Patent Application
20070177275
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to displays such as head mounted displays and helmet mounted displays, etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optical devices for presenting information and displaying images are ubiquitous. Some examples of such optical devices include computer screens, projectors, televisions, and the like. Front projectors are commonly used for presentations. Flat panel displays are employed for computers, television, and portable DVD players, and even to display photographs and artwork. Rear projection TVs are also increasingly popular in the home. Cell phones, digital cameras, personal assistants, and electronic games are other examples of hand-held devices that include displays. Heads-up displays where data is projected on, for example, a windshield of an automobile or in a cockpit of an aircraft, will be increasingly more common. Helmet mounted displays are also employed by the military to display critical information superimposed on a visor or other eyewear in front of the wearer's face. With this particular arrangement, the user has ready access to the displayed information without his or her attention being drawn away from the surrounding environment, which may be a battlefield in the sky or on the ground. In other applications, head mounted displays provide virtual reality by displaying graphics on a display device situated in front of the user's face. Such virtual reality equipment may find use in entertainment, education, and elsewhere. In addition to sophisticated gaming, virtual reality may assist in training pilots, surgeons, athletes, teen drivers and more.
Preferably, these different display and projection devices are compact, lightweight, and reasonably priced. As many components are included in the optical systems, the products become larger, heavier, and more expensive than desired for many applications. Yet such optical devices are expected to be sufficiently bright and preferably provide high quality imaging over a wide field-of-view so as to present clear text or graphical images to the user. In the case of the helmet or more broadly head mounted displays, for example, the display preferably accommodates a variety of head positions and varying lines-of-sight. For projection TVs, increased field-of-view is desired to enable viewers to see a bright clear image from a wide range of locations with respect to the screen. Such optical performance depends in part on the illumination and imaging optics of the display.
What is needed, therefore, are illumination and imaging optics for producing lightweight, compact, high quality optical systems at a reasonable cost.
Various embodiments are described herein. One embodiment comprises a head mounted display for displaying images that can be viewed by a wearer when the display is worn on the wearer's head. The display can include a spatial light modulator having an array of pixels selectively adjustable for producing spatial patterns. The array of pixels can define a substantially planar reflective surface on the spatial light modulator. The display can further include a light source. The display can also include illumination optics disposed to receive light from the light source and direct light onto the planar reflective surface of the spatial light modulator at an angle with respect to the surface normal of the planar reflective surface. The display can include imaging optics disposed with respect to the spatial light modulator to receive light from the spatial light modulator. The display can further include a curved reflector disposed to reflect light from the imaging optics so as to form a virtual image such that the image may be viewed by an eye of the wearer. The display can also include headgear for supporting the spatial light modulator, imaging optics, and reflector. In some embodiments, only rays of light incident on the planar reflective surface of the spatial light modulator at an angle with respect to the surface normal of the planar reflective surface contribute to the virtual image viewable by the eye.
Another embodiment also comprises a head mounted display for displaying images that can be viewed by a wearer when the display is worn on the wearer's head. This display comprises a plurality of pixels, imaging optics, and headgear. The plurality of pixels can be selectively adjustable for producing spatial patterns. The imaging optics is disposed with respect to the plurality of pixels to receive light from the plurality of pixels and comprises a plurality of lenses. The display further comprises only one curved reflector disposed to reflect light from the imaging optics so as to form a virtual image of the plurality of pixels such that the image may be viewed by an eye of the wearer. In certain embodiments, the curved reflector comprises a reflective surface having a toroidal shape other than an ellipsoid and other than a spheroid. The headgear supports the plurality of pixels, imaging optics, and reflector. In some embodiments, the imaging optics is disposed with respect to said curved reflector to form an intermediate image between said imaging optics and said curved reflector.
To present graphics or other visual information to a viewer, images and/or symbols, e.g., text or numbers, can be projected onto a screen or directed into the viewer's eye.
To illuminate the LCD spatial light modulator 14, a beamsplitter 20 is disposed in front of the LCD. The beamsplitter 20 has a reflective surface 22 that reflects the beam of light 16 introduced through a side 24 of the beamsplitter toward the LCD 14. Reflections from the LCD 14 pass through the reflective surface 22 on another pass and exit a front face 26 of the beamsplitter 20. The imaging optics 18 receives the light from the beamsplitter 20 and preferably images the pattern produced by the LCD display 14 onto the retina of the viewer's eye 12.
Preferably, the light entering the side 24 of the beamsplitter 20 is polarized light and the beamsplitter comprises a polarization beamsplitter. In such a case, the reflective surface 22 may preferably comprise a polarization dependent reflective surface that reflects light having one polarization and transmits light having another polarization state. The cells within the LCD spatial light modulator 14 also may for example selectively rotate the polarization of light incident on the cell. Thus, the state of the LCD cell can determine whether the light incident on that cell is transmitted through the reflective surface 22 on the second pass through the beamsplitter 20 based on whether the polarization is rotated by the cell. Other types of liquid crystal spatial light modulators may also be used as well.
A perspective view of similar type of optical apparatus 30 is shown in
Alternative beamsplitters 20 may be employed as well. Examples of some alternative polarization beamsplitters that separate light into two polarization states include crystal polarizers and plate polarizers. Advantageously, crystal polarizers have a relatively high extinction ratio, however, crystal polarizers tend to be heavy, relatively expensive, and work substantially better for relatively slow beams with larger f-numbers (f/#). Image quality is predominantly better for one polarization compared to another. Plate polarizers can comprise multi-layer coatings that are applied on only one side of a plate instead of in a cube. Plate polarizers are light and relatively inexpensive. However, image quality is also primarily higher for one polarization state, and with plate polarizers, the image quality is degraded substantially for speeds approaching f/1. Other types of polarizers such as photonic crystal polarizers, and wire-grid polarizers may be employed as well. Photonic crystal polarizers comprise a stack of layers that forms a photonic crystal that can be used to discriminate polarizations. Photonic crystal polarizers are available from Photonic Lattice Inc., Japan. Photonic crystal polarizers have theoretically excellent fields-of-view and wavelength acceptance; however, photonic crystal polarizers are fabricated using expensive lithographic processes. Wire grid polarizers comprise a plurality of wires aligned substantially parallel across a planar surface. These wire grids may also discriminate polarization. Wire grid polarizers may be available, e.g., from NanoOpto Corporation, Summerset, N.J., as well as Moxtek, Inc., Orem, Utah. Wire grid polarizers have good extinction in transmission; however, these polarizers are somewhat leaky in reflection. Aluminum used to form the wire grid also tends to have higher absorption than dielectric materials. Nevertheless, wire grid polarizers are preferred for various embodiments of the invention.
As discussed above, multi-layer coatings comprising a plurality of birefringent layers in cube polarizers work well for beams faster than f/1 and provide high image quality for both polarizations. Wire grid polarizers and photonic crystal polarizers, may replace the birefringent multilayers in the beamsplitter cube in preferred embodiments. The cube configuration, however, depending on the size, can be heavy. The beamsplitter 20 shown in
As shown in
Beamsplitters with other dimensions or having other geometries and configurations may also be employed as well. A variety of novel beamsplitters and optical systems using beamsplitters are described herein. In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, for example, by including two or more ports, the thickness of the beamsplitter may be reduced. Such a design is illustrated in
The beamsplitter device 42 may comprise a prism element comprising glass or plastic or other materials substantially transparent to the incident light 48, 50. The prism element 42 shown has two input faces 56, 58 for receiving the two beams of light 48, 50, respectively. In the embodiment illustrated in
The prism element 42 also has two reflecting surfaces 60, 62 that reflect light received by the two ports 44, 46 toward a first (intermediate) output face 64 and onto the spatial light modulator 52. The two reflecting surfaces 60, 62 are sloped with respect to the input and output faces 56, 58, 64 such that light input through the input faces is reflected to the output face. In one preferred example, the reflecting surfaces 60, 62 are inclined at an angle of between about 40 to 50 degrees with respect to the input faces 56, 58 and at an angle of between about 40 to 50 degrees with respect to the first output face 64. The angle of inclination or declination, however, should not be limited to these angles.
The two reflective surfaces 60, 62 are also oppositely inclined. In the example shown in
Preferably, each of the reflective surfaces 60, 62 comprises a polarization-dependent reflective surface that reflects light having one polarization and transmits light having another polarization state. For example, the reflective surfaces 60, 62 may each reflect the s-polarization state and transmit the p-polarization state or vice versa. Alternative configurations are possible and the reflective surfaces 60, 62 may be designed to reflect and transmit other states as well. In various preferred embodiments, the reflective surfaces 60, 62 are formed using multi-layered birefringent coatings or wire grids as described above.
The “V” prism 42 can therefore be said to be a polarization beamsplitter, as this prism device splits beams having different polarizations. Preferably, however, light entering the sides of the beamsplitter 42 is polarized light. In such a case, the reflective surfaces 60, 62 are preferably selected to reflect the light beams 48, 50 introduced through the respective sides 56, 58 of the beamsplitter 42. The input beams 48, 50 propagating along paths oppositely directed and parallel to the Y-axis (as shown in
The cells within the LCD spatial light modulator 52 also preferably selectively rotate the polarization of light incident on the cell. Thus, reflections from the LCD 52 will pass through the reflective surfaces 60, 62 on another pass and exit a front face 68 of the beamsplitter 42. In this manner, the state of the LCD cell can determine whether the light incident on that cell is transmitted through the reflective surface 60, 62 on the second pass through the beamsplitter 42 based on whether the polarization is rotated by the respective cell. High resolution patterns such as text or images can thereby be produced by individually activating the liquid crystal cells using, for example, electrical signals. Other types of spatial light modulators may be used. These spatial light modulators may be controlled by other types of signals. These spatial light modulators may or may not comprise liquid crystal, may or may not be polarization dependent, and may or may not be reflective. For example, transmissive spatial light modulators may be employed in alternative embodiments. The type of spatial light modulator, however, should not be restricted to those recited herein.
The imaging optics 54 images the spatial light modulator 52. The imaging optics 54 enables patterns created by the modulated liquid crystal array 52 to be formed on the retina of the viewer or in other embodiments, for example, on a screen or elsewhere.
The addition of an input port 46 and a corresponding reflective surface 62 permits the beamsplitting element 42 to have a smaller thickness, t. As shown in
The width of the spatial light modulator 14, 52 may be, for example, ½ to 1 inch (13 to 25 millimeters) on a diagonal. The thickness of the prism 42 may be between about ¼ to ½ inch (6 to 14 millimeters). Accordingly, the input faces 56, 58 and reflective surfaces 60, 62, may be between about ⅓×½ inch (9×12 millimeters) to about ⅔×1 inch (18×24 millimeters), respectively. A beam 1 inch (25 millimeters) diagonal may be used to illuminate the spatial light modulator 14, 52. Other dimensions outside these ranges may be used and should not be limited to those specifically recited herein. Also, although the shape of the spatial light modulator 42 as well as the shape of the input ports 56, 58 and the reflective surfaces 60, 62 may be square or rectangular in many embodiments, other shapes are possible.
As discussed above, adding additional ports 46 such as provided by the “V” prism 42 may advantageously yield a smaller, lighter, more compact illumination system. For example, the thickness and mass of the “V” prism polarization beamsplitting element 42 may be about ½ that of a polarization beamsplitting cube 20 for illuminating a same size area of the spatial light modulator 14, 52 specified by the width, w. Similarly, the back focal distance of the projection lens or imaging optics 54 may be shortened. As a result, the imaging optics 54 used in combination with the “V”-prism can be reduced in size (e.g., in diameter) in comparison with the imaging optics 18 used in combination with a prism cube 20 in a display having a similar f-number or numerical aperture. Reduced size, lower cost, and possibly improved performance of the imaging optics 54 may thus be achieved.
In one preferred embodiment, the “V”-prism 42 comprises a square prism element comprising three smaller triangular prisms having a triangular shape when viewed from the side as shown in
The illumination engine 53 shown in
Each of these illumination sources 74, 76 comprise an LED array 57 and first and second fly's eye lenses 59, 61 mounted on the support assembly 55. The fly's eye lenses 59, 61 each comprise a plurality of lenslets. In various preferred embodiments, the first and second fly's eye lenses 59, 61 are disposed along an optical axis from the LED array 57 to the spatial light modulator 52 through the reflective surfaces 60, 62 with suitable longitudinal separation. For example, the LED array 57 is imaged by the first fly's eye lens 59 onto the second fly's eye lens 61, and the first fly's eye lens is imaged by the second fly's eye lens onto the spatial light modulator 52. In such embodiments, the first fly's eye lens 59 may form an image of the LED array 57 in each of the lenslets of the second fly's eye lens 61. The second fly's eye lens 61 forms overlapping images of the lenslets in the first fly's eye lens 59 onto the spatial light modulator 52. In various preferred embodiments, the first fly's eye 59 comprises a plurality of elongated or rectangular lenselets that are matched to the portion of the spatial light modulator 52 to be illuminated by the LED array 57.
The illumination engine 53 further comprises imaging or projection optics 54 for example for projecting an image of the LCD 52 onto a screen or display or directly into an eye. The illumination engine 53 depicted in
Other configurations and designs for providing illumination are possible.
The prism element 80 has two ports 90, 92 on different sides of the prism element. Light piping 95 is shown in phantom in
Each of the reflective surfaces 82, 84 in the prism device 80 is oriented at an angle with respect to the input faces 98, 100 and an output face 102. The angle with respect to the output face 102 may be, for example, between about 40 to 50 degrees or outside these ranges. The reflective surfaces 82, 84 in this prism element 80, however, face different directions on different sides of the prism element than the reflective surfaces 60, 62 in the “V” prisms 42. For example, one of the reflective surfaces 84 is oriented to receive light propagating along an optical path parallel to the X-axis and to reflect the light along an optical path parallel to the Z-axis. The other reflective surface 82 is oriented to receive light propagating along an optical path parallel to the Y-axis and to reflect the light along an optical path parallel to the Z-axis. Accordingly, the two reflective surfaces 82, 84 face different directions, here 90° apart. Ports directed along other directions also may be employed.
A range of other configurations are possible wherein a pair of reflective surfaces are provided. Preferably, these reflective surfaces are inclined to reflect light input into the prism element 80 from one of the side surfaces along a common direction. Different input sides can be used as the input surfaces in different embodiments. For example, the side surfaces can be oppositely facing or can be oriented 90 degrees with respect to each other or at different angles with respect to each other. The reflective surfaces can be planar and square or rectangular as shown in
The four input ports 112 include input surfaces 118 each forming an optical path to one of four respective reflecting surfaces 120. The four ports 112 and input surfaces 118 face four different directions outward from the four sides of the square prism 110. The reflective surfaces 120 also face four different directions. These reflective surfaces 120 are tilted toward an output face 124, which is depicted in
Four polarizers may be inserted between the light sources 114 or the integrating rods 116, and the input faces 118. These polarizers may be referred to herein as pre-polarizers. The polarizers preferably ensure that substantially all the light reaching the input faces 118 has suitable polarization such that this light is reflected by the polarization splitting reflective surfaces 120.
Another embodiment of a square prism element 150 having four input ports 152 is illustrated in
Another embodiment of a prism element 150 having multiple input ports 152 is illustrated in
Preferably, the reflective surfaces 170 comprise polarization splitting surfaces that reflect one polarization state and transmit another polarization state. Preferably, polarized light is coupled into the input ports 152 such that the light is reflected from the polarization splitting reflective surfaces 170. These polarization splitting interfaces 170 may be formed using multilayered coatings, grid polarizers, and photonic crystals, as described above as well as other types of polarizers both known and yet to be devised.
The prism elements preferably comprise glass or other material substantially transmissive to the light input into the input ports. Examples of optically transmissive materials that may be employed include BK7 and SFL57 glass. Other materials may be employed as well and the prism should not be limited to those transmissive materials specifically recited herein. These prism elements need not be limited to square configurations. Other shapes and sizes such as for example rectangular, hexagonal, etc. can be employed. Other techniques for reflecting one polarization state and transmitting another polarization state can be used as well. These reflective surfaces, for example, may comprise polarization plates in various embodiments.
As discussed above, the resultant illumination device is thinner and thus provides for lighter, more compact designs. Lower cost and higher performance may also be achieved. Smaller projection optics with shorter back focal length may also be employed.
An optical apparatus 200 is depicted in
In various preferred embodiments, the three optical fiber lines 206 comprise fiber bundles such as incoherent fiber bundles.
The fiber bundles 222 preferably comprise a plurality of optical fibers. The fiber bundles 222 may be split, for example, by separating the optical fibers in the bundle into two groups, one group for the first fiber line 206a to the first input port 208 and one group for the second fiber line 206b to the second input port 210. In various preferred embodiments, a first random selection of fibers is used as the first fiber line 206a and a second random selection of fibers is used as the second fiber line 206b. To provide an approximately equal distribution of light into the separate first and second lines 206a, 206b directed to the first and second input ports 208, 210, the number of fibers is preferably substantially the same in both the separate first and second lines 206a, 206b. This distribution can be adjusted by removing fibers from either the first or second of the fiber lines 206a, 206b. Scaling, introducing correction with the spatial light modulator 236, can also be employed to accommodate for differences in the illumination directed onto different portions of the display.
In one preferred embodiment, light emitted by the red, green, and blue light sources 212 is introduced into the optical fiber bundle 222. As described above, this fiber bundle 222 is split such that the red light, the green light, and the blue light is input into opposite sides of the “V” prism 202. As is well known, light that appears white can be produced by the combination of red, green, and blue. In addition, a wide range of colors can be produced by varying the levels of the red, green, and blue hues. Although three light sources 212 are shown comprising red, green, and blue LEDs, more or fewer different colored light sources may be provided. For example, four colored emitters may be employed that include near blue and deep blue emitters for obtaining high color temperature. Still more colors can be employed. In some embodiments eight or more colors may be included. Light sources other than LEDs may also be employed, and color combinations other than red, green and blue may be used. Fluorescent and incandescent lamps (light bulbs) and laser diodes are examples of alternative types of light sources. Other types of sources are possible as well. Other color combinations include cyan, magenta, and yellow, although the specific colors employed should not be limited to those described herein. Various preferred embodiments include a plurality different color emitters that provide color temperatures between about 3000K and 8500K (white), although this range should not be construed as limiting.
Although the fiber bundle 222 is shown in
In certain other embodiments, more than one set of emitters may be employed, e.g., one set for each port 208, 210. Separate sources with separate fiber bundles can be employed for separate ports 208, 210. Utilizing a common light source such as a common red, green, or blue LED or LED array for the plurality of input ports, however, has the advantage of providing uniformity in optical characteristics such as for example in the wavelength of the light. Both sides of the “V” prism will thus preferably possess the same color.
A homogenizer such as an integrating rod, another form of light pipe, may also be employed to mix the red, green, and blue light. Light boxes such as cavities formed by diffusely reflecting sidewalls may be used as well for mixing and/or for conveying light. A fiber bundle can be optically connected to a light pipe such as a conduit or a single large (or smaller) core fiber. In other embodiments, the fiber bundle can be altogether replaced with optical fiber or flexible or rigid light pipes, or optical couplers, which may have large core or small core. Various combinations, e.g., of light sources, light piping, optical fiber and optical fiber bundles, and/or mixing components, etc., may also be utilized.
In certain preferred embodiments, individual red, blue, and green conveyances from respective red, blue, and green emitters may be coupled to a mixing component such as a mixing rod or light box or other light pipe where the different colors are combined. In other embodiments, light piping such as molded walls that form optical conduits may include a LED receiver cup for coupling from different color emitters, e.g., red, green, and blue LEDs, through the light piping to a mixing area such as a light box that may be output to a lens or other optical element. Alternative configurations and combinations are possible and the particular design should not be limited to those examples specifically recited herein.
To produce color images using the spatial light modulator, the different color emitters can be time division multiplexed with each color emitter separately activated for a given time thereby repetitively cycling through the different colors. The spatial light modulator is preferably synchronized with the cycling of the color emitters and can be driven to produce particular spatial patterns for each of the colors. At sufficiently high frequencies, the viewer will perceive a single composite colored image. In other embodiments more fully described below, the three colors can be separated out by color selective filters and directed to three separate modulators dedicated to each of the three colors. After passing through the respective spatial light modulators, the three colors can be combined to produce the composite color image. Exemplary devices for accomplishing color multiplexing include the “X-cube” or the “Philips prism”. In other embodiments, more colors can be accommodated, e.g., with time division multiplexing and/or with additional spatial light modulators.
As shown in
The beam shaping optics 232 also may be configured to provide a substantially uniform distribution of light over the desired field. This field may correspond, for example, to the reflective surface of the “V” prism 202 or the corresponding portion of a LCD array 236 disposed with respect to an output of the “V” prism to receive light therefrom. The luminance may be substantially constant across the portion on the LCD 236 to be illuminated. In certain embodiments, preferably substantially uniform luminance is provided across the pupil of the optical system. This pupil may be produced by imaging optics, e.g., in the head-mounted display or other projection or display device. Control over the light distribution at the desired portion of the spatial light modulator 236 may be provided by the beamshaping optics 232.
The optical system 200 further comprises a collimating element 238 which preferably collimates the beam as shown in
An optical diffuser 240 is also disposed in the optical path of the beam to scatter and diffuse the light. In various preferred embodiments, the diffuser 240 spreads the light over a desired pupil such as an exit pupil of the imaging or projection optics 54 (see
In some embodiments, the diffuser 240 also preferably assists in providing a uniform light distribution across the pupil. For example, the diffuser may reduce underfilling of the pupil, which may cause the display to appear splotchy or cause other effects. As describe more fully below, when the viewer moves his/her eye around, the viewer would see different amounts of light at each eye position. In various embodiments, for example, the f-number of the cone of rays collected by the projection optics or imaging optics varies with position (e.g., position on the spatial light modulator). Underfilling for some positions in the spatial light modulator causes different levels of filling of the imaging optics pupil for different field positions, which produces variations observed by the viewer when the eye pupil moves. Uniformity is thereby reduced. Preferably the imaging system pupil is not underfilled. Conversely, if the pupil is overfilled, light is wasted. The Fresnel lens also preferably avoids overfilling and inefficient loss of light. Accordingly, diffuser designs may be provided for tailoring the fill, such that the pupil is not overfilled. The collimating lens used in combination with the diffuser aids in countering underfilling.
A variety of types of diffusers such as for example holographic diffusers may be employed although the diffuser should not be limited to any particular kind or type. The diffuser 238 may have surface features that scatter light incident thereon. In other embodiments, the diffusers may have refractive index features that scatter light. Different designs may be used as well. A lens array such as one or more fly's eye lenses comprising a plurality of lenslets can also be used. In such a case, the lenslets preferably have an aspheric surface (e.g., a conic profile or a curve defined non-zero conic constant) suitable for fast optical systems such as about f/1.3 or faster.
The diffuser 238 may also be combined with a polarizer or the Fresnel lens or the polarizer and/or the Fresnel lens may be separate from the diffuser. Preferably, however, the polarizer is included in the optical path of the beam before the reflective beamsplitting surface of the beamsplitter 202. Accordingly, this polarizer is referred to herein as the pre-polarizer. Different types of polarizers that provide polarization selection may be employed including polarizers that separate polarization by transmitting, reflecting, or attenuating certain polarizations depending on the polarization. For example, polarizers that transmit a first polarization state and attenuate a second polarization state, polarizers that transmit a first polarization state and reflect a second polarization state, and polarizers that reflect a first polarization state and attenuate a second polarization state may be employed. Other types of polarizers and polarization selective-devices may be employed as well.
The pre-polarizer is preferably oriented and configured such that light propagating therethrough has a polarization that is reflected by the polarization beamsplitting surface in the prism 202. Preferably, substantially all of the light entering the input port 208, 210 is polarized so as to be reflected by the polarization beamsplitting surface and thereby to avoid transmission of light through the polarization beamsplitting surface. If such light leaks through, e.g., the first polarization beamsplitting surface and reaches the second reflective surface, this light may be reflected by the second surface and may continue onto the output. Such leakage may potentially wash out the pattern produced by the LCD and/or create imbalance between two sides of the output. A post-polarizer 241 disposed at the output of the V-prism may reduce this effect by removing the polarization that leaks through the first polarization beamsplitting surface and is reflected by the second polarization beamsplitting surface in the V-prism 202. Accordingly, this post-polarizer 241 preferably removes light having a polarization that is selected to be reflected by the first and second polarization beamsplitting surfaces within the V prism 202. Both the pre-polarizers and the post-polarizer 241 may comprise polarizers currently known as well as polarizers yet to be devised. Examples of polarizers include birefringent polarizers, wire grid polarizers, as well as photonic crystal polarizers.
The optical apparatus 200 depicted in
As discussed above, light from the array of light sources 204 is coupled into the optical fiber line 206 and distributed to the input ports 208, 210 of the prism 202. The light output from the optical fiber 206 is received by the beamshaping optics 232, which preferably tailors the beam substantially to the size and shape of the portion of the spatial light modulator 236 to be illuminated. Similarly, the size and shape of the beam substantially may match that of an aperture or pupil associated with the optical system 200 in various preferred embodiments. The beam may be for example between about 5 and 19 millimeters wide along one direction and between about 10 and 25 millimeters along another direction. In various embodiments, the beamshaping optics 232 converts a circular shaped beam emanating from the optical fiber 206a, 206b into an elliptical beam. The cross-section of the beam exiting the optical fiber 206 taken perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam is generally circular. The beam shaping optics 232 preferably bends the beam accordingly to produce a perpendicular cross-section that is generally elliptical or elongated. This shape may be substantially rectangular in some embodiments.
Preferably, the beamshaping optics 232 also provides for more uniform distribution across the spatial light modulator 200. The beam exiting the optical fiber 206 may possess a substantially Gaussian intensity distribution with falloff in a radial direction conforming approximately to a Gaussian function. Such a Gaussian intensity distribution may result in a noticeable fall off in light at the LCD 236. Accordingly, the beamshaping optics 232 preferably produces a different distribution at the LCD 236. In certain preferred embodiments discussed more fully below, the beamshaping optics 232 is configured such that the light at the LCD 236 has a “top hat” or “flat top” illuminance distribution which is substantially constant over a large central region.
The light beam may be offset such that the peak is shifted from center in one direction as illustrated in
In various exemplary embodiments that employ Koehler illumination, the falloff in the source angular distribution maps to the corners of the two output portions of the “V” prism 202 as well as, for example, to the corresponding portions of the spatial light modulator 236. (In Koehler illumination, the light source is imaged in the pupil of the projection optics, e.g., at infinity.) If the falloff is sufficiently slow and not too large, the observable variation in light level may not be significant. If however, the falloff is sharp and sizeable, the variation across the output of the “V” prism 202 may result for example in noticeable fluctuations in light reaching the eye in specific circumstances.
In various embodiments, the illumination output by the prism 202, however, is preferably substantially constant and uniform. As discussed above, therefore, a “top hat” or “flat top” illuminance distribution may be preferred over the Gaussian distribution. A substantially “top hat” illuminance distribution incident on the output face 234 of the prism 202 is shown in
The intensity exiting the optical fiber 206a, 206b may be more Gaussian than “top hat” or “flat top” resulting in more falloff. As discussed above, clipping the rotationally symmetric angular distribution with a rectangular field can produce more significant falloff near the center of the spatial light modulator 236 and consequently at the center of the display or projection screen since the vertex of the “V” prism 202 corresponds to the center of the output of the “V” prism. In certain embodiments, therefore, the beamshaping optics 232 preferably provides a substantially “top hat” illuminance distribution at the spatial light modulator 234. A lens 232 that is aspheric at least on one of the optical surfaces may yield such a distribution. An integrating rod may also output a substantially constant illumination distribution like a flat top distribution that falls of rapidly. When using an integrating rod or light pipe that provides substantially constant illumination beam shaping optics may or may not be used to further flatten the illumination distribution. (In various embodiments, preferably the diffusers as well as the collimator may be employed with the integrating rod or light pipe, e.g., to increase uniformity. The diffuser may, for example, be used instead of longer integrating rods or light pipes, thereby increasing compactness.)
Asymmetric beamshaping optics 232 are also preferably used to produce an asymmetric beam. For example, a cylindrical lens having a cylindrical surface may advantageously convert the circular peaked distribution into a distribution having a central oval portion, more suitable for the rectangular field. As described above, the beamshaping optics 232 may comprise one or more refractive elements having an aspheric surface and an anamorphic (e.g., cylindrical) surface. As stated above, an integrating rod having an asymmetric (e.g., rectangular) cross-section or a fly's eye lens comprising a plurality of asymmetrically shaped (e.g., rectangular) lenslets may be used to provide such asymmetric beam patterns. Other approaches to providing asymmetric distributions are possible.
As will be discussed more fully below, the diffuser 240 is also preferably configured to provide substantially uniform light levels. The diffuser may include a plurality of scatter features that scatter incident light into a cone of angles such as illustrated in
The size of the spatial light modulator 236 may be between about 6 to 40 millimeters or between about 12 to 25 millimeters on a diagonal. In certain embodiments, the spatial light modulator 236 may have shapes other than square, and may for example be rectangular. In one exemplary embodiment, the aspect ratio of the spatial light modulator that is illuminated is about 3:4. Dividing the illuminated region in two may yield an aspect ratio of about 3:8 for the section of the spatial light modulator illuminated by one side of the V-prism. More broadly, the portion illuminated by one half of the output port may be between about 2×4 millimeters to 14×28 millimeters, although sizes outside these ranges are possible. Still other shapes, e.g., triangular, are possible. Accordingly, the beam used to illuminate the spatial light modulator 236 may have a length and width between about 2×4 millimeters to 14×28 millimeters, respectively. The collimator aperture, diffuser aperture, polarizer aperture as well as the input faces 234 and reflective surfaces of the prism 202 may have aperture sizes in one direction between about 2 and 14 millimeters and in another direction between about 4 and 28 millimeters. The dimensions, however, should not be limited to those recited here.
To decrease the size of the stripe 266, the thickness of the polarization beamsplitting layer 268 is preferably reduced. Preferably, the thickness is not larger than a few percent of the beam at the pupil of the system. In various preferred embodiments, for example, the thickness of the polarization beamsplitting structure 268, e.g., the thickness of the multiple birefringent layer stack or the photonic crystal polarizers is less than about 5 to 100 micrometers. Thicknesses outside this range, however, are possible. A post-polarizer 272 may also be included to potentially reduce this effect.
In
One exemplary process for forming the wire grid polarizers 275 in the V-prism is illustrated in
A first wire grid polarizer 508 is formed on a side of the prism 504 as illustrated in
A second triangular prism 514 similar to the first triangular prism 504 is attached to the first triangular prism sandwiching the first wire grid polarizer 508 between the two prisms as depicted in
The first and second triangular prisms 504, 514 together with the first wire grid polarizer 508 sandwiched therebetween are cut and/or polished along a diagonal of the square cross-section formed by attaching the first triangular prism to the second triangular prism as shown in
A second wire grid polarizer 538 is added to the substantially triangular cylindrical structure 524 as shown in
A third triangular prism 534 similar to the first and second triangular prisms 504, 514 is attached to the first and second triangular prisms sandwiching the second wire grid polarizer 538 therebetween (see
The first, second, and third triangular prisms 504, 514, 534 together with the second wire grid polarizer 538 are cut and/or polished thereby removing portions of the third triangular prism and portions of either the first or second triangular prisms along one side of the generally square cross-section. In
Variations in the process of forming the V-prism are possible. For example, substantially planar surfaces need not be formed in certain embodiments. Curved surfaces on the V-prism that have power may be formed. Different methods of fabricating the wire grid polarizers 510, 538 are also possible and one or both of the MgF layers 510, 540 may or may not be included. Additional processing steps may be added or certain steps may be removed, altered, or implemented in a different order. In certain embodiments, for example, a flat with a wire grid formed thereon may be cemented to the triangular prism instead of depositing and patterning the plurality of metal strips directly on the prism. Other techniques for forming the V-prism including those yet devised may be employed as well.
In various preferred embodiments, the optical system 200 may further comprise an optical wedge 254 with the V-prism. This optical wedge 254 may for example be disposed between the (intermediate) output face of the “V” prism and the spatial light modulator 236 as shown in
The optical wedge 254 shown in
In certain embodiments wherein the wedge-shaped prism 256 is employed, the diffuser preferably has a “top hat” angular distribution 248 such as shown in
A mapping of the illuminance across the spatial light modulator 236 for a wedge-shaped prism 256 having a 1.3° wedge is shown in
The uniformity is greater for the example wherein the wedge 254 is separate from the prism 202 with an air gap therebetween.
The wedge-shaped prism 356 may also demonstrate improved performance if the “V” is rotated with respect to the tilted surface forming the wedge. In such a configuration, the thickness of the wedge increases (or decreases) with position along a direction parallel to the edge that forms the apex of the “V” shaped component.
A color splitting prism may also be included together with the V-prism in certain embodiments to provide color images, graphics, text, etc.
The V-prisme 602 comprises first and second input ports 608 for receiving illumination that is preferably polarized. The V-prism 602 further comprises first and second polarization beamsplitting surfaces 610 for reflecting the illumination received through the first and second input ports 608. The first and second polarization beamsplitting surfaces 610 are oriented to reflect light received through said first and second input ports 608 to a central input/output port 612 of the X-cube 604.
The X-cube 604 additionally comprises first and second reflective color filters 614 that reflect certain wavelengths and transmit other wavelengths. The first and second reflective color filters 614 preferably have respective wavelength characteristics and are disposed accordingly to reflect light of certain color to first and second color ports 616 where first and second spatial light modulators 618 are respectively disposed. The X-cube 604 further comprises a third color port 620 located beyond the first and second reflective color filters 614 to receive light not reflected by the first and second reflective color filters. A third spatial light modulator 622 is disposed to receive light from this third color port 620. In various preferred embodiments, reflective spatial light modulators that selectively reflect light may be employed to create two-dimensional spatial patterns. Light reflected from the first and second spatial light modulator 618 through the respective port 616 will be reflected from the first and second reflective color filters 614 respectively. Light reflected from the third spatial light modulator 622 through the third color port 620 will be transmitted through the first and second reflective color filters 614. The light returned by the spatial light modulators 618, 622 will therefore pass through the X-cube 604 and the central input/output port 612 of the X-cube. This light will continue through the V-prism 602 onto and through the projection optics 606 to a screen 624 where a composite color image is formed for viewing.
Other components, such as e.g., polarizers, diffusers, beamshaping optics etc., may also be included. Optical wedges may be included as well between the X-cube 604 and the spatial light modulators 618, 622 in certain embodiments. Other designs, configurations, and modes of operation are possible.
Other types of color devices may also be employed.
The V-prism 652 comprises first and second input ports 658 for receiving illumination that is preferably polarized. The V-prism 652 further comprises first and second polarization beamsplitting surfaces 660 for reflecting the illumination received through the first and second input ports 658. The first and second polarization beamsplitting 660 surfaces are oriented to reflect light received through said first and second input ports 658 to a central input/output port 662 of the Philips prism.
The Philips prism 654 additionally comprises first and second reflective color filters 664, 665 that reflect certain wavelengths and transmit other wavelengths. The first and second reflective color filters 664, 665 preferably have respective wavelength characteristics and are disposed accordingly to reflect light of certain color to first and second color ports 666, 667 where first and second spatial light modulators 668, 669 are respectively disposed. The Philips prism 654 further comprises a third color port 670 located beyond the first and second reflective color filters 664, 665 to receive light not reflected by the first and second reflective color filters. A third spatial light modulator 672 is disposed to receive light from this third color port 670.
In various preferred embodiments, reflective spatial light modulators that selectively reflect light may be employed to create two-dimensional spatial patterns. Light reflected from the first and second spatial light modulator 668, 669 through the respective port 666, 667 will be reflected from the first and second reflective color filters 664, 665, respectively. Light reflected from the third spatial light modulator 672 through the third color port 670 will be transmitted through the first and second reflective color filters 664, 665. The light returned by the spatial light modulators 667, 668, 672 will therefore pass through the Philips prism 654 and the central input/output port 662 of the Philips prism. This light will continue through the V-prism 652 onto and through the projection optics 656 to a pair of mirrors (not shown) for forming a composite color image on a screen for viewing. As described above, other components, such as, e.g., polarizers, diffusers, beamshaping optics, etc., may also be included. Additionally, optical wedges may be included between the Philips prism 654 and the spatial light modulators 668, 669, 672 in certain embodiments.
In various embodiments, non-uniform controlled illumination at the spatial light modulator 236 is desired. For example, in some cases, uniform illuminance at the spatial light modulator 236 (with an intensity distribution that falls off only slightly towards higher angles) produces a non-uniform distribution at the output of the optical system. As discussed above, in many optical imaging systems, for instance, the f-number or cone of rays collected by the optical system varies across the field due to distortion. Uniformly illuminating the object field of such an imaging system results in the collection of different amounts of light from different locations in the object field and corresponding illuminance variation at the image plane. Non-uniform illumination at the spatial light modulator, may compensate for this effect and provide uniformity at the image field.
Accordingly, if a uniform spatial illuminance distribution across the display results in a gradation in the uniformity seen by the observer, a non-uniform illuminance can be used to compensate for the gradation. One method for achieving a compensating linear variation in the illuminance is to use an off-axis illumination such as shown in
In this embodiment, the beamshaping optics 232 comprises a lens having a cylindrical surface. As described above, this cylindrical surface improves collection efficiency of the rectangular input face of the “V” prism 202. The resultant efficiency is substantially similar to the efficiency achieved in the uniform luminance configurations. Other elements within the optical system 200 may be tilted, decentered and/or off-axis as well. In addition, not all of the components need to be tilted, decentered, and off-axis in every embodiment. Other variations are possible.
The result of the tilt and decenter is that the illuminance across the Fresnel collimating lens 238, diffuser 240, polarizer, input 234 of the prism 202, and liquid crystal spatial light modulator 236 is non-uniform. In particular, in this embodiment, the illuminance across the intermediate output of the “V” prism 202 and at the spatial light modulator 236 is graded as shown by the plots in
Preferably, the configuration is selected to provide the desired illumination, which may be a specific illumination of the object field to counter non-uniformity in the optics, e.g., imaging optics 54, and to ultimately yield uniformity in the image plane. One exemplary configuration is the off-axis illumination depicted in
In various embodiments, the diffuser 240 is graded in the lateral direction. The diffuser 240 includes a plurality of scattering (e.g., diffractive features) laterally disposed at locations across the diffuser to scatter light passing through the diffuser. As shown in
Gradation in the scattering characteristics across the diffuser can be useful in various applications. For example, as described above, the imaging optics may possess an f-number or numerical aperture and corresponding collection angle that varies with field. If the illumination is reflected from the liquid crystal spatial light modulator 236 into a constant projected solid angle, the projected solid angle of the illumination may not match the respective collection angle of the imaging optics. The light from some field points on the liquid crystal modulator 236 may fill the aperture of the imaging optics; however, the light from other field points may fail to fill the corresponding aperture of the imaging optics.
For displays such as head-mounted including helmet-mounted displays, the aperture of the imaging optics preferably maps to the pupil of the eye 12. If the aperture of the imaging optics is under-filled, slight movement of the eye pupil may cause dramatic drop off in light received by the retina. Increased tolerance is therefore desirable as the eye and head of the viewer may move laterally shifting the location of the eye pupil.
Overfilling is a possible solution. The projected solid angle into which the spatial light modulator emits light may fill the aperture of the imaging optics in each case, overfilling the aperture for some field points. This latter approach, however, is less efficient as light outside the aperture is discarded. Moreover, light that is outside the aperture of the imaging optics may not be absorbed and can scatter back into the field-of-view, reducing the image contrast.
Accordingly, in various preferred embodiments, the projected solid angle into which light propagates from the spatial light modulator 236 is substantially matched to the corresponding collection angle of the imaging optics. For example, in cases where the f-number of the imaging optics varies with field position, the projected solid angle associated with the output of the liquid crystal modulator 236 is preferably field-dependent as well. A graded diffuser such as described above can provide this effect. The diffuser 240 preferably scatters light into projected solid angles that increase in size across the diffuser. This light illuminates the reflective spatial light modulator 236. The light is reflected from the liquid crystal modulator 236 into projected solid angles that increase across the spatial light modulator. Preferably, these increasing projected solid angles substantially match the collection angles of the imaging optics, which also increase with field position. If the projected solid angles for the various points on the spatial light modulator 236 are substantially equivalent to the respective collection angles of the imaging optics, the aperture of the imaging optics will be efficiently filled for each particular field location.
In various preferred embodiments, non-uniform, and more specifically graded illumination such as provided by the off-axis illumination configuration shown in
In the example shown in
A plot of the substantially constant luminance at the spatial light modulator 236 is shown in
Other configurations for providing non-uniform illumination and uniform luminance may be employed. In
As illustrated by arrows, the light pipe 680 couples light into the light box 682. This light exits the light box 682 through the plurality of angle area converters 684. The different numerical apertures and different apertures 690 control the illumination in the lateral (X) direction as well as the projected solid angle into which the light is output.
Accordingly, the angle area converters convert increased area at the input into increased numerical aperture at the output. The increased numerical aperture at the output is useful for matching to increasing f-number with position across the field. To provide constant luminance, more light is collected with increased input aperture to accommodate increased numerical aperture at the output.
The compound parabolic collectors work well as angle area converters 684 with the light box 682. The luminance into the compound parabolic collectors equals the luminance out of the compound parabolic reflector. The f-number is controlled by using a different compound parabolic reflector input size. As the input sizes vary across the light box 682, gaps between the CPC prevent light from immediately exiting the light box 682, however, this light is reflected back into the light box and recycled for subsequent egress through the compound parabolic collectors. Gaps between the output apertures of the CPCs may, however, introduce variation in the “average” spatial luminance across the field.
Accordingly, the plurality of angle area converters 684 can control the illumination that reaches the input face of the V-prism. In certain preferred embodiments, the illuminance and projected solid angle vary to provide substantially constant luminance. Although the plurality of angle area converters 684 may be selected to provide non-uniform illuminance and uniform luminance, other designs are possible where uniform illuminance and/or non-uniform luminance is provided. Other types of configurations may also be employed. Components other than light boxes and angle area converters may also be employed in other embodiments. Other types of angle area converters different from compound parabolic collectors may also be employed. A lens array comprising a plurality of lenses having increasing numerical aperture may be employed in certain embodiments.
Implementations for illuminating displays, projectors, and other optical systems should not be limited to those embodiments specifically shown herein. For example, the various components specifically described may be included or excluded and their interrelationship may be altered. For instance, configurations for providing non-uniform illumination at the diffuser 240 other than the off-axis scheme depicted in
Moreover, controlling the illumination incident on a diffuser 240 having variable scattering properties at different locations may be a powerful tool in improving optical properties of displays, projectors, and other optical systems. Although described here in connection with providing constant luminance, the scattering may be adjusted otherwise to provide the desired non-constant luminance profile. Other variations are possible as well. Accordingly, the illumination and the scattering or light dispersing features of the diffuser 240 may be different.
An example of a display device 300 such as a helmet mounted display or, more broadly, a head mounted display that includes a polarization beamsplitter such as a “V” prism 302 is shown in
A display 300 having a concave combiner 308 is shown in
A display 300 that projects the image produced by the spatial light modulator 304 at (or near) infinity is shown in
A display 300 having a powered on-axis combiner 308 that forms an image of the exit pupil of the imaging optics 306 at the eye pupil 112 is shown in
On-axis combiners have the advantage of being rotationally symmetric about the central ray bundle; as a consequence, aberrations introduced by the combiner may be corrected in the projection optics using surfaces that are also rotationally symmetric about the central ray bundle. The drawback of an on-axis combiner is that a beamsplitter is also employed, and thus the configuration is heavier and bulkier.
Off-axis combiners are lightweight; however, because the light reflects obliquely from a powered reflecting surface, larger amounts of aberration (chiefly, astigmatism) may be generated in both the image of the pupil (see
Preferably control is provided for both the aberrations of the image as well as the aberrations of the pupil. If the pupil image is substantially uncorrected, for example, the caustic (region where the rays cross) near the pupil may be large such that large-diameter optics are preferably used to intercept the rays. In addition, the aberrations of the pupil are not entirely separable from those of the image. If, for example, the ray bundles for some of the image field locations have crossed before reaching the imaging optics, and others have not, then the imaging optics are presented with the field positions in a “scrambled” order, and performing image correction may be difficult.
In one preferred embodiment, a combiner having a conic surface and more specifically an ellipsoid of revolution may be employed. Preferably, this ellipsoid has one of two conic foci located at or near the eye of the wearer, and the other conic focus located at or near the pupil of the projection optics.
Such a design provides several advantages. Since the conic surface is a surface of revolution, this surface may be fabricated through single-axis diamond turning. If the part is to be made in mass-production using an injection molding, compression molding, or casting, then the mold inserts may be made by injection molding. Also, if one conic focus is at the eye and the other conic focus is at the pupil of the projection optics, then spherical aberration of the pupil may be substantially reduced or eliminated. In addition, the central rays for all the points in the field preferably cross at the center of the pupil, and the “scrambling” described above is thereby substantially reduced or eliminated. Also astigmatism in the image is reduced, since a conic surface does not introduce astigmatism when one of the foci is placed at the pupil.
A prescription for one preferred embodiment of the display device 400 is presented in TABLES I and II wherein the optical parameters for optical elements A1 to A13 are listed. These optical parameters include radius of curvature, thickness, material, as well as terms, where appropriate, defining aspheric curvature, tilt, and decenter. The radius of curvature, thickness, and decenter data are in millimeters. As is well known, aspheric surfaces may be defined by the following expression:
Aη4+Bη6+Cη8+Dη10+Eη12+Fη14
where η is the radial dimension. Non-zero values for one or more of these constants A, B, C, D, etc. are listed when the surface is aspheric. Additionally, the conic constant, k, may be provided when the surface is a conic surface. Tilt about the X axis as well as decenter in the Y and Z directions are also included for some of the surfaces in TABLE II.
The imaging optics 406 comprises ten refractive lenses A2-A11, each of which comprises glass. The imaging optics 406 comprises two groups. The first group comprises the single lens A2. The second group comprises the remaining lenses, A3-A11. The field aberrations from the elliptical combiner A1 are partially cancelled by the lenses A2 in the first group, which is a low index meniscus lens and which does not share the axis of the group of lenses A3-A10 in the second group or of the combiner. In particular, the meniscus lens A2 is tilted and/or decentered with respect to the remainder of the lenses A3-A11 in the optical system and the V-prism A12. Accordingly, this tilted lens A2 has a first optical axis about which the lens is circularly symmetric. Similarly, the plurality of lenses A3-A11 in the second group has a corresponding second optical axis about which the lenses are circularly symmetric. The two optical axes, however, are different and non-parallel. Preferably, only one lens (in the first group) is tilted with respect to the other lenses (in the second group) although in other embodiments the first group comprises more than one lens aligned along the first optical axis.
One of these lenses A4 comprising the imaging optics 406 has an aspheric shaped surface. This aspheric surface is near an intermediate pupil to provide for spherical aberration correction. Color correction is provided by the cemented doublets A5/A6, A8/A9, and A10/A11.
The entrance pupil diameter for this system is 15.0 millimeters. The field-of-view is evaluated between 50 to −15 degrees along the horizontal axis and 25 to −25 degrees along the vertical axis. The imaging optics 406 has an exit pupil that is imaged by the combiner 408 to form a conjugate pupil 412 where the eye pupil (not shown) may be placed.
Like the system 400 in
Like the systems 400 in
Each of the lenses C2-C5 in the imaging system is aspheric to correct for monochromatic aberrations. One of the lenses C2 is also tilted and decentered with respect to the other three lenses C3-C5. Like the system 400 in
φ=c1η2+c2η4
where φ is the phase shift imparted on the wavefront passing through the diffractive features on this optical element C4, η is the radial dimension, and c1 and c2 are constants. The values of c1 and c2 are −7.285×10−4 and −1.677×10−7, respectively. The diffractive optical element is designed to use the first order (m=+1) at a wavelength of about 515 nanometers. The field aberrations from the elliptical combiner are partially cancelled by the low index lens in the first group, which does not share the same optical axis as either of the second group of lenses in the imaging optics 406 or of the combiner 408. The entrance pupil diameter for this system is 15.0 millimeters. The field-of-view is evaluated between 50 to −15 degrees along the horizontal axis and 25 to −25 degrees along the vertical axis.
Other designs may be used as well. For example, variations in the number, shape, thickness, material, position, and orientation, are possible. Holographic or diffractive optical elements, refractive and/or reflective optical elements can be employed in a variety of arrangements. Many other variations are possible and the particular design should not be limited to the exact prescriptions included herein.
Various preferred embodiments, however, employ combiners having a shape in the form of a conic surface. Conic surfaces are formed by generating a conic section, a particular type of curve, and rotating the curve about an axis to sweep out a three-dimensional surface. The shape of a conic surface is determined by its conic constant, k. The conic constant, k, is equal to the negative of the square of the eccentricity, e, of the conic curve in two dimensions that is rotated to form the three-dimensional surface. Conic surfaces are well know and are described, for example, in “Aspheric Surfaces”, Chapter 3 of Applied Optics and Optical Engineering, Vol. VIII, R. Shannon and J. Wyant, ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y. 1980.
An ellipsoid (also known as a prolate spheroid) is formed by rotating an ellipse about an axis, referred to as a major axis, which joins two conic foci. The conic constant for an ellipsoid has a value between zero and −1. A sphere is a special case of an ellipsoid, with a conic constant of zero. A hyperboloid is formed in a similar manner, however, the value of the conic constant is more negative than −1. A paraboloid has a conic constant of exactly −1, and is formed by rotating a parabola about an axis that is perpendicular to a line referred to as a directrix of the parabola and a point on the axis, the focus of the parabola. An oblate spheroid has a positive conic constant and is the surface generated by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis and k=2ˆ2/(1−eˆ2), where e is the eccentricity of the generating ellipse. In various preferred embodiments, the conic constant is between about −0.25 and 0, 0 and −0.60, or 0 and +0.5 and may be between about −0.36 and 0, 0 and −0.44, or 0 and 1.
In various preferred embodiments for eliminating spherical aberration of the pupil, one conic focus 418 is located exactly at the eye 412 and the other conic focus 420 is located exactly at the pupil 416 of the projection optics 406. The conic constant for this combiner 408 has a conic constant between 0 and −1 and the surface is therefore ellipsoidal. (Since the eye pupil and the projection optics pupil are physically separated, the surface is not spherical.)
In one preferred embodiment, to eliminate spherical aberration at the center of the field-of-view, a reflective surface having a shape of a paraboloid (formed by rotating a parabola about its axis of symmetry) may be used. Preferably, this rotation axis of the paraboloid defining the reflective surface is substantially parallel to the line-of-sight of the eye at the center of the field. Moreover, the conic focus to the paraboloid is preferably disposed at the image point for that field.
In some embodiments, the goals of simultaneously reducing the aberrations at the pupil and the aberration at the image lead to a conic constant between 0 and −1, which yields an ellipsoid. The conic foci of this ellipsoid are preferably located near, although not coincident with, the eye and the projection optics pupil, respectively. The proximity in relationship with the foci may be selected so as to reduce pupil and image aberration, e.g., as reflected in a merit function used to evaluate different designs. In various preferred embodiments, the exit pupil is at a distance from the one of the foci that is less than about ¼ the distance along the major axis of the ellipsoid that separates the foci.
Another design comprises a simplified and light-weight head mounted display comprising a combiner and a pair of plastic lenses. One of the lenses is a rotationally symmetric optical element and one of the lenses is a non-rotationally symmetric optical element. This non-rotationally symmetric optical element comprises first and second lens surfaces that are tilted and decentered with respect to each other. One of the lens surfaces may also comprise a diffractive or holographic optical element for color correction. Advantageously having projection optics comprising only two lenses, both of which comprises plastic, reduces the cost and weight of the system.
One of the optical elements D1 corresponds to the reflective combiner 508. This combiner 508 could be a partially reflective off-axis combiner as discussed above. Like the systems 500 in
In addition to the combiner 508, the device 500 comprises imaging optics 506. The imaging optics 506 comprises the remaining two powered optical elements D2 and D3, each of which are refractive lenses. (Although, not shown, the display device 500 may include a V-prism and a wedge such as described above in embodiments, for example, where a spatial light modulator is used that is illuminated with light from a light source.) The decreased number of lenses advantageously reduces the weight and cost of the optical system 500.
Moreover, in this embodiment, the only two lenses D2, D3 are each plastic. These elements D2 and D3 comprise Zeonex 480R (Z-480R), which is available from Zeon Chemicals L.P., Louisville, Ky. Other plastic and non-plastic materials may be used as well. Plastic lenses, however, can advantageously be fabricated in high volumes at lower cost than glass lenses. Plastic lenses are also lighter.
Each of the optical surfaces 520, 522, 524, 526, 528 on each of the optical element D1-D3 are aspheric. The reflective surface 520 on the combiner 508 is ellipsoidal and thus aspheric. The surfaces 522, 524 (surfaces 4 and 5 in Tables VII and VIII) on lens D2 are also each aspheric. Similarly, the surfaces 526, 528 (surfaces 6 and 7 in Tables VII and VIII) on lens D3 are each aspheric. Each of the aspheric surfaces 520, 522, 524, 526, 528 are different.
Moreover, the surfaces 522, 524 (surfaces 4 and 5 in Tables VII and VIII) on the lens D2 are tilted and decentered with respect to each other. Both refractive optical surfaces 522, 524 have shapes (aspheric) that are rotationally symmetric about respective optical axes. However, these optical axes are tilted and decentered with respect to each other. The result is a non-rotationally symmetric optical element, an optical element that itself is not rotationally symmetric about an optical axis.
In various preferred embodiments, by definition lens D2 is a lens and not a prism, combiner, or catadioptric optical element. Light propagates through D2 without substantial reflection. Similarly, lens D3 is a lens and light propagates through D3 without substantial reflection. In various preferred embodiments, the reflection in reduced to below 10%.
Lens D3, however, is rotationally symmetric about an optical axis. Both refractive optical surfaces 526, 528 on lens D3 have shapes (aspheric shapes) that are also rotational symmetric about substantially the same optical axis. The optical axes through lens D3, however, is different than both optic axes for the two surfaces 522, 524 on lens D2. Moreover, all of these optical axes are different from the optical axis for the elliptical combiner D1.
These varying degrees of freedom, the different tilts and decenters, as well as the different aspheric shapes, enable a high performance optical device 500 to be designed with relatively few optical elements. Correction of monochromatic aberrations is thus possible with only the five optical surfaces (one reflective 520, and four refractive 522, 524, 526, 528) on three optical elements, lenses D1 and D2 and reflective combiner D3.
Since both lenses comprise the same material, chromatic aberration is substantially corrected by a diffractive element on the lens D3. In particular, one of the surfaces 526 (surface 6 in Tables VII and VIII) includes diffractive features that form a diffractive element. This diffractive element, a hologram, is characterized by the following expression:
φ=c1η2+c2η4+c3η6
where φ is the phase shift imparted on the wavefront passing through the diffractive features on this optical element D3, η is the radial dimension, and c1, c2, and c3 are constants. The values of c1, c2, and c3 are −1.748×10−3, 1.283×10−6, and 6.569×10−9, respectively. The diffractive optical element is designed to use the first order (m=+1) at a wavelength of about 515 nanometers.
In other embodiments, chromatic correction may be provided by using different lens materials for D2 and D3. For example, different plastic or polymeric materials having different dispersion properties may be used. In certain embodiments, non-plastic materials may also be used, however, plastic offer the advantage of reduced manufacturing costs even for aspherics, and plastic is light weight. In another embodiment, one of the lenses may be plastic and the other lens may be glass. Still other designs are possible.
In the prescription shown in Tables VII and VIII, the entrance pupil diameter for this system is 10.0 millimeters. The field-of-view is evaluated between +8 to −8 degrees along the horizontal axis and +6 to −6 degrees along the vertical axis.
One of the optical elements E1 is the reflective combiner 808. This combiner 808 is a partially reflective combiner. Like the systems 600 in
In addition to the combiner 808, the device 800 comprises imaging optics 806. The imaging optics 806 comprises a plurality of powered optical elements: a first lenses element, E2, a second lens element, E3, a third lens element, E4, and a fourth lens element, E5. In the embodiment shown in
The first lens element, E2, has first and second surfaces 822, 824 (surfaces 4 and 5 in Tables IX and X). These surfaces 822 and 824 share a common optical axis. In the embodiment shown in
The first lens element E2 is tilted and decentered with respect to the combiner E1 as shown by the prescription listed in Tables IX and XI. In general, tilt and decenter as listed in Tables IX and XI is measured with respect to the previous surface. For the surface after the combiner 808 (surface 3), however, the tilt and decenter is measured with respect to the stop 812, as is the case for each of the prescriptions in Tables herein. The tilt and decenter of surface 3, the first surface after the combiner 808, defines the tilt and decenter of the first surface 822 of the first lens element E2, as is also the case for each of the prescriptions in the Tables herein. Thus, the tilt and decenter listed in Tables IX and X for both the combiner 808 (E1) and the first surface 822 of the first lens E2 are with respect to the stop 812. The relative tilt and decenter between these the first lens E2 and the combiner 808 (E1) is therefore obtained by computing the difference between the tilts and decenters for the combiner and surface 3. As a result, in the embodiment shown in
The second lens element E3 is rotationally symmetric about yet another optical axis. Both refractive optical surfaces on the second lens element E3 have shapes that are also rotational symmetric about substantially the same optical axis. The optical axes through the second lens element E3, however, is different than the optic axis for the two surfaces 822, 824 on the first lens element E2 and is also different than the optical axis for the combiner 808 (E1).
Additionally, the third lens element E4, is rotationally symmetric about the same optical axis as the third lens element E3. Both refractive optical surfaces on third lens element E4 have shapes that are also rotational symmetric about substantially this same optical axis. The optical axes through the third lens element E4, however, is different than the optic axis for the two surfaces 822, 824 on first lens element E2. As discussed above, the second lens element E3 and third lens element E4 form a doublet. The second lens element E3 comprises a different glass than the third lens element E4, selected so that the doublet reduces chromatic aberration.
The fourth lens element E5 is also rotationally symmetric about the same optical axis as the second and third lens elements E3 and E4. Both refractive optical surfaces on the fourth lens element E5 have shapes (one of which is aspheric) that are also rotational symmetric about substantially the same optical axis. The optical axes through the fourth lens element E5, however, is different than both optic axes for the two surfaces 822, 824 on the first lens element, E2. As stated above, this fourth optical element E5 comprises plastic.
In various preferred embodiments, by definition lens E2 is a lens and not a prism, combiner, or catadioptric optical element. Light propagates through E2 without substantial reflection. Similarly, lens elements E3, E4, and E5 are a lenses and light propagates through E3, E4, and E5 without substantial reflection. In various preferred embodiments, the reflection in reduced to below 10% for each lens element.
As shown in
As discussed above, in this system 800, the lens elements E2, E3, E4, and E5 include more than one axis. In particular, a group of the lens elements comprising the second, E3, third, E4, and fourth E5, share a common optical axis which is different than the axis for a single one of the lenses, the first lens element, E2. In the embodiment in
The tilt and decenter of the optical axis and the corresponding lenses permit additional degrees of freedom with which to control aberration and improve performance. These varying degrees of freedom, the different tilts and decenters, as well as the different aspheric shapes (e.g., of the combiner 808 and of the fourth lens element E5) enable a high performance optical device 800 to be designed with relatively few optical elements. Correction of aberrations is thus possible with only the eight optical surfaces (one reflective, and seven refractive) on five powered optical elements, the combiner E1 and lenses E2 to E5. The small number of lens elements advantageously reduces the weight and cost of the optical system 800.
Moreover, in this embodiment, the two of the lenses E2, E5 are plastic. These elements E2 and E5 comprise Zeonex 480R (Z-480R), which is available from Zeon Chemicals L.P., Louisville, Ky. Other plastic and non-plastic materials may be used as well. Plastic lenses, however, can advantageously be fabricated in high volumes at lower cost than glass lenses. Plastic lenses are also lighter.
As a result, the refractive portion for the head mounted display, including the imaging optics 806 and the prism 808, comprise less than about 30 grams for each eye. Advantageously, the center of gravity is near the center of the head because most of the weight of the optics is located rearward. Such a system is safer to wear.
In this system, the first lens E2 of the imaging optics 806 is also positive which advantageously provides for a more compact device 800. By comparison, if the first lens E2 were negative, the imaging optics 806 would form a reverse telephoto system as the remaining lens elements E3, E4, E5, together have positive power. Reverse telephoto systems have a length greater than the effective focal length of the reverse telephoto system. Conversely, a positive first lens E2 combined with the positive power provided by the remaining lenses elements E3, E4, E5 provides imaging optics that is shorter than a reverse telephoto relay. This reduced length contributes to the compactness of the system.
The system 800 also provides good optical performance. The field of view provided is about 30×22 degrees with full overlap between the two eyes. The exit pupil is 10 millimeters in diameter in this embodiment. The modulation transfer function is greater than 0.4 at 33 line pairs per millimeter for a 10 millimeter pupil.
A wide range of variations are possible. More or less lenses may be used. In various embodiment, however, the imaging optics 808 comprises a plurality of lens elements which have a first optical axis and another single lens element which has second optical axis different from the first optical axis. The group of lenses having the common optical axis may comprise two, three, four, five or more lenses. Reduced number of lenses offers the advantage of reduce weight, cost, and complexity. Similarly, only one other lens is included in the imaging optics and this lens has a different optical axis. This lens may be positive to provide for a compact system.
As discussed with regard to
Similarly, any of the other lenses may be a non-rotationally symmetric lens having two surfaces (e.g. aspheres), each with different optical axes from each other. Such a lens may have a pair of surfaces that are each rotationally symmetric, one of which shares a common optical axis as the other lens or lenses in the group and one which is different. In such embodiments, at least one of the surfaces of the lens element has an optical axis coincident with the shared common optical axis. For example, in one embodiment, only one surface on each of E3, E4, and E5 shares a common optical axis, the other surfaces having other optical axes. In some embodiments, any of these lenses may have one surface that is non-rotationally symmetric and one surface that is rotationally symmetric as well.
Other variations are possible. For example, one or more of the lenses surfaces or elements may be replaced with a transmissive diffractive optical element having power referred to herein as a diffractive lens or diffractive lens element. For instance, the color correction provided by the doublet comprising the second and third lens elements E3, E4, may be provided instead by a diffractive optical lens. The diffractive optical lens may comprises diffractive features disposed on a surface of a lens or a plane parallel plate or sheet. The diffractive features may be arranged to provide power to the transmissive diffractive optical element. Such transmissive diffractive optical elements having power have optical axes and thus can be used in a system with multiple optical axes that provide added degrees of design freedom. For example, one or more (even each) of the second, third, or fourth optical elements E3, E4, E5 sharing the common optical axis could be replaced with diffractive optical lenses. Similarly, the single optical element E2 having a different optical axis than the rest of the optical elements may comprise a diffractive optical lens.
The shape and materials used for the lens elements E2, E3, E4, and E5 may vary. A fold mirror comprising a substantially flat reflective surface may be inserted in the device, for example, between the first lens element E2 and the combiner 808. Such a flat fold mirror has no power but can enable the imaging optics 806 to be angled and positioned differently with respect to the combiner 808, for example, such that the imaging optics 806 are closer to the head and the head mounted display is more form fitting to the head. Other fold mirrors may be included elsewhere as well. Other types of reflective components may also be included in the device. For example, reflectors may be included in addition to lenses in the imaging optics.
The order of the lens elements may vary. For example, the first lens element need not be located first, but may be between the other lenses. In this case, for instance, E2 might be between E3 and E4, or E4 and E5 or between E5 and the image formation device. The order of E3, E4, and E5 may also vary. In one embodiment, the imaging optics 806 are between the combiner 808 and the image formation device 802 with the single positive lens (e.g., E2) closest to the image formation device and the remaining lenses (e.g., E3, E4, E5) closest to the combiner. Thus, the lens closest to the combiner may be tilted and/or decentered. Alternatively, the tilted and/or decentered element could be inserted somewhere in the middle of the other elements in the imaging optics. This tilted and/or decentered element can have positive or negative power.
Other optical elements (e.g., reflectors, fold mirrors, wedges, filter, etc.) can be inserted anywhere in the optical system. Other types of optical elements may be included anywhere in the optical path between the combiner 808 and the image formation device 802.
The combiner 808 may also be different. The combiner may, for example, be substantially totally reflecting. Additionally, the combiner 808 may comprise an on-axis combiner. The combiner 808 need not have an optical axis that passes through the eye pupil. The combiner 808 also need not be rotationally symmetrical about an axis. An anamorphic asphere or toroid can be used. The surface of the combiner 808 may be defined by a generally bi-laterally symmetric XY-polynomial, for example. Other shapes and configurations are also possible.
Also, although the imaging optics 800 shown in
In certain embodiments, the single lens element E2 has an optical axis that is different than the optical axis of one other lens element in imaging optics 808 comprising only two lenses such as shown in
Moreover, as described above, any of the remaining lenses E3, E4, E5 may have at least one surface that has a different optical axis from the others. This optical axis may be different than the optical axis or optical axes for the first lens E2.
One of the optical elements F1 comprises the reflective combiner 908. This combiner 908 is a partially reflective combiner and is an “elliptical” combiner conforming to the shape of an ellipsoid (shown in cross-section as an ellipse 914). In the embodiment shown in
In addition to the combiner 908, the device 900 comprises imaging optics 906. The imaging optics 906 comprises a plurality of powered optical elements: a first lenses element, F2, a second lens element, F3, and a third lens element, F4. Each of the lens elements F2, F3, and F4 have at least one aspheric surface and comprise plastic. The first lens element F2, has two aspheric surfaces while the other two lens each have one aspheric surface.
The first lens element, F2, has a first surfaces 922 and a second surface 92 (surfaces 2 and 3 in Tables XI and XII) that share a common optical axis. In the embodiment shown in
In contrast with the design depicted in
The second lens element F3 is rotationally symmetric about another optical axis. Both refractive optical surfaces on the second lens element F3 have shapes that are also rotational symmetric about substantially the same optical axis. The optical axes through the second lens element F3, however, is different than the optic axis for the two surfaces 922, 924 on the first lens element F2. The optical axes through the second lens element F3, are also different than the optic axis for the combiner F1.
The second lens element F3 comprises a diffractive optical lens for reducing chromatic aberration. This diffractive optical lens comprise a transmissive diffractive optical surface having power that is disposed on a glass lens. The diffractive surface, a hologram, is characterized by the following expression:
φ=c1η2+c2η4+c3η6
where φ is the phase shift imparted on the wavefront passing through the diffractive features on this optical element F3, η is the radial dimension, and c1, c2, and c3 are constants. The values of c1 and c2 are −7.580×10−4, 1.044×10−6, and −4.081×10−9, respectively. The diffractive optical element is designed to use the first order (m=+1) at a wavelength of about 555 nanometers.
The third lens element F4, is rotationally symmetric about same optical axis as the third lens element F3. Both refractive optical surfaces on third lens element F4 have shapes that are also rotational symmetric about substantially this same optical axis. The optical axes through third lens element F4, however, is different than the optic axis for the two surfaces 922, 924 on first lens element F2.
In various preferred embodiments, by definition lens F2 is a lens and not a prism, combiner, or catadioptric optical element. Light propagates through F2 without substantial reflection. Similarly, lens elements F3, and F4 are lenses and light propagates through F3 and F4 without substantial reflection. In various preferred embodiments, the reflection in reduced to below 10%.
As shown in
In this system 900, the lens elements F2, F3, and F4 includes more than one axis. In particular, a group of the lens elements, the second, F3 and the third, F4, share a common optical axis that is different than a single one of the lenses, the first lens element, F2. In the embodiment shown in
The tilt and decenter of the first lens F2 with respect to the other lenses, F3, F4 permit additional degrees of freedom with which to control aberration and improve performance. These varying degrees of freedom, the different tilts and decenters, as well as the different aspheric shapes (e.g., of the each of the powered optical elements, the combiner 908 and the first, second, and third lenses F2, F3, F4) enable a high performance optical device 900 to be designed with relatively few optical elements. Correction of aberrations is thus possible with only the seven optical surfaces (one reflective, one diffractive and refractive, and five other refractive surfaces) on four powered optical elements, the combiner Fl and lenses F2 to F4. The small number of lens elements F2, F3, F4 advantageously reduces the weight, cost, and complexity of the optical system 900.
Moreover, in this embodiment, each of the lenses elements F2, F3, and F4 are plastic. These lenses F2, F3, F4 comprise Zeonex 480R (Z-480R), which is available from Zeon Chemicals L.P., Louisville, Ky. Other plastic and non-plastic materials may be used as well. Plastic lenses, however, can advantageously be fabricated in high volumes at lower cost than glass lenses. Plastic lenses are also lighter.
As a result, the eyepiece for the head mounted display which includes the image formation device 902, the imaging optics 906 and the combiner 908, is low cost and lightweight. Advantageously, the center of gravity is beind the nose because most of the weight of the optics is located rearward. Such a system 900 is safer and more comfortable to wear.
In this system, the first lens F2 of the imaging optics 906 is also positive which advantageously provides for a more compact system. By comparison, if the first lens F2 were negative, the imaging optics 906 would form a reverse telephoto system as the remaining lens elements F3, F4 together have positive power. Reverse telephoto systems are longer than the effective focal length of the reverse telephoto. Conversely, a positive first lens F2 combined with the positive power provided by the remaining lenses F3, E4 provides a system more like a telephoto lens that has a length that is shorter than the effective focal length of the imaging optics 906. This reduced length contributes to the compactness of the system.
The system 900 also provides good optical performance. The field of view provided is about 30×22 degrees with full overlap between the two eyes. The exit pupil is 10 millimeters in diameter in this embodiment. The modulation transfer function is greater than 0.3 at 33 line pairs per millimeter for a 10 millimeter pupil. This system is also telecentric.
A wide range of variations are possible. More or fewer lenses may be used. In various embodiments, however, the imaging optics 808 comprises a plurality of lens elements which have a first optical axis and another single lens element which has second optical axis different from the first optical axis. The group of lenses having the common optical axis may comprise two, three, four, five or more lenses. Reduced number of lenses offers the advantage of reduce weight, cost, and complexity. Similarly, only one other lens is includes in the imaging optics and this lens has a different optical axis. This lens may be positive to provide for a compact system.
As discussed with regard to
Similarly, any of the other lenses may be a non-rotationally symmetric lens having two surfaces (e.g. aspheres), each with different optical axes from each other. Such a lens may have a pair of surfaces that are each rotationally symmetric, one of which shares a common optical axis as the other lens or lenses in the group and one which is different. In such embodiments, at least one of the surfaces of the lens element has an optical axes coincident with the shared common optical axis. For example, in one embodiment, only one surface on each of F3 and F4 shares a common optical axis, the other surfaces having other optical axes. In some embodiments, any of these lenses may have one surface that is non-rotationally symmetric and one surface that is rotationally symmetric as well.
Other variations are possible. For example, one or more of the lenses or surfaces may be replaced with a transmissive diffractive optical element having power referred to herein as a diffractive lens or diffractive optical lens element. As discussed above, the diffractive optical lens may comprises diffractive features disposed on a surface of a lens or a plane parallel plate or sheet. The diffractive features may be arranged to provide power to the transmissive diffractive optical element. For instance, a transmissvie diffractive surface having optical power may be disposed on a surface of a lens as in the case of the second lens F3 or on a plane parallel plate or sheet. Such transmissive diffractive optical elements having power have optical axes and thus can be used in a system with multiple optical axes that provide added degrees of design freedom for added aberration control. For example, one or more (even each) of the second and third optical elements F3, F4 sharing the common optical axis could be replaced with diffractive optical lenses. Similarly, the single positive optical element having a different optical axis than the rest of the optical elements may comprise a diffractive optical lens.
The shape and materials used for the lens elements F2, F3, and F4 may vary. A fold mirror comprising a substantially flat reflective surface may be inserted in the device, for example, between the first lens element F2 and the combiner 908. Such a flat fold mirror has no power but can enable the imaging optics 906 to be angled and positioned differently with respect to the combiner 908, for example, such that the imaging optics 906 are closer to the head and the head mounted display is more form fitting to the head. Other fold mirrors may be included elsewhere as well. Other types of reflective components may also be included in the device. For example, reflectors may be included in addition to lenses in the imaging optics.
The order of the lens elements may vary. For example, the first lens element need not be located first, but may be between the other lenses. In this case, for instance, F2 might be between F3 and F4, or F4 and F5 or between F5 and the image formation device. The order of F3 and F4 may also vary. In one embodiment, the imaging optics 906 are between the combiner 908 and the image formation device 902 with the single positive lens (e.g., F2) closest to the image formation device and the remaining lenses (e.g., F3, F4) closest to the combiner. Thus, the lens closest to the combiner 908 may be tilted and/or decentered. Alternatively, the tilted and/or decentered element could be inserted somewhere in the middle of the other elements in the imaging optics 908. This tilted and/or decentered element can have positive or negative power.
Other optical elements (e.g., reflectors, fold mirrors, wedges, filter, etc.) can be inserted anywhere in the optical system and in the path between the combiner 908 and the image formation device 902.
The combiner 908 may also be different. The combiner may, for example, be substantially totally reflecting. Additionally, the combiner 908 may also comprise an on-axis combiner. The combiner 908 need not have an optical axis that passes through the eye pupil. The combiner 908 also need not be rotationally symmetrical about an axis. An anamorphic asphere or toroid can be used. The surface of the combiner 908 may be defined by a generally bi-laterally symmetric XY-polynomial, for example. Other shapes and configurations are also possible.
Also, in certain embodiments, the single lens element F2 has an optical axis that is different than the optical axis of one other lens element in imaging optics 908 comprising only two lenses such as shown in
Moreover, as described above, any of the remaining lenses F3, F4 may have at least one surface that has a different optical axis from the others. This optical axis may be different than the optical axis or optical axes for the first lens F2.
Although, not shown, the display device 900 may include a V-prism such as described above in embodiments, for example, where a spatial light modulator is used that is illuminated with light from a light source. Other illumination and display apparatus and method such as, for example, those describe above as well as those not recited herein or not yet devised may be used.
In general, a wide range of other designs may be used as well. The optical element prescriptions provided are merely exemplary and are not limiting. For example, variations in the number, shape, thickness, material, position, and orientation of the optical elements, are possible. Holographic or diffractive optical elements, refractive and/or reflective optical elements can be employed in a variety of arrangements. Many other variations are possible and the particular design should not be limited to the exact prescriptions included herein.
Different image formation devices may be used to produce the image. For example, an array of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDS) may be used in some cases. This type of image formation device is emissive as the OLEDS produce light. Spatial light modulators may also be employed in some embodiments. The spatial light modulators may be illuminated by a separate light source. Approaches such as described above may be used to deliver light from the light source to the spatial light modulators.
In various preferred embodiments, the image formation device comprises a plurality of pixels that can be separately activated to produce an image or symbol (e.g.., text, numbers, characters, etc). The plurality of pixels may comprise a two-dimensional array. This image formation device may be in an object field that is imaged by the imaging optics. An image of the image formation device, for example, may be formed at a finite or infinite distance away in some embodiments and may be a virtual image in other embodiments. Other configurations are also possible.
Some designs include a relatively compact, lightweight, and/or low cost arrangement in which an image formation device, such as, for example, a spatial light modulator, is illuminated using off-axis illumination. Light rays used to illuminate the spatial light modulator may be off-axis or at a non-orthogonal angle with respect to a surface defined by the spatial light modulator. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, light rays directed toward the spatial light modulator follow a substantially different path than do light rays reflected from the spatial light modulator. In some embodiments, for example, light rays are directed toward the spatial light modulator through a first polarizer and are reflected from the image formation device through a second polarizer that is spaced from the first polarizer. In some embodiments, each light ray may define an angle of incidence and an angle of reflection, as measured with respect to a surface normal of the spatial light modulator, that are equal and opposite but non-zero.
With reference to
As further discussed below, in certain embodiments, the light source 1010 delivers light to the illumination optics 1020, which is disposed to receive light from the light source 1010 and to direct light through the pre-polarizer 1042 onto the spatial light modulator 1030. In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator 1030 directs light received from the illumination optics 1020 through the post-polarizer 1044 toward the projection optics 1006. The projection optics 1006 can thus receive light from the spatial light modulator 1030 and direct light to the reflector 1008. The reflector 1008 can be configured to reflect light received from the projection optics 1006 so as to form a virtual image that can be viewed by an eye of a wearer of the device 1000.
The light source 1010 can comprise any suitable light-producing device, such as, for example, any light source described above and/or one or more fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps, incandescent lamps, discharge lamps, light emitting diodes, and/or laser diodes. In some embodiments, the light source 1010 comprises the output of one or more fiber optic lines. In certain embodiments, the light source 1010 is configured to generate multi-chromatic light (e.g., white light), while in other embodiments the light source 1010 is capable of generating substantially monochromatic light at one or more selected wavelengths. For example, in some embodiments, the light source 1010 comprises red, green, and blue light sources that are activated and deactivated in series faster than the human eye can perceive, thus resulting in time multiplexed color images.
In some embodiments, the illumination optics 1020 comprises a light box 1046, which can be similar to light boxes used to illuminate LCDs. In some embodiments, the light box 1046 comprises a light guide that is edge-illuminated by the light source 1010. The light guide may comprise, for example, a slab or sheet of substantially optically transmissive material such as glass or plastic. Light injected into the edge may propagate throughout the light guide, totally internally reflecting off of front and rear surfaces of the light guide. The light guide can have light extraction features, such as paint, ridges, or bumps on the front and/or rear surface of the light guide, which can direct light out of the light guide and toward the illumination optics 1020. See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/267,945, filed Nov. 4, 2004, titled “Methods for Manipulating Light Extraction from a Light Guide,” published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/011524 to William J. Cassarly on Jun. 1, 2006. Other configurations of the light guides and light boxes 1046 are also possible.
In certain embodiments, the light box 1046 is hollow and includes diffusely reflective inner surfaces. The light box 1046 can be lightweight. In some advantageous embodiments, the light box 1046 can permit the display device 1000 to be relatively lightweight and/or relatively compact, thus having a low profile with respect to a wearer's head. In various embodiments, the light box 1046 has a thickness of less than about 6 millimeters. In some embodiments the light box has a thickness of, for example, about 3 millimeters, but may be less than 1.5 millimeters thick.
The illumination optics 1020 can further comprise optics 1048 configured to direct a light toward the spatial light modulator 1030. In some embodiments, the illumination optics 1048 comprises, for example, one or more brightness enhancing films that reduce the range of angles of rays of light that exits the light box 1046. In some embodiments, the optics 1048 comprises collimating optics configured to deliver substantially collimated light to the spatial light modulator 1030. In other embodiments, the optics 1048 comprises focusing optics configured to provide light that converges toward the spatial light modulator 1030. The focusing optics may be relatively thin to reduce bulk and weight. In some embodiments, for example, the focusing optics may be less than about 3 millimeters thick, e.g., 1.5 millimeters, and may be as thin as 0.15 millimeters. Values outside these ranges are also possible. In some embodiments, the light is directed such that about 90% or more of the light is within a ±25 degree cone of angles at the spatial light modulator 1030. The optics 1048 can comprise any suitable lens or other optical element. In some advantageous embodiments, the optics 1048 comprises a Fresnel lens, which can reduce the size and bulk of the device 1000 as compared with other lens varieties. Diffractive or holographic optical elements may also be used. In some embodiments, the optics 1048 has a thickness of less than about 3 millimeters, although other values are also possible.
The overall thickness of the illumination optics 1020 can thus be relatively small. For example, the thickness of the illumination optics 1020, which in the illustrated embodiment can be the distance between a back surface of the light box 1046 that is furthest from the spatial light modulator 1030 and a front surface of the optics 1048 that is closest to the spatial light modulator 1030, can be less than about 7 millimeters.
In some embodiments, each of the pre-polarizer 1042 and the post-polarizer 1044 comprises a transmissive polarizing element. The pre-polarizer 1042 is preferably configured to permit passage therethrough of light having a polarization state that can be reflected by the spatial light modulator 1030 and to block the passage of the orthogonal polarization state either by reflecting it back towards the light source or through attenuation. Similarly, the post-polarizer 1044 can be configured to permit passage therethrough of the polarization state reflected by the spatial light modulator 1030 and to attenuate the orthogonal polarization state. Accordingly, the pre-polarizer 1042 and the post-polarizer 1044 can provide for a relatively high contrast image. Other configurations are also possible. Each of the pre-polarizer 1042 and the post-polarizer 1044 can comprise polarizers currently known as well as polarizers yet to be devised. Examples of such polarizers can include birefringent polarizers, wire grid polarizers, and photonic crystal polarizers. In certain preferred embodiments, the polarizers 1042, 1044 comprise plastic sheets such as, for example, HN type Polaroid films. Such sheets may be thin, e.g., less than 1.0 millimeters or 0.5 millimeters. Other arrangements are also possible for the pre-polarizer 1042 and the post-polarizer 1044.
In certain embodiments, the spatial light modulator 1030 comprises an array of pixels that is selectively adjustable for producing spatial patterns, such as by application of a voltage or other electrical signal. In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator 1030 is configured to selectively alter the polarization state of light incident thereon. Subsequently, post-polarizer 1044 filters the light based on the polarization state. For example, the spatial light modulator 1030 can comprise a reflective liquid crystal display.
As described more fully below, in some embodiments, the spatial light modulator 1030 defines a substantially planar reflective surface configured to redirect light incident thereon. For example, in some embodiments, three or more pixels (e.g., 500, 800, 1900 or more pixels) within the array of pixels are substantially coplanar. Accordingly, the three or more pixels can define a substantially planar surface configured to selectively reflect light. In some embodiments, all pixels within a pixel array of the spatial light modulator 1030 are substantially coplanar such that the spatial light modulator 1030 defines an active surface that is substantially planar.
In certain embodiments, the projection optics 1006 and/or the reflector 1008 can include, or can be similar to, any suitable combination of the projection optics 406, 506, 806, 906 and/or the combiners 408, 508, 808, 908 described above. Accordingly, the device 1000, or portions thereof, can be similar to the systems and devices 400, 500, 800, 900 described above. In the embodiment illustrated in
In certain embodiments, the projection optics 1006 comprises a plurality of lens elements (e.g., G2-G6). As shown in the TABLES XIII and XIV, and as described above with respect to the devices 400, 500, 800, and 900, in some embodiments, one or more of the lens elements can be tilted and/or decentered with respect to one or more of the remaining lens elements. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the projection optics 1006 can include at least two lens elements having different optical axes. For example, in the embodiments shown in
In some preferred embodiments, the reflector 1008 is curved about one or more axes. The reflector 1008 can thus have optical power, which can reduce the size and bulk of the device 1000. In preferred embodiments, the reflector 1008 is configured to work in conjunction with the projection optics 1006 to create a virtual image that can be perceived by an eye of a wearer of the device 1000.
In some embodiments, the reflector 1008 substantially conforms to the surface of a toroid (shown in cross-section as the conic section 1014). A toroid is a well known mathematical surface conforming to the shape of a curve swept about an axis. In some preferred embodiments, the swept curve is defined by a paraxial radius of curvature, a conic constant term, and/or other aspheric terms added. This curve defines a first curvature of the toroidal surface in a first plane, for example, in the y-z plane. In such a case where the curve is defined in the y-z plane, the axis about which the curve is swept is parallel to the y-axis. The distance between the axis and the curve comprises a fixed radius of curvature that defines a second curvature of said toroidal surface in a plane orthogonal to the first plane, e.g., in the x-z plane. In Table XVIII and XIV, this first curvature is defined as the radius of curvature of the swept curve (referred to as the Y-Radius or RDY term) and a conic constant, and the second curvature is defined by the sweep radius (referred to as the RDX term). In some embodiments, a cross-section of the reflector 1008 taken along the first plane, e.g., the y-z plane, can be substantially circular (e.g., and not include a conic constant or other aspheric terms), and in further embodiments, a cross-section of the reflector 1008 taken along the second plane substantially perpendicular to the first plane, e.g., the x-z plane, can also be circular. These cross-sections may comprise for example arcs such as semicircles. In other embodiments, the cross-section of the reflector 1008 taken along the first plane (e.g., y-z plane) can assume a variety of other shapes, such as, for example, any suitable conic section (e.g., an ellipse) or aspheric.
Other configurations for the reflector 1008 are also possible. For example, in some embodiments, the reflector 1008 is “elliptical” or “ellipsoidal” and substantially conforms to the shape of an ellipsoid (such as, for example, the ellipsoids shown in cross-section as the ellipses 414, 514, 814, and 914), which can have a pair of foci. Moreover, in some embodiments, the ellipsoid defines an axis that passes through a stop 1012 at which the pupil of an eye of a wearer of the device 1000 can be located. In some embodiments, the stop 1012 is substantially located at a focus of the ellipsoid, or is displaced therefrom, as described above. In some embodiments, an exit pupil of the imaging optics 1006 is substantially located at a focus of the ellipsoid. In further embodiments, the stop 1012 is substantially located at one focus of the ellipsoid and the exit pupil of the imaging optics 1006 is substantially located at the other focus of the ellipsoid. The exit pupil of the imaging optics 1006 can be displaced from either of the foci, in other embodiments.
In some embodiments, the device 1000 resembles the system illustrated in
In some embodiments, the reflector 1008 conforms to the shape of a toroidal surface formed by sweeping an ellipse about an axis, however the surface is not an ellipsoid. The axis around which the ellipse is swept may be parallel to the major axis of the ellipse, parallel to the minor axis of the ellipse, or may be skew to the elliptical axes. In certain embodiments, the imaging optics 1006 is disposed with respect to the toroidal reflector 1008 to form an intermediate image along the optical path between the imaging optics 1006 and the reflector 1008. Such a design is advantageous because such a system enables spherical aberration to be more readily corrected. A design that introduces an intermediate image also introduces an intermediate pupil where spherical aberration is generally equal for rays directed to different field positions. Accordingly, correction of spherical aberration can be readily included at the intermediate pupil to provide for uniform correction of spherical aberration across the field.
Moreover, in some embodiments, an elliptical cross-section of a toroidal reflector 1008 defines an axis that passes through the stop 1012 at which the pupil of an eye of a wearer of the device 1000 can be located. In some embodiments, the stop 1012 is substantially located at a distance from the toroidal reflector 1008, for example as measured along the chief ray, that has a value between the magnitudes of the sweep radius (e.g., RDX) and the radius of curvature (e.g., RDY) of the swept surface. The sweep radius (e.g., RDX) may be larger than, smaller than, or equal to the radius of curvature (e.g., RDY) of the swept surface.
Locating the surface of a toroidal reflector 1008 at a distance from the exit pupil 1012 that is between the values of the sweep radius (e.g., RDY) and the radius of curvature of the swept curve (e.g. RDX) simplifies the design of the device 1000. In the limit that the toroidal surface is a sphere (e.g., the conic constant is 0 and the swept radius equals the radius of curvature of the swept curve), the exit pupil is at the center of curvature of the sphere and the only aberrations introduced by the sphere are spherical aberration (which can readily be corrected in the relay comprising the plurality of lenses 1006) and field curvature (also easily corrected by the correct distribution of power in the refractive relay).
With the appropriate toroidal design, aberrations other than spherical aberration and field curvature (e.g., astigmatism) can be introduced by the toroidal reflector 1008 to simplify the design of the relay. The aberrations in the refractive relay can be balanced against the aberrations purposely introduced by the toroidal reflector 1008. It is therefore not necessary to correct the relay itself as would otherwise need to be corrected if the aberrations in the relay were not balanced with the additionalaberration in the toroidal reflector 1008. This design approach reduces or minimizes the relay complexity and the system cost, weight, and mass. However, it can be desirable to add relatively few aberrations by the reflector 1008 and, as a result, the magnitude of the sweep radius (e.g., RDY) and the magnitude of the radius of the swept curve (e.g. RDX) can be “close”, but not identical, to adjust the astigmatism, and the conic constant k can also be “close” but not identical with 0.
In some embodiments, the stop 1012 is substantially located at one focus of the ellipse and the exit pupil of the imaging optics 1006 is substantially located at the other focus of the ellipse. (Although, while an ellipsoid has two point foci, a toroid with an elliptical cross-section has two line foci.) Other configurations, however, are possible.
Toroids can offer advantages over ellipsoids by providing more degrees of freedom in which to design the shape of the reflector 1008. This additional flexibility in design permits optical performance to be improved. For instance, reduced astigmatism can be provided. Nevertheless, substantial rotational symmetry of the toroidal surface allows the surface to be formed by sweeping, for example, a diamond cutter mounted on a spindle in a diamond turning machine. Accordingly, toroidal reflectors 1008 can be more easily manufactured than reflectors having an aspheric surface that includes an arbitrary non-rotationally symmetric shape, which can require a more advanced cutting machine to manufacture.
In various embodiments, the reflector 1008 can be an off-axis combiner for which the field-of-view, e.g., as seen from an eye of a wearer of the device 1000, is not aligned with the axis of symmetry of the reflector. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the bundle of rays distributed across the field is not disposed substantially symmetrically about the optical axis of the reflector 1008.
The reflector 1008 can be fully reflecting or partially reflecting. In various embodiments, the reflector 1008 is at least about 20%, about 25%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% reflective. In some embodiments, the reflector 1008 has a reflectivity of about 100%. In some embodiments, the reflector 1008 is partially transmissive.
As schematically illustrated in
Therefore, in some preferred embodiments, the path of incidence followed by the light 1060 is different from the path of reflection followed by the light 1060. For example, input 1060a and a corresponding optical path directed toward the spatial light modulator 1030 can be substantially non-collinear with output 1060b and a corresponding optical path directed away from the spatial light modulator 1030. The respective input 1060a and output 1060b, and the respective optical paths can thus be off-axis with respect to an optical axis defined by the spatial light modulator 1030 (e.g., the surface normal 1052, in some embodiments).
Certain of such “off-axis” designs of the device 1000 can advantageously eliminate the need for a polarization beamsplitter or total internal reflection prism to introduce the illuminating light onto the display 1030 as compared with certain “on-axis” designs in which the input 1060a and the output 1060b are substantially collinear. Polarization beamsplitters or total internal reflection prisms can add cost, weight, and/or complexity.
Certain “off-axis” designs of the device 1000 can advantageously reduce the back focal length of the projection optics 1006 as compared with certain “on-axis” designs in which the 1060a and the output 1060b are substantially collinear. An on-axis design requires sufficient space for an optical element (generally located between the spatial light modulator and the lens element closest to the spatial light modulator) to introduce illumination around the optical axis. Examples of such an element include a polarizing beamsplitter or a total internal reflecting prism. However, in an “off-axis” design, this additional element to introduce the on-axis illumination is not needed and, as a result, the optics can be more compact. In particular, if the optical element that introduces the on-axis illumination is located between the spatial light modulator and the lens nearest the spatial light modulator, then the projection optics may need a longer back focal length than if off-axis illumination were employed. A reduced focal length can ease the design of the projection optics 1006 and can reduce the size of the device 1000. The head mounted display can thus be smaller and less bulky and may be closer to the head of a wearer, thus allowing the wearer to more comfortably and/or more easily lift or move his or her head.
Additionally, as described above, certain embodiments of the device 1000 can employ separate polarizers (e.g., the pre- and post-polarizers 1042, 1044) for filtering light directed toward the spatial light modulator 1030 and light reflected from the spatial light modulator 1030, respectively. Advantageously, such polarizers can be used solely in transmission, and can thus provide better extinction ratios than certain polarizers that are used both in transmission and for reflection. As described above, transmissive polarizers can also be relatively thin, thus reducing the size and weight of the device 1000. Furthermore, transmissive polarizers can be relatively inexpensive, which can thus reduce the cost of fabricating the device 1000. In contrast, some multilayer thin film polarizers used both in transmission and for reflection (e.g., in certain “on-axis” designs) operate in s-p coordinates, rather than Cartesian coordinates, which can result in images having relatively lower contrast. Additionally, some wire grid reflection/transmission polarizers have poor transmission and are relatively expensive to fabricate.
The headgear 1100 can comprise one or more housings 1110. The one or more housings 1110 can be coupled with and/or form part of the frame 1102 and can extend rearwardly from the front of the frame, in certain embodiments. The one or more housings 1110 can resemble expanded or enlarged eyeglass temples, and in some embodiments, can include portions 1112 configured to rest over the ears of a wearer and thereby support the headgear 1100. Accordingly, the housings 1110 can form part of the ear stems that supports the frame on the head of the wear. In other embodiments, one or more straps and/or headbands are configured to extend between the housings 1110 and thereby support the headgear 1100 on the head of a wearer. In some embodiments, the one or more housings 1110 are configured to receive one or more of the spatial light modulator 1030 and the imaging optics 1006. In further embodiments, the one or more housings 1110 are configured to receive one or more of the light source 1010 and the illumination optics 1020.
The headgear 1100 can be configured to support one or more of the spatial light modulator 1030, the imaging optics 1006, and the reflector 1008. In some configurations, the light source 1010 may be separate from the headgear 1100 and may be optically coupled therewith, e.g., via a fiber optic line. The headgear 1100 can thus be configured to maintain a relatively fixed relationship between components of the device 1000 and the head of a wearer. Any suitable headgear can be used with the device 1000, including headgear known in the art and that yet to be devised. For example, in other embodiments, the headgear 1100 comprises a helmet, headband, or hat.
As described above, a toroidal combiner surface has rotational symmetry, which can simplify fabrication. For example, a common two-axis diamond turning machine can be used to manufacture a toroidal reflector/combiner 1008, where a much more costly and less accurate 5-axis diamond turning machine is typically required to fabricate an x-y combiner surface wherein the sag of the surface is described by a general polynomial expansion in x and y. Nevertheless, the toroidal surface can provide increased flexibility to correct for aberration such as astigmatism. As a result, a smaller, more compact and potentially lighter design can be provided than can be obtained with an ellipsoidal reflector which offers less design freedom. In particular, the cross-section of the toroidal surface need not be elliptical. Additionally, even if the toroidal surface has an elliptical cross-section, the elliptical surfaces that are possible are not as limited as in the case of an ellipsoid wherein, for a given conic constant and curvature in YZ plane, the curvature is set for the surface in the orthogonal XZ plane.
Other shapes, however, are also possible. For example, cross-sections other than curves defined by conic constants can also be used in some embodiments. Additionally, as noted above, shapes other than toroidal are possible for the reflector 1008.
Any suitable combination of the systems, devices, and/or features thereof described above is possible. For example, features of the device 1000 can be combined with features of the systems or devices 400, 500, 800, and/or 900. In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator 1030 is replaced with any other suitable image formation device, such as the image formation devices 802, 902 described above. Also values outside the ranges provided above may also be employed.
Although various structures and methods for illumination and imaging are depicted in connection with displays such as head mounted displays and helmet mounted displays, other displays such as heads-up displays as well as non-display applications can benefit from the use of such technology. Examples of devices that may incorporate this technology include projectors, flat-panel displays, back-projection TV's, computer screens, cell phones, GPS systems, electronic games, palm tops, personal assistants and more. This technology may be particularly useful for aerospace, automotive, and nautical instruments and components, scientific apparatus and equipment, and military and manufacturing equipment and machinery. The potential applications range from home electronics and appliances to interfaces for business and industrial tools, medical devices and instruments, as well as other electronic and optical displays and systems both well known as well as those yet to be devised. Other applications, for example, in industry, such as for manufacturing, e.g., parts inspection and quality control, are possible. The applications should not be limited to those recited herein. Other uses are possible.
Similarly, configurations other than those described herein are possible. The structures, devices, systems, and methods may include additional components, features, and steps and any of these components, features, and steps may be excluded and may or may not be replaced with others. The arrangements may be different.
Moreover, various embodiments of the invention have been described above. Although this invention has been described with reference to these specific embodiments, the descriptions are intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and applications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/755,974, filed Jan. 4, 2006, entitled PERSONAL DISPLAY USING AN OFF-AXIS ILLUMINATOR (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.066PR), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. This application also incorporates by reference herein each of the following applications in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,728, filed May 24, 2004, entitled BEAMSPLITTING STRUCTURES AND METHODS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.022A1); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,679, filed May 24, 2004, entitled APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ILLUMINATING OPTICAL SYSTEMS (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.022A2); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,669, filed May 24, 2004, entitled LIGHT DISTRIBUTION APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ILLUMINATING OPTICAL SYSTEMS (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.022A3); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,727, filed May 24, 2004, entitled OPTICAL COMBINER DESIGNS AND HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAYS (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.023A); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/134,841, filed May 20, 2005, entitled HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY DEVICES (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.053A); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/218,325, filed Sep. 1, 2005, entitled COMPACT HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY DEVICES WITH TILTED/DECENTERED LENS ELEMENT (Attorney Docket No. OPTRES.053CP1).
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60/755974 | Jan 2006 | US |
