Patent Application
20090176675
The present invention relates to personal care compositions comprising a cationically modified starch polymer. More particularly, the present invention relates to personal care compositions comprising an anionic surfactant system and a cationically modified starch polymer. In one aspect, the present invention relates to personal care compositions as described above which further comprise one or more oily conditioning agents.
Shampoo compositions comprising various combinations of detersive surfactants and conditioning agents are known. These products typically comprise an anionic detersive surfactant in combination with a conditioning agent such as silicone, hydrocarbon oil, fatty esters, or combinations thereof. These products have become more popular among consumers as a means of conveniently obtaining hair or skin conditioning and cleansing performance all from a single personal care product.
However, many shampoo compositions do not provide sufficient deposition of conditioning agents onto hair and skin during the cleansing process. Without such deposition, large proportions of conditioning agent are rinsed away during the cleansing process and, therefore, provide little or no conditioning benefit. Without sufficient deposition of the conditioning agent on the hair and skin, relatively high levels of conditioning agents may be needed in the personal cleansing composition to provide adequate conditioning performance. However, high levels of a conditioning agent can increase raw material costs, reduce lathering, and present product stability concerns.
Obtaining good deposition of a conditioning agent is further complicated by the action of detersive surfactants in the shampoo composition. Detersive surfactants are designed to carry away or remove oil, grease, dirt, and particulate matter from the hair and skin. As a result, the detersive surfactants can interfere with deposition of the conditioning agent and can remove both deposited and non-deposited conditioning agent during rinsing. Consequently, after rinsing, the deposition of the conditioning agent onto the hair and skin is reduced, which, in turn, reduces conditioning performance.
One method for improving deposition of a conditioning agent involves the use of certain cationic deposition polymers. Typically, these cationic deposition polymers are natural polymers, such as cellulosic or guar polymers that have been modified with cationic substituents. Sufficient deposition of conditioning agents can result from selecting a cationic deposition polymer with sufficient charge density and molecular weight in combination with an optimized surfactant system. To achieve this sufficient deposition in shampoo or body wash compositions, generally, the molecular weight of the cellulosic or guar deposition polymers is well above 200,000. High molecular weight cationic starches also have been available for a number of years. However, known high molecular weight starches do not provide an appropriate level of wet conditioning or detangling of wet hair. Thus, a need still exists to provide both adequate wet conditioning and a high level of conditioning active deposition with a high molecular weight cationic starch.
It is also desirable that shampoo compositions which deliver conditioning agents do not result in a cleaning tradeoff, buildup, or reduced volume of the intended hair style, and, further, that the shampoos are storage stable. Previous attempts to achieve sufficient conditioning performance in shampoos have been made using dispersed droplets of silicone oil in combination with depositing high levels of high molecular weight polymer. However, these attempts result in buildup of polymer and conditioning agents, which potentially can result in a reduction of hairstyle volume. Thus, a need still exists to provide sufficient conditioning performance without a reduction in hairstyle volume with a low cost cationic or amphoteric polymer in a shampoo composition.
Accordingly, there is a continuing need for a personal cleansing composition which delivers superior conditioning benefits to hair and/or skin with a low cost cationic or amphoteric polymer without buildup effects or a reduced cleansing performance.
The present invention is directed to a personal care composition comprising: (a) from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a water-soluble cationically modified starch polymer, wherein said water-soluble cationically modified starch polymer has a molecular weight from about 850,000 to about 15,000,000 and a charge density from about 0.2 meq/g to about 5 meq/g; (b) from about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of an anionic surfactant system, said anionic surfactant system comprising at least one anionic surfactant and having an ethoxylate level and an anion level, (i) wherein said ethoxylate level is from about 1 to about 6, and (ii) wherein said anion level is from about 1 to about 6; c) an effective amount of a pyrithione or a polyvalent metal salt of a pyrithione; d) an effective amount of a zinc-containing layered material; and (e) a cosmetically acceptable medium.
Additionally, the present invention is directed to a personal care composition as described above further comprising from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of one or more oily conditioning agents.
The present invention is also directed to a method of treating hair or skin comprising the steps of applying the personal care composition as described above to the hair or skin and rinsing the hair or skin.
The combination of the cationically modified starch polymer with the anionic surfactant system of the present invention in personal care compositions provides enhanced deposition of conditioning agents to hair and/or skin without reducing cleansing performance. It is believed that certain specific anionic surfactant systems as described by the ethoxylate and anion levels maximize a conditioning benefit of a polymer via maximization of coacervate formation. Coacervates, without being limited to a particular theory, provide improved hair and skin conditioning without any additional conditioning actives. Further, when dispersed conditioning agent droplets are added to the system, the coacervate provides an improved mechanism for conditioning agent deposition.
While the specification concludes with claims that particularly point out and distinctly claim the invention, it is believed the present invention will be better understood from the following description.
All percentages, parts and ratios are based upon the total weight of the compositions of the present invention, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level, and, therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified. The term “weight percent” may be denoted as “wt. %” herein.
All molecular weights as used herein are weight average molecular weights expressed as grams/mole, unless otherwise specified.
Herein, “comprising” means that other steps and other ingredients which do not affect the end result can be added. This term encompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”. The compositions and methods/processes of the present invention can comprise, consist of, and consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any of the additional or optional ingredients, components, steps, or limitations described herein.
The term “charge density”, as used herein, refers to the ratio of the number of positive charges on a monomeric unit of which a polymer is comprised to the molecular weight of said monomeric unit. The charge density multiplied by the polymer molecular weight determines the number of positively charged sites on a given polymer chain.
The term “polymer” as used herein shall include materials whether made by polymerization of one type of monomer or made by two (i.e., copolymers) or more types of monomers.
The term “solid particle” as used herein means a particle that is not a liquid or a gas.
The term “water-soluble” as used herein, means that the polymer is soluble in water in the present composition. In general, the polymer should be soluble at 25° C. at a concentration of at least 0.1% by weight of the water solvent, preferably at least 1%, more preferably at least 5%, most preferably at least 15%.
The term “water-insoluble” as used herein, means that a compound is not soluble in water in the present composition. Thus, the compound is not miscible with water.
The personal care compositions of the present invention comprise a cationically modified starch polymer, an anionic surfactant system, and a cosmetically acceptable medium. Each of these essential components, as well as preferred or optional components, is described in detail hereinafter.
Cationically Modified Starch Polymer
The personal care compositions of the present invention comprise water-soluble cationically modified starch polymers. As used herein, the term “cationically modified starch” refers to a starch to which a cationic group is added prior to degradation of the starch to a smaller molecular weight, or wherein a cationic group is added after modification of the starch to achieve a desired molecular weight. The definition of the term “cationically modified starch” also includes amphoterically modified starch. The term “amphoterically modified starch” refers to a starch hydrolysate to which a cationic group and an anionic group are added.
The personal care compositions of the present invention comprise cationically modified starch polymers at a range of about 0.01% to about 10%, and more preferably from about 0.05% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
The cationically modified starch polymers disclosed herein have a percent of bound nitrogen of from about 0.5% to about 4%.
The cationically modified starch polymers for use in the personal care compositions of the present invention have a molecular weight from about 850,000 to about 15,000,000 and more preferably from about 900,000 to about 5,000,000. As used herein, the term “molecular weight” refers to the weight average molecular weight. The weight average molecular weight may be measured by gel permeation chromatography (“GPC”) using a Waters 600E HPLC pump and Waters 717 auto-sampler equipped with a Polymer Laboratories PL Gel MIXED-A GPC column (Part Number 1110-6200, 600×7.5 mm, 20 um) at a column temperature of 55° C. and at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min (mobile phase consisting of Dimethylsulfoxide with 0.1% Lithium Bromide), and using a Wyatt DAWN EOS MALLS (multi-angle laser light scattering detector) and Wyatt Optilab DSP (interferometric refractometer) detectors arranged in series (using a dn/dc of 0.066), all at detector temperatures of 50° C., with a method created by using a Polymer Laboratories narrow dispersed Polysaccharide standard (Mw=47,300), with an injection volume of 200 μl.
The personal care compositions of the present invention include cationically modified starch polymers which have a charge density from about 0.2 meq/g to about 5 meq/g, and more preferably from about 0.2 meq/g to about 2 meq.g. The chemical modification to obtain such a charge density includes, but is not limited to, the addition of amino and/or ammonium groups into the starch molecules. Non-limiting examples of these ammonium groups may include substituents such as hydroxypropyl trimmonium chloride, trimethylhydroxypropyl ammonium chloride, dimethylstearylhydroxypropyl ammonium chloride, and dimethyldodecylhydroxypropyl ammonium chloride. See Solarek, D. B., Cationic Starches in Modified Starches: Properties and Uses, Wurzburg, O. B., Ed., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. 1986, pp 113-125. The cationic groups may be added to the starch prior to degradation to a smaller molecular weight or the cationic groups may be added after such modification.
The cationically modified starch polymers of the present invention generally have a degree of substitution of a cationic group from about 0.2 to about 2.5. As used herein, the “degree of substitution” of the cationically modified starch polymers is an average measure of the number of hydroxyl groups on each anhydroglucose unit which is derivatized by substituent groups. Since each anhydroglucose unit has three potential hydroxyl groups available for substitution, the maximum possible degree of substitution is 3. The degree of substitution is expressed as the number of moles of substituent groups per mole of anhydroglucose unit, on a molar average basis. The degree of substitution may be determined using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (“1H NMR”) methods well known in the art. Suitable 1H NMR techniques include those described in “Observation on NMR Spectra of Starches in Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Iodine-Complexing, and Solvating in Water-Dimethyl Sulfoxide”, Qin-Ji Peng and Arthur S. Perlin, Carbohydrate Research, 160 (1987), 57-72; and “An Approach to the Structural Analysis of Oligosaccharides by NMR Spectroscopy”, J. Howard Bradbury and J. Grant Collins, Carbohydrate Research, 71, (1979), 15-25.
The source of starch before chemical modification can be chosen from a variety of sources such as tubers, legumes, cereal, and grains. Non-limiting examples of this source starch may include corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, waxy corn starch, oat starch, cassaya starch, waxy barley, waxy rice starch, glutenous rice starch, sweet rice starch, amioca, potato starch, tapioca starch, oat starch, sago starch, sweet rice, or mixtures thereof. Tapioca starch is preferred.
In one embodiment of the present invention, cationically modified starch polymers are selected from degraded cationic maize starch, cationic tapioca, cationic potato starch, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, cationically modified starch polymers are cationic corn starch and cationic tapioca. Cationic tapioca starch is preferred.
The starch, prior to degradation or after modification to a smaller molecular weight, may comprise one or more additional modifications. For example, these modifications may include cross-linking, stabilization reactions, phosphorylations, and hydrolyzations. Stabilization reactions may include alkylation and esterification.
The cationically modified starch polymers in the present invention may be incorporated into the composition in the form of hydrolyzed starch (e.g., acid, enzyme, or alkaline degradation), oxidized starch (e.g., peroxide, peracid, hypochlorite, alkaline, or any other oxidizing agent), physically/mechanically degraded starch (e.g., via the thermo-mechanical energy input of the processing equipment), or combinations thereof.
An optimal form of the starch is one which is readily soluble in water and forms a substantially clear (% Transmittance≧80 at 600 nm) solution in water. The transparency of the composition is measured by Ultra-Violet/Visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometry, which determines the absorption or transmission of UV/VIS light by a sample, using a Gretag Macbeth Colorimeter Color i 5 according to the related instructions. A light wavelength of 600 nm has been shown to be adequate for characterizing the degree of clarity of cosmetic compositions.
Suitable cationically modified starch for use in compositions of the present invention is available from known starch suppliers. Also suitable for use in the present invention is nonionic modified starch that could be further derivatized to a cationically modified starch as is known in the art. Other suitable modified starch starting materials may be quaternized, as is known in the art, to produce the cationically modified starch polymer suitable for use in the invention.
Starch Degradation Procedure
In one embodiment of the present invention, a starch slurry is prepared by mixing granular starch in water. The temperature is raised to about 35° C. An aqueous solution of potassium permanganate is then added at a concentration of about 50 ppm based on starch. The pH is raised to about 11.5 with sodium hydroxide and the slurry is stirred sufficiently to prevent settling of the starch. Then, about a 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide diluted in water is added to a level of about 1% of peroxide based on starch. The pH of about 11.5 is then restored by adding additional sodium hydroxide. The reaction is completed over about a 1 to about 20 hour period. The mixture is then neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid. The degraded starch is recovered by filtration followed by washing and drying.
Synthetic Copolymer
In an embodiment of the present invention, the personal care compositions may comprise synthetic copolymers that, in combination with the detersive surfactant component and an aqueous carrier, form coacervate upon dilution. The polymers are formulated in a personal care composition that provides improved conditioning performance when formulated, even without additional conditioning actives, and also provides improved deposition of the conditioning agent onto the hair or skin. The monomer units of the synthetic copolymer may be arranged to form random copolymers and grafted copolymers. Random copolymers are preferred.
The concentration of the synthetic copolymer in the shampoo composition ranges about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.05% to about 3%, more preferably from about 0.075% to about 1%, by weight of the composition.
Another embodiment comprises personal care compositions comprising a synthetic copolymer of sufficiently high molecular weight to enhance the deposition of the conditioning active components of the personal care composition described herein. The average molecular weight of the synthetic copolymers is generally between about 10,000 and about 10 million, preferably between about 100,000 and about 3 million, still more preferably between about 200,000 and about 2 million.
In a further embodiment, the synthetic copolymers have a mass charge density of from about 0.1 meq/gm to about 6.0 meq/gm and more preferably from about 0.5 meq/gm to about 3.0 meq/gm, at the pH of intended use of the personal care composition. The pH will generally range from about pH 3 to about pH 9, and more preferably between about pH 4 and about pH 8.
In yet another embodiment, the synthetic copolymers have a linear charge density from about 2 meq/A to about 500 meq/A, and more preferably from about 20 meq/A to about 200 meq/A, and most preferably from about 25 meq/A to about 100 meq/A.
Nonionic Monomer Unit
The synthetic copolymers comprise the nonionic monomer unit represented by the following Formula I:
where R is H or C1-4 alkyl; and R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-4 alkyl, CH2OCH3, CH2OCH2CH(CH3)2, and phenyl, or together are C3-6cycloalkyl.
In one embodiment, nonionic monomer unit is acrylamide (AM), i.e., where R, R1, and R2 are all H as shown below:
Another preferred nonionic monomer unit is methacrylamide (MethAM), i.e., where R is C1 alkyl, and R1 and R2 are each H respectively:
However, the other acrylamide derivatives within the scope of the formula set out above are also contemplated to be part of the present invention where polyacrylamide and copolymers using acrylamide monomers are useful.
The nonionic monomer portion of the synthetic copolymers is present in an amount from about 50% to about 99.5% by weight of the total copolymer. Preferably, this amount is from about 70% to about 99%, still more preferably from about 80% to about 99% by weight of the synthetic copolymer.
Cationic Monomer Unit
The synthetic copolymers also comprise the cationic monomer unit represented by Formula II:
where each of v, v′, and v″ is independently an integer of from 1 to 6, w is zero or an integer of from 1 to 10, and X− is an anion.
In one embodiment, a structure is present where v=3 and w=0, and X− is Cl− according to Formula II, above, to form the following structure:
The above structure may be referred to as diquat.
Yet another embodiment is achieved by the structure formed wherein v and v″ are each 3, v′=1, w=1, and X− is Cl− according to Formula II, such as:
The above structure may be referred to as triquat.
Suitable cationic monomers can be made by, for example, the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0010106 A1.
In one embodiment, the cationic monomer portion of the synthetic copolymers is present in an amount from about 0.5% to about 50% by weight of the total copolymer. Preferably, this amount is from about 1% to about 30% and most preferably from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the synthetic copolymer.
Method of Making the Triquat Monomer
Non limiting examples of polymerization techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,017, European Patent No. EP 156,646 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0010106 A1.
In one embodiment, the triquat monomer is formed by executing a three-step reaction in a jacketed reactor flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, gas inlet, condenser, and thermometer. The mechanical stirring and air purging is maintained throughout the reactions. First, 340.52 g of dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA), 238.75 g of methyl chloroacetate, 0.34 g of 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ) and 425 g of methanol are added to the reactor and heated at about 65-70° C. for approximately 5 hours to yield (methacrylamidopropyl)(methoxy-carbonylmethyl)dimethylammonium chloride (MMDMAC). Samples are taken every 2 hours and analyzed by HPLC analysis and Cl titrated with AgNO3 to ensure 100% conversion. Second, 0.365 g of MEHQ, and 224.5 g of dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) is slowly added to MMDMAC solution after it is cooled to room temperature (about 25° C.). An exothermic reaction is observed, and the mixture appears light yellow in color. Heat is continued at about 65-70° C. for about 2 hours, then methanol is distilled out under vacuum. After confirming that all ester is converted into amide by HPLC in the second step, 637 g of 65% (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (Quat-188) is added. Third, the temperature is maintained at about 65-70° C. for about 2 hours. The reaction is continued in water for another hour to yield the triquat monomer. The triquat so synthesized is expected to contain a small amount of multiple quats as an impurity due to the slight excess use of chloroacetate and DMAPA. The multiple quats are not a concern for polymerization and for the uses of the triquat. If a highly pure triquat or multiple quats is required, the excess amount of chloroacetate and DMAPA can be removed under vacuum.
Anionic Surfactant System—Ethoxylate Level and Anion Level
The personal care compositions of the present invention comprise an anionic surfactant system. The anionic surfactant system is included to provide cleaning performance to the composition. The anionic surfactant system comprises at least one anionic surfactant, and optionally an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. Such surfactants should be physically and chemically compatible with the essential components described herein, or should not otherwise unduly impair product stability, aesthetics, or performance.
Suitable anionic surfactant components for use in the personal care composition herein include those that are known for use in hair care or other personal care compositions. The concentration of the anionic surfactant system in the personal care composition should be sufficient to provide the desired cleaning and lather performance, and generally ranges from about 5% to about 50%, preferably from about 8% to about 30%, more preferably from about 10% to about 25%, by weight of the composition.
In considering the performance characteristics of a personal care composition, such as coacervate formation, wet conditioning performance, dry conditioning performance, and conditioning ingredient deposition on hair, it is necessary to optimize the levels and types of surfactants in order to maximize the performance potential of polymer systems. The anionic surfactant system for use in the personal care compositions of the present invention has an ethoxylate level and an anion level, wherein the ethoxylate level is from about 1 to about 6, and wherein the anion level is from about 1 to about 6. The combination of such an anionic surfactant system with the cationically modified starch polymers of the present invention in personal care compositions provide enhanced deposition of conditioning agents to hair and/or skin without reducing cleansing performance.
An optimal ethoxylate level can be calculated based on the stoichiometry of the surfactant structure, which in turn is based on a particular molecular weight of the surfactant where the number of moles of ethoxylation is known. Likewise, given a specific molecular weight of a surfactant and an anionization reaction completion measurement, the anion level can be calculated. Analytical techniques have been developed to measure ethoxylation or anionization within surfactant systems. The Level of Ethoxylate and the Level of Anion representative of a particular surfactant system are calculated from the percent ethoxylation and percent anion of individual surfactants in the following manner:
Sample Calculation:
The anionic surfactant system comprises at least one anionic surfactant comprising an anion selected from the group consisting of sulfates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, isethionates, carboxylates, phosphates, and phosphonates. Preferably, the anion is a sulfate.
Preferred anionic surfactants suitable for use in the personal care compositions are alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates. These materials have the respective formulae ROSO3M and RO(C2H4O)xSO3M, wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, x is an integer having a value of from about 1 to about 10, and M is a cation such as ammonium, an alkanolamine such as triethanolamine, a monovalent metal such as sodium and potassium, or a polyvalent metal cation such as magnesium and calcium. Solubility of the surfactant will depend upon the particular anionic surfactants and cations chosen.
Preferably, R has from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 10 to about 16 carbon atoms, even more preferably from about 12 to about 14 carbon atoms, in both the alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates. The alkyl ether sulfates are typically made as condensation products of ethylene oxide and monohydric alcohols having from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms. The alcohols can be synthetic or they can be derived from fats, e.g., coconut oil, palm kernel oil, tallow. Lauryl alcohol and straight chain alcohols derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil are preferred. Such alcohols are reacted with from about 0 to about 10, preferably from about 2 to about 5, more preferably about 3, molar proportions of ethylene oxide, and the resulting mixture of molecular species having, for example, an average of 3 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol is sulfated and neutralized.
Specific non-limiting examples of alkyl ether sulfates which may be used in the personal care compositions of the present invention include sodium and ammonium salts of coconut alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate, tallow alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate, and tallow alkyl hexa-oxyethylene sulfate. Highly preferred alkyl ether sulfates are those comprising a mixture of individual compounds, wherein the compounds in the mixture have an average alkyl chain length of from about 10 to about 16 carbon atoms and an average degree of ethoxylation of from about 1 to about 4 moles of ethylene oxide. Such a mixture also comprises from about 0% to about 20% by weight C12-13 compounds; from about 60% to about 100% by weight of C14-15-16 compounds; from about 0% to about 20% by weight of C17-18-19 compounds; from about 3% to about 30% by weight of compounds having a degree of ethoxylation of 0; from about 45% to about 90% by weight of compounds having a degree of ethoxylation from about 1 to about 4; from about 10% to about 25% by weight of compounds having a degree of ethoxylation from about 4 to about 8; and from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of compounds having a degree of ethoxylation greater than about 8.
Another suitable class of anionic surfactants are the water-soluble salts of the organic, sulfuric acid reaction products of the general formula R1—SO3-M wherein R1 is chosen from the group consisting of a straight or branched chain, saturated aliphatic hydro-carbon radical having from 8 to 24, preferably 12 to 18, carbon atoms; and M is a cation. Important examples are the salts of an organic sulfuric acid reaction product of a hydrocarbon of the methane series, including iso-, neo-, ineso-, and n-paraffins, having 8 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and a sulfonating agent e.g., SO3, H2SO4, oleum, obtained according to known sulfonation methods, including bleaching and hydrolysis. Preferred are alkali metal and ammonium sulfonated C12-18-n-paraffins.
Examples of anionic surfactants for use in the personal care compositions include ammonium lauryl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, triethylamine lauryl sulfate, triethylamine laureth sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine laureth sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine laureth sulfate, diethanolamine lauryl sulfate, diethanolamine laureth sulfate, lauric monoglyceride sodium sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, potassium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, lauryl sarcosine, cocoyl sarcosine, ammonium cocoyl sulfate, ammonium lauroyl sulfate, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sulfate, potassium cocoyl sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine cocoyl sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, and combinations thereof.
Still other suitable anionic surfactants are the reaction products of fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and neutralized with sodium hydroxide where, for example, the fatty acids are derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil, and sodium or potassium salts of fatty acid amides of methyl tauride where, for example, the fatty acids are derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil.
Other anionic surfactants suitable for use in the shampoo compositions are the succinnates, examples of which include disodium N-octadecylsulfosuccinnate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, diammonium lauryl sulfosuccinate, tetrasodium N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecylsulfosuccinnate, diamyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid, dihexyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid, and dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinic acid.
Other suitable anionic surfactants include olefin sulfonates having about 10 to about 24 carbon atoms. In this context, the term “olefin sulfonates” refers to compounds which can be produced by the sulfonation of alpha-olefins by means of uncomplexed sulfur trioxide, followed by neutralization of the acid reaction mixture in conditions such that any sulfones which have been formed in the reaction are hydrolyzed to give the corresponding hydroxy-alkanesulfonates. The alpha-olefins from which the olefin sulfonates are derived are mono-olefins having from about 10 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably from about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms. Preferably, they are straight chain olefins.
Another class of anionic surfactants suitable for use herein is the beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates. These surfactants conform to the formula:
where R1 is a straight chain alkyl group having from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms, R2 is a lower alkyl group having from about 1 to about 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 carbon atom, and M is a water-soluble cation as described.
In addition to the sulfates, isethionates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates described above, other potential anions for the anionic surfactant include phosphonates, phosphates, and carboxylates.
The personal care compositions of the present invention may also include one or more additional surfactants selected from the group consisting of amphoteric surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and nonionic surfactants. Suitable amphoteric, zwitterionic, cationic, or nonionic surfactants for use in the personal care compositions herein include those which are known for use in hair care or other personal care compositions. The concentration of such surfactants preferably ranges from about 0.5% to about 20%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, by weight of the composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,104,646 and 5,106,609, both to Bolich, Jr. et al. Non-limiting examples of other surfactants suitable for use in the personal care compositions are described in McCutcheon's, Emulsifiers and Detergents, 1989 Annual, published by M. C. Publishing Co.
Cosmetically Acceptable Medium
The personal care compositions of the present invention comprise a cosmetically acceptable medium. The level and species of the medium are selected according to the compatibility with other components and other desired characteristic of the product. Generally, the cosmetically acceptable medium is present in an amount from about 20% to about 95% by weight of the composition. A cosmetically acceptable medium may be selected such that the composition of the present invention may be in the form of, for example, a pourable liquid, a gel, a paste, a dried powder, or a dried film.
Cosmetically acceptable media useful in the present invention include water and water solutions of lower alkyl alcohols. Lower alkyl alcohols useful herein are monohydric alcohols having 1 to 6 carbons, and preferably are selected from ethanol and isopropanol.
The pH of the present composition, measured neat, is preferably from about 3 to about 9, more preferably from about 4 to about 8. Buffers and other pH-adjusting agents can be included to achieve the desirable pH.
Oily Conditioning Agent
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the personal care compositions comprise one or more oily conditioning agents. Oily conditioning agents include materials which are used to give a particular conditioning benefit to hair and/or skin. In hair treatment compositions, suitable conditioning agents are those which deliver one or more benefits relating to shine, softness, combability, antistatic properties, wet-handling, damage, manageability, body, and greasiness. The oily conditioning agents useful in the compositions of the present invention typically comprise a water-insoluble, water-dispersible, non-volatile, liquid that forms emulsified, liquid particles. Suitable oily conditioning agents for use in the composition are those conditioning agents characterized generally as silicones (e.g., silicone oils, cationic silicones, silicone gums, high refractive silicones, and silicone resins), organic conditioning oils (e.g., hydrocarbon oils, polyolefins, and fatty esters) or combinations thereof, or those conditioning agents which otherwise form liquid, dispersed particles in the aqueous surfactant matrix herein.
One or more oily conditioning agents are typically present at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 8%, more preferably from about 0.2% to about 4%, by weight of the composition.
In a preferred embodiment of the compositions of the present invention, the ratio of oily conditioning agent to the water-soluble cationically modified starch polymer is at least about 2:1.
Silicone Conditioning Agent
The oily conditioning agents of the compositions of the present invention are preferably a water-insoluble silicone conditioning agent. The silicone conditioning agent may comprise volatile silicone, non-volatile silicone, or combinations thereof. Preferred are non-volatile silicone conditioning agents. If volatile silicones are present, it will typically be incidental to their use as a solvent or carrier for commercially available forms of non-volatile silicone materials ingredients, such as silicone gums and resins. The silicone conditioning agent particles may comprise a silicone fluid conditioning agent and may also comprise other ingredients, such as a silicone resin to improve silicone fluid deposition efficiency or enhance glossiness of the hair.
Non-limiting examples of suitable silicone conditioning agents, and optional suspending agents for the silicone, are described in U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 34,584, U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,646, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,609. The silicone conditioning agents for use in the compositions of the present invention preferably have a viscosity, as measured at 25° C., from about 20 to about 2,000,000 centistokes (“csk”), more preferably from about 1,000 to about 1,800,000 csk, even more preferably from about 5,000 to about 1,500,000 csk, more preferably from about 10,000 to about 1,000,000 csk.
In an opaque composition embodiment of the present invention, the personal care composition comprises a non-volatile silicone oil having a particle size as measured in the personal care composition from about 1 μm to about 50 μm. In an embodiment of the present invention for small particle application to the hair, the personal care composition comprises a non-volatile silicone oil having a particle size as measured in the personal care composition from about 100 nm to about 1 μm. A substantially clear composition embodiment of the present invention comprises a non-volatile silicone oil having a particle size as measured in the personal care composition of less than about 100 nm.
Non-volatile silicone oils suitable for use in compositions of the present invention may be selected from organo-modified silicones and fluoro-modified silicones. In one embodiment of the present invention, the non-volatile silicone oil is an organo-modified silicone which comprises an organo group selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, hydroxyl groups, amine groups, quaternary groups, carboxyl groups, fatty acid groups, ether groups, ester groups, mercapto groups, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, phosphate groups, propylene oxide groups, and ethylene oxide groups.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the non-volatile silicone oil is dimethicone.
Background material on silicones including sections discussing silicone fluids, gums, and resins, as well as manufacture of silicones, are found in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol. 15, 2d ed., pp 204-308, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1989).
Silicone fluids suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,826,551, U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,500, U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,837, British Pat. No. 849,433, and Silicon Compounds, Petrarch Systems, Inc. (1984).
Organic Conditioning Oils
The oily conditioning agent of the compositions of the present invention may also comprise at least one organic conditioning oil, either alone or in combination with other conditioning agents, such as the silicones described above.
Hydrocarbon Oils
Suitable organic conditioning oils for use as conditioning agents in the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon oils having at least about 10 carbon atoms, such as cyclic hydrocarbons, straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (saturated or unsaturated), and branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (saturated or unsaturated), including polymers and mixtures thereof. Straight chain hydrocarbon oils preferably are from about C12 to about C19. Branched chain hydrocarbon oils, including hydrocarbon polymers, typically will contain more than 19 carbon atoms.
Specific non-limiting examples of these hydrocarbon oils include paraffin oil, mineral oil, saturated and unsaturated dodecane, saturated and unsaturated tridecane, saturated and unsaturated tetradecane, saturated and unsaturated pentadecane, saturated and unsaturated hexadecane, polybutene, polydecene, and mixtures thereof. Branched-chain isomers of these compounds, as well as of higher chain length hydrocarbons, can also be used, examples of which include 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-dimethyl-10-methylundecane and 2,2,4,4,6,6-dimethyl-8-methylnonane, available from Permethyl Corporation. A preferred hydrocarbon polymer is polybutene, such as the copolymer of isobutylene and butene, which is commercially available as L-14 polybutene from Amoco Chemical Corporation.
Polyolefins
Organic conditioning oils for use in the compositions of the present invention can also include liquid polyolefins, more preferably liquid poly-α-olefins, more preferably hydrogenated liquid poly-α-olefins. Polyolefins for use herein are prepared by polymerization of C4 to about C14 olefenic monomers, preferably from about C6 to about C12.
Non-limiting examples of olefenic monomers for use in preparing the polyolefin liquids herein include ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, branched chain isomers such as 4-methyl-1-pentene, and mixtures thereof. Also suitable for preparing the polyolefin liquids are olefin-containing refinery feedstocks or effluents.
Fatty Esters
Other suitable organic conditioning oils for use as the conditioning agent in the compositions of the present invention include fatty esters having at least 10 carbon atoms. These fatty esters include esters with hydrocarbyl chains derived from fatty acids or alcohols. The hydrocarbyl radicals of the fatty esters hereof may include or have covalently bonded thereto other compatible functionalities, such as amides and alkoxy moieties (e.g., ethoxy or ether linkages, etc.).
Specific examples of preferred fatty esters include, but are not limited to, isopropyl isostearate, hexyl laurate, isohexyl laurate, isohexyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, decyl oleate, isodecyl oleate, hexadecyl stearate, decyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, dihexyldecyl adipate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, cetyl lactate, oleyl stearate, oleyl oleate, oleyl myristate, lauryl acetate, cetyl propionate, and oleyl adipate.
Other fatty esters suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are those known as polyhydric alcohol esters. Such polyhydric alcohol esters include alkylene glycol esters.
Still other fatty esters suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are glycerides, including, but not limited to, mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides, preferably di- and tri-glycerides, more preferably triglycerides. A variety of these types of materials can be obtained from vegetable and animal fats and oils, such as castor oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, cod liver oil, almond oil, avocado oil, palm oil, sesame oil, lanolin and soybean oil. Synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, triolein and tristearin glyceryl dilaurate.
Fluorinated Conditioning Compounds
Fluorinated compounds suitable for delivering conditioning to hair or skin as organic conditioning oils include perfluoropolyethers, perfluorinated olefins, fluorine based specialty polymers that may be in a fluid or elastomer form similar to the silicone fluids previously described, and perfluorinated dimethicones. Specific non-limiting examples of suitable fluorinated compounds include the Fomblin product line from Ausimont which includes HC/04, HC/25, HC01, HC/02, HC/03; Dioctyldodecyl Fluoroeptyl Citrate, commonly called Biosil Basics Fluoro Gerbet 3.5 supplied by Biosil Technologies; and Biosil Basics Fluorosil LF also supplied by Biosil Technologies.
Fatty Alcohols
Other suitable organic conditioning oils for use in the personal care compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, fatty alcohols having at least about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 10 to about 22 carbon atoms, most preferably about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms. Also suitable for use in the personal care compositions of the present inventions are alkoxylated fatty alcohols which conform to the general formula:
CH3(CH2)nCH2(OCH2CH2)pOH
wherein n is a positive integer having a value from about 8 to about 20, preferably about 10 to about 14, and p is a positive integer having a value from about 1 to about 30, preferably from about 2 to about 23.
Alkyl Glucosides and Alkyl Glucoside Derivatives
Suitable organic conditioning oils for use in the personal care compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, alkyl glucosides and alkyl glucoside derivatives. Specific non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl glucosides and alkyl glucoside derivatives include Glucam E-10, Glucam E-20, Glucam P-10, and Glucquat 125 commercially available from Amerchol.
Other Conditioning Agents
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Suitable quaternary ammonium compounds for use as conditioning agents in the personal care compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic quaternary ammonium compounds with a long chain substituent having a carbonyl moiety, like an amide moiety, or a phosphate ester moiety or a similar hydrophilic moiety.
Examples of useful hydrophilic quaternary ammonium compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds designated in the CTFA Cosmetic Dictionary as ricinoleamidopropyl trimonium chloride, ricinoleamido trimonium ethylsulfate, hydroxy stearamidopropyl trimoniummethylsulfate and hydroxy stearamidopropyl trimonium chloride, or combinations thereof.
Examples of other useful quaternary ammonium surfactants include, but are not limited to, Quaternium-33, Quaternium-43, isostearamidopropyl ethyldimonium ethosulfate, Quaternium-22 and Quaternium-26, or combinations thereof, as designated in the CTFA Dictionary.
Other hydrophilic quaternary ammonium compounds useful in a composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Quaternium-16, Quaternium-27, Quaternium-30, Quaternium-52, Quaternium-53, Quaternium-56, Quaternium-60, Quaternium-61, Quaternium-62, Quaternium-63, Quaternium-71, and combinations thereof.
Polyethylene Glycols
Additional compounds useful herein as conditioning agents include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols having a molecular weight of up to about 2,000,000 such as those with CTFA names PEG-200, PEG-400, PEG-600, PEG-1000, PEG-2M, PEG-7M, PEG-14M, PEG-45M and mixtures thereof.
Glycerin may also be used as conditioning agent in the personal care compositions. In one embodiment of the present invention, glycerin may be present in a range from about 0.01% to about 10%. In a further embodiment of the present invention, glycerin may be present in a range from about 0.1% to about 5%. In yet a further embodiment of the present invention, glycerin may be present in a range from about 2% to about 4%.
Additional Components
The personal care compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional components known for use in hair care or personal care products, provided that the additional components are physically and chemically compatible with the essential components described herein, or do not otherwise unduly impair product stability, aesthetics or performance. Individual concentrations of such additional components may range from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight of the personal care compositions.
Non-limiting examples of additional components for use in the composition include natural cationic deposition polymers, synthetic cationic deposition polymers, anti-dandruff agents, particles, suspending agents, paraffinic hydrocarbons, propellants, viscosity modifiers, dyes, non-volatile solvents or diluents (water-soluble and water-insoluble), pearlescent aids, foam boosters, additional surfactants or nonionic cosurfactants, pediculocides, pH adjusting agents, perfumes, preservatives, chelants, proteins, skin active agents, sunscreens, UV absorbers, and vitamins.
Cellulose or Guar Cationic Deposition Polymers
The personal care compositions of the present invention may also include cellulose or guar cationic deposition polymers. Cellulose or glactomannan cationic deposition polymers are preferred. Generally, such cellulose or guar cationic deposition polymers may be present at a concentration from about 0.05% to about 5%, by weight of the composition. Suitable cellulose or guar cationic deposition polymers have a molecular weight of greater than about 5,000. Preferably, the cellulose or guar cationic deposition polymers have a molecular weight of greater than about 200,000. Additionally, such cellulose or guar deposition polymers have a charge density from about 0.15 meq/g to about 4.0 meq/g at the pH of intended use of the personal care composition, which pH will generally range from about pH 3 to about pH 9, preferably between about pH 4 and about pH 8. The pH of the compositions of the present invention are measured neat.
Suitable cellulose or guar cationic polymers include those which conform to the following formula:
wherein A is an anhydroglucose residual group, such as a cellulose anhydroglucose residual; R is an alkylene oxyalkylene, polyoxyalkylene, or hydroxyalkylene group, or combination thereof, R1, R2, and R3 independently are alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkoxyaryl groups, each group containing up to about 18 carbon atoms, and the total number of carbon atoms for each cationic moiety (i.e., the sum of carbon atoms in R1, R2 and R3) preferably being about 20 or less; and X is an anionic counterion. Non-limiting examples of such counterions include halides (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine), sulfate and methylsulfate. The degree of cationic substitution in these polysaccharide polymers is typically from about 0.01 to about 1 cationic groups per anhydroglucose unit.
In one embodiment of the invention, the cellulose or guar cationic polymers are salts of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, referred to in the industry (CTFA) as Polyquaternium 10 and available from Amerchol Corp. (Edison, N.J., USA).
Other suitable cationic deposition polymers include cationic guar gum derivatives, such as guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, specific examples of which include the Jaguar series (preferably Jaguar C-17®) commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Incorporated, and further including Jaguar C-500, commercially available from Rhodia.
Synthetic Cationic Deposition Polymers
The personal care compositions of the present invention may also include synthetic cationic deposition polymers. Generally, such synthetic cationic deposition polymers may be present at a concentration from about 0.025% to about 5%, by weight of the composition. Such synthetic cationic deposition polymers have a molecular weight from about 1,000 to about 5,000,000. Additionally, such synthetic cationic deposition polymers have a charge density from about 0.1 meq/g to about 5.0 meq/g.
Suitable synthetic cationic deposition polymers include those which are water-soluble or dispersible, cationic, non-crosslinked, conditioning copolymers comprising: (i) one or more cationic monomer units; and (ii) one or more nonionic monomer units or monomer units bearing a terminal negative charge; wherein said copolymer has a net positive charge, a cationic charge density of from about 0.5 meq/g to about 10 meg/g, and an average molecular weight from about 1,000 to about 5,000,000.
Non-limiting examples of suitable synthetic cationic deposition polymers are described in United States Patent Application Publication US 2003/0223951 A1 to Geary et al.
Anti-Dandruff Actives
The compositions of the present invention may also contain an anti-dandruff agent. Suitable, non-limiting examples of anti-dandruff particulates include: pyridinethione salts, zinc carbonate, azoles, such as ketoconazole, econazole, and elubiol, selenium sulfide, particulate sulfur, salicylic acid and mixtures thereof. A typical anti-dandruff particulate is pyridinethione salt. Such anti-dandruff particulate should be physically and chemically compatible with the components of the composition, and should not otherwise unduly impair product stability, aesthetics or performance.
a. Pyridinethione Salts
Pyridinethione anti-dandruff particulates, especially 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione salts, are suitable particulate anti-dandruff agents for use in compositions of the present invention. The concentration of pyridinethione anti-dandruff particulate typically ranges from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the composition, generally from about 0.1% to about 3%, commonly from about 0.1% to about 2%. Suitable pyridinethione salts include those formed from heavy metals such as zinc, tin, cadmium, magnesium, aluminum and zirconium, generally zinc, typically the zinc salt of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (known as “zinc pyridinethione” or “ZPT”), commonly 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione salts in platelet particle form, wherein the particles have an average size of up to about 20μ, typically up to about 5μ, commonly up to about 2.5μ. Salts formed from other cations, such as sodium, may also be suitable. Pyridinethione anti-dandruff agents are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,809,971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,236,733; U.S. Pat. No. 3,753,196; U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,418; U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,080; U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,683; U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,753; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,982.
b. Anti-Microbial Actives
In addition to the anti-dandruff active selected from polyvalent metal salts of pyrithione, the present invention may further comprise one or more anti-fungal or anti-microbial actives in addition to the metal pyrithione salt actives. Suitable anti-microbial actives include coal tar, sulfur, charcoal, whitfield's ointment, castellani's paint, aluminum chloride, gentian violet, octopirox (piroctone olamine), ciclopirox olamine, undecylenic acid and it's metal salts, potassium permanganate, selenium sulphide, sodium thiosulfate, propylene glycol, oil of bitter orange, urea preparations, griseofulvin, 8-Hydroxyquinoline ciloquinol, thiobendazole, thiocarbamates, haloprogin, polyenes, hydroxypyridone, morpholine, benzylamine, allylamines (such as terbinafine), tea tree oil, clove leaf oil, coriander, palmarosa, berberine, thyme red, cinnamon oil, cinnamic aldehyde, citronellic acid, hinokitol, ichthyol pale, Sensiva SC-50, Elestab HP-100, azelaic acid, lyticase, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), isothiazalinones such as octyl isothiazalinone and azoles, and combinations thereof. Typical anti-microbials include itraconazole, ketoconazole, selenium sulphide and coal tar.
i. Azoles
Azole anti-microbials include imidazoles such as benzimidazole, benzothiazole, bifonazole, butaconazole nitrate, climbazole, clotrimazole, croconazole, eberconazole, econazole, elubiol, fenticonazole, fluconazole, flutimazole, isoconazole, ketoconazole, lanoconazole, metronidazole, miconazole, neticonazole, omoconazole, oxiconazole nitrate, sertaconazole, sulconazole nitrate, tioconazole, thiazole, and triazoles such as terconazole and itraconazole, and combinations thereof. When present in the composition, the azole anti-microbial active is included in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5%, typically from about 0.1% to about 3%, and commonly from about 0.3% to about 2%, by weight of the composition. Especially common for use herein is ketoconazole.
ii. Selenium Sulfide
Selenium sulfide is a particulate anti-dandruff agent suitable for use in the anti-microbial compositions of the present invention, effective concentrations of which range from about 0.1% to about 4%, by weight of the composition, typically from about 0.3% to about 2.5%, commonly from about 0.5% to about 1.5%. Selenium sulfide is generally regarded as a compound having one mole of selenium and two moles of sulfur, although it may also be a cyclic structure that conforms to the general formula SexSy, wherein x+y=8. Average particle diameters for the selenium sulfide are typically less than 15 μm, as measured by forward laser light scattering device (e.g. Malvern 3600 instrument), typically less than 10 μm. Selenium sulfide compounds are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,694,668; U.S. Pat. No. 3,152,046; U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,945; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,107.
iii. Sulfur
Sulfur may also be used as a particulate anti-microbial/anti-dandruff agent in the anti-microbial compositions of the present invention. Effective concentrations of the particulate sulfur are typically from about 1% to about 4%, by weight of the composition, typically from about 2% to about 4%.
iv. Keratolytic Agents
The present invention may further comprise one or more keratolytic agents such as Salicylic Acid.
The present invention may also comprise combination of anti-microbial actives. Such combinations may include octopirox and zinc pyrithione, pine tar and sulfur combinations, salicylic acid and zinc pyrithione
combinations, salicylic acid and elubiol combinations, zinc pyrithione and elubiol combinations, octopirox and climbasole combinations, and salicylic acid and octopirox combinations and mixtures thereof.
Zinc-Containing Layered Material
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may include an effective amount of a zinc-containing layered material. Preferred embodiments of the present invention include from about 0.001% to about 10% of a zinc-containing layered material; more preferably from about 0.01% to about 7%; more preferably still from about 0.1% to about 5%.
Examples of zinc-containing layered materials useful in certain embodiments of the present invention include the following:
Zinc-containing layered structures are those with crystal growth primarily occurring in two dimensions. It is conventional to describe layer structures as not only those in which all the atoms are incorporated in well-defined layers, but also those in which there are ions or molecules between the layers, called gallery ions (A. F. Wells “Structural Inorganic Chemistry” Clarendon Press, 1975). Zinc-containing layered materials (ZLM's) may have zinc incorporated in the layers and/or be components of the gallery ions.
Many ZLM's occur naturally as minerals. Common examples include hydrozincite (zinc carbonate hydroxide), basic zinc carbonate, aurichalcite (zinc copper carbonate hydroxide), rosasite (copper zinc carbonate hydroxide) and many related minerals that are zinc-containing. Natural ZLM's can also occur wherein anionic layer species such as clay-type minerals (e.g., phyllosilicates) contain ion-exchanged zinc gallery ions. All of these natural materials can also be obtained synthetically or formed in situ in a composition or during a production process.
Another common class of ZLM's, which are often, but not always, synthetic, is layered doubly hydroxides, which are generally represented by the formula [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]x+Am−x/m.nH2O and some or all of the divalent ions (M2+) would be represented as zinc ions (Crepaldi, E L, Pava, P C, Tronto, J, Valim, J B J. Colloid Interfac. Sci. 2002, 248, 429-42).
Yet another class of ZLM's can be prepared called hydroxy double salts (Morioka, H., Tagaya, H., Karasu, M, Kadokawa, J, Chiba, K Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 4211-6). Hydroxy double salts can be represented by the general formula [M2+1−xM2+1+x(OH)3(1−y)]+An−(1−3y)/n.nH2O where the two metal ion may be different; if they are the same and represented by zinc, the formula simplifies to [Zn1+x(OH)2]2x+2xA−.nH2O. This latter formula represents (where x=0.4) common materials such as zinc hydroxychloride and zinc hydroxynitrate. These are related to hydrozincite as well wherein a divalent anion replace the monovalent anion. These materials can also be formed in situ in a composition or in or during a production process.
These classes of ZLM's represent relatively common examples of the general category and are not intended to be limiting as to the broader scope of materials which fit this definition.
Commercially available sources of basic zinc carbonate include Zinc Carbonate Basic (Cater Chemicals: Bensenville, Ill., USA), Zinc Carbonate (Shepherd Chemicals: Norwood, Ohio, USA), Zinc Carbonate (CPS Union Corp.: New York, N.Y., USA), Zinc Carbonate (Elementis Pigments: Durham, UK), and Zinc Carbonate AC (Bruggemann Chemical: Newtown Square, Pa., USA).
Basic zinc carbonate, which also may be referred to commercially as “Zinc Carbonate” or “Zinc Carbonate Basic” or “Zinc Hydroxy Carbonate”, is a synthetic version consisting of materials similar to naturally occurring hydrozincite. The idealized stoichiometry is represented by Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 but the actual stoichiometric ratios can vary slightly and other impurities may be incorporated in the crystal lattice
It has been found, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, that anti-dandruff efficacy can be dramatically increased in topical compositions by the combination of an effective amount of a zinc-containing layered material wherein the zinc-containing layered material has a specified zinc lability within a surfactant system. Zinc lability is a measure of the chemical availability of zinc ion. Soluble zinc salts that do not complex with other species in solution have a relative zinc lability, by definition, of 100%. The use of partially soluble forms of zinc salts and/or incorporation in a matrix with potential complexants generally lowers the zinc lability substantially below the defined 100% maximum.
Labile zinc is maintained by choice of an effective zinc-containing layered material or formation of an effective zinc-containing layered material in-situ by known methods.
It has been found, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, that anti-dandruff efficacy can be dramatically increased in topical compositions by the use of polyvalent metal salts of pyrithione, such as zinc pyrithione, in combination with zinc-containing layered materials. Therefore an embodiment of the present invention provides topical compositions with improved benefits to the skin and scalp (e.g., improved antidandruff efficacy).
An embodiment of the present invention provides a stable composition for zinc-containing layered material dispersion where the zinc source resides in a particulate form. It has been shown to be challenging to formulate aqueous systems containing a zinc-containing layered material, due to the zinc-containing layered material's unique physical and chemical properties. Zinc-containing layered material may have a high density (approximately 3 g/cm3), and needs to be evenly dispersed throughout the product and so it will not aggregate or settle. Zinc-containing layered material also has a very-reactive surface chemistry as well as the propensity to dissolve in systems with pH values below 6.5.
A zinc-containing layered material with a solubility of less than 25% will have a measurable % soluble zinc value below a threshold value determined by the weight percent and molecular weight of the zinc compound. The theoretical threshold value can be calculated by the following equation:
0.25 * wt. % ZnCompound in Composition * molesof Zincin Compound* 65.39 (MW of Zn)/MW of ZnCompound
In an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the composition comprises a ZLM, the pH may be greater than about 6.5; further, the pH may be in a range from about 6.5 to about 12, preferably from about 6.8 to about 9.5, more preferably from about 6.8 to about 8.5.
Particle Size of ZLM
In an embodiment of the present invention, it is has been found that a smaller particle size is inversely proportional to relative zinc lability
D(90) is the particle size which corresponds to 90% of the amount of particles are below this size. In an embodiment of the present invention, the zinc-containing layered material may have a particle size distribution wherein 90% of the particles are less than about 50 microns. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the zinc-containing layered material may have a particle size distribution wherein 90% of the particles are less than about 30 microns. In yet a further embodiment of the present invention, the zinc-containing layered material may have a particle size distribution wherein 90% of the particles are less than about 20 microns.
Surface Area of ZLM
In an embodiment of the present invention, there may be a direct relationship between surface area and relative zinc lability.
Increased particle surface area generally increases zinc lability due to kinetic factors. Particulate surface area can be increased by decreasing particle size and/or altering the particle morphology to result in a porous particle or one whose overall shape deviates geometrically from sphericity.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the basic zinc carbonate may have a surface area of greater than about 10 m2/gm. In a further embodiment, the basic zinc carbonate may have a surface area of greater than about 20 m2/gm. In yet a further embodiment of the present invention, the basic zinc carbonate may have a surface area of greater than about 30 m2/gm.
Coordinating Compound Having a Log Zn Binding Constant
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the composition further comprises a coordinating compound with a Log Zn binding constant in a range sufficient to maintain zinc bioavailability. Preferably, such a coordinating compound has a Log Zn binding constant less than about 6, preferably less than about 5, more preferable less than about 4, and greater than about −0.5. Preferably such a coordinating compound is an organic acid, strong mineral acid, or coordinating species. Preferred examples of such coordinating compounds include the following (respective Log Zn Binding Constant indicated in parenthesis): EDTA (16.5), EDDS (13.5), EDDA (11.1), NTA (10.7), Xylenol Orange (10.3), Cysteine (9.1), Cystine (6.7), Aspartic Acid (Aspartate) (5.9), Glycine (5.0), Citric Acid (Citrate) (4.8), Glutamic Acid (4.5), Methionine (4.4), Arginine (4.2), Carbonic Acid (Carbonate) (3.9), Ornithine (3.8), Tatronic Acid (Tartrate) (3.2), Malic Acid (Malate) (2.9), Malonic Acid (Malonate) (2.9), Tartaric Acid (Tartrate) (2.7), Adipic Acid (Adipate) (2.6), Phosphoric Acid (Phosphate) (2.4), Phthalic Acid (Phthalate) (2.2), Glycolic Acid (Glycolate) (2.0), Lactic Acid (Lactate) (1.9), Succinic Acid (Succinate) (1.8), Acetic Acid (Acetate) (1.0), Sulfuric Acid (Sulfate) (0.9), Boric Acid (Borate) (0.9), Formic Acid (Formate) (0.6), Chloride (−0.3).
Pyrithione or a Polyvalent Metal Salt of Pyrithione
In an embodiment, the present invention may comprise pyrithione or a polyvalent metal salt of pyrithione. Any form of polyvalent metal pyrithione salts may be used, including platelet and needle structures. Preferred salts for use herein include those formed from the polyvalent metals magnesium, barium, bismuth, strontium, copper, zinc, cadmium, zirconium and mixtures thereof, more preferably zinc. Even more preferred for use herein is the zinc salt of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (known as “zinc pyrithione” or “ZPT”); more preferably ZPT in platelet particle form, wherein the particles have an average size of up to about 20 μm, preferably up to about 5 μm, more preferably up to about 2.5 μm.
Pyridinethione anti-microbial and anti-dandruff agents are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,809,971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,236,733; U.S. Pat. No. 3,753,196; U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,418; U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,080; U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,683; U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,753; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,982.
It is further contemplated that when ZPT is used as the anti-microbial particulate in the anti-microbial compositions herein, that an additional benefit of hair growth or re-growth may be stimulated or regulated, or both, or that hair loss may be reduced or inhibited, or that hair may appear thicker or fuller.
Zinc pyrithione may be made by reacting 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (i.e., pyrithione acid) or a soluble salt thereof with a zinc salt (e.g. zinc sulfate) to form a zinc pyrithione precipitate, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 2,809,971.
Preferred embodiments include from about 0.01% to about 5% of a pyrithione or polyvalent metal salt of a pyrithione; more preferably from about 0.1% to about 2%.
In embodiments having a zinc-containing layered material and a pyrithione or polyvalent metal salt of pyrithione, the ratio of zinc-containing layered material to pyrithione or a polyvalent metal salt of pyrithione is preferably from 5:100 to 10:1; more preferably from about 2:10 to 5:1; more preferably still from 1:2 to 3:1.
Particles
The compositions of the present invention optionally may comprise particles. Preferably, particles useful in the present invention are dispersed water-insoluble particles. Particles useful in the present invention can be inorganic, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. In the compositions of the present invention, it is preferable to incorporate no more than about 20%, more preferably no more than about 10% and even more preferably no more than 2%, by weight of the composition, of particles. In an embodiment of the present invention, the particles have an average mean particle size of less than about 300 μm.
Non-limiting examples of inorganic particles include colloidal silicas, fumed silicas, precipitated silicas, silica gels, magnesium silicate, glass particles, talcs, micas, sericites, and various natural and synthetic clays including bentonites, hectorites, and montmorillonites.
Examples of synthetic particles include silicone resins, poly(meth)acrylates, polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyamide (e.g., Nylon®), epoxy resins, urea resins, acrylic powders, and the like.
Non-limiting examples of hybrid particles include sericite & crosslinked polystyrene hybrid powder, and mica and silica hybrid powder.
Opacifying Agents
The compositions of the present invention may also contain one or more opacifying agents. Opacifying agents are typically used in cleansing compositions to impart desired aesthetic benefits to the composition, such as color or pearlescence. In the compositions of the present invention, it is preferable to incorporate no more than about 20%, more preferably no more than about 10% and even more preferably no more than 2%, by weight of the composition, of opacifying agents.
Suitable opacifying agents include, for example, fumed silica, polymethylmethacrylate, micronized Teflon®, boron nitride, barium sulfate, acrylate polymers, aluminum silicate, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, calcium silicate, cellulose, chalk, corn starch, diatomaceous earth, Fuller's earth, glyceryl starch, hydrated silica, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose, rice starch, silica, titanium dioxide, zinc laurate, zinc myristate, zinc neodecanoate, zinc rosinate, zinc stearate, polyethylene, alumina, attapulgite, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, dextran, nylon, silica silylate, silk powder, soy flour, tin oxide, titanium hydroxide, trimagnesium phosphate, walnut shell powder, or mixtures thereof. The above mentioned powders may be surface treated with lecithin, amino acids, mineral oil, silicone oil, or various other agents either alone or in combination, which coat the powder surface and render the particles hydrophobic in nature.
The opacifying agents may also comprise various organic and inorganic pigments. The organic pigments are generally various aromatic types including azo, indigoid, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, and xanthine dyes. Inorganic pigments include iron oxides, ultramarine and chromium or chromium hydroxide colors, and mixtures thereof.
Suspending Agents
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise a suspending agent at concentrations effective for suspending water-insoluble material in dispersed form in the compositions or for modifying the viscosity of the composition. Such concentrations generally range from about 0.1% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.3% to about 5.0%, by weight of the composition, of suspending agent.
Suspending agents useful herein include anionic polymers and nonionic polymers. Useful herein are vinyl polymers such as cross linked acrylic acid polymers with the CTFA name Carbomer.
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons
The compositions of the present invention may contain one or more paraffinic hydrocarbons. Paraffinic hydrocarbons suitable for use in compositions of the present invention include those materials which are known for use in hair care or other personal care compositions, such as those having a vapor pressure at 1 atm of equal to or greater than about 21° C. (about 70° F.). Non-limiting examples include pentane and isopentane.
Propellants
The composition of the present invention also may contain one or more propellants. Propellants suitable for use in compositions of the present invention include those materials which are known for use in hair care or other personal care compositions, such as liquefied gas propellants and compressed gas propellants. Suitable propellants have a vapor pressure at 1 atm of less than about 21° C. (about 70° F.). Non-limiting examples of suitable propellants are alkanes, isoalkanes, haloalkanes, dimethyl ether, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof.
Other Optional Components
The compositions of the present invention may contain fragrance.
The compositions of the present invention may also contain water-soluble and water-insoluble vitamins such as vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, pantothenic acid, pantothenyl ethyl ether, panthenol, biotin and their derivatives, and vitamins A, D, E, and their derivatives. The compositions of the present invention may also contain water-soluble and water-insoluble amino acids such as asparagine, alanine, indole, glutamic acid and their salts, and tyrosine, tryptamine, lysine, histadine and their salts.
The compositions of the present invention may contain a mono- or divalent salt such as sodium chloride.
The compositions of the present invention may also contain chelating agents.
The compositions of present invention may further comprise materials useful for hair loss prevention and hair growth stimulants or agents.
Method of Measuring Lather Volume Method
The potential for the personal care compositions disclosed herein to generate lather is measured via the SITA Foam Tester (model: R-2000) made by SITA Messtechnik GmbH (Germany). The SITA Foam Tester R-2000 utilizes a patented rotor of defined geometry for foam generation. The rotor mechanically inserts air bubbles into the liquid. The foam volume is measured by an array of sensor needles, which scans the foam surface. Using an array of sensor needles permits exact measurement of the foam volume even with uneven foam surfaces. The output is given as average millimeters of foam height per measure. Foam height measurements are taken every 10 seconds. The stir count and stir time refer to the input in the SITA program. The SITA program stirs for 10 sec then a measure is taken, then stirs again for 10 seconds a measure is taken—this occurs 12 times in total (stirred for 12 separate 10 sec. intervals). The Stir Count, as used herein, means the total number of stirring intervals in one test. It has been found that the 40 second measurement, the fourth total measurement, is particularly relevant to the consumer usage experience. At the 40 second measurement, foam heights of at least about 50 millimeters are particularly desirable, even more preferred are foam heights of at least about 100 millimeters. To measure these values, standard manufacturer's methods are followed for operation of the equipment with the following requirements:
Method for Assessment of Zinc Lability in Zinc-Containing Products
Zinc lability is a measure of the chemical availability of zinc ion. Soluble zinc salts that do not complex with other species in solution have a relative zinc lability, by definition, of 100%. The use of partially soluble forms of zinc salts and/or incorporation in a matrix with potential complexants generally lowers the zinc lability substantially below the defined 100% maximum.
Zinc lability is assessed by combining a diluted zinc-containing solution or dispersion with the metallochromic dye xylenol orange (XO) and measurement of the degree of color change under specified conditions. The magnitude of color formation is proportional to the level of labile zinc. The procedure developed has been optimized for aqueous surfactant formulations but may be adapted to other physical product forms as well.
A spectrophotometer is used to quantify the color change at 572 nm, the wavelength of optimum color change for XO. The spectrophotometer is set to zero absorbance at 572 nm utilizing a product control as close in composition to the test product except excluding the potentially labile form of zinc. The control and test products are then treated identically as follows. A 50 μl product sample is dispensed into a jar and 95 ml of deaerated, distilled water are added and stirred. 5 mL of a 23 mg/mL xylenol orange stock solution at pH 5.0 is pipetted into the sample jar; this is considered time 0. The pH is then adjusted to 5.50±0.01 using dilute HCl or NaOH. After 10.0 minutes, a portion of the sample is filtered (0.45μ) and the absorbance measured at 572 nm. The measured absorbance is then compared to a separately measured control to determine the relative zinc lability (zero TO 100%). The 100% lability control is prepared in a matrix similar to the test products but utilizing a soluble zinc material (such as zinc sulfate) incorporated at an equivalent level on a zinc basis. The absorbance of the 100% lability control is measured as above for the test materials. The relative zinc lability is preferably greater than about 15%, more preferably greater than about 20%, and even more preferably greater than about 25%.
Using this methodology, the below examples demonstrate a material (basic zinc carbonate) that has intrinsically high lability in an anionic surfactant system compared to one (ZnO) with low intrinsic lability.
1Simple surfactant system: 6% sodium lauryl sulfate
Particle Size Determination Method
Particle size analyses on zinc oxide and hydrozincite raw materials are done using the Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Analyzer. The Horiba LA-910 instrument uses the principles of low-angle Fraunhofer Diffraction and Light Scattering to measure the particle size and distribution in a dilute solution of particles. Samples of these two types of raw materials are predispersed in a dilute solution of Lauryl Polyether Alcohol and mixed before introduction to the instrument. On introduction the sample is further diluted and allowed to circulate in the instrument before a measurement is taken. After measurement a calculation algorithm is used to process the data that results in both a particle size and distribution. D(50) is the median particle size or the particle size which corresponds to 50% of the amount of particles are below this size. D(90) is the particle size which corresponds to 90% of the amount of particles are below this size.
D(10) is the particle size which corresponds to 10% of the amount of particles are below this size.
Using this methodology, the below examples demonstrate the relationship between particle size and relative zinc lability for basic zinc carbonate.
1Milling method
2Particle size Determination
Surface Area Methodology
Surface area analysis is done using the Micromeritics Auto Pore IV. The Micromeritics Auto Pore IV uses the principles of capillary law governing penetration of a non-wetting liquid, more specifically mercury, into small pores to measure the total pore surface area. This law is expressed by the Washburn equation:
D=(1/P)4γ cos φ
where D is pore diameter, P is the applied pressure, γ the surface tension of mercury, and φ the contact angle between the mercury and the sample. The Washburn equation assumes that all pores are cylindrical. Representative surface area measurements were conducted on basic zinc carbonate and are described below.
1Commercially available as Zinc Carbonate AC
2Commerically available as Zinc Carbonate
Method of Making
The compositions of the present invention, in general, may be made by mixing the ingredients together at either room temperature or at elevated temperature, e.g., about 72° C. Heat only needs to be used if solid ingredients are in the composition. The ingredients are mixed at the batch processing temperature. Additional ingredients, including electrolytes, polymers, fragrance, and particles, may be added to the product at room temperature.
Method of Treating Hair or Skin
The personal care compositions of the present invention are used in a conventional manner for cleansing and conditioning hair or skin. Generally, a method of treating hair or skin of the present invention comprises applying the personal care composition of the present invention to the hair or skin. More specifically, an effective amount of the personal care composition is applied to the hair or skin, which has preferably been wetted with water, and then the personal care composition is rinsed off. Such effective amounts generally range from about 1 g to about 50 g, preferably from about 1 g to about 20 g. Application to the hair typically includes working the composition through the hair such that most or all of the hair is contacted with the composition.
This method for treating the hair or skin comprises the steps of: (a) applying an effective amount of the personal care composition to the hair or skin, and (b) rinsing the applied areas of hair or skin with water. These steps can be repeated as many times as desired to achieve the desired cleansing and conditioning benefit.
For use in methods of the present invention, the personal care composition may be in various forms, for example, shampoos, body washes, gels, lotions, creams, mousses, and sprays. For some of these forms, the personal care composition may be packaged in a pump-dispenser bottle or in an aerosol container. In other useful forms, the personal care composition may be dried to a film or a powder, or it may be applied to a substrate which is then used for application to the hair or skin.
Non-Limiting Examples
The compositions illustrated in the following Examples illustrate specific embodiments of the compositions of the present invention, but are not intended to be limiting thereof. Other modifications can be undertaken by the skilled artisan without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. These exemplified embodiments of the composition of the present invention provide enhanced deposition of conditioning agents to the hair and/or skin.
The compositions illustrated in the following Examples are prepared by conventional formulation and mixing methods, an example of which is described above. All exemplified amounts are listed as weight percents and exclude minor materials such as diluents, preservatives, color solutions, imagery ingredients, botanicals, and so forth, unless otherwise specified.
The following are representative of shampoo compositions of the present invention:
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Starch, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Amphoteric Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
4Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
5Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
6AGS-1214; Sodium Alkyl Glyceryl Sulfonate at 47% active, supplier P&G
7Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
8Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
9Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
10Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Starch, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Amphoteric Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
4Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
5Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
6Dow Corning Silicone Micro-emulsion DC-1870; Internal Phase Viscosity = 72,000;
7Dow Corning Silicone Micro-emulsion DC-1865 Internal Phase Viscosity = 25,000 cps;
8Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
9Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
10Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
11Monamid CMA, supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
12Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Starch, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
4Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
5Dow Corning Dimethicone emulsion DC-1664; 3 micron particle size; 50% active
6Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
7Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
8Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
9Ethylene Glycol Distearate, EGDS Pure, supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
10Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Starch, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
4Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
5Dimethicone Gum Viscasil 330M; 3 micron particle size; 50% active, supplier General
6Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
7Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
8Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
9Ethylene Glycol Distearate, EGDS Pure, supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
10Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Starch, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Polyquaterium 10 polymer with MW = 2.0 MM and charge density = 0.7
4UCare Polymer JR30M, MW = 2.0 MM, charge density = 1.32 meq./gram,
5Polyquaterium 10 polymer with MW = 2.0 MM, charge density = 1.96 meq./gram,
6Jaguar Excel, supplier: Rhodia.
7Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
8Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
9Dow Corning Silicone Micro-emulsion DC-1870; Internal Phase Viscosity = 72,000;
10Dow Corning Silicone Micro-emulsion DC-1865 Internal Phase Viscosity = 25,000
11Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
12Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
13Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
14Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
1Cationic Starch, MW = 8,000,000; 1.5% N, supplier National Starch
2Cationic Maltodextrin, MW = 10,000,000; 3.0% N, supplier National Starch
3Sodium Laureth Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
4Sodium Lauryl Sulfate at 29% active, supplier: P&G
5Aminosilicone; supplier General Electric; terminal aminopropyl substitution, viscosity
6DC 2-8194 Aminosilicone; supplier Dow Corning, particle size ~30 nm
7Cromollient SCE, supplier Croda
8Monamid CMA, supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
9Miranol C2M Conc NP, 40% active, supplier: Rhodia.
10Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active, supplier: Goldschmidt Chemical
11Promidium 2, supplier Unichema
12Ethylene Glycol Distearate, EGDS Pure, supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
13Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton.
All documents cited herein are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/328,302, filed Jan. 9, 2006.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11328302 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Child | 12338666 | US |
