Patent Application
20140096670
Not applicable
The present invention relates to equipment and processes for petroleum well completion and production. In particular, the invention pertains to well perforation equipment and processes for mineral production enhancement.
Well perforation is a term that is used in the well drilling arts to describe a process of perforating the walls of a fluid mineral production pipe with multiple apertures. Such apertures are clustered in a predetermined pattern within the geologic zone of a fluid mineral bearing strata to facilitate flow of the mineral into the production pipe and up to the surface. The term is also applied to the process of perforating a well casing and cement collar for the same purpose. The well perforation process may also be used to fracture or open a geologic formation along the production face of the well bore wall.
Perforation equipment traditionally includes a length of tube or pipe, called a “perforating gun”, having shaped charge explosives set in a helical pattern along the length and around to perimeter of the tube. These shaped charges are designed and aligned to emit a lineally concentrated stream of explosion gas radially from the gun axis. A gun may comprise a multiplicity of such tubes mounted with shaped charges connected in series, end-to-end.
Perforating guns are suspended within a well for placement at the desired perforation position by means of a tubing string or wireline. The gun is secured to the end of the tubing string or wireline.
Traditional perforating gun assembly usually provides a firing head at the upper end. The firing head is a subsection of tube that contains those devices necessary to convert an action or impulse initiated at the well surface into an explosive detonation. Included among such actions is dropping a weight such as a rod for example, along the bore of the suspension pipe or tubing to impact a percussion primer in the firing head. The primer initiates a detonation chord which carries a detonation wave to all of the shaped charges, sequentially. In another case, the firing head may comprise an exploding bridge wire (EBW) or exploding foil initiator (EFI) detonator as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,429 for example. The EBW or EFI is initiated by an electric pulse carried on an electric conductor integrated with the wireline support structure to initiate the detonation chord.
There are certain circumstances and conditions in the art of deep well drilling for petroleum, under which a perforating gun is disconnected from the supporting wireline or tubing string upon discharge of the perforation charges. When disconnected, the gun is completely severed from any surface linked support and allowed to fall further along the wellbore; usually below the mineral production zone. Often, the depleted gun is abandoned in an extended portion of the wellbore.
The sequence of such a well perforation gun disconnect procedure has, traditionally been perceived in the order of a gun discharge followed by the gun disconnect. However, this sequence has been found to be less than satisfactory due to the consequences of detonation shock when the gun discharges. Prior art disconnect devices have been mechanical latching assemblies subject to structural distortion or destruction caused by detonation shock. Hence, a planned disconnect procedure may not be possible after the gun has discharged.
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide equipment and procedures to disconnect a perforating gun from surface support structure prior to discharge of the explosive perforating charges.
It is also and object of the present invention to provide a disconnect sub between a firing head and gun tube having no mechanical latches or links subject to operational binding or warping.
The advantages and further features of the invention will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate like or similar elements throughout.
As used herein, the terms “up” and “down”, “upper” and “lower”, “upwardly” and downwardly“, “upstream” and “downstream”; “above” and “below”; and other like terms indicating relative positions above or below a given point or element are used in this description to more clearly describe some embodiments of the invention. However, when applied to equipment and methods for use in wells that are deviated or horizontal, such terms may refer to a left to right, right to left, or other relationship as appropriate. Moreover, in the specification and appended claims, the terms “pipe”, “tube”, “tubular”, “casing”, “liner” and/or “other tubular goods” are to be interpreted and defined generically to mean any and all of such elements without limitation of industry usage.
In traditional practice, the perforating gun 14 is a tube having a multiplicity of explosive perforating charges 16 set within the tube shell to discharge radially against a production pipe, well casing or raw bore wall. The objective of such perforations is to facilitate the flow of in situ fluids, gas or crude petroleum, from a fluid bearing earth stratum into an inner flow chamber. These explosive charges 16 are often set in a helical pattern around and along the length of the gun tube. While numerous methods have been used to detonate such perforating charges, a continuous detonating chord 28 (
Detonating chord 28 ignition my be initiated from the surface by a percussion primer or by an exploding bridge wire (EBW) exploding foil initiator (EFI), for example. In the case of the percussion detonator, a percussion weight is dropped into a gun supporting coiled tube or pipe string. The percussion weight falls along the tubing bore to impact a percussion detonator. In the case of an EBW or EFI, an electric pulse is transmitted by wireline conduit to initiate the detonation. The conduit is often integrated into the windings of a wireline support string.
With respect to
A gun connector 30 is secured to the opposite end of the drop sub housing by assembly pin threads 33 meshing with box threads in the drop sub housing. O-rings 34 seal this joint from moisture invasion. Threads 31 secure the gun 14 to the connector 30 with an O-ring moisture seal 32. A bore 35 along the connector 30 axis facilitates continuity of the detonation chord 28 through the gun connector 30 into the gun 14.
A chamber 42 in the drop sub 12 receives a shaped charge tubing cutter 40 in alignment with a cutting window 44. The cutting window 44 is a reduced thickness section of pipe wall annulus.
The tubing cutter explosive 40 is compressed between top and bottom end plates having an axial aperture to accommodate the detonating chord 28. Between the end plate bosses 48, the cutter explosive 40 is in direct face exposure to the detonating chord 28
When the gun 14 is located at a desired position along the wellbore, an initiating event is performed to begin the detonation sequence by activating the firing head 10. The firing head 10 ignites the detonation chord 28
As a detonation wave travels the chord 28 length, the tube cutting charge 40 is discharged first thereby severing the gun 14 from the firing head 10 and any connection with the surface. However, the detonation wave continues along its length through the gun, detonating the perforation charges 16 along the way.
The detonation wave traverses the length of chord 28 in a few microseconds. However, the gravity driven acceleration of the gun 14, comparatively, is much slower. Hence, although the structural link 12 between the gun and any up-hole support from the firing head has been severed, the perforation charges will have discharged and performed their intended function before any significant gun movement.
Although the invention disclosed herein has been described in terms of specified and presently preferred embodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto. Alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. Accordingly, modifications of the invention are contemplated which may be made without departing from the spirit of the claimed invention.
