Patent Grant
7417247
The invention relates to a polymer having semiconductor properties and a resistive memory cell.
Semiconductor chips are widely used in a variety of industrial applications. They are generally based on silicon as a semiconductor substrate into which semiconductor components are integrated in numerous operations. The production of semiconductor chips is therefore complicated and expensive. The discovery of electrically conductive organic compounds has opened the path to microelectronic components, which are no longer based on inorganic semiconductor materials but on synthetically obtainable organic polymers. Owing to the variability of their structure, these compounds permit the development of materials which are optimized especially for a specific application. Many microelectronic components, such as light emitting diodes or transistors, which demonstrate the suitability of these organic materials for the production of highly integrated circuits, have also already been developed. Some of these components, such as, for example, light emitting diodes, have already reached such a high level of development that industrial production appears possible. However, the material development for volatile or nonvolatile memories based on organic polymers and molecules is still substantially at the research stage. In A. Bune et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 (26) (1995) 3975, and A. Bune et al., Nature 391 (1998) 874, it was shown that materials based on PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride), in particular a copolymer with trifluoroethylene (PVDF-PTrFE; 70:30), are suitable as materials for memory applications with medium to low density. The ferroelectricity of these materials is utilized for use as a storage medium.
To be able to achieve higher storage densities, the size of the individual memory elements has to be correspondingly reduced. In the case of a size of the structural elements of less than 100 nm, memories which are based on a change in the electrical resistance are preferred to memories based on ferroelectricity, since this can be more easily evaluated by means of an electrical technology. In Gao, H. J et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 1780-1783, a memory concept is described which is based on a donor-acceptor complex of 1,4-phenylenediamine and 3-nitrobenzalmalononitrile. For the storage information, the difference between the electrical conductivities of amorphous and crystalline phase is utilized. In Krieger H. Ju. et al., Syn. Met. 122 (2001) 199-202, a concept for the production of memories based on organic materials is described, in which the doping and dedoping of an organic π-conjugated semiconductor by salt additives is utilized in order to effect a change in the conductivity of layers. In Ma D. et al., Adv. Mater. 12(14) (2000) 1063-1066, a resistive memory element is described that includes (as a storage medium) a polymethacrylate derivative carrying anthracene side groups. The poly(methyl methacrylate-co-9-anthracenylmethyl methacrylate) exhibits a resistive hysteresis effect. On application of a voltage, the component exhibits electrical conductivity above a critical voltage (Vcrit.). If the applied voltage is then decreased again, the component remains electrically conductive until the voltage falls below a threshold voltage Vhold, below which the component returns to its nonconductive state.
At present, no memory elements based on organic materials are as yet available which make industrial production appear promising.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide novel polymers having interesting electrical properties.
This and other objects are achieved with a polymer having semiconductor properties, where the polymer comprises a polymer backbone and pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radicals bonded as side groups to the polymer backbone.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a resistive memory element comprises a memory cell that includes at least one actuatable first contact, one second contact and one storage medium arranged between first and second contacts, the storage medium being formed from the polymer described above.
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following definitions, descriptions and descriptive figures of specific embodiments thereof. While these descriptions go into specific details of the invention, it should be understood that variations may and do exist and would be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the descriptions herein.
In accordance with the present invention, a polymer is provided that includes semiconductor properties, where the polymer includes a polymer backbone and pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radicals bonded as side groups to the polymer backbone.
The cyclopentadienyl radical can be easily oxidized, a radical cation which can become stable by elimination of a proton being produced. The aryl radical bonded to the central cyclopentadienyl group results in the formation of an extensive delocalized π-electron system in which the individual electron can be delocalized, with the result that the radical acquires high stability. By taking up an electron, the cyclopentadienyl radical can reversibly revert to the starting state after addition of a proton. The polymer according to the invention can therefore accept holes (or donate electrons) and stabilize the holes in the polymer.
The pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radicals are bonded as side groups to the backbone of the polymer. The term “polymer backbone” is defined as the main chain of the polymer. This serves primarily for the mechanical stability of the polymer, by means of which the pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radicals can be arranged in a certain order relative to one another. The polymer backbone can therefore include a wide variety of different structures. All known polymer classes are suitable for forming the polymer backbone. Examples include, without limitation, polyvinyls, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides and polyurethanes. The pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radicals are bonded to the polymer main chain via suitable groups, in the simplest case via a single bond. The binding to the polymer backbone takes place via one of the aryl groups, which carries a suitable group for this purpose. The group provided on the aryl group is selected so as to match those groups which are present on the polymer backbone. If the polymer backbone is formed, for example, by a polyacrylate, the aryl group may have, for example, a hydroxyl group or an amino group so that the pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radical is bonded to the polymer backbone via an ester bond or an amide bond. As a result of copolymerization of correspondingly functionalized pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienes, which include a corresponding polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond for this purpose, the pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radical can be bonded to the polymer backbone via a carbon-carbon bond or, if a corresponding (meth)acrylate is used, via an ester bond.
The aryl radicals bonded to the central cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical are chosen so that as large a delocalized π-electron system as possible can be produced. The aryl radical may be identical or different and in each case include one or more aromatic ring systems.
The central cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical is preferably substituted by phenyl groups, which in turn may be mono- or polysubstituted by further groups, in particular alkyl groups. The pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical preferably has a structure of the following formula I:
in which R1, which can be the same or different at each position, is independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine or bromine), an alkyl group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., a methoxy group or an ethoxy group) and an aryl group including 5 to 20 carbon atoms, where the aryl group can be mono- or polysubstituted (e.g., substituted with an alkyl group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a halogen).
R1 may be arranged in the m- or p-position relative to the bond to the central cyclopentadienyl radical, the p-position being preferred. One of the phenyl rings of the cyclopentadienyl radical of the formula I which is bonded to the central cyclopentadiene ring carries a group via which the pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical is bonded as a side group to the polymer backbone. In the simplest case, this group is a single bond. The group for linking the pentaphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical to the polymer backbone may be varied within wide limits and, as already described above, depends on the groups which are available in the polymer backbone for linking the pentaarylcyclopenta-dienyl radical. Exemplary compounds which include a group with which the pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radical can be bonded to the polymer backbone are shown below. In accordance with this, in the parent structure shown in formula I, one of the phenyl groups is substituted with a corresponding reactive group as shown in the:
where R2 is one of the following:
In formula II, the group via which bonding to the polymer backbone is achieved is provided on the phenyl ring in position 5 on the central cyclopentadienyl group. The group via which bonding to the polymer backbone is achieved can, however, also be arranged on any of the other four phenyl rings. Accordingly, the hydrogen atom arranged on the central cyclopentadienyl radical can in principle be arranged on any desired carbon atom of the central cyclopentadienyl radical. In the groups R2, the groups via which bonding to the polymer backbone is achieved are arranged in each case in the para-position relative to the position with which the phenyl radical is bonded to the central cyclopentadienyl radical. However, the groups can in principle also be arranged on any other carbon atom of the phenyl radical. For steric reasons, however, the p-position is preferred.
The polymer backbone can be chosen as desired provided that it ensures sufficient mechanical stability of the polymer. The polymer backbone is preferably composed of carbon atoms. Such a carbon chain can be easily produced by free radical polymerization of corresponding unsaturated monomers. Suitable free radical polymerization processes useful in obtaining the polymers of the present invention are known to those skilled in the art.
In addition to a purely mechanical function for stabilizing the polymer according to the invention, the polymer backbone can also perform further tasks. As already explained above, the cyclopentadienyl radical cation can be stabilized by eliminating a proton. If protic groups are bonded to the polymer backbone, they can accept the donated proton or, in the case of a reduction of the radical, can donate a proton, which is then accepted by the cyclopentadienyl radical.
The spatial distance between the individual pentaarylcyclopentadienyl groups on the polymer chain can be adjusted by providing at least one second comonomer which carries no pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radical. In order to obtain a polymer having a backbone including a carbon chain, a first comonomer which has a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond and a pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical can be copolymerized with at least one second comonomer which has a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond. The first comonomer is such that a group having a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond is provided on one of the phenyl rings of the pentaphenylcyclopentyl radical. This may be, for example, a vinyl group or a (meth)acryloyloxy group. The second comonomer can be such that, apart from the polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond, no further functional group is provided. An example of such a second comonomer is styrene.
However, the second comonomer may also carry a further functional group. Second comonomers which have a protic group are preferred. A protic group is understood as meaning a group which can accept or donate a proton.
Preferred examples of second comonomers which have a protic group are p-styrenesulfonic acid, (meth)acrylic acid, vinylpyridine and vinylpyrrolidone.
The polymer may be composed of only two comonomers. However, it is also possible to provide further comonomers. For example, in addition to the first comonomer which carries the pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dienyl radical, it is possible to provide a second comonomer which carries a protic group and a third comonomer which carries no further functional group. It is also possible to use mixtures of comonomers which carry different protic groups. A plurality of different comonomers which have no further functional group can also be used.
The semiconductor properties of the polymer can be influenced by the number of pentaarylcyclopentadienyl groups which are contained in the polymer. The number of these groups can be adjusted by the molar ratio of the comonomers from which the polymer according to the invention is obtained. Preferably, first and second comonomers or first and further comonomers are contained in a molar ratio of from 1:1 to 100:1 in the polymer.
The polymer described above exhibits a resistive hysteresis effect. This hysteresis effect can be utilized for the production of memory elements. The invention therefore also relates to a resistive memory element including a memory cell with at least one actuatable first contact, one second contact and one storage medium arranged between first and second contacts, where the storage medium is formed from the polymer described above.
If a voltage is applied to the memory cell of the resistive memory element and the voltage is slowly increased, the pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radicals contained in the polymer according to the invention act as traps for the charge carriers. At a low voltage, no current flows through the memory cell. If the voltage is further increased, a critical voltage Vcrit. is finally reached, at which an abrupt increase in the current is observed. The memory cell thus becomes conductive. In a proposed model, all charge carrier traps in the storage medium are full at the critical voltage VCrit.. Transport of the charge carriers by the storage medium can now take place. If the voltage is now reduced again, the memory cell remains in the conductive state until a voltage Vhold is reached, at which the storage medium returns to a nonconductive state. At a voltage Vs, which is between Vhold and Vcrit., it is therefore possible to measure two different currents, depending on whether the memory cell is in the conductive or in the nonconductive state. The values 1 and 0 can therefore be assigned to these two states. If the memory element is to be switched between the states 0 and 1, the voltage applied to the memory cell must accordingly be chosen to be higher than Vcrit. or lower than Vhold.
The contacts by which the charge carriers are fed to the storage medium or removed therefrom consist of a material which has as high an electrical conductivity as possible. For example, electrically conductive organic polymers, such as polyaniline or polythiophene, which acquire a high electrical conductivity as a result of doping, are suitable.
However, the first and second contacts are preferably produced from metal. Metals have a very high electrical conductivity and can generally be processed with relative ease. Examples of suitable metals are gold and aluminum.
The first and second contacts may be composed of the same material. For example, first and second contacts may be in the form of gold electrodes. However, it is also possible for first and second contacts to be composed of different materials. This may result, on the one hand, from the process conditions under which the contacts are produced. For example, aluminum can be very easily applied to a layer of the storage medium with the aid of a shadow mask. If different materials are used for first and second contacts, they have different work functions for the charge carriers. In this way, the memory cell can also assume a diode characteristic so that, when the memory cells are arranged in the form of a matrix, parasitic currents can be substantially suppressed.
When the critical voltage Vcrit. is exceeded, the level of the current flowing through the memory cell increases abruptly. In order to be able to determine the state of the memory cell, it is therefore advantageous to provide a constant resistance which is connected in series with the memory cell. By measuring the voltage drop across the constant resistance, the conduction state of the memory cell can therefore be determined more simply.
The memory cell of the resistive memory element according to the invention can be produced in very small dimensions and may also assume dimensions in the region of less than 100 nm. A large number of memory cells can therefore be arranged on a given area (e.g., in the form of a matrix). The invention therefore also relates to a memory field which comprises at least two memory elements which can be switched between two information states, with a control device being provided that controls the information state of each memory element.
The memory field can be designed in a customary manner. For example, word and bit lines can be arranged below and above a layer of the polymer described above, at the points of intersection of which a memory cell is formed in each case. By applying a voltage between a certain word line and a certain bit line, the information content of a certain memory cell can then be modified or read out. It is, however, also possible to coordinate with each individual memory cell a transistor by means of which the information state of this cell is controlled.
The pentaarylcyclopentadienyl units contained in the polymer according to the invention can stabilize the state of the filled traps in a memory cell and thus permit the formation of current paths. Pentaarylcyclopentadienyl radicals are extremely stable and thus reduce the sensitivity of the system to external influences. If a hole is injected into the polymer-bonded cyclopentadienyl unit by oxidation, a radical cation forms. The proton bonded to the cyclopentadienyl group can be eliminated and, for example, can be accepted by the polymer backbone. On return to the ground state through reduction of the cyclopentadienyl radical, the proton is accepted again. The system can be converted reversibly into the two states. The mechanism of hole injection into the storage medium is shown schematically below:
In the mechanism depicted above, the polymer backbone and the group to which the pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl radical is bonded are defined as the “backbone”.
The radical electron is delocalized over all carbon atoms of the pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl system. This is shown by the electron spin resonance spectrum shown in
The pentaarylcyclopentadienes required for the preparation of the polymer can be prepared by various routes or techniques. A first synthesis route is shown schematically below. For the sake of simplicity, substituents on the aryl rings are not reproduced. One of the phenyl rings carries a group (not shown) which permits bonding to the polymer backbone.
The synthesis route shown above is based on work by Ziegler and Schnell (K. Ziegler, B. Schnell, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 445 (1925), 266). Starting from tetraarylcyclopentadienone, a fifth phenyl group is first introduced into the molecule by means of a Grignard reagent. Aqueous acidic working-up gives the 1,2,3,4,5-pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol. The arylmagnesium bromide is used in excess. The hydroxyl group is then converted into bromide with acetyl bromide. By reduction with a suitable reducing agent, for example LiAlH4, the desired pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-diene is finally obtained.
A further synthesis route is shown below:
The synthesis route starts from 2,3,4,5-tetraarylcyclopent-2-enone, the condensate of benzoin and 1,3-diphenylacetone. The 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylcyclopenten-2-one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1,2,3,4,5-pentaarylcyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ol. By subsequent elimination of water, the desired 1,2,3,4,5-pentaarylcyclopenta-1,3-diene is obtained.
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol
46.2 g (0.12 mol) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone were reacted with 0.61 mol of p-vinylphenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether and then hydrolysis to yield 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol. (Elemental analysis for C37H28O: found: C, 90.91%, H, 5.75%. calculated: C, 90.85%, H, 5.78%).
5-Bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
53.74 g (0.11 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol were suspended in 300 ml of toluene. 74 g (0.6 mol) of acetyl bromide were added dropwise in the course of 20 minutes at room temperature and the reaction batch was then refluxed for 2 hours. Toward the end of the reaction, 2 ml of methanol were also added dropwise. Excess acetyl bromide and toluene were distilled off in vacuo. The remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether. The orange precipitate was filtered off with suction, rinsed with petroleum ether and dried. The product was used for the further syntheses. Analytically pure orange product was obtained by recrystallization from toluene (yield: 55.15 g (91%); elemental analysis for C37H27Br: found: C, 80.62%, H, 4.89%. calculated: C, 80.58%, H, 4.93%).
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
A suspension of 55.1 g (0.1 mol) of 5-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene in 300 ml of ether was added in portions to a suspension of 11.5 g (0.3 mol) of Li[AlH4] in 150 ml of ether with stirring. The slightly yellow-brown suspension formed was refluxed for 2 hours to complete the reduction. After cooling to room temperature, excess Li[AlH4] was hydrolyzed first with ice water (caution: vigorous H2 evolution) and then with dilute hydrochloric acid. All volatile organic components were then distilled off from the reaction mixture using a rotary evaporator. The slightly yellow crude product was filtered off with suction and washed several times with water. For further purification, it was dried azeotropically with toluene, filtered and recrystallized (yield: 39.65 g (84%); found: C, 94.09%, H, 5.81%. calculated: C, 94.03%, H, 5.97%).
2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopent-2-enone (M=386.5 g/mol)
2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopent-2-enone was prepared from dibenzyl ketone and benzoin by a method of Dilthey and Quint, W. Dilthey, O. Trösken, K Plum, W. Schommer, J. prakt. Chem. 141 (1934) 331 (yield: 59%; m.p.: 162-163° C., literature: 162-163° C., elemental analysis for C29H22O: found: C, 89.4%, H, 6.0%. calculated: C, 90.12%, H, 5.7%). The IR spectrum of 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylcyclopent-2-enone is shown in
1,2,4,5-Tetraphenyl-3-β-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (472.63 g/mol)
1,2,4,5-Tetraphenyl-3-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene was prepared from 37.8 g (0.098 mol) of 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylcyclopent-2-enone and 0.5 mol of p-vinylphenyllithium (from 7 g (1 mol) of Li and 91.52 g (0.5 mol of bromostyrene) in 300 ml of ether and was purified analogously to 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene. (Yield: 37 g (80%))
1,3-Bis(p-tolyl)-2-propanone (M=210.28 g/mol)
Isopropylmagnesium bromide was prepared from 24.3 g (1 mol) of Mg and 123 g of isopropyl bromide (1 mol) in 500 ml of ether (standard method for the preparation of Grignard reagents). 100 g (0.56 mol) of ethyl p-tolylacetate were slowly added dropwise to this solution at 0° C. with stirring, evolution of propane occurring and a gray precipitate separating out. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature and was hydrolyzed first with 10% strength NH4Cl solution and then with dilute hydrochloric acid. The ether phase was separated off and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were washed with dilute NaOH and water and dried over Na2SO4. After the solvent had been stripped off, the β-ketoester remained in the form of a virtually colorless oil. It was dissolved in 1 L of glacial acetic acid and refluxed with 150 ml of 18% strength HCl until no further CO2 evolution was observable by means of a bubble counter. The batch was evaporated down to 150 ml, neutralized with 10% strength sodium hydroxide solution and extracted several times with ether. The combined ether phases were dried over Na2SO4. After the ether had been stripped off, 1,3-bis-(p-tolyl)propanone remained as a pale orange oil. When taken up in 100 ml of pentane, 1 cm tabular, soft crystals crystallized out overnight (yield: 50.0 g (75%); m.p.: 55-56° C., literature: 53.2-54.4° C. [15], 30-32° C. [16], elemental analysis: found: C, 85.7%, H, 7.5%. calculated: C, 85.67%, H, 7.61%). The IR spectrum of 1,3-bis(p-tolyl)-2-propanone is shown in
Crystal data and structure determination of 1,3-bis(p-tolyl)-2-propanone
The X-ray measurements were carried out using graphite-monochromated MoKα radiation (λ=0.71069 Å) on a crystal which was slightly too large (1.0 mm×1.0 mm×0.5 mm) at room temperature on a Huber diffractometer. The crystal was stuck to a glass filament by means of epoxy adhesive. Crystal data of 1,3-bis(p-tolyl)-2-propanone (C17H18O, M=283.3 g/mol): monoclinic, space group C2/c, lattice constants a 27.118 (18), b 6.112(4), c 8.673(6)Å, β98.076(38)°, Z=4, Dcalc=1.112 g cm−3, μ=0.35 cm−1. The intensity data were collected in the θ/2θ mode; 2θmax=50°. Of the 1135 independent observed reflections, 970 reflections with F0>2σ(F0) were used for the further calculations. The structure was completely solved by iterative symbolic addition. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Hydrogens were included in the refinement in the calculated position, riding on the respective carbon atoms. The final R value was 0.107. The maximum residual electron density was 0.3 e/Å3 (for atomic parameters, see table 1).
4,4′-Dimethylbenzoin (M+240.3 g/mol)
250 g (2.08 mol) of p-methylbenzaldehyde were condensed with the aid of 30 g (0.46 mol) of KCN to give 4,4′-dimethylbenzoin according to a standard method (Organikum 18th edition (1990) 457). The crude product was used without further purification (yield, crude: found: C, 80.0%, H, 6.4%. calculated: 79.97%, H, 6.71%). The IR spectrum of 4,4′-dimethylbenzoin is shown in
4,4′-Dimethylbenzil (M=238.3 g/mol)
4,4′-Dimethylbenzil was prepared on the basis of a known method for benzil (L. F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, Reaktionen und Synthesen[Reactions and Syntheses], R. Stierlein, Chem. Ber. 22/1 (1889) 37). 420 g of CuSO4·5H2O (1.68 mol) were dissolved in a mixture of 350 ml of water and 400 ml of pyridine bases while heating. 190 g (0.79 mol) of crude 4,4′-dimethylbenzoin were added to the still warm solution, and refluxing was effected for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the crude product was filtered off and washed with water. The filter residue was taken up in ether, filtered and dried with Na2SO4. After the solution had been evaporated down to about 500 ml, 4,4′-dimethylbenzil crystallized out in the form of pale yellow crystals. Depending on their use, they were recrystallized from ethanol (yield 119.9 g (64%, based on crude 4,4′-dimethylbenzoin used); m.p.: 104° C., literature: 104-105° C. The IR spectrum of 4,4′-dimethylbenzil is shown in
1,2,3,4-Tetra(p-tolyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-one (M=440.58 g/mol)
23.13 g (0.11 mol) of 1,3-bis(p-tolyl)-2-propanone and 26.2 g (0.11 mol) of 4,4′-dimethylbenzil were dissolved in 75 ml of hot ethanol (abs.). 53 ml of a methanolic benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide solution (0.11 mol Triton B, 35% Fluka) were slowly added dropwise at 80° C. with stirring (caution: the reaction batch froths vigorously) and refluxing was effected for 25 minutes. The crude product was filtered off after three hours, then washed with cold ethanol and recrystallized from toluene (violet red, yield: 46.2 g (95%); m.p.: 244-245° C., literature: 250.4-251.4° C. [15]; elemental analysis for C33H38O: found: C, 89.8%, H, 6.6%. calculated: C, 89.96%, H, 6.41%, MS-El [m/z (rel. intensity): M+440 (100), 412 (47), 206 (98), 191 (16), 189 (10)). The IR spectrum of 1,2,3,4-tetra(p-tolyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-one is shown in
1,2,3,4-Tetra(p-tolyl)-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol
The Grignard reagent p-vinylphenylmagnesium bromide was prepared from 8.5 g (0.35 mol) of Mg and 64.07 g (0.35 mol) of p-bromostyrene in 400 ml of ether. 26.5 g (0.06 mol) of tetra(p-tolyl)cyclopentadienone were added in portions so that the solution was kept at the boil. Within the course of two hours, the reaction batch acquired a dark orange and then a pale yellow color. After cooling to room temperature, hydrolysis was effected slowly with 200 ml of 10% strength NH4Cl solution and then with dilute HCl. The ether phase was separated off, and the aqueous phase was extracted several times with ether. The combined organic phases were washed with NaHCO3 solution and dried over Na2SO4. After the ether had been stripped off, a red oil remained, which can be crystallized with the aid of an emulsion of methanol and heptane. The crude product was filtered off with suction and washed with heptane. Analytically pure product was obtained by repeated boiling with heptane in an ultrasonic bath (yield: 26.11 g (80%); elemental analysis for C41H360: found: C, 90.31%, H, 6.45%. calculated: C, 90.40%, H, 6.66%).
5-Bromo-1,2,3,4-tetra(p-tolyl)-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
34.32 g (0.063 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetra(p-tolyl)-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol were brominated with 32 ml (52.8 g, 0.43 mol) of acetyl bromide in toluene, analogously to 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol (yellow-orange product, yield: 31.73 g (83%); elemental analysis for C41H35Br: found: C, 80.51%, H, 5.86%. calculated: C, 81.04%, H, 5.81%).
1,2,3,4-Tetra-p-tolyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (M=528.74 g/mol)
20.66 g (0.034 mol) of 5-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetra(p-tolyl)-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene were reduced with 5.3 g of Li[AlH4] (0.14 mol) to 1,2,3,4-tetra-p-tolyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene, analogously to the method for the preparation of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (luminescent yellow product, yield: 14.9 g (83%); elemental analysis for C41H36: found: C, 92.79%, H, 6.85%. calculated: C, 93.14%, H, 6.86%).
4.73 g (10 mmol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene are dissolved in 150 ml of warmed xylene (isomer mixture, absolute). After cooling to room temperature, 10.42 g (100 mmol) of styrene freshly distilled over sulfur are added. 300 mg of benzoyl peroxide in 20 ml of xylene are then added to the solution. After heating to 80° C. for 6 hours, the cold reaction solution is slowly added dropwise to methanol. The precipitated yellowish polymer is dried in vacuo for 8 hours. By taking up in xylene and precipitating in methanol, 13.2 g (87%) of slightly fluorescent yellowish polymer are obtained.
In one variation, instead of benzoyl peroxide, 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is used. The reaction is carried out at 70° C. for 10 h.
In another variation, instead of a ratio of 1:10, a polymer with the ratio 1:15 is prepared.
In a further variation, instead of a ratio of 1:10, a polymer with the ratio 1:7 is prepared.
In still another variation, 0.92 g (5 mmol) of styrenesulfonic acid is copolymerized in the above polymer.
In another variation, 0.21 g (2 mmol) of vinylpyridine is copolymerized in the above polymer.
In yeat another variation, instead of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-inylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene, 1,2,3,4-tetra(p-tolyl)-5-p-vinylphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene is polymerized.
2 g of a polymer from any of the above examples are dissolved in 50 ml of xylene (isomer mixture) and freed from particles by means of a 0.2 μm Teflon membrane filter. The solution is applied to a silicon wafer with 100 nm thermal oxide for 20 s at 2500 rpm by spin coating. The still moist wafer is dried at 100° C. for 2 min. Residual solvent is expelled in an oven at 100° C. (not higher than Tg of polymer) at 100 mbar in an N2 stream (3 l/min). The final layer thickness was 245 nm.
A thermally oxidized silicon wafer (100 nm oxide) is sputtered with 2 nm titanium and 50 nm of gold (Ar 30 sscm, 4.5 μbar, 350 W). The polymer layer is then deposited as described above in Example 5. 1 mm dots of aluminum are applied by vapor deposition as top electrodes through a shadow mask.
The hysteresis effect is measured using a circuit according to
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenyl-5-p-methoxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol
46.2 g (0.12 mol) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone were reacted with 128.91 g (0.61 mol) of p-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether and hydrolysis to 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-methoxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol was then effected. Elemental analysis for C36H28O2: found: C, 87.72%, H, 5.73%. calculated: C, 87.78%, H, 5.73%.
5-Bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-methoxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
54.19 g (0.11 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-methoxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-ol were suspended in 300 ml of toluene. 74 g (0.6 mol) of acetyl bromide were added dropwise in the course of 20 minutes at room temperature and the reaction batch was then refluxed for 2 hours. Toward the end of the reaction, 2 ml of methanol were also added dropwise. Excess acetyl bromide and toluene were distilled off in vacuo. The remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether. The orange precipitate was filtered off with suction, rinsed with petroleum ether and dried. The product was used for the further syntheses. Analytically pure orange product was obtained by recrystallization from toluene. (Yield: 54. 32 g (89%); elemental analysis for C36H27OBr: found: C, 77.06%, H, 4.90%. calculated: C, 77.84%, H, 4.90%).
5-Bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
44.44 g (0.08 mol) of 5-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-methoxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene in 400 ml of concentrated HBr were refluxed for 24 h. The product was filtered off with suction and washed with water. It was recrystallized in toluene. (Yield: 35.05 g (81%); elemental analysis for C35H25OBr: found: C, 77.60%, H, 4.58%. calculated: C, 77.64%, H, 4.65%).
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
A suspension of 54.15 g (0.1 mol) of 5-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene in 300 ml of ether was added in portions to a suspension of 15.18 g (0.4 mol) of Li[AlH4] in 200 ml of ether with stirring. The slightly yellow-grey suspension formed was refluxed for 2 hours to complete the reduction. After cooling to room temperature, excess Li[AlH4] was hydrolyzed first with ice water (caution: vigorous H2 evolution) and then with dilute hydrochloric acid. All volatile organic components were then distilled off from the reaction mixture using a rotary evaporator. The slightly yellow crude product was filtered off with suction and washed several times with water. For further purification, it was dried azeotropically with toluene, filtered and recrystallized. (Yield: 36.5 g (79%); elemental analysis: found: C, 90.04%, H, 5.56%. calculated: C, 90.88%, H, 5.67%).
4.62 g (0.01 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene were dissolved in 150 ml of acetone. 1.85 g (0.02 mol) of epichlorohydrin were added at 10° C. with stirring, and 1.52 g (0.015 mol) of triethylamine, dissolved in 20 ml of acetone, were then slowly added dropwise at 5° C. Stirring was effected for 12 h at room temperature. The reaction batch was filtered and the acetone was evaporated in a rotary evaporator. The residue was reprecipitated from chloroform/methanol (yield: 3.83 g (74%); elemental analysis: found: C, 88.13%, H, 5.72%. calculated: C, 88.00%, H, 5.83%).
4.62 g (0.01 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene were dissolved in 300 ml of methylene chloride, and 3.18 g (0.03 mol) of cyanogen bromide were added at 10° C. with stirring. 3.04 g (0.03 mol) of triethylamine were slowly added dropwise at from 0° C. to 5° C. while cooling with ice and with stirring. Stirring was effected for 5 h at 20° C.
100 ml of water were added to the reaction mixture, and the organic phase was separated off and dried over sodium sulfate. The methylene chloride was evaporated in a rotary evaporator and the residue was reprecipitated from toluene/ether at not more than 20° C. (Yield: 3.8 g (78%); elemental analysis: found: C, 88.65%, H, 5.19%. calculated: C, 88.68%, H, 5.17%. IR: OCN band at 2260 cm−1).
9.25 g (0.02 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-hydroxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene were dissolved in 200 ml of dry toluene, 4.62 g (0.03 mol) of methacrylic anhydride were added and refluxing was effected for 12 h. The toluene was evaporated in a rotary evaporator and the residue was reprecipitated from acetone/ether (yield: 9.02 g (85%); elemental analysis: found: C, 88.35%, H, 5.61%. calculated: C, 88.27%, H, 5.70%).
5.3 g (0.01 mol) of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-5-p-methacryloxyphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene, 10 g (0.1 mol) of freshly distilled methyl methacrylate and 3.28 g (0.02 mol) of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in 200 ml of dry dioxane were stirred for 6 h at 70° C. under nitrogen. After cooling, the polymer was precipitated in 21 of distilled water and filtered off with suction. After drying, the polymer was reprecipitated from chloroform/methanol and dried.
In a variation, instead of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), benzoyl peroxide was used. The reaction is carried out at 70° C. for 10 h.
In another variation, instead of a ratio of 1:10, a polymer with the ratio 1:15 is prepared.
In a further variation, instead of a ratio of 1:10, a polymer with the ratio 1:7 is prepared.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102 45 539 | Sep 2002 | DE | national |
This application is a continuation of PCT/DE03/02994 filed Sep. 9, 2003, and titled “Pentaarylcyclopentadienyl Units as Active Units in Resistive Memory Elements,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to German Application No. DE 102 45 539.2, filed on Sep. 30, 2002, and titled “Pentaarylcyclopentadienyl Units as Active Units in Resistive Memory Elements,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5811833 | Thompson | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5922396 | Thompson | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5962359 | Aulbach et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6114463 | Chen et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6586268 | Kopola et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1009361 | Nov 1965 | GB |
| 3-37991 | Feb 1991 | JP |
| 2000053599 | Feb 2000 | JP |
| WO 9828767 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050213413 A1 | Sep 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/DE03/02994 | Sep 2003 | US |
| Child | 11092968 | US |
