the purpose of comparison of brightness between beads of different composition.
2. Index of refraction of the microspheres was measured according to T. Yamaguchi, “Refractive Index Measurement of High Refractive Index Beads,” Applied Optics Volume 14, Number 5, pages 1111-1115 (1975).
3. Acid Resistance of the microspheres was determined using a standard test. Exposure to liquid acid can etch the outside surface of some glass and glass-ceramic microspheres and cause formerly clear and apparently defect-free microspheres to become hazy in appearance when viewed using an optical microscope. Poor resistance to acid partially limits the utility of glass and glass-ceramic microspheres in pavement marking applications. For the test, 1.0 g of microspheres were immersed in 30 ml of a solution containing 1 vol % of concentrated sulfuric acid (i.e. 18 M) in water for 120 hours. The microspheres were examined using an optical microscope before and after acid immersion. Microspheres that exhibit very little or no decrease in the proportion of clear microspheres (e.g., <5% decrease in content of clear microspheres) is considered to have passed the acid resistance test. Microspheres that exhibit a significant decrease in the proportion of clear microspheres (e.g., >5% decrease in clear microspheres) is considered to have failed the acid resistance test.
The coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) of the pavement marking can be tested according to ASTM E 1710-05. One suitable device for measuring luminance is a model LTL-X retrometer manufactured by Delta Light and Optics, (Denmark).
The following starting materials were employed in the examples:
zirconium oxide—commercially available from Z-TECH division of Carpenter Engineering Products, Bow, N.H., under the trade designation “CF-PLUS-HM”
titanium oxide—commercially available from KRONOS Incorporated, Cranbury, N.J., under the trade designation “KRONOS 1000”
barium carbonate—commercially available from Chemical Products Corporation, Cartersville, Ga., under the trade designation “Type S”
lanthanum oxide—commercially available from Treibacher, Industrie Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, under the trade designation “Lanthanum Oxide La2O3, 99.9%”
aluminum oxide—commercially available from ALCOA Industrial Chemicals, Pittsburgh, Pa., under the trade designation “16SG”, and
calcium carbonate—commercially available from Akrochem Corporation (Akron, Ohio) under the trade designation “Hubercarb Q325.”
For each example, the gram amounts of each metal oxide as specified in Table 1 as follows were combined in a 1 quart porcelain jar mill with 3 g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (commercially available from the Aqualon Division of Hercules Incorporated, Hopewell, Va., under the trade designation “CMC 7L2C”), approximately 350 g of water, and approximately 1600 g of 1 cm diameter zirconium oxide milling media.
The resulting slurry was milled for approximately 24 hours and then dried overnight at 90° C. to 130° C. to yield a mixed powder cake with the components homogeneously distributed. After grinding with a mortar and pestle, the dried and sized particles (<212 microns diameter) were fed into the flame of a hydrogen/oxygen torch (commercially available from Bethlehem Apparatus Company, Hellertown, Pa. under the trade designation “Bethlehem Bench Burner PM2D Model-B”), referred to as “Bethlehem burner” hereinafter. The Bethlehem burner delivered hydrogen and oxygen at the following rates, standard liters per minute (SLPM):
The particles were melted by the flame and transported to a water quenching vessel, yielding fused microspheres. The quenched particles were dried and then passed through the flame of the Bethlehem burner a second time, where they were melted again and transported to the water quenching vessel. A portion of the quenched microspheres was heat-treated by heating at 10° C./minute to 750° C., holding at 750° C. for 1 hour, and furnace cooling.
Table 2 describes the theoretical bead composition for each example, accounting for decomposition of any carbonate that was present in the raw material batches. Table 2 also reports index of refraction values for quenched microspheres i) after flame-forming and ii) after furnace heat-treatment. Finally, Table 2 also reports the patch brightness values for as-flame-formed microspheres that were sieved to diameter less than 106 micrometers. Values of patch brightness for the sieved microspheres were approximately proportional the observed fraction of transparent microspheres present for each the samples, that ranged from approximately 1 percent to approximately 90 percent (i.e., greater fraction of transparent microspheres led to higher patch brightness values).
The acid resistance test was performed on microspheres of Examples 1, 13, and 14. The contents of clear and defect-free microspheres before and after acid exposure for the examples were 80% and 15% for the microspheres of Example 1, 97% and 95% for Example 12, and 90% and 90% for Example 14. Microspheres that pass the acid resistance test are preferred.
Microspheres having composition 17.2 wt % La2O3, 31.8 wt % Al2O3, 29.5 wt % ZrO2, 10.7 wt % TiO2, and 10.9 wt % CaO, were prepared by a flame forming method. The as-quenched microspheres exhibited an index of refraction value of 1.886 and a retroreflective patch brightness (RA) value of about 13.5 (Cd/m2)/lux.
Microspheres having composition 17.9 wt % La2O3, 33.7 wt % Al2O3, 20.4 wt % ZrO2, 16.7 wt % TiO2, and 11.3 wt % CaO, were prepared by a flame forming method. The as-quenched microspheres exhibited an index of refraction value of 1.890 and a retroreflective patch brightness (RA) value of 14-15 (Cd/m2)/lux.
Microspheres having composition 25.0 wt % La2O3, 30.2 wt % Al2O3, 23.8 wt % ZrO2, 10.4 wt % TiO2, and 10.6 wt % CaO, were prepared by a flame forming method. The as-quenched microspheres exhibited an index of refraction value of 1.878 and a retroreflective patch brightness (Ra) value of 14.2 (Cd/m2)/lux.
The microspheres of Example 18 were surface treated first with “Silquest A-1100” adhesion promoting agent by first diluting approximately 8 wt % of “Silquest A-1100” with water such that the amount was sufficient to coat the beads and provide 600 ppm on the dried beads. The microspheres were then surface treated with “Krytox 157 FSL” floatation promoting agent in the same manner, to provide 150 ppm of such treatment. After each treatment, the microspheres were placed in an aluminum drying tray at a thickness of about 1.9 cm and dried in a 66° C. oven for approximately 30 minutes.
A pavement marking tape having a TiO2 pigmented polyurethane binder was prepared using the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,555 (Hedblom). The resulting tape was the same as commercially available from 3M Company under the trade designation “3M Stamark High Performance Tape Series 3801” except that surface treated microspheres of Example 18 were used in place of the microspheres of the commercially available pavement marking tape. The resulting average retroreflective brightness, RL, of the tape was 1,366 mCd/m2/lux.
A pavement marking tape having a pearlescent specularly reflecting pigmented polyurethane binder was prepared using the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,791 (Hedblom). The resulting tape was the same as commercially available from 3M Company under the trade designation “3M Stamark High Performance Tape Series 380WR” except that surface treated microspheres of Example 18 were used in place of (i.e. both the wet and dry reflective) microspheres of the commercially available pavement marking tape. The resulting average retroreflective brightness, RL, of the tape was 2,806 mCd/m2/lux.
Reflective elements (as depicted in
A retroluminometer was retrofitted so as to project the beam at an 86.5 eg entrance angle to the marking. Measurements at 1.0 deg observation angle were made in a manner intended to approximate the geometry used to measure RL values. The average retroreflective brightness reading measured in this way for Example 21 was 4,916 mCd/m2/lux.
