One or more embodiments generally relate to equalization in audio, in particular, a personalized estimate of a transfer function from an in-ear earbud to sound pressure at an eardrum.
Equalization in audio reproduction is the process of adjusting the volume of different frequency bands within an audio signal.
One embodiment provides a method comprising obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a voltage signal at a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The method further comprises determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The method further comprises applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, personalized equalization (PEQ) within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
Another embodiment provides a system comprising at least one processor and a non-transitory processor-readable memory device storing instructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations include obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a voltage signal at a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The operations further include determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The operations further include applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, PEQ within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
One embodiment provides a non-transitory processor-readable medium that includes a program that when executed by a processor performs a method. The method comprises obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a voltage signal at a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The method further comprises determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The method further comprises applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, PEQ within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
Another embodiment provides a method comprising obtaining one or more measurements of a first sound pressure at a near-field (NF) microphone of a hearable device. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear simulator. The method further comprises obtaining one or more additional measurements of a second sound pressure at a drum reference point of the ear simulator, and personalizing a first individual transfer function at low frequencies for an individual ear based on the one or more measurements of the first sound pressure, the one or more additional measurements of the second sound pressure, a fitted model, and a low shelving filter. The first individual transfer function is used to estimate sound pressure at an eardrum within an ear canal of the individual ear when at least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of the ear canal, and, at the low frequencies, the first individual transfer function compensates for air pressure leakage resulting from a lack of coupling between the hearable device and the ear canal.
One embodiment provides a system comprising at least one processor and a non-transitory processor-readable memory device storing instructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations include obtaining one or more measurements of a first sound pressure at a NF microphone of a hearable device. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear simulator. The operations further include obtaining one or more additional measurements of a second sound pressure at a drum reference point of the ear simulator, and personalizing a first individual transfer function at low frequencies for an individual ear based on the one or more measurements of the first sound pressure, the one or more additional measurements of the second sound pressure, a fitted model, and a low shelving filter. The first individual transfer function is used to estimate sound pressure at an eardrum within an ear canal of the individual ear when at least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of the ear canal, and, at the low frequencies, the first individual transfer function compensates for air pressure leakage resulting from a lack of coupling between the hearable device and the ear canal.
These and other aspects and advantages of one or more embodiments will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the one or more embodiments.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the embodiments, as well as a preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of one or more embodiments and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations. Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc.
One or more embodiments generally relate to equalization in audio, in particular, a personalized estimate of a transfer function from an in-ear earbud to sound pressure at an eardrum. One embodiment provides a method comprising obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The method further comprises determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The method further comprises applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, personalized equalization (PEQ) within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
Another embodiment provides a system comprising at least one processor and a non-transitory processor-readable memory device storing instructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations include obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a voltage signal at a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The operations further include determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The operations further include applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, PEQ within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
One embodiment provides a non-transitory processor-readable medium that includes a program that when executed by a processor performs a method. The method comprises obtaining, via a microphone of a hearable device, one or more measurements of a first individual transfer function from a voltage signal at a transducer of the hearable device to a first pressure at the microphone. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear canal of an individual ear. The method further comprises determining, based on the one or more measurements of the first individual transfer function, a second individual transfer function from the first pressure to a second pressure at an eardrum within the ear canal. The method further comprises applying, based in part on the second individual transfer function, PEQ within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to an audio signal for reproduction via the hearable device.
Another embodiment provides a method comprising obtaining one or more measurements of a first sound pressure at a near-field (NF) microphone of a hearable device. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear simulator. The method further comprises obtaining one or more additional measurements of a second sound pressure at a drum reference point of the ear simulator, and personalizing a first individual transfer function at low frequencies for an individual ear based on the one or more measurements of the first sound pressure, the one or more additional measurements of the second sound pressure, a fitted model, and a low shelving filter. The first individual transfer function is used to estimate sound pressure at an eardrum within an ear canal of the individual ear when at least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of the ear canal, and, at the low frequencies, the first individual transfer function compensates for air pressure leakage resulting from a lack of coupling between the hearable device and the ear canal.
One embodiment provides a system comprising at least one processor and a non-transitory processor-readable memory device storing instructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations include obtaining one or more measurements of a first sound pressure at a NF microphone of a hearable device. At least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of an ear simulator. The operations further include obtaining one or more additional measurements of a second sound pressure at a drum reference point of the ear simulator, and personalizing a first individual transfer function at low frequencies for an individual ear based on the one or more measurements of the first sound pressure, the one or more additional measurements of the second sound pressure, a fitted model, and a low shelving filter. The first individual transfer function is used to estimate sound pressure at an eardrum within an ear canal of the individual ear when at least a portion of the hearable device is within proximity of the ear canal, and, at the low frequencies, the first individual transfer function compensates for air pressure leakage resulting from a lack of coupling between the hearable device and the ear canal.
Frequency response of sound pressure at a position of a listener (“listening position”) in a room is influenced by characteristics of the room (e.g., size, geometry, materials) and a position of a sound source in the room. To reproduce audio content in a room with high fidelity, speakers (e.g., loudspeakers, speakers in TVs, soundbars, etc.) need to be equalized to the room (i.e., room equalization) based on characteristics of the room and a position of the speakers in the room. Such room equalization may be performed manually or automatically with different techniques.
Similarly, hearables (e.g., on-ear headphones, over-ear headphones, in-ear earbuds, etc.) need to be equalized to each ear in order to reproduce a controlled frequency response of sound pressure at each eardrum of each ear. As the shape and size of each ear canal of each ear is different, this variance may result in different sound pressure responses for each person and each ear. Conventionally, manufacturers equalize some of their hearables based on an ideal target sound pressure response that is determined based on testing. For example, an ideal target sound pressure response may be obtained from published studies that have determined a target sound pressure response at an eardrum that is most preferred by a wide population of listeners. However, as the shape and size of each ear canal of each ear is different, a sound pressure response function at an individual eardrum of a listener may not necessarily be the same as a pre-defined ideal target sound pressure response.
As it is not possible to directly measure pressure at an eardrum of an individual due to sensitivity of the eardrum, it is not possible to directly control a sound pressure response at the eardrum. Models of ear canal transfer functions that allow an estimation of sound pressure response at an eardrum may be used, where the quality of an ear canal transfer function determines the accuracy with which a target sound pressure response at an eardrum can be achieved.
One or more embodiments provide a framework for improving estimation of an ear canal transfer function by analyzing sound pressure response inside an earbud within proximity of an ear canal (e.g., partially inserted within the ear canal), and using the transfer function to estimate sound pressure response at an eardrum within the ear canal.
In one embodiment, the one or more applications 260 include one or more software mobile applications loaded onto or downloaded to the electronic device 200, such as a camera application, a social media application, a video streaming application, an audio streaming application, etc.
Examples of an electronic device 200 include, but are not limited to, a television (TV) (e.g., a smart TV), a mobile electronic device (e.g., an optimal frame rate tablet, a smart phone, a laptop, etc.), a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, a smart band, a head-mounted display, smart glasses, etc.), a desktop computer, a gaming console, a video camera, a media playback device (e.g., a DVD player), a set-top box, an Internet of things (IoT) device, a cable box, a satellite receiver, etc.
In one embodiment, an electronic device 200 comprises one or more input/output (I/O) units 230 integrated in or coupled to the electronic device 200. In one embodiment, the one or more I/O units 230 include, but are not limited to, a physical user interface (PUI) and/or a graphical user interface (GUI), such as a remote control, a keyboard, a keypad, a touch interface, a touch screen, a knob, a button, a display screen, etc. In one embodiment, a user can utilize at least one I/O unit 230 to configure one or more parameters, provide user input, etc.
In one embodiment, an electronic device 200 comprises one or more sensor units 240 integrated in or coupled to the electronic device 200. In one embodiment, the one or more sensor units 240 include, but are not limited to, a RGB color sensor, an IR sensor, an illuminance sensor, a color temperature sensor, a camera, a microphone, a GPS, a motion sensor, etc.
In one embodiment, an electronic device 200 is coupled to a hearable device 300 via a wired connection, a wireless connection such as a Bluetooth connection, a Wi-Fi connection, or a cellular data connection, or a combination of the two. Examples of a hearable device 300 include, but are not limited to, a pair of in-ear earbuds, a pair of on-ear headphones, a pair of over-ear headphones, etc.
In one embodiment, the hearable device 300 comprises a PEQ system 310 configured to perform on-device (i.e., online) PEQ of audio for playback via the hearable device 300.
In one embodiment, the hearable device 300 comprises a transducer 320 configured to convert electric signals into soundwaves that a listener wearing the hearable device 300 can hear.
In one embodiment, the hearable device 300 comprises a Near-Field (NF) microphone 330 configured to measure sound pressure at an eardrum of the listener.
In one embodiment, an electronic device 200 comprises a communications unit 250 configured to exchange data with a remote computing environment, such as a remote computing environment 110 over a communications network/connection 50 (e.g., a wireless connection such as a Wi-Fi connection or a cellular data connection, a wired connection, or a combination of the two). The communications unit 250 may comprise any suitable communications circuitry operative to connect to a communications network and to exchange communications operations and media between the electronic device 200 and other devices connected to the same communications network 50. The communications unit 250 may be operative to interface with a communications network using any suitable communications protocol such as, for example, Wi-Fi (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 protocol), Bluetooth®, high frequency systems (e.g., 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.6 GHz communication systems), infrared, GSM, GSM plus EDGE, CDMA, quadband, and other cellular protocols, VOIP, TCP-IP, or any other suitable protocol.
In one embodiment, the remote computing environment 110 includes computing resources, such as one or more servers 120 and one or more storage units 130. One or more applications 140 that provide higher-level services may execute/operate on the remote computing environment 110 utilizing the computing resources of the remote computing environment 110.
In one embodiment, the remote computing environment 110 provides an online platform for hosting one or more online services (e.g., an audio streaming service, a video streaming service, etc.) and/or distributing one or more applications. For example, an application 260 may be loaded onto or downloaded to the electronic device 110 from the remote computing environment 110 that maintains and distributes updates for the application 260. As another example, a remote computing environment 110 may comprise a cloud computing environment providing shared pools of configurable computing system resources and higher-level services.
As shown in
A transfer function described how an input id transferred to sound pressure as a function of frequency. Let T* generally denote a pre-defined/given target sound pressure in dB (decibel)-SPL (sound pressure level). Let SPLdrum generally denote a sound pressure response in dB-SPL at an eardrum 420, and let SPLNFmic generally denote a sound pressure response in dB-SPL at a microphone 330 of an earbud 300. Let C generally denote a transfer function which is decomposable into transfer functions H and G, where H is a transfer function from a speaker terminal voltage of an earbud 300 to a sound pressure response SPLNFmic at a microphone 330 of the earbud 300, and G is a transfer function from the sound pressure response SPLNFmic at the microphone 330 to a sound pressure response SPLdrum at an eardrum 420 (i.e., G=SPLdrum−SPLNFmic in dB).
Due to geometric and physiological differences of individual ears 400, individual (i.e., personalized) transfer functions HI and GI vary for each individual ear 400. An individual transfer function HI for the individual ear 400 can be measured directly using the microphone 330 of the earbud 300. An individual transfer function GI for the individual ear 400, however, cannot be measured directly and must be estimated instead.
Conventional equalization algorithms use a generic transfer function G (i.e., fixed and not personalized) derived from a test setup that uses a test fixture (e.g., a mannequin, etc.).
One or more embodiments provide PEQ of an earbud using an individual transfer function GI. Sound at an eardrum within an ear canal of an individual ear (that the earbud is within proximity of, e.g., partially inserted within the ear canal if the earbud is an in-ear earbud) is controlled based on the individual transfer function GI.
In one embodiment, a parametric base transfer function G0 is utilized which can be individualized by changing its parameters. An individual transfer function GI can be estimated based on the base transfer function G0, where the base transfer function G0 can be individualized via parameter modification.
In one embodiment, an improved estimate of an individual transfer function GI can be inferred from one or more measurements of an individual transfer function HI.
Based on the graph plot 500, the PEQ system 310 takes into account the following observations regarding an individual transfer function GI: (1) an individual transfer function GI varies with different ear geometries and insert positions, but generally follows the shape/trend of the measured/simulated transfer function Gmeasured/Gsimulated, (2) at low frequencies, there is no variance among individual transfer functions GI, (3) around 800 Hz to 4000 Hz, variance among individual transfer functions GI starts to increase, but the shape/trend of the individual transfer functions GI is well defined with broad peaks and dips, (4) above 4000 Hz, variance among individual transfer functions GI becomes very large and intractable, (5) between 1200 Hz and 2400 Hz, peaks of individual transfer functions GI appear to line up along a line, and (6) at 1800 Hz, variance among individual transfer functions GI reach 3 dB (95% confidence interval).
Based on the graph plot 540, the PEQ system 310 takes into account the following observation regarding an individual transfer function GI for a particular ear: below 4000 Hz, an individual transfer function GI for a particular ear can be inferred from an individual transfer function HI for the same particular ear. For example, as shown in
In one embodiment, the linear function 580 may be represented in accordance with equation (1) provided below:
One or more embodiments provide an improvement over using a generic transfer function G derived from a test setup that uses a test fixture.
In one embodiment, the test unit 610 is configured to: (1) detect an insertion of an earbud 300 (that the system 600 is integrated in) into an ear canal 410 of an individual ear 400, and (2) in response to the insertion, deliver an audio test signal to a transducer 320 of the earbud 300 for playback inside the individual ear 400, wherein the audio test signal represents a test tone or a sample of music. In one embodiment, the audio test signal is pre-programmed into a memory of the earbud 300. In another embodiment, the audio test signal is obtained from an electronic device 200. In yet another embodiment, the audio test signal is content chosen by a listener/user (e.g., music, speech, etc.) for audio playback.
In one embodiment, the measurement unit 620 is configured to trigger a microphone 330 of the earbud 300 to directly obtain one or more measurements of an individual transfer function HI for an individual ear 400, wherein the one or more measurements capture one or more sound pressure responses SPLNFmic at the microphone 330 during playback of an audio test signal inside the individual ear 400. In one embodiment, the one or more measurements are iteratively obtained.
In one embodiment, the inference unit 630 is configured to: (1) receive one or more measurements of an individual transfer function H for an individual ear 400 (e.g., from the measurement unit 620), and (2) based on the one or more measurements, estimate (i.e., derive/infer) an individual transfer function GI for the individual ear 400. In one embodiment, an individual transfer function GI is estimated using machine learning or general regression techniques. In one embodiment, an individual transfer function GI is iteratively estimated.
In one embodiment, the inference unit 630 individualizes/personalizes a transfer function G for an individual ear 400 (i.e., estimates an individual transfer function GI) using a parametric base transfer function G0 with one or more parameters adjusted/individualized (“individualized parameters”) for the individual ear 400. For example, in one embodiment, the base transfer function G0 is constructed from a combination of four biquads (i.e., second-order filters), wherein each biquad k is defined by a center frequency fck, a gain, and Q, and k∈[1,4].
The inference unit 630 estimates (i.e., derives/infers) one or more individualized parameters for an individual ear 400 (i.e., parameter modification) based on one or more measurements of an individual transfer function HI for the individual ear 400. Specifically, in one embodiment, a transfer function G for the individual ear 400 is individualized/personalized by adjusting both a center frequency fck and a gain of a biquad k. For example, a center frequency fc2 of the second biquad is adjusted/set to the frequency at which the measured individual transfer function HI has a minimum, and a gain of the second biquad is adjusted/set to the gain value at the center frequency fc2, resulting in an individual transfer function GI for the individual ear 400 that is equal to a peak gain Gpeak at the center frequency fc2.
In another embodiment, a transfer function G for the individual ear 400 is individualized/personalized by adjusting only a center frequency fck of a biquad k (e.g., adjusting only a center frequency fc2 of the second biquad).
In another embodiment, a transfer function G for the individual ear 400 is individualized/personalized by adjusting only Gpeak.
In one embodiment, the calculation unit 640 is configured to: (1) obtain a pre-defined/given target sound pressure response T* (e.g., pre-programmed into a memory of the earbud 300 or obtained from an electronic device 200), (2) receive one or more measurements of an individual transfer function HI for an individual ear 400 (e.g., from the measurement unit 620 or the inference unit 630), (3) receive an estimated individual transfer function GI for the individual ear 400 (e.g., from the inference unit 630), and (4) calculate a PEQ value PEQ for the individual ear 400 based on the target sound pressure response T*, the one or more measurements of the individual transfer function HI, and the estimated individual transfer function GI. In one embodiment, the calculation unit 640 calculates the PEQ value PEQ using units of dB, in accordance with equation (2) provided below:
In one embodiment, the calculation unit 640 is further configured to: (1) receive an audio playback signal for playback inside the individual ear 400 (e.g., from an electronic device 200), (2) apply the PEQ value PEQ within the audio full range (low, mid and high frequencies) to the audio playback signal, and (3) deliver the resulting equalized audio playback signal to the transducer 320 for playback inside the individual ear 400.
As shown in the graph plots 900 and 920, at frequencies below 4000 Hz, adjusting both fc2 and Gpeak greatly reduces the variance of error compared to just using the base transfer function G0, and also reduces mean error between 1.5 kHz and 4 kHz frequencies.
As shown in the graph plots 900 and 940, at frequencies below 4000 Hz, adjusting only fc2 greatly reduces the variance of error compared to just using the base transfer function G0, however the mean error appears to remain unchanged.
As shown in the graph plots 900 and 960, at frequencies below 4000 Hz, adjusting only Gpeak reduces the mean error compared to just using the base transfer function G0, however the variance of error is not significantly reduced.
Let NFM generally denote a NF microphone 330 of an earbud 300, let ERP generally denote an ear reference point of a head and torso simulator, and let DRP generally denote a drum reference point of the head and torso simulator. Let HNFM generally denote a transfer function H for the NFM, and let HDRP generally denote a transfer function H for the DRP. Let GHATS generally denote an average frequency response of 14 inserts (HDRP−HNFM) of an earbud 300 measured using the head and torso simulator (HATS).
GHATS is used in PEQ to estimate sound pressure at an eardrum 420 within an ear canal 410. At low frequencies, GHATS tends to zero assuming the wavelengths at these frequencies are very long, so that the ear canal 410 acts as a pressure chamber, resulting in sound pressure at the NFM and sound pressure at the DRP having the same frequency response.
Air pressure leakage (or air leakage) may occur when there is insufficient coupling between an earbud 300 and an ear canal 410/a head and torso simulator the earbud 300 is positioned within proximity of. As shown in
Each graph plot 1020-1140 further indicates a leak ratio (i.e., an amount of air pressure leakage due to insufficient coupling) for a corresponding insert, wherein the leak ratio is based on a NFM ratio for the corresponding insert between 40 Hz and 300 Hz. For example, the graph plot 1020 corresponding to a first insert indicates a leak ratio of −3.4 dB, the graph plot 1030 corresponding to a second insert indicates a leak ratio of −2.1 dB, the graph plot 1040 corresponding to a third insert indicates a leak ratio of −3.2 dB, the graph plot 1050 corresponding to a fourth insert indicates a leak ratio of −17.3 dB, the graph plot 1060 corresponding to a fifth insert indicates a leak ratio of −16.3 dB, the graph plot 1070 corresponding to a sixth insert indicates a leak ratio of −2.8 dB, the graph plot 1080 corresponding to a seventh insert indicates a leak ratio of −9.4 dB, the graph plot 1090 corresponding to an eighth insert indicates a leak ratio of −2.6 dB, the graph plot 1100 corresponding to a ninth insert indicates a leak ratio of −15 dB, the graph plot 1110 corresponding to a tenth insert indicates a leak ratio of −9.1 dB, the graph plot 1120 corresponding to an eleventh insert indicates a leak ratio of −13 dB, the graph plot 1130 corresponding to a twelfth insert indicates a leak ratio of −2.6 dB, and the graph plot 1140 corresponding to a thirteenth insert indicates a leak ratio of −3.2 dB.
Estimation of sound pressure at an eardrum 420 may be determined using DRP-ERP. Specifically, a measured individual transfer function G at low frequencies may be determined in accordance with equation (3) provided below:
G=DRP-ERP (3).
Let GLF gain generally denote a gain in a measured individual transfer function G at low frequencies. At low frequencies, the gain GLF gain relates to an underestimation in the measured individual transfer function G to predict sound pressure at the DRP. Table 1 below provides, for each of the measured individual transfer functions G in
For example, in one embodiment, the fitted model is represented in accordance with equation (4) provided below:
wherein p1, p2, and p3 are coefficients with 95% confidence bounds as follows: p1=−0.01823 (−0.02161,−0.01485), p2=−0.06016 (−0.1233, 0.002995), and p3=−0.08705 (−0.2867, 0.1126).
In one embodiment, the PEQ system 600 is configured for individualization of an individual transfer function G at low frequencies (e.g., via the inference unit 630). In one embodiment, the PEQ system 600 adapts an individual transfer function G at low frequencies using the fitted model by applying a low shelving filter LSHV to GHATS. A gain g of the low shelving filter LSHV corresponds to a gain GLF gain in a measured individual transfer function G (i.e., G=DRP-NFM). An optimal center frequency fc and an optimal Q of the low shelving filter LSHV are determined using non-linear optimization in which the sum of root mean square (RMS) errors between an estimated DRP and an actual DRP is minimized. For example, in one embodiment, fc=1493.3 Hz, Q=0.2457, and [b, a]=biquad (fc, Q, g, fs, LSHV), wherein fs is a sampling frequency of the low shelving filter LSHV.
For example, in one embodiment, the PEQ system 600 determines an individual transfer function Gnew at low frequencies in accordance with equations (5)-(7) provided below:
wherein n is 14 inserts, and i is frequency bins 30 Hz to 2000 Hz.
By using the fitted model and the low shelving filter LSHV, a transfer function G can be personalized to allow more precise prediction of sound pressure at low frequencies even on bad inserts with a high amount of air pressure leakage, thereby providing air pressure leakage compensation.
Compared to using GHATS, estimating sound pressure at the DRP using GMODEL produces a much better estimation of sound pressure at an eardrum 420, resulting in a good level of air pressure leakage compensation at low frequencies when applying PEQ.
In one embodiment, process blocks 2001-2003 may be performed by one or more components of the system 300 and/or the system 600.
In one embodiment, process blocks 2101-2103 may be performed by one or more components of the system 300 and/or the system 600.
Information transferred via communications interface 970 may be in the form of signals such as electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 970, via a communication link that carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, a radio frequency (RF) link, and/or other communication channels. Computer program instructions representing the block diagram and/or flowcharts herein may be loaded onto a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, or processing devices to cause a series of operations performed thereon to generate a computer implemented process. In one embodiment, processing instructions for processes 2000 (
Embodiments have been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. Each block of such illustrations/diagrams, or combinations thereof, can be implemented by computer program instructions. The computer program instructions when provided to a processor produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor create means for implementing the functions/operations specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram. Each block in the flowchart/block diagrams may represent a hardware and/or software module or logic. In alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures, concurrently, etc.
The terms “computer program medium,” “computer usable medium,” “computer readable medium”, and “computer program product,” are used to generally refer to media such as main memory, secondary memory, removable storage drive, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive, and signals. These computer program products are means for providing software to the computer system. The computer readable medium allows the computer system to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium, for example, may include non-volatile memory, such as a floppy disk, ROM, flash memory, disk drive memory, a CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. It is useful, for example, for transporting information, such as data and computer instructions, between computer systems. Computer program instructions may be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the embodiments may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of one or more embodiments may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
Aspects of one or more embodiments are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
References in the claims to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described exemplary embodiment that are currently known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. section 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or “step for.”
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosed technology. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosed technology.
Though the embodiments have been described with reference to certain versions thereof; however, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/540,316, filed on Sep. 25, 2023, incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63540316 | Sep 2023 | US |