This invention relates to paving stones and blocks, natural and manmade.
Paving stones have been in use for thousands of years. Initially such stones were literally that, naturally occurring stones or rocks of various shapes and compositions. Even the earliest installers of such stones recognized that stones of regular shapes and sizes facilitated their installation and effectiveness in use. That doubtless led initially to care in selecting stones and placing them and later to preparatory shaping of stones to facilitate their installation and function. Eventually such regular shapes came to be embodied in man-made bricks and “stones,” including a variety of different shapes and compositions.
Notwithstanding thousands of years of human experience in paving a variety of different surfaces for a variety of different reasons and uses, the need continues for pavers that can better address certain requirements.
Among those requirements are the need to successfully transfer the load of vehicles that use the paving to the subgrade without damaging the base course or its stability.
As is explained by the ICPI Tech SPEC Number 1 (Glossary of Terms for Segmental Concrete Pavement), interlocking concrete pavement is a system of paving that consists of discrete, hand-sized paving units with either rectangular or dentated shapes manufactured from concrete. The units are placed in an interlocking pattern, compacted into coarse bedding sand, the joints filled with sand and compacted again to start interlock.
Interlocking results when frictional forces between paving units prevent them from rotating, or moving horizontally or vertically in relation to each other. Interlocking is also defined as the inability of a concrete paver to move independently of its neighbors. Friction forces enable load transfer among the paving units. There are three kinds of load transfer, vertical interlock, horizontal interlock and rotational interlock. Vertical interlock is achieved by shear transfer of loads to surrounding units through sand in the joints. Horizontal interlock is primarily achieved through the use of laying patterns that disperse forced from braking and accelerating vehicles. Rotational interlock is achieved by using pavers of sufficient thickness, placed closely together, and restraining them by a stationary edge such as a curb.
Interlocking is not, however, the only characteristic of concern. Many paver installations need to accommodate the flow of water through the paved surface and into underlying structures, installations of which pavers are sometimes referred to as permeable interlocking concrete pavement.
Likewise, it is important the pavers be attractive, easy to install manually or with mechanical systems, and that they be easy to manufacture economically, quickly and reliably without undue complexity in the manufacturing equipment and without undue difficulty associated with wear of the manufacturing equipment.
The terms “invention,” “the invention,” “this invention” and “the present invention” used in this patent are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent and the patent claims below. Statements containing these terms should be understood not to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit the meaning or scope of the patent claims below. Embodiments of the invention covered by this patent are defined by the claims below, not this summary. This summary is a high-level overview of various aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts that are further described in the Detailed Description section below. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings and each claim.
The pavers of this invention are attractive, easy and inexpensive to manufacture and install and can be assembled into strong paver systems that achieve good vertical, horizontal and rotational interlocking, balanced with substantial permeability to allow water to drain through such systems into underlying structures.
Pavers of this invention may be made in a number of different shapes, usually generally (a) square, (b) rectangular, (c) triangular, or (d) that can be thought of as combinations of squares, rectangles and triangles (such as L-shaped and parallelogram-shaped stones). The pavers of this invention may also be made in other shapes such as hexagons.
Significantly, the vertical walls of these pavers include “serpentine,” “sinuous,” “wavy,” “saw tooth,” “sinusoidal” or “crenelated” portions (when viewed in plan or “from above”) that are positioned to inter-fit with like-shaped portions of other pavers of this system in assemblies of pavers. (The term “serpentine” will generally be used in this patent to mean all of the above and other appropriate terms for wall portions of the general shapes described and depicted herein).
These serpentine wall portions contact abutting paver wall portions to maintain desired separation between pavers to permit vertical water flow when desired. Moreover, the serpentine wall portions providing superior frictional vertical interlocking, as well very effective horizontal and rotational interlocking between pavers. These serpentine wall portions are easier to produce and more durable than more angular side wall shapes. Superior frictional interlocking enables pavers of particular geometries and dimensions to accommodate more water flow because there is relatively more room for vertical water flow channels.
While serpentine wall portions can be used with numerous other paver shapes such as hexagons, among others, they are well-adapted for use with pavers that are rectangles, including squares, or combinations of rectangles, such as L-shaped pavers, triangles, parallelograms and combinations of triangles and rectangles.
Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawing figures:
The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is described here with specificity to meet statutory requirements, but this description is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claims. The claimed subject matter may be embodied in other ways, may include different elements or steps, and may be used in conjunction with other existing or future technologies. This description should not be interpreted as implying any particular order or arrangement among or between various steps or elements except when the order of individual steps or arrangement of elements is explicitly described.
As may be appreciated by reference to
Use of spacer 20 walls 11 at an inside angle relative to the plane of wall 18 of approximately 45 degrees and, therefore, at an outside angle relative to the plane of wall 18 of approximately 135 degrees (so that the two spacer walls 11 of each spacer 20 are separated by approximately 90 degrees from each other) is beneficial and therefore desirable. For instance, use of the curved crown 22 and the planar wall angles described here makes the spacers easy to form and durable in manufacture, shipment, placement and use. However, other angles could also be used, and other shorter or longer radii than the radius of approximately 0.4 inches or less (about 10 mm or less) shown in
As may be appreciated by reference to
Alternative sizes and shapes of pavers are shown in
As mentioned above, vertical interlocking between paving stones is achieved by shear transfer of loads to surrounding units. This occurs as a result of contact between the sides of pavers and through coarse sand or other aggregated in the joints between the opposed sides of closely spaced pavers. Some horizontal interlocking occurs for the same reason, but the laying pattern of pavers and interlocking between pavers also contribute to horizontal interlocking.
The “serpentine,” “sinuous,” “wavy,” “saw tooth,” “sinusoidal” or “crenelated” portions of the side walls of the pavers of this invention provide enhanced vertical interlocking because they increase and optimize the surface areas of abutting pavers that are in contact with each other (directly or through coarse sand or other aggregate in the joints). Simply stated, more surface contact (for a given side wall portion), better resists relative vertical movement between adjacent stones, and this results is greater vertical interlocking. The surface interface between abutting pavers 10 of this invention is not a plane (as would be the case with flat walls) but is an undulating or wavy surface.
Horizontal interlocking occurs as a result of similar contact between the sides of pavers and through coarse sand or other aggregate in the joints between the opposed sides of closely spaced pavers. Significantly, horizontal interlocking also occurs in the interlocking structure of the side walls 18. Force applied horizontally tending to cause relative horizontal movement between abutting stones is resisted by friction and by the protruding ridges 20 that transfer force from the ridges 20 on one paver 10 to the ridges 20 on an abutting paver 10.
As a consequence of the capacity for achieving acceptably significant interlocking utilizing the serpentine shapes described above, greater portions of a particular side wall 18 can be straight and separated from the opposing side wall 18 of an adjacent block, thereby providing greater areas 17 (see
If embodiments of the pavers 10, 19, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33 and 37 of this invention are to be used in installations where water infiltration is not needed, as is illustrated in
The design of the spacer 20 of this invention permits the produced products to grow slightly in size as a result of wear of the manufacturing molds and, in effect, adjust to the enlarged units without creating interferences because the interfacing block shapes are forgiving and can be simply scaled up or down without changing block to block relationships.
In addition to increased frictional area between abutting payers as a result of the serpentine frictional area, the projecting spacers resist relative motion of pavers horizontally because the projecting spacers 20 act as “stops” resisting such relative movement.
Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and subcombinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the claims below.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/093,474 filed Apr. 7, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/056,220 filed Oct. 17, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,315,950 on Apr. 19, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/716,033 for “Paving Stones” filed Oct. 19, 2012, Len Browning and Robert J. Lundell, inventors, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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20180066403 A1 | Mar 2018 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61716033 | Oct 2012 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 15093474 | Apr 2016 | US |
Child | 15808403 | US | |
Parent | 14056220 | Oct 2013 | US |
Child | 15093474 | US |