Patent Application
20140307853
The present invention relates to an anode disk for a rotating anode in an X-ray tube for modulating a generated X-ray beam, an X-ray tube for generating periodic modulation of X-ray intensity, an X-ray imaging system, and a method for modulating an X-ray beam, as well as to a computer program element and a computer readable medium.
X-ray imaging is used, for example, in CT imaging. Modulation of the radiated X-rays is provided, for example, by modulation of the electron beam, such as with deflection means, or also by providing a varying electrical energy for the generation of the electron beam. US 2010/0020938 A1 describes an anode disk with marks capable of modulating the number of stray electrons detected by a detecting unit. A pattern of marks is provided beside the desired track of the focal spot so that a corresponding pattern in the signal only occurs when the focal spot deviates from the desired track. Thus, it can be detected if the focal spot position leaves the optimum path. However, when applying X-ray radiation in CT imaging, for example it would be helpful for immediate calibration purposes of signal integrating detectors, to modulate the X-ray flux, which is emitted by the source, with at least one or more modulation periods per X-ray frame, thus, within ca. 200 microseconds. US2010/0172475 A1 describes means for dose modulation by deflection of an electron beam into a beam dump. However, the above mentioned examples for modulation of an X-ray beam do not provide a sufficiently fast periodic modulation, while the imaging capabilities of the system like e.g. the focal spot position—are fully maintained.
Thus, there may be a need to provide an increased, i.e. faster, periodic modulation of the X-ray intensity.
The object of the present invention is solved by the subject-matter of the independent claims, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the dependent claims.
It should be noted that the following described aspects of the invention apply also for the anode disk, the X-ray tube, the X-ray imaging system, the computer program element and the computer readable medium.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, an anode disk for a rotating anode in an X-ray tube is provided, comprising a circumferential target area for modulating a generated X-ray beam, the target area comprising: a target surface area, a focal track centre line, and a beam-dump surface area. The target surface area is provided such that, when being hit by an electron beam, X-rays for X-ray imaging can be generated. The beam-dump surface area is provided such that, when being hit by an electron beam, no useful X-rays for X-ray imaging can be generated. The target surface area comprises a plurality of target portions, and the beam-dump surface area comprises a plurality of beam-dump portions. The target portions and the beam-dump portions are arranged along the focal track centre line such that a centre of a focal spot, in which X-ray radiation is generated, is located on the focal track centre line. Structures on both sides of the focal track centre line are arranged such that same radiation intensities are provided on the both sides when being hit by a homogenous electron beam. At least a part of the target surface area comprises target portions and beam-dump portions in an alternating manner in the direction of the focal track centre line.
The term “circumferential target area” relates to, for example, a linear focal track arranged in the vicinity of the outer edge of the anode disk. Besides being provided as a circular target area, it is also possible to provide the target area in form of a curved line with a number of curves along the anode's edge. Thus, the term “linear target area” could be used for a target area in a straight circular line, however, also comprising small deviations, for example by a small curved pattern with a number of waves (in a snake-like form).
During rotation, the target area, such as the linear target area, comprises a varying effective target. The centre of the focal spot remains spatially constant or e.g. in case of a snake-like focal spot track, is located on the centre line of the snake-like focal track.
For example, the tube surface area and the beam-dump surface area are arranged along the focal track centre line symmetrically with respect to the focal track centre line. The term “symmetric” refers to symmetry along a radial line. In case of a circular line, the term “symmetric” thus relates to a line perpendicular to the respective portion of the circle, i.e. the radial line. However, in case of a curved circumferential target area, for example comprising a number of wave structures, the term “symmetric” refers to a line perpendicular to the respective part of the target area, or, in other words, to a line perpendicular to a tangential line to the respective portion of the curve.
The target surface area and the beam-dump surface area may be provided as structures with edges arranged radially. Portions of the target surface area providing constant radiation intensity may be provided concentrically. Portions of the target surface area providing constant radiation intensity may also be defined by tangential boundary lines on both side of the focal track centre line, which boundary lines are provided with the same distance to the focal track centre line.
The target surface may be provided as a target plateau area, surrounded by beam-dump portions.
According to an exemplary embodiment, a continuous target centre portion is provided. The beam-dump surface area comprises a first plurality of grooves and a second plurality of grooves arranged on opposing sides of the target centre portion. Thus, the target surface area comprises a continuous target centre portion and interrupted side portions.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, along the focal track centre line, target portions and beam-dump portions are provided in an alternating manner.
The target portions and the beam-dump portions may each extend across the complete circumferential target area.
According to a further exemplary embodiment, at least a part of the target portions comprises a first number of first sub-portions and a second number of second sub-portions. The first sub-portions are provided with a first radial length, and the second sub-portions are provided with a second radial length. The first radial length is larger than the second radial length.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, an X-ray tube for generating periodic modulation of X-ray intensity is provided, comprising a cathode, an anode disk, and a tube housing with an X-ray window. The anode disk is provided as an anode disk according to one of the above mentioned examples. The cathode is configured to emit electrons as an electron beam with a focal spot towards the focal track. The beam-dumps are provided such that, in the position when being hit by the electron beam, a bottom surface of the beam-dump has no line-of-sight to the X-ray window.
According to an exemplary embodiment, focusing means are provided to shape the size and form of the focal spot.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, an X-ray imaging system is provided, comprising an X-ray source and X-ray detector. The X-ray source is provided as an X-ray source according to one of the above mentioned examples.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the phase of anode rotation is adapted to synchronization with an integration period of the X-ray detector.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, a method for modulating an X-ray beam is provided, comprising the following steps:
According to an exemplary embodiment, the electron beam is provided in step b) with at least two different beam shapes with a focal spot having a varying radial length.
According to an aspect of the present invention, the anode disk is provided with a structure on the focal track, i.e. the circumferential target area, which structure effects the generation of the X-ray beam in form of a modulation by providing portions from which no useful X-rays are radiated in combination with portions used for the generation of X-ray radiation. The structure is arranged such that the centre of gravity of the effective focal spot does not move with respect to the focal track centre line, but rather stays or remains to the focal spot centre line during rotation of the anode disk. The variation of the effective focal spot, i.e. the portion or area of the focal track actually being provided with a surface for generating useful X-ray radiation, is effected in a similar manner concerning the sides of the focal track centre line, in order to ensure that the generated X-ray beam originates from the same point, although from different sizes arranged concentrically around the centre point. In other words, it is provided that the X-ray beam does not move in terms of spatial relation with the detector, but is only modulated in terms of intensity.
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from and be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described in the following with reference to the following drawings.
a and 5b show a further example of an anode disk according to the present invention in a detailed top view (section only in
It must be noted that, although
The X-ray source 12 is provided as an X-ray source according to one of the below described embodiments of an X-ray source.
Before describing the X-ray source 12 in form of an X-ray tube, shown in a cross-section in
The anode disk 28 comprises a circumferential target area 34 for modulating the generated X-ray beam, for example as a circumferential linear target area. The target area 34 comprises a target surface area 36, a focal track centre line 38, and a beam-dump surface area 40.
The target surface area 36 is provided such that, when being hit by an electron beam, X-rays for X-ray imaging can be generated, which will be explained further below. The beam-dump surface area is provided such that, when being hit by an electron beam, no useful X-rays for X-ray imaging can be generated. The target surface area comprises a plurality of target portions 42, and the beam-dump surface area comprises a plurality of beam-dump portions 44.
It is noted that
The target portions 42 and the beam-dump portions 44 are arranged along the focal track centre line such that a centre of a focal spot, in which X-ray radiation is generated, is located on the focal track centre line. Structures on both sides of the focal track centre line are arranged such that same radiation intensities are provided on the both sides when being hit by a homogenous electron beam. For example, a circle 46 indicates the location of a focal spot in
At least a part of the target surface area 36 comprises target portions 42 and beam-dump portions 44 in an alternating manner in the direction of the focal track centre line 38.
During rotation, the target area 34 comprises a varying effective target. The centre of the focal spot remains spatially constant.
Thus,
It is further noted that other modulations are also provided according to further examples of the present invention.
The target surface area 36 and the beam-dump surface area 38 are arranged along the focal track centre line, indicated with a dotted line 38, symmetrically with respect to the focal track centre line 38. The term “symmetric” refers to a symmetry on a radial line, where the crossing point with the focal track centre line is the mirror, or symmetry axis. Because of the curved focal track (being circumferential), no real symmetry is of course provided here over a length of the focal track, but only for the point on the focal track having symmetric beam generating portions. The target surface area and the beam-dump surface area, i.e. the target portions 42 and the beam-dump portions 44, are provided as structures with edges arranged radially, which are shown to be parallel to each other with the linear projection in
For example, a continuous target centre portion 50 is provided, as shown in
With respect to the focal spot 48, this is shown as three different exemplary configurations in
Although belonging to the structure of an X-ray tube, deflection means 66 and a portion of an X-ray tube housing 68, as well as an X-ray window 70 are shown.
For example, the beam deflection means 66 may be provided as magnetic focusing or capacitive focusing. The modulation amplitude, as shown in
As an example only, the anode may spin with 180 Hz, and the track diameter is 180 mm; the track speed is then 102 m/s.
When taking a focal track of 100 m/s, a groove pitch of 1 mm period will provide a 100 kHz modulation. Thus, “integration periods” are larger than 100 msec long. The grooves may be provided with 0.5 mm pitch with 1 mm period, and the focal spot width may be sufficiently small, for example smaller than 0.5 mm.
According to a further example, the target portions 42 are provided with different radial widths 76, also referred to as RW. The target portions 42 may also be provided, alternatively or additionally, with different radial lengths 78, referred to as RL. The term “radial width” relates to a dimension of a portion in the radial direction, and the term “radial length” relates to a dimension of the portion in direction of the focal track centre line.
For example,
As indicated above in relation with
b shows a top view of an anode with the arrangement of the target portions of
According to a further example (although not shown), a third, or further, plurality of third, or further, sub-portions is provided.
For example, as shown in
The first sub-portions 80 may be provided as target plateaus 90. The second sub-portions 82 may be provided as transition plateaus 92 adjacent to the first sub-portions 80. The transition portions have a decreasing radial width from the first sub-portion to the beam-dump portion, as shown in
The second sub-portions may also be provided with a centre symmetric shape, such as hyperbolic, stepped or triangular.
By implying plateaus of the focal spot track and beam-dumps, the generated used photon flux is periodically modulated.
With respect to
For example, the first sub-portions 80 are “100%-plateaus”, fully accommodating the electron beam, as indicated with an elliptic focal spot indicator 94. The second sub-portions 82 as “10%-plateaus” generate only 10% of the full photon flux, because the electron beam covers also portions of the so-to-speak plateau-dump, i.e. the dump sub-portion 88 surrounding the second sub-portion 82. As indicated with a further focal spot indicator 96, upon movement of the anode disk, indicated with moving arrow 98, this position of the focal spot with relation to the 10% plateau is shown. Upon further movement, indicated with a further focal spot indicator 100, a so-to-speak 0%-plateaus, or dump, is provided, in which the electron beam is completely dumped, and thus no photon flux is generated here.
For a better explanation, a diagram 102 is shown beneath the target area 34 indicating the respective photon flux with a curve 104. Connection arrows 106 indicate the respective position on the target area 34 of the focal spot position and the related generated photon flux modulation.
It is noted that, because of the elliptical shape of the focal spot, transition portions 106 of the curve 104 occur between the 100%-level and the 10%-level as well as the 0%-level, and from the 0%-level also to the 100%-level, again. Thus, a stepwise periodic modulation, for example with the period of a short CT frame is provided.
According to a further exemplary feature, the portion around the 100% plateaus, i.e. for example the first sub-portions 80, may also be provided as a surrounding or carved-out beam-dump portion 108.
By employing various shapes of the plateaus, the temporal profiles of the X-ray flux can be shaped in a flexible way. The transition plateaus may, for example, be of a so-to-speak triangular shape, as shown.
According to a further example, shown in
Before explaining further features shown in
The cathode 116 is configured to emit electrons as an electron beam 122 with a focal spot towards the focal track. The beam-dumps, not further shown in
The rotation of the anode disk is indicated with a rotational axis 124. Further, bearing and driving means 126 are shown only very schematically. As a further option, focusing means 128 are provided to shape the size and form of the electron beam, i.e. the focal spot. For example, the focusing means are magnetic focusing means. The electron beam may thus be deflectable in a tangential direction. The focal spot has at least an adaptable size in radial direction of the anode disk according to a further example. Alternatively, or additionally, the focal spot has at least an adaptable size in the tangential direction of the anode disk.
This could be avoided, for example, by properly shaping the beam-dump, for example confined structures and the like, or this effect can be minimized, which is shown as an example with reference to
As shown in
In order to avoid the problems relating to the backscattered electrons, the respective sidewall portions 154 and 156 of the rhombus angle may be provided with low-Z material to avoid off-focal radiation from the backscattered electrons. Of course, the provision of low-z material, to avoid backscattered radiation, may also be provided to other forms and shapes of beam-dump portions.
With respect to
As indicated above, even with perpendicular impact of primary electrons, rims of the transition plateaus may be hit by electrons, which are backscattered from the bottom of the beam-dump. To minimize this off-focal radiation and illumination of the X-tray detector in an asymmetric way, the profiles of the transition plateaus may be “confined”, for example of rhomboidal shape, such that only a few detector cells are in line-of-sight of such rims. However, due to the non-zero anode angle, there may be still some detector cells in line-of-sight.
The rhombus angle should be larger than the detector fan angle.
Other confined shapes can be used to modulate the beam flux in a different way as long as they comply with the upper requirement.
During transition and for low flux, the focal spot will be split in two parts in length direction, according to a further example. As long as the overall length is sufficiently small, this should not jeopardize the imaging performance of the system.
According to a further example, shown in
According to a further example (not shown), deflection of the electron beam in tangential direction, i.e. in x-direction, is provided to speed up the transition, for example when going from zero flux to full flux.
It is also possible to provide a combination with grid switch.
According to a further example, the phase of anode rotation is adapted to synchronization with an integration period of a detector.
Flux patterns may be different for different CT views. The reconstruction algorithm would have to align the different quality of the different views.
It is further provided to have an anode disk with separate “undisturbed” focal tracks without beam-dumps, selectable by deflection of the electron beam.
Before referring to
As shown in a second diagram 170 below, according to the present invention, an energy separation curve 172 is provided to avoid saturation, for example by integrating the signal only during periods of reduced photon flux, and discarding signals from periods of excessive flux.
Further, a reference beam 334 is provided to a primary flux monitor 336. The respective signal is indicated with a diagram 338. Thus, a synchronization signal 340 is provided, having signal structure 342. As a further step, gated signal processing 343 is arranged in order to arrive at a true sinogram per energy bin 334 by a combination of the synchronization signal 340 and the respective signal 310 provided, as indicated with arrow 346. Each detector pixel is read out only during suitable periods of the X-ray signal. The proper period is retrospectively determined at the end of a projection frame, which is also referred to as “integration period”. The zero flux period is used for detection of crystal polarization. As the length of the modulation period is smaller than the smallest “integration period”, the proper timing can be determined individually for each projection.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a computer program or a computer program element is provided that is characterized by being adapted to execute the method steps of the method according to one of the preceding embodiments, on an appropriate system.
The computer program element might therefore be stored on a computer unit, which might also be part of an embodiment of the present invention. This computing unit may be adapted to perform or induce a performing of the steps of the method described above. Moreover, it may be adapted to operate the components of the above described apparatus. The computing unit can be adapted to operate automatically and/or to execute the orders of a user. A computer program may be loaded into a working memory of a data processor. The data processor may thus be equipped to carry out the method of the invention.
This exemplary embodiment of the invention covers both, a computer program that right from the beginning uses the invention and a computer program that by means of an up-date turns an existing program into a program that uses the invention.
Further on, the computer program element might be able to provide all necessary steps to fulfill the procedure of an exemplary embodiment of the method as described above.
According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a computer readable medium, such as a CD-ROM, is presented wherein the computer readable medium has a computer program element stored on it which computer program element is described by the preceding section.
A computer program may be stored and/or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.
However, the computer program may also be presented over a network like the World Wide Web and can be downloaded into the working memory of a data processor from such a network. According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a medium for making a computer program element available for downloading is provided, which computer program element is arranged to perform a method according to one of the previously described embodiments of the invention.
It has to be noted that embodiments of the invention are described with reference to different subject matters. In particular, some embodiments are described with reference to method type claims whereas other embodiments are described with reference to the device type claims. However, a person skilled in the art will gather from the above and the following description that, unless otherwise notified, in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject matter also any combination between features relating to different subject matters is considered to be disclosed with this application. However, all features can be combined providing synergetic effects that are more than the simple summation of the features.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive. The invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing a claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the dependent claims.
In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items re-cited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are re-cited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2012/055841 | 10/24/2012 | WO | 00 | 5/23/2014 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61563157 | Nov 2011 | US |
