Patent Grant
9737400
The present invention relates to the field of medical devices, and more particularly, to percutaneously deliverable heart valves.
The native heart valves, and in particular, the aortic valve, has a complex geometry that endows both ideal opening and closing geometries through an anatomic joining of a tubular inflow structure of the left ventricular outflow tract and an expansion of the valve sinuses above the hinging point of the valve leaflets defined by the aortic valve annular ring, part of the fibrous “skeleton” of the heart.
For the purposes of discussion and definition in the ensuing descriptions, the “upper”, downstream outlet structure of the native aortic valve above its hinging point contains three valve “cusps” of a generally spherical contour with central mobile portions termed “leaflets” that are induced by fluid pressure gradients to meet centrally to close and to move radially outward to open in valve operation. The cusps are further continuous with downstream curved tissue walls meeting the tubular great vessel, the aorta, at the “sino-tubular junction”. Each cusp and its upper, downstream extension above the level of leaflet closure (“coaptation”) are a continuous structure of a generally spherical contour and together define the envelope of the “sinus of Valsalva”. Typically, surgical prosthetic valves are implanted by excision of the diseased native valve leaflets at the level of the annular ring, and suturing of the prosthetic valve at this point, thus replacing only the opening geometry of the valve and leaving the outer structures of the cusps and the sinuses of Valsalva, the anatomy that confers proper closing geometry, generally intact.
Surgical valve prostheses are generally constructed as analogs to this central portion of the native valve geometry involved in the opening phase of the valve cycle. This approach to modeling the replacement valve prosthesis is enabled by the nature of the surgical technique: the replacement valve is sutured into the valve seat under direct vision. In contrast, a percutaneous stent-mounted heart valve (“PHV”) is typically a construct in which the operating valve membrane leaflets are mounted and confined within the tubular envelope of a collapsible frame for effective transvascular delivery.
Further, in order to preclude valve regurgitation, the base of each leaflet must lie in exact apposition to the valve seat to form a seal, a condition that is difficult to satisfy without implantation under direct vision. Even then, since the diseased native valve would not be removed and its axial geometry is often distorted, it may not be possible to seat a PHV exactly under any circumstances. Thus, a cylindrical cuff layer, interior or exterior to the frame, is usually employed that acts as a seal and provides some latitude in the positioning and alignment of the PHV along the axis of flow, allowing for reliable and effective PHV implantation and minimizing the risk of significant valve regurgitation. Finally, the diseased native valve leaflets, when pushed outward by the deployed PHV frame, may themselves form a barrier separating the sinuses of Valsalva from the leaflets of the PHV, then disrupting the native closing geometry of the valve so that the sinuses are no longer continuous with the pressurized space above the PHV leaflets.
These issues illustrate some of the challenges to the formation of a PHV; that is, how to confine operating leaflets within a partially sealed tubular structure while preserving ideal opening and closing valve behavior without the benefit of the natural mechanism of the sinuses of Valsalva in a single valve and leaflet geometry, such as the separate and distinct upper and lower geometries of the native valve. As such, there is a need for additional devices, systems and/or methods that address one or more of the problems or shortcomings noted above.
It is to be understood that the present invention includes a variety of different versions or embodiments, and this Summary is not meant to be limiting or all-inclusive. This Summary provides some general descriptions of some of the embodiments, but may also include some more specific descriptions of other embodiments.
Two goals of at least some embodiments of the present inventions are: (1) to maximize effective orifice area and minimize opening pressure gradients through geometry that mimics the natural form of inflow into the valve—the tubular outflow tract of the heart pumping chamber; and (2) to minimize the inward tension on the leaflet commissures in the closed position through geometry that mimics the natural effect of the sinuses of Valsalva—an effect that prevents downward displacement of the leaflet free edges under closing pressure, thus distributing force along the lines of leaflet apposition rather than focusing it at the points of leaflet attachment to the frame.
The first of these goals dictates that the inflow to the valve, similar to that of the natural aortic valve, encounters then outwardly displaces the most central portion of the leaflets first, with opening moving progressively outward along the surface of the leaflets. The second suggests that the cross-sectional profile of the valve sinus/cusp formed in its central portion by the free edge of the leaflets, like that of the natural aortic valve, should be approximately elliptical, and that the cross-sectional diameter of each cusp should progressively decrease below the plane of leaflet apposition, like that of the natural valve cusps. One or more embodiments of the one or more present inventions answer the configuration ideals with a robust balance of functional geometries for valve opening and closing.
The spherical geometry of the native aortic valve leaflets is difficult to replicate in a transcatheter valve. First, while this shape is functionally robust in vivo, even if reproduced in some form it is not suited to efficient radial compression typically required for collapse into a small diameter delivery catheter used in transcatheter valve delivery systems, and discontinuities would develop in the leaflet surface that would resolve into irregular folds with at least some circumferential component, thereby threatening the restitution of the geometry on reopening at deployment. Second, tissue bioprosthetic valve leaflets, if not actually constituted of the animal valve itself, are typically constructed of flat sheet tissue membrane from which rendering of cusps with leaflets of a spherical contour would be difficult if not impossible without the use of traction force on the material, or extensive cutting and suturing of the leaflet cusp portion—an impractical approach, and a threat to the material integrity of the thin tissue membrane.
At least one embodiment of the one or more present inventions answers these challenges by employing conical rather than spherical cusp geometry, thereby reproducing some benefits of the latter with near-elliptical leaflet cross-section that progressively decreases moving proximal to the plane of leaflet apposition while being readily conformed on outward radial compression in the valve opening phase into a substantially flat folded construct against the interior tubular walls of the containing frame. This favorable resolution of the conical geometry in opening phase expresses the opening efficiency of this valve design with a large effective orifice area and low transvalvular energy losses. In the closed position, the free edges of the separate leaflets of the conical cusps meet in apposition, each cone acting as an independent valve; pressure load-bearing is enhanced by the material continuity of the cone structure with the inner apposing wall and outer wall of each cone being part of a single continuous membrane structure. Further, the conical cusps are particularly suited for compression and containment within a collapsible frame for transcatheter delivery.
In at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, bioprosthetic heart valve having a lattice frame comprising a substantially tubular alloy metal mesh, and two or more valve cusps with leaflets mounted to the lattice frame, is provided. Further, the cusps include a flat sheet of processed mammalian tissue membrane that is folded into a substantially conical shape according to a flat folding pattern, the substantially conical shape is further formed by joining opposing sides of the substantially conical shape along a seam that is oriented along a longitudinal axis of the substantially conical shape. In at least one embodiment, the two or more cusps are attached along their seams (which may or may not include the apexes of the cusps), such as, by way of example and not limitation, along the axial centerline of the outer circumference of the cone, to an interior portion of the lattice frame along an axial flow direction of the valve and are further attached along the distal, downstream, edge of the substantially conical shape along at least an outer half of the substantially conical shape's edge. When the membrane valve leaflet is attached to the frame, its principal line of securement along the axial centerline of the outer circumference of the cone is attached at a non-commissural seam or edge, effecting a coaxial (to the flow axis) line of attachment at an area of the structure that advantageously bears load, thereby relieving the commissural attachment of loads associated with the securement of the cusp structures to the frame. As such, the leaflet commissure attachments, thus located at points where the leaflet membrane is continuous and uncut, advantageously need only bear the centripetal loads associated with the radially inward movement and operation of the free edges of the leaflets.
In at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, bioprosthetic heart valve is provided wherein two distal, downstream, vertices of the flattened cusp and leaflet structure are folded over in a radially outward direction and fixed to the frame such that the vertex folds of neighboring leaflets are adjacent and define an extent of leaflet apposition at the points corresponding to leaflet commissures.
In at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, bioprosthetic heart valve is provided wherein a vertex forming a proximal, upstream, apex of the substantially conical shape is folded over in a radially outward direction and affixed to an inner portion of the frame.
In at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, bioprosthetic heart valve is provided wherein the flat folding pattern is polygonal and includes extending portions that, when the leaflet is mounted, extend circumferentially outward from an axial line of attachment of the leaflet to the frame so as to form, when joined and attached to corresponding extending portions of neighboring leaflets, an integral, inner, luminal, circumferentially partial or complete sealing cuff.
In at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, bioprosthetic heart valve is provided wherein a separate tubular sealing cuff of tissue membrane is attached to an outer, abluminal surface of the frame to form a sealing cuff. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is a single layer of a substantially homogenous material. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is an unlaminated single layer of material. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is a single layer of material that does not include any reinforcement, such as reinforcing fibers. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is a single layer of treated pericardium tissue. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is a single layer of a synthetic film.
Therefore, in accordance with at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve is provided, comprising:
In accordance with at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve is provided, comprising:
In accordance with at least one embodiment, a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve is provided, comprising:
At least one invention of the one or more present inventions is a novel integrated cusp and leaflet structure that has application for a variety uses, including implantable valves other than prosthetic heart valves. Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, and in subcombination, an integrated cusp and leaflet structure for attachment to a lattice frame to form a valve configured for implantation in a vascular system of a patient is provided, the integrated cusp and leaflet structure comprising:
One or more embodiments of the one or more present inventions are also directed to methods for forming the inventive valves described herein, as well as its component elements. Accordingly, a method of forming an integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure for use in an implantable valve having an axial flow direction is provided, comprising: folding a flat sheet of biocompatible membrane to form an integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure according to a flat folding pattern, wherein said folding includes making two diagonal folds in the flat sheet of biocompatible membrane, the two diagonal folds separating a mobile leaflet layer from a cusp wall layer of the integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure. In accordance with at least one embodiment, the two diagonal folds are angled at between about 10 to 80 degrees from the axial flow direction. In accordance with at least one embodiment, the method further comprises forming first and second cusp wall folds, wherein the cusp wall layer is further formed by joining apposing membrane portions adjacent the first and second cusp wall folds along a seam that is oriented substantially parallel with the axial flow direction.
In addition to the foregoing, in accordance with at least one embodiment, a method of forming a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve is provided, comprising: folding a plurality of integrated cusp and leaflet folded structures, each integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure of the plurality of integrated cusp and leaflet folded structures comprising a flat sheet of biocompatible membrane that is folded to form a cusp according to a flat folding pattern, wherein the cusp is further formed by joining apposing sides of the cusp along a seam; and attaching each integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure of the plurality of integrated cusp and leaflet folded structures to a lattice frame, wherein the two or more integrated cusp and leaflet folded structures are each attached along their respective seams to the lattice frame in a direction substantially parallel to an axis of the lattice frame.
Various components are referred to herein as “operably associated.” As used herein, “operably associated” refers to components that are linked together in operable fashion, and encompasses embodiments in which components are linked directly, as well as embodiments in which additional components are placed between the two linked components.
As used herein, “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.
Various embodiments of the present inventions are set forth in the attached figures and in the Detailed Description as provided herein and as embodied by the claims. It should be understood, however, that this Summary does not contain all of the aspects and embodiments of the one or more present inventions, is not meant to be limiting or restrictive in any manner, and that the invention(s) as disclosed herein is/are understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to encompass obvious improvements and modifications thereto.
Additional advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following discussion, particularly when taken together with the accompanying drawings.
To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the one or more present inventions, a more particular description of the one or more present inventions is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It should be appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the one or more present inventions and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The one or more present inventions are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
The drawings are not necessarily to scale.
One or more embodiments of the one or more inventions described herein include an implantable prosthetic heart valve having a frame and two or more cusp and leaflet structures mounted to the frame. The frame preferably comprises a lattice of substantially tubular alloy metal mesh. The cusp and leaflet structures include a membrane operable to open and close, thereby providing a functioning valve when mounted within a frame. In at least one embodiment, the membrane preferably comprises a flat sheet of processed mammalian tissue membrane that is folded into a substantially conical shape according to a flat folding pattern.
In the ensuing descriptions and referenced figures it will be seen that, when applied to a dry sheet membrane, the folding initially results in a cusp shape of an inverted pyramid with a rhomboid base. On relaxation of the folds as occurs naturally with a flexible and pliable membrane, especially when the membrane is hydrated, the cusp shape becomes substantially conical in shape and will be described as such in the ensuing descriptions as it more closely represents the embodiment of the cusp in operation of the valve.
Formation of a valve construct as described herein provides a percutaneously deliverable heart valve with a relatively small diameter for transcatheter placement. That is, the substantially conical shape associated with the flat folding patterns used to form leaflets as described herein allow for construction of a valve that can be compressed prior to introduction to a catheter to an advantageously small diameter, thereby facilitating transcatheter percutaneous delivery of the valve within a patient. The substantially conical shape is further formed by joining two axially oriented sides of the substantially conical shape along a seam that is oriented along a longitudinal axis of the substantially conical shape. The two or more integrated cusp and leaflet structures are affixed to an interior portion of the lattice frame along an axial flow direction of the valve and are further affixed along the distal, downstream, edge of the substantially conical shape along at least an outer half of the substantially conical shape's edge.
One or more of the various embodiments described herein have a number of different features and characteristics as compared to other commercially available prosthetic heart valves. For example, at least one embodiment of a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve described below comprises a flat polygonal sheet membrane having more than four sides and which forms an integrated cusp and leaflet structure.
In addition, at least one embodiment of a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve described below comprises integrated cusp and leaflet structures that are attached to a lattice frame at the circumferential perimeter locations corresponding to the commissures. At such locations, the length of the seam that forms the common line of attachment of the cusp and integral leaflet to the frame is less than one-half to two-thirds of the axial length of the membrane portion of the valve.
In at least one embodiment of a transcatheter, percutaneously implantable, prosthetic heart valve, when the valve is in the open position, the mobile leaflet layer apposes or is geometrically free to appose its full outward surface completely to the immediately radially located outward structure, such as at least one of the cusp wall layer or interior surface of the lattice frame. In at least one embodiment, in the closed position the transverse cross-sectional length of the mobile leaflet layer and the cross-sectional area of the cusp/sinus space decreases monotonically from the distal end to proximal end of the membrane portion of the valve. (That is, generally the property of a cone as well as an inverted pyramid.)
In at least one embodiment, the mobile leaflet layer and the immediately outward structure for the full axial length of the leaflet (cusp wall layer, frame, or other) are a single continuous piece of material.
In at least one embodiment, at the base of each cusp (that is, at the most proximal extent of the leaflet), the circumferential extent of attachment of the membrane to the frame is less than the circumferential extent of attachment of the membrane to the frame at the distal end of the cusp. In addition, at the base of each cusp, the circumferential extent of transverse (that is, on a line or on the plane of a circumferential single-plane curve of folding that is generally perpendicular to the flow axis of the valve) folding of the membrane to the frame is less than the circumferential extent of transverse folding at the distal end of the cusp.
At least one embodiment, a prosthetic valve described herein comprises an integrated cusp and leaflet structure wherein the apposing sides of the cusp are joined at one or more axially oriented seams. In at least one embodiment, all folds and seams are located on line segments.
At least one embodiment of the one or more present inventions does not include frame elements, such as support members, spanning the interior of the valve luminal to support one or more portions of the membrane sheet. Moreover, at least one embodiment of the one or more present inventions does not include any hardware shaping form inward of or attached to any portion of the mobile leaflet portion of the membrane.
In addition, at least one embodiment of the one or more present inventions does not utilize attachment of the leaflet layer to the frame along the substantially complete circumferential distance separating the commissures at any point below (more proximal than) the commissure tabs.
At least one embodiment of the one or more present inventions does not include a transverse fold or reflection of the leaflet layer along the substantially complete circumferential distance separating the commissures at any point below (more proximal than) the commissure tabs.
Nomenclature
For all embodiments presented herein it is to be understood that a “membrane” includes suitable materials for forming the cusps and leaflets. Accordingly, with regard to particular material types that may be used to form the membrane sheet, in at least one embodiment the membrane sheet forming the cusp or leaflet portions includes a one-piece, single layer sheet of biocompatible membrane, such as fixed mammalian pericardium tissue or synthetic biocompatible material, such as ePTFE. In at least one embodiment, the membrane sheet is made from a tissue preparation process that yields a leaflet material of suitable strength and durability for use in a prosthetic transcatheter deliverable heart valve. The content of WO 2011/109450A2 published on Sep. 9, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference. Although the membrane sheet is preferably a single piece of material, a membrane sheet formed of a plurality of pieces of material may be used, such as two to fifty or more pieces of material that are connected.
As used herein “proximal” means situated near or closer to the upstream or flow inlet end of the valve, and “distal” means situated near or closer to the downstream or flow outlet end of the valve. This convention is further applied in the description of the various folded structure elements (membrane sections, edge segments and fold lines) that are termed “proximal” or “distal” if the final position or orientation of said element within the completed folded structure satisfies the above definitions. Likewise, one of said elements is termed, “axial”, “transverse” or “circumferential” to describe its position and orientation in the completed valve.
As used herein, a “cusp” means that structural portion of a valve related to a single leaflet that encompasses a space closed toward the lower (proximal) direction and open to the upper (distal) direction, formed by the joined and/or continuous structures of the mobile leaflet portion on the radially inner side and the cusp wall portion on the radially outer side. The “cusp” in the present invention is that structure described as having a substantially conical shape.
As used herein, the “mobile leaflet layer” or “leaflet” means that radially inward portion of the cusp that moves during operation of the valve. For example, when the valve is closing the mobile leaflet layer moves radially inward toward the central axis of the valve lumen. When the valve is opening, the mobile leaflet layer moves radially outward and away from the central axis of the valve lumen.
As used herein, the “cusp wall layer” means a portion of the cusp that resides radially outward of the mobile leaflet layer. In some embodiments, a portion of the cusp wall layer moves during operation of the valve. In other embodiments, the cusp wall layer remains substantially immobile during operation of the valve.
As used herein, the “cuff wall layer” means a portion of the folded membrane structure that resides radially outward of both the cusp wall layer and the mobile leaflet layer, and where present, is radially closest to the frame of the three layers comprising the mobile leaflet layer, the cusp wall layer, and the cuff wall layer. The cuff wall layer remains substantially immobile during operation of the valve.
A “frame” as used herein means a substantially tubular member that holds a plurality of cusps and/or leaflets. By way of example, the frame may be a wire lattice or a lattice cut from a single tubular piece of metal alloy, that is both collapsible and expandable.
A “valve” as used herein means a frame with a plurality of cusps and/or leaflets attached thereto. In the present invention each of said leaflets is an integral part of a folded membrane cusp structure. If a frame is used that is a metal lattice that is both collapsible and expandable, such a construct may be delivered through a catheter percutaneously to a target site within a patient, such as the aortic valve.
As used herein, “cone” or “conical” means resembling a cone or portion thereof at some point in the practical use of the structure.
As used herein “substantially conical” means resembling a cone or a portion thereof at some point in the practical use of the structure with the specific property that the transverse (that is, on a plane of section generally perpendicular to the axis of flow of the valve) cross-sectional perimeter or area of said structure in the operationally closed position decreases monotonically moving from the level of the leaflet apposition to the proximal end of the valve.
As used herein, “two or more leaflets,” “two or more valve leaflets,” “a plurality of leaflets” or a similar term means two, three, four, or more valve leaflets. Accordingly, “a valve with two or more leaflets” includes a valve with two leaflets, a valve with three leaflets, a valve with four leaflets, and a valve with more than four leaflets.
As used herein, a “folding” means the partition of a flat sheet section of material along a sharp line of folding or crease into subsections each lying on separate planes, but without interruption of material continuity.
As used herein, a “complete folding” means folding (as above) wherein the angular change of the planar axis at the line of folding is approximately 180 degrees, such that the subsections lie on approximately parallel planes and the subsections are in approximate overlying contact with each other at least at some point.
As used herein, a “cuff” means that portion of a valve structure that lies radially outward of the cusp wall portion that in some part circumferentially encompasses at least a portion of the cusp structure and acts to limit flow that may pass retrograde around the cusp.
As used herein, “commissure” means the site of union or junction between adjacent cusps and/or leaflets, and by extension, collectively those portions of the adjacent integrated cusp and leaflet structures that are coincident at the union or junction in the completed valve structure.
As used herein, an “integrated cusp and leaflet folded structure” means a membrane folded in accordance with one of the patterns described herein.
Folded Valve Integrated Cusp and Leaflet—Folding Pattern No. 1
Referring generally to
Referring now to
Referring again to
Referring again to
Referring now to
The view of
The left cusp wall section 161 is bounded by folds 116 and 117 and edge segment 112. The right cusp wall section 171 is bounded by folds 126 and 127 and edge segment 122.
The left cuff wall section 118 is bounded by fold 117 and edge segments 113, 114 and 115. The right cuff wall section 128 is bounded by fold 127 and edge segments 123, 124 and 125. Inward folding at 117 and 127 cause these cuff wall sections 118 and 128 to position outward of the cusp wall sections 161 and 171, respectively. In radially flatted form of the completed folded structure (again, approximating the open operating position of the leaflet), the edge segment 113 will appose to 112, and edge segment 123 will appose to 122.
Folded Valve Folding Sequence
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring again to
Referring now to
For each folded integrated cusp and leaflet structure, the outer axial seam 132 is aligned with one or more frame members 141 in a manner to permit the attachment of the folds 117 to 127, and to the coincident frame member by the same attachment, for example, by a single knot or line of suture. Advantageously for this purpose, the frame may preferentially contain axially oriented members that align to the seam 132 for part or all of the full axial extent of the valve. Further, said axially oriented members may advantageously contain holes or notches for securing and tying suture.
In
Referring still to
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 2
Referring now to
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 3
Referring now to
Referring still to
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 4
Referring now to
In addition, at the lower (proximal) apex 433 of the cusp cone pattern the lower (proximal) extent of the cuff wall sections 418 and 428 is limited so as to “expose” the apex of the cone in the pattern. This feature allows, on the completely folded integrated cusp and leaflet structure, the transverse, radially outward folding of the tip of the cone-shaped cusp at line 403 between points U and V. (See
The template 400 contains folds 401, 416, 426, 417 and 427 that correspond to folds 101, 116, 126, 117 and 127, respectively, and are disposed in like manner in folding execution, as are the edge segments similarly enumerated. Similar to templates 200 and 300 described above, template 400 dimensions may be altered to suit the particular clinical application of the valve. The example is shown for a cusp cone wall disposed at about a 60 degree angle to the horizontal (short axis) of the generally cylindrical valve geometry.
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 5
Referring now to
Template 500 illustrates a flat sheet membrane that is basically rectangular and is similar to the upper (distal) portion of template 100 of
Referring still to
With specific reference now to
In addition, completed folding at 516 and 526 also forms triangular two-layer sections, 562 and 572, respectively, that are designated as “commissure tabs”. These commissure tabs are bounded by the corner folds 505 and 506, folds 516 and 526, and the free edges 511 and 521 of the mobile leaflet sections 519 and 529, respectively. With further reference to
Still referring to
Completing the folding associated with template pattern 500 places folds 517 and 527 into axial alignment. Once in axial alignment, apposing folds 517 and 527 are joined along their axial length to form the seam 532 that closes the generally conical cusp structure with the extension sections 518 and 528 situated outward of the cusp wall sections 561 and 571, respectively. The cusp wall sections 561 and 571 are thus disposed outward of the mobile leaflet sections 519 and 529, respectively, with the cusp wall sections axially and circumferentially apposed to the inner surfaces of the generally cylindrical frame. Advantageously, for each valve cusp and leaflet to be mounted within, the frame may contain an element or elements that are axially oriented and span a significant portion of the axial length of the frame, so as to align with the seam 532 for attachment, such as by suturing to the frame.
Referring now to
With reference now to
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 6
In accordance with at least one embodiment,
The change in cusp cone wall angle α also results in changes in the angle relating the lower (proximal) margins of the template and fold lines 617 and 627 to the center line of the template in order that when folding is completely executed, the fold lines 617 and 627 and the seam between them will be parallel to the central axis of the assembled valve. Likewise, the further geometry of the cusp cone wall angle will result in fold lines (optional) 613 and 623 and the long axes of extension tabs 612T and 622T being parallel to the transverse axis of the assembled valve.
The template 600 contains folds 601, 616, 626, 617, 627, optional folds 612 and 622, corner folds 605 and 606, and cut line 602 that correspond to folds 501, 516, 526, 517, 527, optional folds 512 and 522, corner folds 505 and 506, and cut line 502, respectively, of template pattern 500 and are disposed in like manner in folding execution, as are the template sections and edge segments similarly enumerated.
Folded Valve Pattern Variation No. 7
Referring now to
After the cusp and leaflet cone is formed by folding, the apex is folded radially outward at line U-V (703) to truncate the cone to reduce the overall length of the cusp and leaflet structure, allowing for increased cusp/sinus volume for a given valve diameter and frame length.
The template 700 contains folds 701, 716, 726, 717, 727, optional folds 712 and 722, and corner folds 705 and 706, that correspond to folds 601, 616, 626, 617, 627, optional folds 612 and 622, and corner folds 605 and 606, respectively, of template 600 and are disposed in like manner in folding execution, as are the template sections and edge segments similarly enumerated.
With reference to
At the uppermost (distal) portion of the cusp wall layer, the extension tabs 712T and 722T are projected above (or distal to) the lines 712 and 722 (shown in
Completing the folding associated with template pattern 700 places folds 717 and 727 into axial alignment. Once in axial alignment, apposing folds 717 and 727 are joined along their axial length to form the seam 732 that closes the generally conical cusp structure with the extension sections 718 and 728 situated outward of the cusp wall sections 761 and 771, respectively. The cusp wall sections 761 and 771 then are disposed outward of the mobile leaflet sections 719 and 729, respectively, with the cusp wall sections axially and circumferentially apposed to the inner surfaces of the generally cylindrical frame. Advantageously, for each integrated cusp and folded leaflet structure to be mounted within, the frame may contain an element or elements that are axially oriented and span a significant portion of the axial length of the frame, so as to align with the seam 732 for attachment as by suturing to the frame.
At the uppermost (distal) portion of the cusp wall layer, the extension tabs 712T and 722T are projected above (distal to) the lines 712 and 722 (shown in
Folding of the template positions folds 717 and 727 into axial alignment, joined along their axial length to form the seam that closes the generally conical cusp structure with the extension sections 718 and 728 reflected outward of the cusp wall sections 761 and 771, respectively. The cusp wall sections 761 and 771 then are disposed outward of the mobile leaflet sections 719 and 729, respectively, with the cusp wall sections 761 and 771 axially and circumferentially apposed to the inner surfaces of the generally cylindrical frame. Advantageously, for each valve cusp and leaflet folded structure to be mounted within, the frame may contain an element or elements that are axially oriented and span a significant portion of the axial length of the frame, so as to align with the seam 732 for attachment as by suturing to the frame.
Additionally, the apex (most proximal) portion of the cone-shaped cusp is folded radially outward along the fold line 703 (between points U and V) to the position radially outward of the joined extension sections 718 and 728 such that the apex point 733 then lies upon the seam line 732.
The apex portion of the cone-shaped cusp thus configured is to be attached in this position as by suturing and may be similarly attached into this position in the act of attaching or suturing this portion of the folded cusp and leaflet structure to the frame.
The commissure tabs 762 and 772 are depicted in radially aligned positions directed outward as would be required for passing them through slots or spaces in a suitably designed frame.
The membrane structure is depicted with the free edges in a relaxed state corresponding to the typical behavior of tissue membranes when hydrated as when implanted in the body.
The commissure tabs 762 and 772 are depicted in radially aligned positions directed outward as would be required for passing them through slots or spaces in a suitably designed frame.
Metal Lattice Frame
The commissure tabs 762 and 772 are folded flat against the outer surface of the cusp wall layer along corner folds 705 and 706 for mounting entirely within the frame 910. Each fold 705 then forms an axially oriented seam along its length with the complementary fold 706 of the adjacent folded cusp and leaflet structure 730. (Adjacent complementary commissure tabs omitted for clarity.) Said seam is closed and attached by suture, for example, while also attaching to the radially overlying strut member 911 of the frame 910, and thereby affixes the distal margins of the cusp wall sections 761 and 771 and the mobile leaflet sections (obverse of this view) to the frame 910. The other suture points depicted attach only the cusp wall layer 761+771 to the overlying frame strut members 911. At no point within the interior operating volume of the valve is the mobile leaflet layer 719+729 penetrated by suture. This uninterrupted continuity of the operating leaflet material afforded by the folded design of the integrated cusp and leaflet structure endows the valve and its leaflets with strength, durability and resistance to stress damage at suture holes.
Slotted Lattice Frame
Each mounting bar 922 is to align with and attach to the axial outer seam of one single-piece completely folded and formed cusp and leaflet structure 730. The inner diameter D of the open frame, e.g., 19-35 mm naturally defines the deployed and operating diameter of the valve assembly after implantation in the body. The strut members 921 are of specific length and orientation to permit radial collapse and compression of the frame to a small diameter, e.g., 3-7 mm. The mounting bars 922 are near to equally spaced around the inner circumferential course of the frame. The length L of the arc along the inner circumference of the frame from the center of the mounting bar 922 to the center of the closest mounting bar 922 is approximately equal to (pi×D)/3. Thus defined, L also defines the transverse circumferential distance between folds 705 and 706, approximating the circumferential extent of the portions of the joined cusp wall sections 761 and 771 extending between 705 and 706 of the folded cusp and leaflet structure of appropriate size when mounted within the frame 920.
The axial mounting bars 922 optionally contain holes and/or slots to facilitate suture attachment of the folded integrated cusp and leaflet structures 730. The frame is depicted in
The commissure tabs 762 and 772 are to be understood as having been passed through the frame slots 924 from within the central space of the frame to the outer (abluminal) side and folded along 705 and 706, respectively onto the outer surface of the cusp and leaflet structure where they are attached along their common length both to the frame members 923 and, through the interspaces of the frame 920, to the radially underlying outer aspect of the cusp wall sections 761 and 771, respectively. The adjacent cusp and leaflet structures of the three-leaflet valve are not shown for clarity. The joining of adjacent commissure tabs at the slotted members 923 is demonstrated in
At the apical (most proximal) extent of the completely folded integrated cusp and leaflet structure 730, the apical portion folded radially outward along fold 703 is attached to the lower (most proximal) end of the axial mounting bar 922. When present, a hole near the end of the axial mounting bar 922 facilitates suture attachment at this point.
The commissure tabs 762A and 772B are to be understood as having been passed through the frame slot 924 from within the central space of the frame to the outer (abluminal) side and folded along 705A and 706B, respectively onto the outer surface of the cusp and leaflet structure where they are attached along their common length both to the frame member 923AB and, through the interspaces of the frame 920, to the radially underlying outer aspect of the cusp wall sections 761A and 771B, respectively.
The cusp and leaflet structure 730C farthest in view is seen within the frame 920, with the inner aspect of the seam 732C and cusp wall sections 761C and 771C in the far view. The cuff wall extension sections 718C and 728C are depicted as folded onto the outer aspect of the cusp wall sections 761C and 771C, respectively, but within the central space of the frame 920 and apposed to the inner surface of the frame. The inner (luminal) aspect of the seam 732C is shown aligned to the outwardly overlying axial mounting bar 922C to which it is attached along its length. The outer (abluminal) aspect of the top (most distal) portions of the seams 732A and 732B and the cusp wall sections 761A and 771B, of the other two folded cusp and leaflet structures 730A and 730B are also shown through the interspaces of the frame on either side of the near view.
The commissure tabs 762A and 772B, aligned and apposed along folds 705A and 706B, respectively are shown centered in the near view in position opposite to the axial mounting bar 922C and cusp wall seam 732C in the far view. The key mounting configuration of the valve commissures to the slotted frame members is here demonstrated. The triangular commissure tabs are formed as a result of the folding of the membrane template along folds 716 and 726, and are comprised of overlapping layers of the cusp wall section and the mobile leaflet section. Thus, with passage of the commissure tabs from within the interior space of the frame through the frame slots, both the cusp wall layer and the mobile leaflet layer are carried together to the outer aspect of the frame where they are attached. In addition, the interior aspect of the commissure folds 706A of cusp and leaflet structure 730A and 705B of cusp and leaflet structure 730B are shown where they mark the segment at which the commissure tabs 772A and 762B are passed through the frame slots 924CA and 924BC of slotted members 923CA and 923BC, respectively, and are tethered thereto.
The radially outward surface of the mobile leaflet sections 719A, 729A of the folded cusp and leaflet structure 730A and sections 719B, 729B of the folded cusp and leaflet structure 730B are shown on the left and right sides, respectively of the near view. (These labels omitted for clarity.)
The distal free edges of all three mobile leaflets are shown in the centrally apposed (coapted) position corresponding to the closed operating position of the valve.
The template examples disclosed herein are provided for enablement purposes and shall not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the claims. For example, angular values shown and/or described herein are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of a claim unless included in a given claim.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, circumference length varies with the diameter circumscribed therein. Accordingly, refinements in the valve manufacturing process may address adjusting the length of the leaflet free edge to be slightly less than the edge length of the cusp wall, i.e., less than the circumferential arc length between the commissures. This adjustment depends upon the dimensions of a given valve in production, as well as the dimensions of the given valve's component elements.
In still other embodiments of the one or more present inventions, the percutaneously deliverable heart valve may include various other configurations by using different variations of the polygon pattern, so as to include, for example, an inner sealing cuff for the valve that is continuous and integral with the leaflet structure itself In yet other embodiments, the percutaneously deliverable heart valve may include different configurations by adjusting the pattern and folding technique, such as the angle of the cone and its surface area, or the extent of apposition between the leaflets may also be specified.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
The one or more present inventions, in various embodiments, include components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, subcombinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the present invention after understanding the present disclosure.
The present invention, in various embodiments, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes (e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and/or reducing cost of implementation).
The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the invention are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention.
Moreover, though the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention (e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure). It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/423,051 filed on Dec. 14, 2010, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3014024 | Lieberman et al. | Dec 1961 | A |
| 3029819 | Edward | Apr 1962 | A |
| 3105492 | Jeckel | Oct 1963 | A |
| 3320972 | High et al. | May 1967 | A |
| 3409914 | Jones | Nov 1968 | A |
| 3548417 | Kischer et al. | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3562820 | Braun | Feb 1971 | A |
| 3588920 | Wesolowski | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3671979 | Moulopoulos | Jun 1972 | A |
| 3709175 | Edwards et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3878565 | Sauvage | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3945052 | Liebig | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3966401 | Hancock et al. | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3983581 | Angell et al. | Oct 1976 | A |
| 3986828 | Hoffman, Jr. et al. | Oct 1976 | A |
| 4011947 | Sawyer | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4035849 | Angell et al. | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4055861 | Carpentier et al. | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4056854 | Boretos et al. | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4060081 | Yannas et al. | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4082507 | Sawyer | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4084268 | Ionescu et al. | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4106129 | Carpentier et al. | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4164045 | Bokros et al. | Aug 1979 | A |
| 4172295 | Batten | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4218782 | Rygg | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4222126 | Boretos et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4233493 | Nath | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4265694 | Boretos et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4275469 | Gabbay | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4291420 | Reul | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4340977 | Brownlee et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4350492 | Wright et al. | Sep 1982 | A |
| 4364127 | Pierce et al. | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4388735 | Ionescu et al. | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4423525 | Vallana et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4441216 | Ionescu et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4456589 | Holman et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4473423 | Kolff | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4477930 | Totten et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4490859 | Black et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4491986 | Gabbay | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4517687 | Liebig et al. | May 1985 | A |
| 4545082 | Hood | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4553974 | Dewanjee | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4597762 | Walter et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4600533 | Chu | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4631052 | Kensey | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4657133 | Komatsu et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4666442 | Arru et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4692164 | Dzemechkevich et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4728328 | Hughes et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4743231 | Kay et al. | May 1988 | A |
| 4759758 | Gabbay | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4759759 | Walker et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4798611 | Freeman, Jr. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4801299 | Brendel et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4870966 | Dellon et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4883458 | Shiber | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4892539 | Koch | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4966604 | Reiss | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4976733 | Girardot | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4979939 | Shiber | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5006104 | Smith et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5007896 | Shiber | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5011488 | Ginsburg | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5026366 | Leckrone | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5032128 | Alonso | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5047041 | Samuels | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5047050 | Arpesani | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5052771 | Williams et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5061277 | Carpentier et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5080660 | Buelna | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5080670 | Imamura | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5139515 | Robicsek | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5163955 | Love et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5171273 | Silver et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5226889 | Sheiban | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5261878 | Galindo | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5282847 | Trescony et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5326370 | Love et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5326371 | Love et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5332402 | Teitelbaum | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5336616 | Livesey et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5344442 | Deac | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5360443 | Barone et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5374539 | Nimni et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5376110 | Tu et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5383927 | De Goicoechea et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5411552 | Andersen et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5413601 | Keshelava | May 1995 | A |
| 5449384 | Johnson | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5476506 | Lunn | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5480424 | Cox | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5484444 | Braunschweiler et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5489297 | Duran | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5500015 | Deac | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5509930 | Love | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5522879 | Scopelianos | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5522881 | Lentz | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5545215 | Duran | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549664 | Hirata et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549666 | Hara et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5554184 | Machiraju | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558875 | Wang | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5571170 | Palmaz et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5571173 | Parodi | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5571174 | Love et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5578071 | Parodi | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5578072 | Barone et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5582168 | Samuels et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5591229 | Parodi | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5634928 | Fischell | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5653749 | Love et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5713953 | Vallana et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5728152 | Mirsch, II et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733299 | Sheiban et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5741333 | Frid | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5746775 | Levy et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5769780 | Hata et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5782914 | Schankereli | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5787887 | Klingenbeck-Regn | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5840081 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5855597 | Jayaraman | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5855601 | Bessler et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861028 | Angell | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5862806 | Cheung | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5895420 | Mirsch, II et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5957949 | Leonhardt et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5961539 | Northrup et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5961549 | Nguyen et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5972030 | Garrison et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5976179 | Inoue | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6004328 | Solar | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6004330 | Middleman et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6010531 | Donlon et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6029671 | Stevens et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6045576 | Starr et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6053938 | Goldmann et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6091984 | Perelman et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6102944 | Huynh et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6117169 | Moe | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6124523 | Banas et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6125852 | Stevens et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6126686 | Badylak et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6129756 | Kugler | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6162245 | Jayaraman | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6168614 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6168619 | Dinh et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6171335 | Wheatley et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6174327 | Mertens et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6186999 | Chen | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6197143 | Bodnar | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6214055 | Simionescu et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221091 | Khosravi | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6231602 | Carpentier et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6245102 | Jayaraman | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6254629 | Inoue | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6254630 | Inoue | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6254636 | Peredo | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6264691 | Gabbay | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6269819 | Oz et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6270526 | Cox | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6277397 | Shimizu | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6277555 | Duran et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6287335 | Drasler | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6293970 | Wolfinbarger et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6312462 | McDermott et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6312474 | Francis et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6334873 | Lane et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6342069 | Deac et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6350282 | Eberhardt | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6352554 | De Paulis | Mar 2002 | B2 |
| 6352708 | Duran et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6358275 | McIlroy et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6358284 | Fearnot et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6371980 | Rudakov et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6376244 | Atala et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6378221 | Ekholm, Jr. et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6383171 | Gifford et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391333 | Li et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6409755 | Vrba | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6418339 | Essenpreis et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6425916 | Garrison et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6432712 | Wolfinbarger, Jr. et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6440167 | Shimizu | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6458153 | Bailey et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6461382 | Cao | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6468313 | Claeson et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6471723 | Ashworth et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6482227 | Solovay | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6482228 | Norred | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6482240 | Eckmayer et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6491719 | Fogarty et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494909 | Greenhalgh | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6503272 | Duerig et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6534004 | Chen et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6540782 | Snyders | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6553681 | Ekholm, Jr. et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6558418 | Carpentier et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6565960 | Koob et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6569200 | Wolfinbarger, Jr. et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6582458 | White et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582462 | Andersen et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582464 | Gabbay | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6599524 | Li et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6610088 | Gabbay | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6624890 | Backman et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626938 | Butaric et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6652577 | Gianotti | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6652578 | Bailey et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6666886 | Tranquillo et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6676698 | McGuckin, Jr. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6682559 | Myers et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6685739 | Dimatteo et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6696074 | Dai et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6702826 | Liddicoat et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6719788 | Cox | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6719789 | Cox | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6733525 | Yang et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6736823 | Darois et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6764510 | Vidlund et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6773456 | Gordon et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6773457 | Ivancev | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6790229 | Berreklouw | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6792979 | Konya et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6802319 | Stevens et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6802806 | McCarthy et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6821297 | Snyders | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6821530 | Koob et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6830584 | Seguin | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6893460 | Spenser et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6908481 | Cribier | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6913608 | Liddicoat et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6916338 | Speziali | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6942694 | Liddicoat et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6951571 | Srivastava | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 6961123 | Wang et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6977231 | Matsuda | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 6986735 | Abraham et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7004925 | Navia et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7008763 | Cheung | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7011688 | Gryska et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7018404 | Holmberg et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7018406 | Seguin et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7022348 | Ketharanathan | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7025780 | Gabbay | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7037333 | Myers et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7039446 | Ruchti et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7041132 | Quijano et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7053051 | Hendriks et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7060092 | Kuribayashi et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7070616 | Majercak et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077862 | Vidlund et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7084082 | Shimizu | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7138226 | Vincek et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7153324 | Case et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7160322 | Gabbay | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7164145 | Shakespeare | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7166570 | Hunter et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7189259 | Simionescu et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7213601 | Stevens et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7214242 | Abraham et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7214344 | Carpentier et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7232461 | Ramer | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7261732 | Justino | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7289211 | Walsh, Jr. et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7309461 | Kujawski et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7311730 | Gabbay | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7318998 | Goldstein et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7329279 | Haug et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7331993 | White | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7354702 | Dai et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| RE40404 | Schmitt et al. | Jun 2008 | E |
| 7381218 | Schreck | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7381219 | Salahieh et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7399315 | Iobbi | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7427291 | Liddicoat et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7431725 | Stack et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7468073 | Johnson et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7473237 | Navia et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7481838 | Carpentier et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7503929 | Johnson et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510571 | Spiridigliozzi et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510575 | Spenser et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7524330 | Berreklouw | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7566343 | Jenson et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7585321 | Cribier | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7604661 | Pavcnik et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7618446 | Andersen et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7622276 | Cunanan et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7628805 | Spenser et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7648676 | Mills et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7670368 | Hill et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7708775 | Rowe et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7758632 | Hojeibane et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7780722 | Thielen et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7789909 | Andersen et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7846203 | Cribier | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7846204 | Letac et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7871431 | Gurm et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7892281 | Seguin et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7914576 | Navia et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| RE42395 | Wright et al. | May 2011 | E |
| 7967833 | Sterman et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7981151 | Rowe | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8002825 | Letac et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8007992 | Tian et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8057540 | Letac et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8080054 | Rowe | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8105375 | Navia et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8308797 | Paniagua et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8512401 | Murray et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8512403 | Navia et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8790398 | Paniagua et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 20010010017 | Letac et al. | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20010023372 | Chen et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010049558 | Liddicoat et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020005073 | Tompkins et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020028243 | Masters | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020029783 | Stevens et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020032481 | Gabbay | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020032482 | Cox | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020037940 | Koob et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020042621 | Liddicoat et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020052651 | Myers et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020055772 | McGuckin, Jr. et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020091441 | Guzik | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095167 | Liddicoat et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095994 | Vesely et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020099439 | Schwartz et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020119437 | Grooms et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020123789 | Francis et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128708 | Northrup et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020146393 | Bell et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020151970 | Garrison et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020198594 | Schreck | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030027332 | Lafrance et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078659 | Yang | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030102000 | Stevens et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030118560 | Kelly et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030130727 | Drasler et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030130729 | Paniagua et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030130731 | Vidlund et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030138945 | McAllister | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030149477 | Gabbay | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030153974 | Spenser et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187362 | Murphy et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195620 | Huynh et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030204023 | Koob et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030209835 | Chun et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212460 | Darois et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212462 | Gryska et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030217415 | Crouch et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040024452 | Kruse et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039442 | St. Goar | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040049262 | Obermiller et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040055608 | Stevens et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040059418 | McKay et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040098092 | Butaric et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158321 | Reuter et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040193261 | Berreklouw | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040230285 | Gifford, III et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243153 | Liddicoat et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243229 | Vidlund et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050004668 | Aklog et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027369 | Eldridge et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043819 | Schmidt et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096673 | Stack et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113910 | Paniagua et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137681 | Shoemaker et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137682 | Justino | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050142163 | Hunter et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050147562 | Hunter et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050147599 | Hunter et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050147643 | Hunter et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148512 | Hunter et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050158274 | Hunter et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050159811 | Lane | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050169958 | Hunter et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050169959 | Hunter et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050175657 | Hunter et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187618 | Gabbay | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050191248 | Hunter et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228494 | Marquez | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050241981 | Gupta et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050246035 | Wolfinbarger, Jr. et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050247320 | Stack et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050267529 | Crockett et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060004439 | Spenser et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060004443 | Liddicoat et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020336 | Liddicoat | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060025800 | Suresh | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060041306 | Vidlund et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060074486 | Liddicoat et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060089708 | Osse et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060111733 | Shriver | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129225 | Kopia et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060134079 | Sih et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060140916 | Siani-Rose et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060155366 | Ls Duca et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173475 | Lafontaine et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060178740 | Stacchino et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060190074 | Hill et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060193885 | Neethling et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060195010 | Arnal et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060195183 | Navia et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206203 | Yang et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060212111 | Case et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229701 | Gurm et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229716 | Mitrev | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060240063 | Hunter et al. | Oct 2006 | A9 |
| 20060240064 | Hunter et al. | Oct 2006 | A9 |
| 20060259134 | Schwammenthal et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060259135 | Navia et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060259137 | Artof et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060265056 | Nguyen et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060287571 | Gozzi et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060292125 | Kellar et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070010857 | Sugimoto et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070043431 | Melsheimer | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070050014 | Johnson | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070050022 | Vidlund et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070056346 | Spenser et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060932 | Stack et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061008 | Salahieh et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070100426 | Rudakov et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070104395 | Kinigakis et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070128174 | Kleinsek et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173861 | Strommer et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070203575 | Forster et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213813 | Von Segesser et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233228 | Eberhardt et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070250154 | Greenberg et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070263226 | Kurtz et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070276432 | Stack et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070276461 | Andreas et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080004686 | Hunt et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080009667 | Longhini et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080009940 | Cribier | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080029105 | Stevens et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039871 | Wallace et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039926 | Majercak et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080058798 | Wallace et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080082113 | Bishop et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080102439 | Tian et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080131522 | Liu et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080133004 | White | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147182 | Righini et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154356 | Obermiller et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177381 | Navia et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080183280 | Agnew et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080183283 | Downing | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080190989 | Crews et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080195200 | Vidlund et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080199843 | Haverich et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200977 | Paul et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005857 | Ischinger | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090030511 | Paniagua et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043383 | McGregor et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054969 | Salahieh | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054976 | Tuval et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090062907 | Quijano et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090112309 | Jaramillo et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132032 | Cribier | May 2009 | A9 |
| 20090157175 | Benichou | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090164005 | Dove et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090187241 | Melsheimer | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090248149 | Gabbay | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090254175 | Quijano et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090281609 | Benichou et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100030259 | Pavcnik et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036479 | Hill et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036484 | Hariton et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100043197 | Abbate et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100048987 | Khairkhahan | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100049312 | Edoga et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131054 | Tuval et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100161036 | Pintor et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100185277 | Braido et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217382 | Chau et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234878 | Hruska | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100241069 | Hatten | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100249918 | Zhang | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100256749 | Tran et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100256751 | Rowe et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100312333 | Navia et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004295 | Wittens | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110004299 | Navia et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110015728 | Jiminez et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110040375 | Letac et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087322 | Letac et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110137409 | Yang et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110146361 | Davidson et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110153009 | Navia et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110166636 | Rowe | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110178597 | Navia et al. | Jul 2011 | A9 |
| 20110218619 | Benichou et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110224607 | Vogelbaum et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110240511 | Bolton et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110300625 | Paniagua et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110301700 | Fish et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120078343 | Fish et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078356 | Fish et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120095551 | Navia et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120158128 | Gautam et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120310041 | Paniagua et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130304201 | Navia et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20140039613 | Navia et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1603493 | Dec 2005 | EP |
| 2000115 | May 2011 | EP |
| 1441672 | Sep 2011 | EP |
| 2055266 | Feb 2012 | EP |
| 1621162 | May 2012 | EP |
| 2260796 | Feb 2013 | EP |
| 9-501594 | Feb 1997 | JP |
| 2001-500761 | Jan 2001 | JP |
| 2005-103321 | Apr 2005 | JP |
| 2355361 | May 2009 | RU |
| 91-17720 | Nov 1991 | WO |
| 92-17118 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| 9829057 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9930646 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| 0012164 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| 01-02031 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| 03047468 | Jun 2003 | WO |
| 03-092554 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| 2004026124 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| 2004082527 | Sep 2004 | WO |
| 2006-095342 | Sep 2006 | WO |
| 2007-138572 | Dec 2007 | WO |
| 2008082527 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008063537 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2008106531 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| 2009-052188 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009149462 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| 2009-156471 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| 2010024801 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| 2010027363 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| 2010117541 | Oct 2010 | WO |
| 2010141847 | Dec 2010 | WO |
| 2011-109433 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| 2011-109450 | Sep 2011 | WO |
| 2012-006124 | Jan 2012 | WO |
| 2012040643 | Mar 2012 | WO |
| 2012082952 | Jun 2012 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Sacks, Michael S. et al., “Orthotropic Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated Bovine Pericardium” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 1998, vol. 26, pp. 892-902. |
| Office Action issued in Japanese Application No. 2013-544758, dated Nov. 4, 2015. |
| Pohl, M. et al., “In vitro testing of artificial heart valves; comparison between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids” Artif Argns, Jan. 1996; 20(1); pp. 37-46. |
| Purinya, B. et al., “Biomechanical and Structural Properties of the Explanted Bioprosthetic Valve Leaflets” J. of Biomechanis, vol. 27, Iss 1, Jan. 1994 pp. 1-11 Elsevier Science Ltd, 1993. |
| Sacks, M S et al., “Collagen fiber architecture of bovine pericardium” ASAIO J, Jul. 1, 1994, 40(3):M632-7. |
| Sacks, M S et al., “A small angle light scattering device for planar connective tissue miscrostructural analysis” Ann Biomed Eng, Jul. 1, 1997, 254(4); 678-89. |
| Sacks, Michael S, “Incorporation of experimentally-derived fiber orientation into a structural constitutive model for planar collagenous tissues” J. Biomech Eng, Apr. 1, 2003, 125(2); 280-7. |
| Sacks, Michael S. et al., “Quantification of the fiber architecture and biaxial mechanical behavior of porcine intestinal submucosa” J of Biomedical Research, vol. 46, Iss 1, Jul. 1999, pp. 1-10. |
| Samouillan, V. et al., “Comparison of chemical treatments on the chain dynamics and thermal stability of bovine pericardium collagen” J Biomed Mater Res A. Feb. 1, 2003;64(2):330-8. |
| Schoen, Frederick J., “Tissue heart valves: Current challenges and future research perspectives” J of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 47, Iss 4, Dec. 15, 1999, pp. 439-465. |
| Sellaro, Tiffany L., “Effects of Collagen Orientation on the Medium-Term Fatigue Response of Heart Valve Biomaterials” 2003, (published thesis) pp. 40-45. |
| Sellaro, Tiffany L. et al., “Effects of Collagen Fiber Orientation on the Response of Biologically Derived Soft Tissue Biomaterials to Cyclic Loading” J. Biomed Mater Res A, Jan. 1, 2007; 80(1): 194-205); published online Oct. 13, 2006 by Wiley InterScience. |
| Shandas, Robin PhD et al., “A Method for Determining the Reference Effective Flow Areas for Mechanical Heart Valve Prostheses” Circulation Apr. 25, 2000. |
| Shen, Ming et al., “Effect of ethanol and ether in the prevention of calcification of bioprostheses” Ann Thorac Surg. May 2001;71(5 Suppl):S413-6. |
| Shen, Ming et al., “Protein adsorption in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium and porcine valve tissues” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2001; 71:409-409. |
| Simionescu, D et al., “Mapping of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium and tissue selection for bioprosthetic heart valve” J. Biomed Mater Res, Jun. 1, 1993:27(6):697-704. |
| Sun, Wei et al., “Response of heterograft heart valve biomaterials to moderate cyclic loading” J Biomed Mater Res A, Jun. 2004, 69(4); 658-69. |
| Topol, Eric J., “Textbook of Interventional Cardiology”, 1990, Chs. 43-44, pp. 831-867. |
| Vyavahare, Narendra et al., “Mechanisms of bioprosthetic heart valve failure: Fatigue causes collagen denaturation and glycosaminoglysan loss” J of Biomedical Research, vol. 446, Iss 1, Jul. 1999, pp. 44-50. |
| Vyavahare, NR et al., “Prevention of Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Calcification by Alcohol Pretreatment: Further Mechanistic Studies” J Heart Valve Dis. Jul. 2000;9(4):561-6. |
| Werner, S. et al., “Testing the Hydrodynamic properties of heart valve prostheses with a new test apparatus”, Biomed Tech (Berl) Sep. 1994; 30(9); pp. 204-210. |
| Wiegner, A W et al., “Mechanical and structural correlates of canine pericardium” Circ Res, Sep. 1, 1981m 49(3); 807-14. |
| Yasui, Takeshi et al., “Determination of collagen fiber orientation in human tissue by use of polarization measurement of molecular second-harmonic-generation light”, Applied Optics, vol. 42, No. 14, May 10, 2004, pp. 2861-2867. |
| Zioupos, P. et al., “Anisotropic Elasticity and Strength of Glutaraldehyde Fixed Bovine Pericardium for Use in Pericardial Bioprosthetic Valves” J. Biomed Mater Res., Jan. 1994, 28(1):49-57. |
| Zioupos, P. et al., “Mechanical and Optical anisotrophy of bovine pericardium” Med Biol Eng Comput, Jan. 1992; 30(1); pp. 76-82. |
| Supplemental Declaration Under 37 CFR 1.131 by inventors filed in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, filed Dec. 15, 2008. |
| Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Nov. 28, 2007. |
| Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Jul. 15, 2008. |
| Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Mar. 16, 2009. |
| Examiner Interview Summary issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Jun. 12, 2009. |
| Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Mar. 2, 2010. |
| Supplemental Declaration Under 37 CFR 1.131 by inventors filed in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, filed Sep. 14, 2009. |
| Supplemental Declaration Under 37 CFR 1.131 by inventors filed in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, filed Feb. 28, 2008. |
| Examiner Interview Summary issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Jul. 26, 2010. |
| Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688, dated Feb. 16, 2012. |
| Office Action issued Sep. 29, 2010, issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/228,192. |
| Examiner Interview Summary, dated Apr. 5, 2011 in U.S. Appl. No. 12/228,192. |
| Final Office Action issued Jul. 14, 2011, in U.S. Appl. No. 12/228,192. |
| Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/037,266, dated May 8, 2003. |
| Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 10/037,266, dated Mar. 9, 2004. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, in Application PCT/US2011/026763, dated Nov. 14, 2011. |
| PCT Written Opinion, in Application PCT/US2011/026741, dated Nov. 28, 2011. |
| Applicants' Reply to Written Opinion, filed Feb. 28, 2012, in App. PCT/US2011/026741. |
| Cross-reference is made to U.S. Appl. No. 13/367,252, filed Feb. 6, 2012. |
| Cross-reference is made to PCT Application No. PCT/US11/53120, filed on Sep. 23, 2011. |
| Cross-reference is made to U.S. Appl. No. 13/243,980, filed Sep. 23, 2011. |
| Cross-reference is made to PCT Application No. PCT/US11/64989, filed on Dec. 14, 2011. |
| Cross-reference is made to U.S. Appl. No. 13/171,400, filed Jun. 28, 2011. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, in Application PCT/US2011/053120, dated Apr. 27, 2012. |
| Mendelson, Karen et al., “Heart Valve Tissue Engineering: Concepts, Approaches, Progress, and Challenges” Ann Biomed Eng, Dec. 2006; 34(12); pp. 1799-1819; published online Oct. 12, 2006 doi:10.1007/s/10439-006-9163-z. |
| Sacks, M S et al., “Bioprosthetic heart valve heterograft biomaterials: structure, mechanical behavior and computational simulation” Expert Rev Med Devices, Nov. 2006; 3(6): pp. 817-34 (Abstract only). |
| Schmidt, Dorthe et al., “Tissue engineering of heart valves using decellularized xenogeneic of polymeric starter matrices” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Bio Sci., Aug. 29, 2007, 362(1484); 1505-1512; published online Jun. 22, 2007, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2131. |
| Examination Report in Australian Application No. 2011343755, dated May 13, 2014. |
| Affidavit of Dr. Paolo Angelini, M.D., signed Aug. 25, 2009. |
| Affidavit of Dr. Gervasio A. Lamas, M.D., signed Sep. 3, 2009. |
| Andersen, H.R. et al., “Transluminal implantation of artificial heart valve” European Heart Journal, 1992, 13, pp. 704-708. |
| “Artificial heart valve” http://en.wikipedia.org/Artificial—heart—valve, printed May 13, 2009. |
| Bonhoeffer, Philipp M.D. et al., “Percutaneous Insertion of the Pulmonary Valve” J of the Amer College of Cardiology, vol. 39, No. 10, Elsevier Science, Inc. 2002, pp. 1664-1669, London, UK, and Paris, FR. |
| Bonhoeffer, Philipp et al., “Percutaeous replacement of pulmonary valve in a right-centricle to pulmonary-artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction” Early Report, The Lacet, vol. 356, Oct. 21, 2000, p. 1403-1405. |
| Bonhoeffer, Philipp et al., “Transcatherter Implantation of a Bovine Valve in Pulmonary Position: A Lamb Study” Circulation J. of the Amer Heart Assoc, 2000; 102; 813-816. |
| Boudjemline, Younes et al., “Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in a large right ventricular outflow tract: An experimental study” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004; 43; 1082-1087. |
| Braga-Vilela, A. et al., “Extracellular Matrix of Porcine Pericardium; Biochemistry and Collagen Architecture” J. Membr Biol., 2008. |
| Breuer, Christopher K. M.D. et al., “Application of Tissue-Engineering Principles toward the Development of a Semilunar Heart Valve Substitute” Tissue Engineering, vol. 10, No. 11/12, 2004 pp. 1725-1736. |
| Cale, A.R. et al., “Revisited: a descending thorasic aortic valve to treat prosthetic valve insufficiency” Ann Thorac Surg, May 1993, 55(5), pp. 1218-1212. |
| Cerrolaza, M et al., “A comparison of the hydrodynamical behaviour of three heart aortic prostheses by numerical methods”. |
| “Collagen” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen, printed May 13, 2009. |
| Collins, J. J., Jr, “The Evolution of artificial heart valve” N. Engl J Med, Feb. 28, 1991; 324(9):624-6. |
| Corden, J. et al., “The influence of open leaflet geometry on the haemodynamic flow characteristics of polyrethane trileaflet artificial heart valve” PubMed medline query, p. 1 of 1. |
| Cribier, Alain et al., “Percutaneious Transcatheter Implantation of an Aoritc Valve Prosthesis for Calcific Aortic Stenosis: First Human Case Description” Circulation J of the Amer Heart Assoc, originally published online Nov. 25, 2002. |
| Edwards Lifesciences Receives FDA Approval for New Heart Valve, http:www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/149588.php, dated May 11, 2009. |
| Fish, R. David, “Percutaneous Heart Valve Replacement: Enthusiasm Tempered” Circulation J of the Amer Heart Assoc, 2004; 110; 1876-1878. |
| Fishbein, M.C. et al., “Cardiac pathology after aortic valve replacement using Hufnagel trileaflet prostheses: study of 20 necropsy patients” Ann Heart J., Apr. 1975, 89(4), pp. 443-448. |
| Gloeckner, D. Claire et al., “Mechanical Evaluation and Design of a Multilayered Collagenous Repair Biomaterial” J. of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 52 Iss 2, pp. 365-373, Published online Aug. 15, 2000, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
| Grube E., et al., “Progress and Current Status of Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement: Results of Three Device Generations of the CoreValve Revalving System”, Circ. Cardiovasc Intervent. 2008;1:167-175 (abstract). |
| Hanlon, JG et al., “Pre-use intraoperative testing of autologous tissue for valvular surgery: a proof of concept study” J. Heart Valve Dis, Nov. 1999; 8(6); pp. 614-623. |
| Bech-Hanssen, Odd, M.D. et al., “Aortic Prosthetic Valve Desing and Size: Relation to Doppler Echocardiographic Finding and Pressure Recovery—An In Vitro Study” J. Am Soc Echocardiography 2000; 13:39-50. |
| Hasenkam, J.M. et al., “A model for acute haemodynamic studies in the ascending aorta in pigs” Cardiovasc Res, Jul. 1988, 22(7), pp. 464-471. |
| Hiester,E.D. et al., “Optimal bovine pericardial tissue selection sites. I. Fiber architecture and tissue thickness measurements.” J. Biomed Mater Res, Feb. 1, 1998; 39(2):207-14. |
| Hufnagel, Charles A., M.D., “Basic Concepts in the Development of Cardiovascular Prosthes” The American Journal of Surgery, vol. 137, Mar. 1979. |
| Hufnagel, Charles.A., MD et al., “In the beginning. Surgical Correction of Aortic Insufficiency” 1954; Ann Thorac Surg May 1989; 47(3), pp. 475-476. |
| Hufnagel, Charles.A., MD et al., “Late follow-up of ball-valve prostheses in the descending thoracic aortia”, J. Throrac Cardiovasc Surg, Dec. 1976, 72(6), pp. 900-909. |
| Hufnagel, Charles.A., MD et al., “Surgical Correction of Aortic Insufficiency” Surgery vol. 35, May 1954 No. 5. |
| Hufnagel, Charles A., “Vessels and Valves”, Sec. 1: Development of Cardiac Surgery, Chap 7, pp. 43-55. |
| “Introduction to Stereomicroscopy”, http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/stereomicroscopy/stereointro.html, May 13, 2009. |
| IOPATCH(R) Tutoplast(R) Processed Pericardium Directions for Use; http://www.iopinc.com/surgeons—and—medical—professionals/iopatch/directions.asp, printed on Jun. 2, 2009. |
| Knudsen, LL et al., “Catheter-implanted prosthetic heart valves. Transluminal catheter implantation of a new expandable artificial heart valve in the descending thoracic aorta in isolated vessels and closed chest pigs” Int J. Artif Organs, May 1993, 16(5); pp. 253-262. |
| Lax, Jorge A., M.D., et al. “Estimation of the Ejection Fraction in Patients with Myocardial Infarction Obtained from the Combined Index of Systolic and Diastolic Left Ventricular Function: A New Method” J of the American Soc of Echocardiography, vol. 13, No. 2. |
| Liao, Jun et al., “Molecular orientation of collagen in intact planar connective tissues under biaxial stretch” Acta Biomateriala, vol. 1, Iss. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 45-54. |
| Liao, K X et al., “Two-dimensional mechanical and ultrastructural correlates of bovine pericardium for prosthetic valves” ASAIO Trans, Jun. 1, 1991, 37(3); M341-51. |
| Ls, Yu et al., “New Polyurethane valves in new soft artificial heart” ASAIO Trans Jul.-Sep. 1989; 35(3), pp. 301-304. |
| Mirnajafi, A. et al. “The effects of collagen fiber orientation of the flexural properties of pericardial heterograft biomaterials” Biomaterials, Mar. 2005; 26(7): 795-804. |
| Mirzaie, M. et al., “A new storage solution for porcine aortic valves” Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Apr. 2007;13(2):102-9. |
| Moazami, N. et al., “Transluminal aortic valve placement. A feasibility study with a newly designed collapsible aortic valve” ASAIO J, Sep.-Oct. 1996, 42(5):M 381-5. |
| Nienaber C., M.D. et al., “Nonsurgical Reconstruction of Thoracic Aortic Dissection by Stent-Graft Placement” N. Eng. J. Med, May 20, 1999, col. 340, No. 20. |
| Noorlander, Maril L. et al., “A Quantitative Method to Determine the Orientation of Collagen Fibers in the Dermis” The J. of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, vol. 50(11): 2002, pp. 1469-1474. |
| Nunn, D.B., “Structural Failure of Dacron Arterial Grafts” Seminars in Vascular Surgery, col. 12, No. 1 (Mar. 1999), pp. 88-91. |
| Optical Microscope, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereomiscroscope, May 13, 2009. |
| Orthogonality, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal, May 13, 2009. |
| Paniagua, David, et al., Percutaneous Heart Valve in the Chronic In Vitro Testing Model, Circulation, 2002, pp. e51-e52, vol. 106, American Heart Association, US. |
| Paniagua, David et al., First Human Case of Retrograde Transcatheter Implantation of an Aortic Valve Prosthesis, Texas Heart Institute Journal, 2005, pp. 91-96, vol. 32, US. |
| “Pathak, CP et al., ““Treatment of bioprosthetic heart valve tissue with long chain alcohol solution to lowercalcification potential”” J Biomed Mater Res A. Apr. 1, 2004;69(1):140-4”. |
| Pavenik, Susan, M.D., PhD et al., “Development and Initial Experimental Evaluation of a Prosthetic Aortic Valve for Transcatherter Placement” Cardivascular Radiology, Apr. 1992, pp. 151-154. |
| Pick, Adam, “True or False: An Edwards Lifescience' Tissue Valve Replacement Requires 1,800 Hand-Sewn Stitches” http://heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2008/02/26. printed Aug. 13, 2010. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, in Application PCT/US2011/042252, dated Apr. 6, 2011. |
| Office Action in Chinese Application No. 201180067413.6, dated Jan. 21, 2015. |
| Declaration Under 37 CFR 1.131 as filed in U.S. Appl. No. 10/887,688 on Dec. 15, 2008, by co-inventors of that application. (Best available copy). |
| Second Examination Report in Australian Application No. 2011343755, dated Aug. 29, 2014. |
| Chew, G.G. et al., “Simulation of Damage in a Porcine Prosthetic Heart Valve” J. Med. Eng. Technol., Sep.-Oct. 1999; 23(5): pp. 178-189 (Abstract of article). |
| Christie G.W. et al., “On Stress Reduction in Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Leaflets by the Use of a Flexible Stent” J. Card Surg, Dec. 1991; 6(4) pp. 476-481 (Abstract of article). |
| Non-Final Office Action issued Mar. 6, 2013 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/723,541. |
| Examination Report No. 1 issued dated Feb. 20, 2013 in Australian Application No. 2011223708. |
| Final Office Action issued Mar. 20, 2013 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/038,260. |
| Hilbert et al., “Biomechanics: Allograft Heart Valves,” Cardiac Reconstructions with Allograft Tissues, Springer, New York (2005), pp. 210-212. |
| Non-Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 13/038,260, dated Jun. 29, 2012. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, in Application PCT/US2011/064989, dated Jun. 28, 2012. |
| Paniagua, David et al., Abstract 4622: “Percutaneous Implantation of a Low Profile, Dry Membrane, Heart Valve in an Integrated Delivery System in the Aortic and Pulmonary Positions: One-month Animal Results,” Circulation, American Heart Association, Inc., 2009; 120: S982. |
| Notice of Allowance and Examiner Initiated Interview Summary issued in U.S. Appl. No. 13/038,361, dated Dec. 18, 2012. |
| PCT International Report on Patentability in Application No. PCT/US2011/064989, issued Jun. 27, 2013. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120185038 A1 | Jul 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61423051 | Dec 2010 | US |
