Patent Application
20190008738
Cationic surfactants can provide antibacterial properties to a cleansing composition. However, when cationic surfactants are mixed with nonionic surfactants, the resulting composition may not have rheological properties desirable for a personal care composition. In many applications, for example, in liquid soap, creams or lotions, it is desirable for the product to be flowable, possess antibacterial qualities and pleasant sensory qualities for the consumer, and easily form a foam when agitated. In systems comprising a mixture of cationic and nonionic surfactants, there is generally a need to use thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents or structurants to increase the viscosity to a level that is expected by consumers for cleansing compositions. However, surfactant systems have become increasingly complex in composition. In many cationic-based skin cleansing systems there is a greater challenge in finding appropriate structurants that can provide the necessary rheology profile to suspend particles and active agents to deliver sensory and/or cosmetic benefits and other performance properties while maintaining acceptable long-term product stability in low pH surfactant systems at standard aging conditions.
Thus, there is a need for a cosmetic or antibacterial personal care cleansing composition comprising a structurant capable of suspending beads and other particles in a low pH liquid cleansing composition containing both cationic and nonionic surfactants. It is also desirable that the composition provides a balance of acceptable physical and performance properties, such as flowability, antibacterial and foaming profiles, as well as pleasant sensory qualities for the consumer. Embodiments of the present invention are designed to meet these needs.
Provided herein are personal care cleansing compositions comprising a structurant capable of suspending beads and other particles in a low pH liquid cleansing composition that includes both cationic and nonionic surfactants. Also provided are compositions that provide a balance of acceptable physical and performance properties, such as flowability, antibacterial and foaming profiles, as well as pleasant sensory qualities for the consumer.
It has been found that the use of a polyacrylate, such as, for example, polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer, in a personal cleansing system comprising a combination of compatible cationic and nonionic surfactants provides a balance of desirable formulation properties. It has been found that in concentrations above 1 wt % a polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer unexpectedly increases the foam profile of a cationic and nonionic surfactant system and provides the system with the ability to suspend particles for prolonged periods of time.
In a first exemplary embodiment, provided is a personal care composition comprising a cationic surfactant; a nonionic surfactant comprising at least one surfactant chosen from an amine oxide and a fatty acid amide; and a structuring agent comprising polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer in an amount greater than 1 wt %, e.g., 1.5 wt % to about 7 wt %, by weight of the composition.
In a second exemplary embodiment, provided is a method of cleansing skin comprising the steps of providing a personal care composition comprising a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant comprising at least one surfactant chosen from an amine oxide and a fatty acid amide, and a structuring agent comprising polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer in an amount greater than 1 wt % of the composition, e.g. 1.5 wt % to about 7 wt %; and applying the composition to the skin to provide a cleansing effect.
Unless otherwise specified, all percentages and amounts expressed herein and elsewhere in the specification should be understood to refer to percentages by weight. Also, the term “about,” when used in reference to a range of values, should be understood to refer to either value in the range, or to both values in the range.
The present disclosure provides personal care compositions comprising a polyacrylate polymer added to a cationic and nonionic surfactant system having a low pH. In various embodiments, the polyacrylate polymer includes, or consists of, polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer. It has been found that concentrations between about 1.5 wt % and about 7 wt % of a polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer unexpectedly increases the foam profile of a cationic and nonionic surfactant system and provides the system with the ability to suspend particles for prolonged periods of time.
In one exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a personal care composition (Composition 1) comprising:
a cationic surfactant;
a nonionic surfactant system comprising at least one surfactant chosen from an amine oxide surfactant and a fatty acid amide surfactant; and
a structuring agent comprising polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer in an amount of about 1.5 wt % to about 7 wt % by weight of the composition.
The present disclosure provides additional exemplary embodiments, including:
The present personal care compositions include a high load of cationic and nonionic surfactants, and a structuring agent comprising polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer. The compositions are particularly compatible with cationic antibacterial agents, such as for example benzalkonium chloride.
The novel compositions of the present disclosure are capable of suspending particulate material. For a composition to suspend particles, the shear storage modulus (G′) of the composition must be greater than the shear loss modulus (G″) of the composition. That is, the ratio of G′:G″ must be greater than 1:1. In some embodiments of the present compositions, the ratio of the shear storage modulus (G′) to the shear loss modulus (G″) of the composition is between about 1:1 to about 7:1, or about 2:1 to about 4:1. In some embodiments, the ratio is about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2.0:1, about 2.1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3.0:1, about 3.1:1, about 3.2:1, about 3.3:1, about 3.4:1, about 3.5:1, about 3.6:1, about 3.7:1, about 3.8:1; about 3.9:1; or about 4.0:1.
The present compositions include at least one a cationic surfactant. The cationic surfactant can be any cationic surfactant suitable for use in personal care compositions. In certain embodiments, the cationic surfactant includes a quaternary ammonium alkyl salt, for example an alkyltrimethylammonium salt. In some embodiments, the salt can be a halide, such as chloride or bromide, or a methosulfate. In some embodiments, the alkyl portion of the quaternary ammonium alkyl salt can be a C8-C24 alkyl or a C14-C18 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the cationic surfactant is cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. In some embodiments, the composition includes a mixture of one or more cationic surfactants. In certain embodiments, the cationic surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 20 wt % of the composition; or from about 0.1 to about 10, about 0.1 to about 5, about 0.5 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 5, about 1 to about 5, or about 2 to about 4 wt % of the composition.
The present compositions include at least one non-ionic surfactant, which together are referred to herein as a non-ionic surfactant system. Nonionic surfactants that can be used in the compositions can broadly be defined as compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkyl-aromatic in nature. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include poloxamers (sold under trade name PLURONIC®), polyoxyethylene, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (sold under trade name TWEENS®), Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, products derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols, alkyl polyglycosides (for example, fatty alcohol ethers of polyglycosides, such as fatty alcohol ethers of polyglucosides, e.g., decyl, lauryl, capryl, caprylyl, myristyl, stearyl and other ethers of glucose and polyglucoside polymers, including mixed ethers such as capryl/caprylyl (C8-10) glucoside, coco (C8-16) glucoside, and lauryl (C12-16) glucoside), long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, long chain dialkyl sulfoxides, and mixtures of such materials.
In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant system includes one or more of amine oxides, fatty acid amides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, glycerol alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers, sorbitan alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl esters, and mixtures thereof. Examples of amine oxides include, but are not limited to, laurylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide, myristylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide, and mixtures thereof. Examples of fatty acid amides include, but are not limited to, cocomonoethanolatnide, lauramide monoethanolamide, cocodiethanolamide, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the nonionic surfactant is a combination of an amine oxide and a fatty acid amide. In some such embodiments, the amine oxide is a mixture of laurylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide and myristylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide. In certain embodiments, the nonionic surfactant is a combination of lauryl/myristylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide and cocomonoethanolamide. In certain embodiments, the nonionic surfactant system, i.e., the combined amount of nonionic surfactant in the composition, is present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 20 wt % of the composition. In other embodiments, the amount is about 0.1 to about 10, about 0.1 to about 6.0, about 0.5 to about 10, about 0.5 to about 5, or about 0.5 to about 3 wt %.
In some embodiments, the cationic surfactant and nonionic surfactant system are present in the composition in a weight ratio of cationic surfactant:nonionic surfactant system of greater than 0.8:1. Optionally, the ratio is at least 1:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic surfactants to total nonionic surfactants is about 0.8:1 to about 1:0.8. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic surfactants to total nonionic surfactants is about 0.8:1, about 0.81:1, about 0.82:1, about 0.83:1, about 0.84:1, about 0.85:1, about 0.86:1, about 0.87:1, about 0.88:1, about 0.89:1, about 0.9:1, about 0.91:1, about 0.92:1, about 0.93:1, about 0.94:1, about 0.95:1, about 0.96:1, about 0.97:1, about 0.98:1, about 0.99:1, about 1:1, about 1.01:1, about 1.02:1, about 1.03:1, about 1.04:1, about 1.05:1, about 1.06:1, about 1.07:1, about 1.08:1, about 1.09:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.11:1, about 1.12:1, about 1.13:1, about 1.14:1, about 1.15:1, about 1.16:1, about 1.17:1, about 1.18:1, about 1.19:1, or about 1.2:1.
In some embodiments, the personal care compositions of the disclosure include at least one structuring agent. The structuring agent may be added to compositions in the form of aqueous solutions, dispersions or emulsions. The structuring agent increases the viscosity of the composition. In various embodiments, the structuring agent is compatible with surfactant systems having both cationic and nonionic surfactants. In certain embodiments, the structuring agent includes, or consists of, polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer. Polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer is sold under the tradename Carbopol© Aqua-CC from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
In certain embodiments, the structuring agent is present in an amount greater than 1 wt % of the composition; for example from about 1.5% to about 7%, about 2% to about 5%, or about 2.5% to about 3.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the structuring agent is present in an amount of about 2.00, about 2.05, about 2.10, about 2.15, about 2.20, about 2.25, about 2.30, about 2.35, about 2.40, about 2.45, about 2.50, about 2.55, about 2.60, about 2.65, about 2.70, about 2.75, about 2.80, about 2.95, about 3.00, about 3.05, about 3.10, about 3.15, about 3.20, about 3.25, about 3.30, about 3.35, about 3.40, about 3.45, about 3.50, about 3.55, about 3.60, about 3.65, about 3.70, about 3.75, about 3.80, about 3.85, about 3.90, about 3.95, or about 4.00 wt % of the composition.
In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure can include one or more emollient components. Illustrative examples of such emollient components include mineral oils (e.g., paraffin oil, petroleum jelly oil), animal oils (e.g., fish oils and lanolin oil), vegetable oils (e.g., sweet almond oil, palm oil, avocado oil, olive oil, castor oil, cereal germ oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and jojoba oil), triglycerides (e.g., caprylic/capric triglyceride), silicone oils (e.g., cyclomethicone), ester oils (e.g., butyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, cetyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, octyl stearate, isocearyl stearate), and organic fatty alcohols (e.g., oleic alcohol, linolenic alcohol, linoleic alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, octyl dodecanol).
Illustrative examples of emulsifying agents include ethoxylated carboxylic acids, ethoxylated glycerides, polyhydric alcohol ethers, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
In some embodiments, personal care compositions of the present disclosure further include one or more ingredients selected from coloring agents, fragrances, moisturizing agents, and amino acids.
In some embodiments, personal care compositions of the present disclosure include at least one viscosity modifier, useful for example to inhibit settling or separation of ingredients or to promote redispersibility upon agitation of a liquid composition. In some embodiments, the viscosity modifier is selected from a polymer and a hydrotrope. Optionally, the polymer comprises a block copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, for example poloxamers. In some embodiments, the poloxamer comprises poloxamer 407, available under the trade name Pluronic® F127 from BASF Corporation. One or more viscosity modifiers are optionally present in a total amount of 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, for example 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % or about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt % of the composition.
In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions include a rheological profile capable of suspending beads, particles, or particulate matter. In some embodiments, the particles have shapes varying from spherical to irregular. The particles may be derived from inorganic or organic sources. Exemplary inorganic particles include carbonate salt, clay, silica, silicate, shale ash, perlite and quartz sand. Exemplary organic particles include polymeric beads like polypropylene, PVC, melamine, urea, polyacrylate and derivatives. The particles may also originate from natural sources. One type of suitable particles are natural particles such as nut shell particles and vegetable particles, and seed powders such as apricot seed powder. Exemplary natural particles include those derived from pistachio nut shell, walnut shell, almond shell and mixtures thereof. Other suitable natural particles include those derived from rice, corn cob, palm biomass, bamboo, kenaf, apple seeds, apricot stone, olive stone and mixtures thereof.
Further examples of beads include, but are not limited to, gelatin, celluloses, agar, gum arabic, alginates, carrageenan, waxes, polyethylenes, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(meth)acrylates, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyepoxides, vinyl acetates, and polyvinyl pyrrolidones. Some preferred beads include but are not limited to those made from at least one of agar, alginate, or carrageenan, or a combination of two or more thereof. Some of the foregoing types of beads can be obtained from Lipo Technologies, Inc. under the tradename LIPOSPHERES or International Specialty Products under the tradename CAPTIVATES. These types of beads are porous and allow the bulk liquid that they are placed in to diffuse into the bead. This helps the beads become density matched to the composition to aid in suspension of the bead. Alternatively, materials can be encapsulated into beads to change their density to match the density of the bulk liquid.
The amount of beads in the composition can be any desired amount. In one embodiment, the amount of beads is 0.01% to 10% by weight of the composition, or 0.01 to 2% by weight.
In some embodiments, the beads are of any size that is viewable by a person. By viewable it is meant that the beads can be seen by a non-color blind person with an unaided eye at 20/20 or corrected to 20/20 with glasses or contact lenses at a distance of 30 cm from the composition under incandescent light, florescent light, or sunlight. In other embodiments, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the beads are viewable by a person. In one embodiment, the particle size is 100 to 2500 microns in a longest dimension of the bead. In another embodiment, the particle size is 250 to 2250 microns. In another embodiment, the particle size is 500 to 1500 microns. In another embodiment, the particle size is 700 to 1000 microns. In another embodiment, a combination of more than one particle size can be used. In another embodiment, there is a combination of five particle sizes.
Optional ingredients can be present in the personal care composition. Non-limiting examples include skin conditioning agents, moisturizing agents, fragrance, dyes and pigments, titanium dioxide, chelating agents such as EDTA, sunscreen active ingredients such as butyl methoxy benzoylmethane; antiaging compounds such as alpha hydroxy acids, beta hydroxy acids; preservatives such as hydantoins, imidazolines; polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols; particulate matter such as silica, talc, or calcium carbonate; antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); vitamins such as A, E, K and C; essential oils and extracts thereof such as rosewood and jojoba; particulate matter such as polyethylene beads, jojoba beads, lufa, or oat flour.
Some embodiments further include an antibacterial agent selected from a halogenated diphenyl ether (e.g. triclocarban), a magnolol derivative, an herbal extract or essential oil (e.g., rosemary extract, tea extract, thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, geraniol, carvacrol, citral, hinokitol, catechol, methyl salicylate, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, miswak extract, sea-buckthorn extract), a bisguanide antiseptic (e.g., chlorhexidine, alexidine or octenidine), a quaternary ammonium compound (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride, tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC)), a phenolic antiseptic, hexetidine, octenidine, sanguinarine, povidone iodine, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions (e.g., zinc salts, for example, zinc citrate, a stannous salt, a copper salt, an iron salt), sanguinarine, propolis and an oxygenating agent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, buffered sodium peroxyborate or peroxycarbonate), phthalic acid or a salt thereof, monoperthalic acid or a salt or ester thereof, ascorbyl stearate, oleoyl sarcosine, alkyl sulfate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, salicylanilide, domiphen bromide, delmopinol, octapinol or another piperidino derivative, a nicin preparation, a chlorite salt; and a combination of two or more thereof. In preferred embodiments, the antibacterial agent is selected from benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the antibacterial agent is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% of the total composition weight. In some embodiments, the benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, combination thereof is present in an amount of 0.01 to 1% of the total composition weight; for example about 0.1% to about 0.3% of the total composition weight.
In some embodiments, the personal care composition includes fragrance in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 2 wt % by weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the personal care composition includes one or more pigments, such as chromium oxide green, in an amount of about 0.001 wt % to about 1 wt % by weight.
In some embodiments, the personal care composition includes silica, or silicon dioxide, incorporated at a level of from about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %, preferable from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, more preferably from about 3 wt % to about 7 wt %. Silica is available in a variety of forms, including but not limited to, crystalline, amorphous, fumed, precipitated, gel, and colloidal forms.
In some embodiments, the personal care composition includes inorganic salts, brighteners, perfumes, colorants, sequestering agents, opacifiers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA), humectants (e.g., polyols, for example, glycerol), or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the personal care composition includes free fatty acids to provide enhanced skin feel benefits, such as softer or smoother feeling skin. Suitable free fatty acids include those derived from tallow, coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil.
In a second exemplary embodiment, the invention includes a method (Method 1) of cleansing skin comprising the steps of providing a personal care cleansing composition as described above (e.g., any of Composition 1 and 1.1-1.27); and applying the composition to the skin to provide a cleansing effect.
The present disclosure provides additional exemplary embodiments, including:
In a third exemplary embodiment, the invention includes a method (Method 2) for preparing a personal care cleansing composition comprising combining an effective amount of polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer with a cationic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant.
The compositions herein can be prepared by procedures known in the art. In general, the various components of the composition are combined with water and mixed to uniformity. Premixes can be employed to pre-disperse or pre-dissolve components, and in particular powder components, and/or to add several components simultaneously.
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated by reference to the following examples, which are included to exemplify, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.
Table 1 shows exemplary compositions according to the present disclosure arranged next to comparative compositions comprising little to no structuring agent.
Two exemplary compositions (Composition I and Composition II) of the present invention are prepared in accordance with the formulas described in Table 1 (above). Composition I includes 2.5 wt % of polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer as a structurant; and Composition II includes 3.00 wt % of polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer as a structurant. Comparative Example I does not include polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer as a structurant; and Comparative Example II includes 1 wt % of polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer as a structurant.
As shown below, it was unexpectedly discovered that when relatively high concentrations of polyacrylate-1 crosspolymer, as in Compositions I and II, are added to a surfactant system having a cationic surfactant to nonionic surfactant ratio of about 0.8:1 at low pH, the composition exhibits enhanced rheological and foaming profiles.
A comprehensive rheological evaluation is conducted on each of Composition I, Composition II, Comparative Example I and Comparative Example II. The tests are carried out on a TA Series AR2000 or AR G2 stress controlled rheometer.
It is observed that when the structurant is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % or less, the compositions do not meet the structural parameter requirements to suspend particles.
In the tests conducted, the compositions are stored at 25° C. for a period of four weeks. Immediately following the four-week storage period, the rheological parameters of the samples are analyzed. The results in Table 2 illustrate that in both Composition I and Composition II, the beads remained in suspension even following prolonged storage. In contrast, neither Comparative Example I nor Comparative Example II could maintain particles in suspension after four (4) weeks storage.
In order to suspend particles, the shear storage modulus (G′) of the composition must be greater than the shear loss modulus (G″) of the composition. That is, the ratio of G′/G″ must be greater than 1:1. As shown in Table 3 (below), the ratios of G/G″ of Compositions I and II as tested are unexpectedly high at 2.16 and 3.60, respectively. In contrast, Comparative Examples I and II have G′/G″ ratios of 0.28 and 0.40, respectively, which equates with unsuitable structural performance, in the context of certain embodiments of the present invention.
A foam profile evaluation is conducted on each of Composition I, Composition II, Comparative Example I, and Comparative Example II. The tests are carried out on a SITA Foam Tester R-2000. 250 mL samples of each of the compositions are prepared and subjected to agitation for equal periods at a temperature of 40° C. It was found that the addition of a cationic structurant unexpectedly provides increased foam generation when subjected to agitation.
In the tests, Composition I, Composition II, Comparative Example I, and Comparative Example II are each subjected to agitation for a period of 80 seconds, and the volume of foam generated is recorded. Composition I and Composition II unexpectedly exhibit superior foaming over the entire test period in comparison to the comparative formulations (Comp. Ex. I and Comp. Ex. II). For example, after about 20 seconds of agitation, both Composition I and Composition II provide about 40% greater foam generation compared to the Comp. Ex. I. This difference grows to about 50% after 50 seconds of agitation. After 60 seconds of agitation, both exemplary compositions of the present invention (Comp. I and Comp. II) demonstrate about 60% greater foam formation compared to both comparative formulations (Com. Ex. I and Comp. Ex. II).
An in-vitro antibacterial (AB) effiacy evaluation is conducted in accordance with the procedures of the European Standard NF EN 1040. The Short Interval Kill Time (SIKT) test is used to determine the in vitro short-term antimicrobial activity of compounds when tested in several exemplary compositions of the present invention. This test assesses the reduction of a microbial population of test organisms after exposure to a composition in-vitro. Test materials are mixed with bacterial inoculum for a selected time interval, after which the test system is neutralized and surviving bacteria enumerated. The SIKT contact time is 1 minute. Soap samples, or other viscous or solid samples, must be diluted. Bacterial reductions relative to water are used as the basis for expressing activity.
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are selected as the test organisms. E. coli are part of the normal flora of the gut. S. aureus is frequently found on the skin where perspiration is present. S. aureus is a common cause of skin infections such as abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. S. aureus is a gram-positive bacterium and E. coli is a gram-negative bacterium. Composition I and Comparative Example I are subjected to the SIKT analysis.
S. aureus = 7.05, E. coli = 7.31
S. aureus = 7.05, E. coli = 7.31
The results for the SIKT test shown in Table 4 (above) demonstrate that Composition I showed equivalent efficacy with respect to both S. aureus and E. coli kill rate as Comparative Formulation 1. Thus, the presence of the structurant was found to have no negative effect on antibacterial efficacy.
The invention has been described above with reference to illustrative Examples, but it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Alterations and modifications that would occur to one of skill in the art upon reading the specification are also within the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2015/068262 | 12/31/2015 | WO | 00 |
