Patent Application
20200362675
The present disclosure relates to a perforating apparatus and method for use in perforating a structure, for example, in a wellbore.
Perforating apparatuses are used to create holes or perforations in structures by the firing of explosive charges. In the oil and gas industry, for example, perforating apparatuses are commonly used for a variety of applications, ranging from production to decommissioning. In recent years, however, as more wells are reaching the end of their lifecycle, there is an increasing requirement to improve technology concerned with the decommissioning of wells.
Perforating apparatuses are known, and typically include a single perforating gun or an assembly of axially arranged perforating guns. In the latter case, it is common that the perforating apparatus will be configured to fire the lower gun first, which may provide for a simpler design, but may be problematic for some applications. For example, if the perforating apparatus is required to create two or more sets of perforations in a well structure near a well-control system, there is potential that the upper gun may be aligned with the well-control system when firing the lower gun. An unintentional misfire of the upper gun may thus pose a serious risk to the well-control system. Therefore, it is common practice to individually run two separate perforating guns into the wellbore to avoid this risk. However, this increases the time and cost to complete the application.
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a perforating apparatus, comprising:
In use, the first perforating gun may receive the first pressure signal when the isolator mechanism is in the first configuration. The bypass and second perforating gun may be isolated from receiving a pressure signal, for example the first pressure signal, when the isolator mechanism is in the first configuration and therefore the risk of the second perforating gun unintentionally firing may be minimized. Once the first perforating gun has been fired, the isolator mechanism may be reconfigured to the second configuration, thus permitting the second pressure signal to enter the bypass and fire the second perforating gun. The apparatus may therefore provide for reliable, independent and sequential firing of first and second perforating guns, with the capability of firing the first perforating gun (e.g. an uphole perforating gun) first. This may be beneficial for various applications, as is discussed below.
For example, one application of the perforating apparatus may relate to a wellbore application. In this instance, the perforating apparatus may be run into the wellbore by a tubing string. The first and second pressure signals may comprise hydraulic pressure signals. Such signals may be communicated to the perforating apparatus from a pump and/or via the tubing string. The pump, for example, may be located at surface. Alternatively, the perforating apparatus may be provided with an on-board pump.
Furthermore, in use, the perforating apparatus may be mounted to the tubing string on the first axial side of the first perforating gun. In this respect, the first perforating gun may be defined as an upper or uphole gun and the second perforating gun may be defined as a lower or downhole gun. The perforating apparatus may thus provide for firing of the upper gun before the lower gun. This may be particularly beneficial for various applications. For example, one such application may involve perforating a wellbore structure at a location within the wellbore close to the wellhead area. The wellhead area may comprise a well-control system which may, for example, comprise a blow-out preventer (BOP). As the perforating apparatus is configured to fire the upper gun first, this may enable the lower gun to be positioned further into the wellbore and away from the well-control system during firing of the upper gun. Thus, in the event of an unintentional misfire of the lower gun, for example, when attempting to fire the upper gun, the lower gun may not be axially aligned with the well-control system, as might be the case for the upper gun if the lower gun had to be fired first. Furthermore, the isolator mechanism may reduce the likelihood of accidental misfire of the second perforating gun. Therefore, in this example application, the perforating apparatus may reduce the risk of damage to the well-control system.
The above-described application may be particularly useful for a well-decommissioning operation. For example, government regulations concerning well decommissioning may require certain operations to be performed prior to the final abandonment of a well. One such operation may involve the recovery of an oil-based mud trapped in an annulus of a wellbore structure. The recovery may be achieved by injecting and circulating a pressurized fluid through the annulus to remove the trapped mud. Thus, it may be necessary to perforate the wellbore structure at two axially spaced locations to enable pressurized fluid to be circulated through the annulus. In an example, the trapped oil-based mud may be located towards the wellhead area and thus perforation of the structure may pose a risk to damage of the well-control system, as discussed above. In this example application, the perforating apparatus may provide for safe and efficient recovery of trapped oil-based mud from an annulus in a wellbore.
The perforating apparatus may comprise a third perforating gun. The second perforating gun may be provided between the first and third perforating guns. The third perforating gun may be mounted on an axial side of the second perforating gun that is on an opposite side of the second perforating gun to the first perforating gun. Thus, in this example, the first gun may be defined as an upper or uphole gun, the second gun as an intermediate gun and the third gun as a lower or downhole gun. One example application of such an apparatus may involve firing of the first and second guns as detailed above, e.g. to complete an oil-based mud recovery operation, and subsequently firing the third gun at a position further into the wellbore. This may be particularly useful when it is required to pressure test a naturally-formed seal, for example, formed against an external surface of the wellbore. A naturally-formed seal may be formed by the creep of a rock formation towards the wellbore. For example, the rock formation may comprise sedimentary rock, such as shale rock. In this example application, the third gun may perforate the wellbore at a position below the naturally-formed seal, such that a pressure signal may be communicated through the perforations to test the sealing capability of the seal. If the results are positive, this may reduce the need to provide additional artificial seals within the wellbore.
One or more or each of the first, second and/or third perforating guns may comprise one or more charges. The charges may be located in scallops in an outer surface of the respective perforating gun. The one or more charges of at least the first, and optionally the second, perforating guns may be configured to fire with a trajectory or sequence in accordance with a charge or shot profile defined by the respective perforating gun. The charge or shot profile may comprise a helix, e.g. the charge or shot profile may comprise a helical arrangement of the charges. The charge or shot profile may comprise a maximum number of eighteen charges or shots per foot. Alternatively, the charge or shot profile may comprise a maximum number of twelve charges or shots per foot, or eight charges or shots per foot. The charge or shot profile may be arranged to define a non-firing zone. The non-firing zone may be an area in which no charges are fired.
The bypass may extend from the first axial side of the first perforating gun to the second perforating gun externally of the first perforating gun. The bypass may extend through the non-firing zone. In this way, the bypass may traverse the first perforating gun to the second perforating gun without being damaged, in use, by firing of the charges of the first perforating gun. Despite being in close proximity to the charges of the first perforating gun, the bypass may be configured to withstand pressures up to a maximum pressure in the range of 750 to 1750 bar, e.g. in the range from 1000 to 1500 bar, such as 1,337 bar.
The bypass may extend linearly through the non-firing zone, which may provide a direct channel for the second pressure signal to be delivered to the second perforating gun, and/or may be less likely to clog. Alternatively, the bypass may helically extend around the first perforating gun. The bypass may be configured to follow the charge or shot profile but may be displaced from the charge or shot profile such that it is in an area in which no charges are fired. For example, both the charge or shot profile and the bypass may define corresponding helices that are displaced from each other. In examples, the bypass may have a diameter between 6 and 26 millimeters or 5 and 15 millimeters. The bypass may comprise a conduit, for example pipe or tubing.
The bypass may be supported by a clamp connected to the first perforating gun. The clamp may comprise an aperture for locating the bypass therein. The clamp may be connected to the first perforating gun via a lock key. The bypass may be attached to a series of clamps. One or more of the series of clamps may be axially spaced along the first perforating gun. The one or more clamps may act to prevent the bypass from excessive deflection and/or vibration during firing of the first perforating gun, thereby providing structural support to the bypass. The one or more clamps may comprise a plurality of circumferentially spaced apertures for locating one or more bypasses therein.
In the first configuration, the isolator mechanism may isolate the bypass from receiving the second pressure signal for the second perforating gun. The bypass may be connected to a port in the isolator mechanism, which may be located on a side face thereof. The isolator mechanism may be located on the first axial side of the first perforating gun. The port may be configured to connect with an end of the bypass that extends from the first axial side of the first perforating gun. In an example, the port and bypass may be threadably connected. Alternatively, the port and bypass may be connected via an interference fit and/or with a fastener and/or the like.
The isolator mechanism may comprise a moveable object, which may be movable in order to reconfigure the isolator mechanism between the first and second configurations. In the first configuration of the isolator mechanism, the moveable object may block a pressure signal from entering the port and/or bypass. In the second configuration, the moveable object may allow a pressure signal to enter the bypass to the second perforating gun, e.g. by the movable object being removed from the port.
The isolator mechanism may comprise a body defining a passageway. The passageway may be configured to permit a pressure signal to pass therethrough and may be configured to enable the moveable object to move therein relative to the body. The moveable object may be or comprise a sleeve. The sleeve may be slideable within the passageway of the body. The sleeve may be configured to slide from a first location when the isolator mechanism is in the first configuration to a second position when the isolator mechanism is in the second configuration. In this respect, the sleeve may be defined as a slideable sleeve. In alternative examples, however, the moveable object may comprise a gate, or any other suitable means.
As noted above, in the first configuration of the isolator mechanism, the bypass may be isolated from receiving a pressure signal (e.g. the second pressure signal) for the second perforating gun. The isolator mechanism may comprise a releasable connection configured to releasably secure the isolator mechanism in the first configuration. The releasable connection may prevent the isolator mechanism from unintentionally transitioning from the first configuration to the second configuration. For example, this may be particularly beneficial when a pressure signal is initially circulated through the apparatus and a force acts on the isolator mechanism. The releasable connection may function to selectively prevent the isolator mechanism from transitioning to the second configuration. This arrangement may prevent, or reduce the likelihood of, unintended firing of the second perforation gun, particularly when firing the first perforation gun.
The releasable connection may, for example, comprise a locking member such as a locking ring. The locking member may be fixed or coupled to the moveable object and, when the isolator mechanism is in the first configuration, the locking member may be releasably engaged with or secured to a first recess or other lock structure of the isolator mechanism. The locking member may be radially outwardly biased such that the locking member is forced into contact with the first recess or other lock structure. The first recess or other lock structure may comprise an oblique surface. The locking member may be configured to engage with the oblique surface, e.g. to releasably secure the isolator mechanism in the first configuration.
The locking member may be configured to be released from the first recess or other lock structure when acted on by a predetermined force or differential pressure, which may thereby allow the isolator mechanism to transition to the second configuration. This may be achieved, for example, by selecting a material of the locking member that is configured to sufficiently deform at the predetermined force such that the locking member is able to slide across the oblique surface of the first recess and release the releasable connection. Such an arrangement may provide a level of control over reconfiguring of the isolator mechanism from the first configuration to the second configuration. In alternative examples, the releasable connection (e.g. the locking member) may comprise a shear pin, spring, adhesive, or any other suitable means.
In the second configuration of the isolator mechanism, in which the bypass is permitted to receive a pressure signal to the second perforating gun, the locking member (e.g. the locking ring) may be configured to engage a second recess or other lock structure in the isolator mechanism. The second recess or other lock structure may be positioned axially away from the first recess or other lock structure in a direction towards the first perforating gun. The second recess or other lock structure may comprise a substantively right-angled surface, or shoulder, which may be configured to engage the locking member. Once engaged, the locking member may be fixedly secured to the second recess or other lock structure. In this respect, the locking member and the second recess or other lock structure together may be defined as a locking mechanism. In alternative examples, the locking mechanism may comprise a swellable material, ratchet, adhesive, or any other suitable means.
The locking mechanism may prevent the isolator mechanism from unintentionally transitioning from the second configuration back to the first configuration. As such, the isolator mechanism may be reconfigurable only from the first configuration to the second configuration.
The perforating apparatus may comprise a flow diverter. The flow diverter may be mounted on the first axial side of the first perforating gun, and may be configured to divert a flow away from the first perforating gun. The flow diverter may comprise a diversion path configured to divert flow away from the first perforating gun. The diversion path may be arranged so as to direct flow within the tubing string out of the tubing string, e.g. into the wellbore. The flow diverter may comprise at least one activation path configured to deliver a pressure signal (e.g. the first pressure signal) to the first perforating gun.
The flow diverter may enable a pressure signal or other flow to be initially circulated through the perforating apparatus without the first or second perforating gun being fired. Thus, it may be possible to maintain a constant pressure signal or other flow through the perforating apparatus before, during and after firing of the first and second perforating guns. Such an arrangement may provide for a simplified operation of the perforating apparatus, as, for example, a pump supplying pressure to the apparatus may be maintained at a constant flow rate, operating condition or pressure throughout the entire operation.
The isolator mechanism and the flow diverter may be connected, for example, via a threaded connection, an interference fit, a fastener or other suitable connection.
The diversion path may comprise at least one diversion inlet, which may be placed centrally within the flow diverter. The diversion path may comprise a tapered section, e.g. at the diversion inlet. The tapered section may be inwardly tapered as it extends in a direction generally away from the diversion inlet and towards a diversion outlet. The diversion outlet may comprise an outlet port, which may be located on an external, side face of the flow diverter. The diversion outlet may comprise a plurality of, e.g. three, circumferentially spaced outlet ports. The outlet ports may all be located on the external, side face of the flow diverter and may be arranged symmetrically, e.g. such that a balanced reaction force acts on the flow diverter, which may reduce fatigue thereof.
At least one or each of the activation paths may comprise an activation inlet and an activation outlet. The activation inlet may be placed eccentrically within the flow diverter. The activation inlet may have a diameter smaller than a diameter of the diversion inlet.
The activation path may be or comprise a channel, which may be a straight channel, extending from the activation inlet to the activation outlet. The activation path may run parallel to part of the diversion path. The activation path may comprise a plurality of, e.g. three, circumferentially spaced channels, each having an activation inlet and activation outlet, which may enable a substantially high flow rate to pass through the flow diverter without causing damage thereto.
The flow diverter may be reconfigurable from a configuration in which flow is routed or predominantly routed through the at least one diversion path into a configuration in which flow is routed or predominantly routed through the at least one activation path, e.g. under the action of a first activator. The first activator may be received by the flow diverter in order to deliver the first pressure signal to the first perforating gun. The first activator may be a first ball or dart. The first activator may be configured to land near or on the diversion inlet of the diversion path, such that flow may be prevented from entering the diversion path. This may cause an increase in pressure in the activation path. This increase in pressure may function to deliver the first pressure signal to the first perforating gun.
The first activator may be specifically sized to land on the diversion inlet of the diversion path. In particular, the first activator may be specifically sized to land on the tapered section of the diversion path, e.g. to engage with the diversion inlet and/or tapered section so as to lodge in the diversion inlet and/or tapered section.
In an alternative example, the perforating apparatus may not comprise a flow diverter, but instead may instead comprise an activation path connected to the first perforating gun. In this example, the first pressure signal may be delivered simply by supplying or increasing a pressure signal to the perforating apparatus. That is, an initial pressure (which may be a small, or zero, pressure) may initially be delivered to the perforating apparatus without firing the first perforating gun. To deliver the first pressure signal, the pressure to the apparatus may be increased above a threshold, which may enable the first pressure signal to be delivered to the first perforating gun.
As noted above, in the second configuration, the isolator mechanism may permit the bypass to receive a pressure signal that is conveyed to the second perforation gun by the bypass. The moveable object may comprise a receiving section configured to receive a second activator, e.g. to reconfigure the isolator mechanism into the second configuration. The second activator may comprise a second ball or dart, which may have a different (e.g. larger) diameter than the first activator. The receiving section and second activator, once received, may form a seal so that flow is substantially prevented from entering the passageway of the body of the isolator mechanism.
Once the second activator is received, an increase in pressure may be built up behind the second activator which may function to move the moveable object and thereby reconfigure the isolator mechanism from the first configuration to the second configuration. That is, the isolator mechanism may be configured such that sealing the passageway of the body of the isolator mechanism using the second activator mechanism may cause a pressure differential to increase beyond an associated threshold, which may thereby cause the movable object to move and thereby reconfigure the isolator mechanism from the first configuration into the second configuration. Thus, such an arrangement may enable the isolator mechanism to be selectively and easily reconfigurable to the second configuration.
The moveable object may define an opening configured to permit a pressure signal to pass therethrough. The first activator may be provided with a diameter smaller than a diameter of the opening of the moveable object. The first activator may thus be configured to pass through the opening in order to land on the inlet of the diversion path.
The perforating apparatus may define an outer diameter and/or form which permits suitable downhole deployment and operation. For example, the perforating apparatus may be cylindrical.
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for operating a perforating apparatus, the method comprising:
The perforating apparatus may be or comprise the perforating apparatus of the first aspect.
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for removing a trapped substance from an annulus of a downhole structure, the method comprising:
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of operating a perforating apparatus downhole, the perforating apparatus comprising at least a first perforating gun and a second perforating gun, the method comprising:
The bypass may extend from the uphole side of a first perforating gun to the second perforating gun, e.g. to the downhole side of the first perforating gun. The second location may be downhole of the first location.
The delivering of the first pressure signal to the first perforating gun may comprise providing an isolator mechanism of the perforating apparatus in a first configuration. In the first configuration, the bypass may be isolated from receiving a pressure signal, e.g. the second pressure signal, to the second perforating gun.
The delivering of the second pressure signal to the second perforating gun may comprise reconfiguring the isolator mechanism to a second configuration, in which the bypass is permitted to receive a pressure signal, e.g. the second pressure signal, to the second perforating gun.
The wellbore may be provided with a well-control system, which may comprise a blow-out preventer (BOP), which may be located on or near the surface. The locating of the perforating apparatus in the first position downhole may comprise locating the first perforating gun downhole of the control apparatus and optionally proximate the well-control system. By configuring the perforating apparatus such that the first perforating gun that is uphole of the second perforation gun is firable before the second perforating gun, then the risk of misfiring of a perforating gun close to the well-control system during near surface operations may be reduced.
The perforating apparatus may be or comprise a perforating apparatus according to any of the above or below aspects. The method may comprise or be comprised in a method according to any of the above methods.
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a perforating apparatus, comprising:
It should be recognized that the features defined in relation to one aspect may be applied in combination with any other aspect.
These and other aspects of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The present disclosure relates to a perforating apparatus which may be utilized for a variety of applications. In the description that follows, example forms of the perforating apparatus are presented, without any intended restriction on a specific application or use, although some examples of potential operations that could be performed using the perforating apparatus will be suggested, and one specific example use of the apparatus will be provided.
A diagrammatic illustration of the perforating apparatus, generally identified by reference numeral 10, deployed in a wellbore 12 is shown in
As shown, the perforating apparatus 10 is run into the wellbore 12 by a tubing string 14 to which the perforating apparatus 10 is mounted. In this example, a first axial side (e.g. an uphole side in use) of the perforating apparatus 10 is mounted to the tubing string 14. A pressure signal may be communicated to the apparatus 10 from a pump (not shown) or other pressure controlling apparatus, which could for example be located at the surface, via the tubing string 14. As can be seen, the perforating apparatus 10 is positioned in the wellbore 12 at a location close to a wellhead area, which includes a well-control system 16. The perforating apparatus 10 includes a first perforating gun 18 and a second perforating gun 20. The second perforating gun 20 is mounted on a second axial side (e.g. a downhole side in use) of the first perforating gun 18.
The perforating apparatus 10 includes a bypass 22. The bypass 22 is connected at its first end 24 on the first axial (e.g. uphole) side of the first perforating gun 18, and extends from the first axial side of the first perforating gun 18 to the second perforating gun 20, to which the bypass 22 is connected at its second end 26. In this way, the bypass 22 effectively bypasses the first perforating gun 18. This enables a pressure signal to be delivered to the second perforating gun 20 from the first axial side of the first perforating gun 18. As can be seen, the bypass 22 extends externally of the first perforating gun 18. The bypass 22 is located between trajectories of the charges of the first perforating gun 18, as is discussed in more detail below.
The apparatus 10 includes an isolator mechanism and a flow diverter, which are generally indicated together by reference numeral 28.
The bypass 22 is connected at its first end 24 to a port 39 located on a side face of the isolator mechanism 30. In this example, the bypass 22 is threadably connected to the port 39. However, alternative connections may be used, such as an interference fit, etc.
The isolator mechanism 30 includes a body 41 defining a passageway 43 configured to permit a pressure signal to pass therethrough. The passageway 43 is located centrally in the isolator mechanism 30.
The isolator mechanism 30 includes a moveable object, which, in this example, is a slideable sleeve 40. The slideable sleeve 40 includes an opening 45 configured to permit a pressure signal to pass therethrough.
The isolator mechanism 30 further defines a first recess 42 including an oblique surface (not shown). In the first configuration, the slideable sleeve 40 is releasably secured to the first recess 42 by way of a releasable connection therewith. In this example, the releasable connection includes a locking ring 44 configured to releasably connect with the first recess 42, in the first configuration. The locking ring 44 is radially outwardly biased such that it is forced into contact with the first recess 42 when the isolator mechanism 30 is in the first configuration. The skilled person will appreciate, however, that the releasable connection may instead comprise any other suitable means, such as a shear pin, ratchet, spring, adhesive, etc.
The isolator mechanism 30 further defines a second recess 46. The second recess 46 is positioned axially away from the first recess 42 in a direction towards the flow diverter 32. The second recess 46 includes a shoulder 48 configured to engage the locking ring 44, when the isolator mechanism 30 is in the second configuration, such that the slidable sleeve 40 is locked in position relative to the body 41 of the isolator mechanism 30. As such, in the second configuration of the isolator mechanism 30, the slideable sleeve 40 is removed from the port 39 and the bypass 22 is permitted to receive a pressure signal for the second perforating gun 20.
The flow diverter 32 includes a diversion path 51 configured to divert flow away from the first perforating gun 20. The diversion path 51 includes a diversion inlet 54, which is placed centrally within the flow diverter 32. The diversion path 51 includes a tapered section 56, which is tapered inwardly as it extends in a direction generally away from the diversion inlet 54 and towards a diversion outlet. In this example, the diversion outlet includes three circumferentially spaced outlet ports 58, which are located on an external, side face of the flow diverter 32, and are arranged symmetrically so that a balanced reaction force may act on the flow diverter 32. The flow diverter 32 thus enables a pressure signal or other flow to be initially circulated through the apparatus 10, if desired, without the first perforating gun 18 or second perforating gun 20 being fired.
The flow diverter 32 also includes an activation path 52 configured to deliver a pressure signal to the first perforating gun 18. The activation path 52 includes an activation inlet 60 and an activation outlet 62. The activation path 52 is placed eccentrically within the flow diverter 32. Furthermore, the activation inlet 60 has a diameter smaller than a diameter of the diversion inlet 54. Consequently, a higher flow rate may initially pass through the diversion path than the activation path. In this example, the activation path 52 includes three circumferentially spaced channels that each linearly extend from their respective inlets 60 to their respective outlets 62. The activation paths 52 run parallel to at least part of the diversion path 51.
Referring specifically to
As can be seen in
As noted above, the ball 64 is landed on the tapered section 56 of the flow diverter 32, for example, by dropping the ball 64 from the surface through the tubing string 14 and passageway 43. Thus, with the ball 64 received, flow being communicated from the tubing string 14 is blocked from entering the diversion path 51. As such, flow can no longer exit the apparatus 10 through the outlet ports 58, and consequently hydraulic pressure is increased in the activation path 52. This increase in pressure may function to deliver the first pressure signal to the first perforating gun 18, e.g. by increasing the pressure in the activation path 52 above a pressure threshold.
It is worth noting, with reference to
Referring now to
When the receiving section 35 of the slideable sleeve 40 has received the second activator 76, a substantial seal is formed therebetween, thus flow being communicated from the tubing string 14 can no longer enter the passageway 43 of the isolator mechanism 30. Instead, pressure is built up behind the second activator 76 causing a pressure differential between the interior of the tubing string 14 and the passageway 43 of the isolator mechanism 30, resulting in a force acting on the slideable sleeve 40. Once a predetermined force is reached, the locking ring 44 is configured to disengage the first recess 42. This may be achieved, for example, by selecting a material and thickness of the locking ring 44 that is configured to sufficiently deform at the predetermined force so that the locking ring 44 is able to slide across the oblique surface of the first recess 42 and release the releasable connection.
Referring now to
To prevent the isolator mechanism 30 transitioning back to the first configuration, and thus the slideable sleeve 40 sliding back towards the first recess 42, the second recess 46 is provided with a right-angled surface, or shoulder. As the slideable sleeve 40 reaches the position shown in
The injection tool 80 is configured to inject a pressurized fluid, which is generally indicated by arrows 82, through the second set of perforations 78, into the annulus 67 and out of the first set of perforations 69. It will be appreciated that packers and the like can be used in order to direct the flow in the desired manner. As can be seen, the oil-based mud 68 is removed from the annulus 67 and transported towards the surface with the pressurized fluid 82.
Referring now to
In this alternative example application, the third gun 84 has been fired to create a third set of perforations 86 in the wellbore 12 at a position below the naturally-formed seal 83, such that a pressure signal, generally indicated by arrows 90, may be communicated through the third set of perforations 86 to test the sealing capability of the seal 83. The pressure signal may include hydraulics, acoustics, or any other suitable means.
It should be understood that the examples provided herein are merely exemplary of the present disclosure and that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope defined by the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1906801.4 | May 2019 | GB | national |
