Patent Application
20090099135
The present invention relates to compositions and methods related to controlling insects.
While the first recorded use of chemicals to control pests dates back to 2500 BC, only in the last 60 years has chemical control has been widely used. Early pesticides included hellebore to control body lice, nicotine to control aphids, and pyrithrin to control a wide variety of insects. Lead arsenate was first used in 1892 as an orchard spray, while at the same time it was discovered that a mixture of lime and copper sulphate (Bordeaux mixture) controlled downy mildew, a fungal disease of grapes.
The modern era of chemical pest control commenced during World War II. For example, DDT played a major role in maintaining the health and welfare of soldiers who used it to control body lice and mosquitoes. Further developments of pesticides followed, and with their relatively low cost, ease of use, and effectiveness, they became the primary means of pest control. Protection of crops, produce, animals, and humans over extended periods became possible with corresponding increases in food production and improved standards of living.
Some modern pesticides are sophisticated compounds that are carefully researched to ensure they are effective against target organisms, generally safe to the environment, and can be used without undue hazard to users or consumers. Many of these have been developed to target specific biochemical reactions within the target organism, e.g. an enzyme necessary for photosynthesis within a plant or a hormone required for normal development in an insect. Thus, some modern chemicals are safer, more specific, and friendlier to the environment than the older products they have replaced.
Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions for controlling a target pest including a pest control product and at least one active agent, wherein: the active agent can be capable of interacting with a receptor in the target pest; the pest control product can have a first activity against the target pest when applied without the active agent and the compositions can have a second activity against the target pest; and the second activity can be greater than the first activity. The first and second activities can be quantified by measuring concentration of the pest control product effective to control the target pest, and a concentration corresponding to the first activity can be higher than a concentration corresponding to the second activity. The first and second activities can be quantified by measuring disablement effect of the target pest at a standard concentration of pest control product, and the compositions exhibit a greater disablement effect than the pest control product applied without the active agent. The first activity can persist for a first period, the second activity can persist for a second period, and the second period can be longer than the first period. The active agent can include a synergistic combination of at least two receptor ligands. The second activity can reflect a synergistic interaction of the active agent and the pest control product.
The target pest can be selected from the group consisting of a fungus, a plant, an animal, a moneran, and a protist. The target pest can be an arthropod species, such as, for example, an insect, an arachnid, or an arachnoid. The target pest can be a species belonging to an animal order selected from: Acari, Anoplura, Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Grylloptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Mallophaga, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Symphyla, Thysanura, and Thysanoptera.
The pest control product can be a chlorphenoxy compound such as, for example, 2,4-D Amine and/or 2,4D IBE. Likewise, the pest control product can be a carbamate such as, for example, methomyl, carbofuran, carbaryl, BPMC, carbendazim, carbosulfan, captan hydrochloride, and/or cartap. The pest control product can be an organophosphate such as, for example, acephate, malathion, diazinon, chlorpyfiros, fenoxycab, edifenphos, febuconazole, chlorphenapyr, magnesium phosphide, metamidophos, and/or fenitrothion. The pest control product can be an organochlorine such as, for example, DDT, DDE, and/or heptachlorepoxide. The pest control product can be a pyrethroid such as, for example, cypermethrin, cynmethylin+2,4-D IBE, lambdacyhalothrin, dazomet, cyfluthrin, betacypermethrin, pendimethlin, permethrin, deltamethrin, bifenethrin, alphacypermethrin, fenvalerate, propanil, and/or esfenvalerate. The pest control product can be a neonicotinoid such as, for example, thiomethoxam, fipronil, clothianidin, and/or imidacloprid. The pest control product can include at least one of an avermectin, abamectin, spinosad, fluxastrobin, and/or indoxacarb. The pest control product can be a botanical product such as, for example, rotenone, nicotine, caffeine, a pyrethrum, an essential oil, and/or a fixed oil. The pest control product can be a fungicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, an acaricide, and/or a bactericide.
The receptor can be a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), such as a GPCR of the insect olfactory cascade, such as, for example, a tyramine receptor, an olfactory receptor Or43a, an olfactory receptor Or83b and/or an octopamine receptor. Binding of the receptor by an ingredient of the compositions can result in a change in intracellular level of cAMP and/or calcium, wherein the change can be sufficient to permit control of the target pest.
Control can include a condition such as, for example, killing, knockdown, repellency, interference with reproduction, interference with feeding, and interference with a stage of a life cycle of the target pest.
Embodiments of the invention also include a crop protected by the compositions disclosed herein.
In addition, embodiments of the invention can include compositions for controlling a target pest including a pest control product and at least one active agent, wherein: the active agent can include a ligand of a GPCR of a target pest, wherein binding of the ligand to the GPCR can cause a change in a level of cAMP or calcium that can permit control of the target pest; the pest control product can have a first activity against the target pest, the active agent can have a second activity against the target pest, and the compositions can have a third activity against the target pest; and the third activity can be greater than the first activity or the second activity. The active agent can include a synergistic combination of at least two GPCR ligands. The third activity can be indicative of synergy between the active agent and the pest control product. In some embodiments, compositions can include at least two active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient interacts with a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) of the pest and wherein at least one active ingredient does not interact with the GPCR, and wherein the at least two active ingredients in combination have a synergistic pest-control activity. The pest can be an insect and the GPCR can be associated with olfaction, and further the GPCR preferably can be absent from vertebrate animals. The synergistic pest-control activity can have a coefficient of synergy in excess of 1.5. The synergistic pest-control activity can exceed additive effects of the active ingredients, as measured by the Colby calculation of synergy. The GPCR can have a high affinity for the active ingredient in a target organism and the GPCR can be absent or can have a low affinity for the active ingredient in a non-target organism. The non-target organism can be a vertebrate animal. In some embodiments, the target organism can be a plant, an animal, a fungus, a protist, or a moneran, and the non-target organism can be selected from a crop plant, a vertebrate animal, and a non-pest invertebrate.
In some embodiments, the invention provides low-resistance pest-control compositions, including at least a first active ingredient and a second active ingredient, wherein the first active ingredient interacts with a first molecular target under genetic control within a selected pest, and wherein the second active ingredient interacts with a second molecular target under genetic control within the selected pest, and wherein the ingredients in the compositions act together in a complementary manner upon the target pest, and wherein resistance to the compositions in an individual target pest requires two separate genetic lesions divergent from a non-resistant population of the pest. The first and second molecular targets can include two separate molecules encoded or controlled by separate genetic elements. The complementary manner can include an additive effect of each agent acting separately, or the complementary manner can include a synergistic effect as compared with each agent acting separately. The first molecular target can be a GPCR, and the second molecular target is preferably not the same as the first molecular target.
Also provided in some embodiments are pest-control compositions exhibiting high potency against an invertebrate target pest and low toxicity against a vertebrate animal, the compositions including a synergistic combination of active agents, wherein each active agent interacts with a molecular target with high affinity in the target pest and that can be absent form, or present with low affinity, from the vertebrate. The at least one active agent can be a ligand of a selected GPCR, and the at least one active agent is preferably not a ligand of the selected GPCR. The high target potency and low vertebrate toxicity can be expressed as a ratio of LD50(target) versus LD50(vertebrate animal), and wherein the ratio can be less than 100:1.
In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of pest control including contacting a target pest with a composition as described herein, resulting in control of the pest. The methods can include applying a composition to a target pest or to a substrate associated with a target pest, wherein the compositions can include a pesticide and an active agent including at least one receptor ligand, and wherein the pest control can include affecting a physiological condition of the pest associated with a function of the pesticide while also affecting a function of the receptor associated with the receptor ligand. The binding of the receptor by an ingredient of the compositions can result in a change in intracellular level of cAMP and/or calcium, and wherein the change can be sufficient to permit control of the target pest. The pesticide can be selected from a chlorphenoxy compound, a carbamate, an organophosphate, an organochlorine, a pyrethroid, a neonicotinoid, a botanical product, a fungicide, a nematicide, and insecticide, and acaracide, a bactericide. and an avermectin. The substrate can be, for example, a crop plant and/or a soil. The target pest can be, for example, a fungus, a plant, an animal, a moneran, or a protist. The use of the compositions can permit an improvement of control of the pest as compared with use of the pesticide alone or the active agent alone. The improvement can include a synergistic interaction of the pest control product with the active agent. The improvement can include an improved result with use of a substantially similar amount of the pest control product. The improved result can be at least one of: increased killing of the target pest; increased interference with reproduction by the target pest; and prolonged effectiveness of the pest control product. The improvement can include a substantially similar result with use of a substantially lower amount of the pest control product and/or the active agent. Use of the compositions permits an agricultural improvement such as, for example, increased crop yield; reduced frequency of application of pest control product; reduced phytotoxicity associated with the pesticide; and reduced cost or increased value associated with at least one environmental factor. The environmental factor can include, for example, air quality, water quality, soil quality, detectable pesticide residue, safety or comfort of workers; and a collateral effect on a non-target organism.
Also provided are methods of developing a compositions for pest control, including: providing a cell line expressing at least one of: a tyramine receptor, an olfactory receptor Or43a, or an olfactory receptor Or83b, wherein binding of a ligand to any of the receptors causes a change in a level of intracellular cAMP or calcium, and the change can be indicative of a potential for invertebrate pest control; contacting the cell with a candidate ligand; detecting a change in the level of cAMP and/or calcium in the cell; identifying the candidate ligand as an active compound for control of an invertebrate pest; and combining the active compound with a pesticide to form a composition for pest control, wherein the pesticide does not bind to a receptor bound by the active compound, and wherein a combined effect of the active compound and the pesticide can include an effect against a target pest that can be greater than the effect of either the active compound alone or the pesticide alone. The compositions further can include a second active compound capable of binding at least one of the receptors. The active compounds can cooperate to cause a synergistic change in the level of cAMP and/or calcium in the cell line and/or in a target pest. The combined effect of the active compound and the pesticide can be synergistic. The combined effect can be determined by at least one condition selected from the group consisting of: killing, knockdown, repellency, interference with reproduction, interference with feeding, and interference with a stage of a life cycle of the target pest.
Also provided are further methods of pest control, including, providing a composition including at a first and a second active ingredient, wherein the first active ingredient interacts with a receptor of a target pest, and wherein the second active ingredient can be a pesticide that does not interact with the receptor of the first active ingredient; and contacting the pest with the compositions, wherein the contacting results in synergistic pest control. The compositions further can include a third active ingredient, wherein the third active ingredient interacts with a receptor of the target pest, and wherein at least the first and third active ingredients in combination synergistically interact to permit control of the target pest. The first and third active ingredients can optionally bind the same receptor; in other embodiments, the first and third active ingredients do not bind the same receptor. The first, second, and third active ingredients in combination can have a synergistic effect that can be greater than the effect of any single ingredient and can be also greater than the synergistic effect of the first and third ingredients in combination. The receptor can be a GPCR such as, for example, a tyramine receptor, an olfactory receptor Or43a, and an olfactory receptor Or83b. The pest control can be associated with a receptor-activated alteration in a level of cAMP and/or calcium within the pest. The alteration can persist for at least about 60 seconds.
Also provided are other methods of pest control, including: providing a composition including at least two active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient interacts with a GPCR of a target pest, the composition produces a first level of at least one of intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP in a cell expressing the GPCR on exposure to the cell, and the first level can be higher than a second level produced when the cell can be contacted with any single active ingredient; and contacting the pest with the compositions, wherein the contacting results in synergistic pest control. Other embodiments provide methods for controlling a target pest including use of a pest control compositions, the compositions including a pest control product and at least one active agent, wherein: the active agent can include a ligand of a GPCR of a target pest, wherein binding of the ligand to the GPCR causes a change in a level of cAMP or calcium that permits control of the target pest; the pest control product can have a first activity against the target pest, the active agent can have a second activity against the target pest, and the compositions can have a third activity against the target pest; and the third activity can be greater than the first activity or the second activity. A further method of pest control can include use of a pest control composition, wherein the composition can include at least two active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient interacts with a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) of the pest and wherein at least one active ingredient does not interact with the GPCR, and wherein the at least two active ingredients in combination have a synergistic pest-control activity. Other methods of pest control can permit low-resistance in a target pest, including administering a pest-control composition, the composition including at least a first active ingredient and a second active ingredient, wherein the first active ingredient interacts with a first molecular target under genetic control within a selected pest, and wherein the second active ingredient interacts with a second molecular target under genetic control within the selected pest, and wherein the ingredients in the composition act together in a complementary manner upon the target pest, and wherein resistance to the composition in an individual target pest requires two separate genetic lesions divergent from a non-resistant population of the pest.
Still other embodiments provide pest control compositions exemplified by the following: in combination, a blend of lilac flower oil (LFO), d-limonene, thyme oil, and further including a pesticide. The pesticide can be, for example, clothianidin. The blend can include 10-80% LFO, 5-60% d-limonene, and 10-80% thyme oil. In other embodiments, the blend can include 20-60% LFO, 10-45% d-limonene, and 20-60% thyme oil. In other embodiments, blend can include 42.6% w/w LFO, 27.35% w/w d-limonene, and 30.08% w/w thyme oil white.
Many previously known and commercialized products having sufficient pesticidal activity to be useful also have toxic or deleterious effects on mammals, fish, fowl, or other non-target species. For example, common insecticides such as organophosphorus compounds and carbamates inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in all classes of animals. Chlordimeform and related formamidines are known to act on insect octopamine receptors, but have been removed from the market because of cardiotoxic potential in vertebrates and carcinogenicity in animals and a varied effect on different insects.
However, the deleterious effects of many pesticides can be mitigated by reducing the amount of pesticide that can be applied to a given area to achieve the desired result. This reduction can be achieved by combining the pesticidal compound or product with selected active ingredients. These active ingredients can comprise, for example, plant essential oils, and the like. Combinations of selected active ingredients with selected pesticidal compounds or products can reduce the concentration of pesticide needed to achieve a net efficiency, and extend the useful life of existing synthetic pesticides.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are provided. Modifications to embodiments described in this document, and other embodiments, will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art after a study of the information provided in this document. The information provided in this document, and particularly the specific details of the described exemplary embodiments, is provided primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom.
Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of screening compositions for pest-control potential, compositions for controlling pests, and methods for using these compositions.
As used herein, “pests” can mean any organism whose existence it can be desirable to control. Pests can include, for example, bacteria, cestodes, fungi, insects, nematodes, parasites, plants, and the like.
As used herein, “pesticidal” can mean, for example, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, herbicidal, insecticidal, and the like.
Screening of Compositions
In some embodiments of the invention, the screening method for pest control potential can target a molecule of an insect olfactory receptor protein. In some embodiments of the invention, the screening method for pest control potential can target an insect olfactory receptor protein. The insect olfactory system includes more than 60 identified olfactory receptors. These receptors are generally members of a large family of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
As used herein, a “receptor” is an entity on the cell membrane or within the cell, cytoplasm, or cell nucleus that can bind to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as, for example, a neurotransmitter, hormone, or the like, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. Ligand-induced changes in the behavior of receptor proteins can result in physiological changes that constitute the biological actions of the ligands.
In accordance with the present disclosure, receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors may be classified on the basis of binding affinity of the receptor to an active ingredient. This may also be expressed as the binding affinity of the active ingredient for the receptor. The binding affinity of an active ingredient for a receptor, or the binding affinity of a receptor for an active ingredient, may be measured in accordance with methods disclosed herein or methods known to those of skill in the art. As used in the present disclosure, a “low” affinity indicates that a high concentration of the active ingredient relative to the receptor is required to maximally occupy the binding site of the receptor and trigger a physiological response, while a “high” affinity indicates that that a low concentration of the active ingredient relative to the receptor is adequate to maximally occupy the binding site of the receptor and trigger a physiological response. A “high” affinity may correspond to, for example, an active ingredient concentration of two or more orders of magnitude less than the concentration of the receptor that is effective to trigger the physiological response, while a “low” affinity may correspond to an active ingredient concentration of one or more orders of magnitude greater than the concentration of the receptor that is effective to trigger the physiological response.
In Drosophila melanogaster, the olfactory receptors are located in two pairs of appendages located on the head of the fly. The family of Drosophila chemoreceptors includes approximately 62 odorant receptor (Or) and 68 gustatory receptor (Gr) proteins, encoded by families of approximately 60 Or and 60 Gr genes through alternative splicing. Some of these receptor proteins have been functionally characterized, while others have been identified by sequence homology to other sequences but have not been fully characterized. Other insects have similar olfactory receptor proteins.
In certain embodiments, the insect olfactory receptor protein targeted by the screening or insect control method of the invention is the tyramine receptor (TyR). In additional embodiments, the insect olfactory receptor protein is the insect olfactory receptor protein Or83b or Or43a. In additional embodiments, the targeted protein can be any of the insect olfactory protein receptors.
Additionally, other components of the insect olfactory receptor cascade can be targeted using the method of the invention in order to identify useful insect control compounds. Exemplary insect olfactory cascade components that can be targeted by methods of the invention include but are not limited to serotonin receptor, Or22a, Or22b, Gr5a, Gr21a, Gr61a, β-arrestin receptor, GRK2 receptor, and tyramine β-hydroxylase receptor, and the like.
With reference to
In some embodiments of the invention, isolated cell membranes expressing the receptor of interest can be used in competitive binding assays. Whole cells can be used to study changes in signaling down-stream to the receptor, in response to treatment with a test composition.
Embodiments of the invention can utilize prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including, for example, bacterial cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, insect cells, nematode cells, plant cells, animal cells, and the like. Suitable animal cells can include, for example, HEK cells, HeLa cells, COS cells, U20S cells, CHO-K1 cells, various primary mammalian cells, and the like. An animal model expressing one or more conjugates of an arrestin and a marker molecule, for example, throughout its tissues, within a particular organ or tissue type, or the like, can be used.
The potential for insect control activity can be identified by measuring the affinity of the test compositions for the receptor in the cell lines expressing a TyrR, Or83b, and/or Or43a. The potential for insect control activity can also be identified by measuring the change in intracellular cAMP and/or Ca2+ in the cell lines expressing TyrR, Or83b, and/or Or43a following treatment with the test compositions. The gene sequences of the TyrR, the Or 83b receptor and the Or 43a receptor have substantial similarity between various insect species. As such, the Drosophila Schneider cell lines expressing these receptors can be used to screen for compositions having insect control activity in various insect species.
In some embodiments, a method of selecting a composition for pesticidal use can include the following. A cell expressing a TyR is provided and is contacted with test compounds. The receptor binding affinity of the compounds is measured. At least one parameter selected from the following parameters is measured: intracellular cAMP level, and intracellular Ca2+ level. A first compound for the composition is identified, that is capable of altering at least one of the parameters, and that has a high receptor binding affinity for the TyR; and a second compound for the composition is identified, that is capable of altering at least one of the parameters, and that has a low receptor binding affinity for the TyR. A composition is selected that includes the first and second compounds. In some embodiments, a composition is selected that includes the first and second compounds and demonstrates an anti-parasitic effect that exceeds the anti-parasitic effect of any of the compounds when used alone.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cell used can be any cell capable of being transfected with and express a TyR. Examples of cells include, but are not limited to: insect cells, such as Drosophila Schneider cells, Drosophila Schneider 2 cells (S2 cells), and Spodoptera frugiperda cells (e.g., Sf9 or Sf21); or mammalian cells, such as Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK-293 cells), African green monkey kidney fibroblast cells (COS-7 cells), HeLa Cells, and Human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells).
The TyrR can be a full-length TyrR, a functional fragment of a TyrR, or a functional variant of a TyrR. A functional fragment of a TyrR is a TyrR in which amino acid residues are deleted as compared to the reference polypeptide, i.e., full-length TyrR, but where the remaining amino acid sequence retains the binding affinity of the reference polypeptide for tyramine. A functional variant of a TyrR is a TyrR with amino acid insertions, amino acid deletions, or conservative amino acid substitutions, that retains the binding affinity of the reference polypeptide for tyramine. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is a substitution of an amino acid residue with a functionally similar residue. Examples of conservative substitutions can include, for example, the substitution of one non-polar (hydrophobic) residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another; the substitution of one polar (hydrophilic) residue for another such as between arginine and lysine, between glutamine and asparagine, between glycine and serine; the substitution of one basic residue such as lysine, arginine or histidine for another; the substitution of one acidic residue, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid for another, and the like. A conservative amino acid substitution can also include replacing a residue with a chemically derivatized residue, provided that the resulting polypeptide retains the binding affinity of the reference polypeptide for tyramine. Examples of TyrR5 can include, for example: TyrR5, such as, Drosophila melanogaster TyrR (GENBANK® accession number (GAN) CAA38565), Locusta migratoria TyrR (GAN: Q25321), TyrR5 of other invertebrates, TyrR5 of nematodes, and the like.
Exemplary screening methods can include “positive” screening, where, for example, compositions that bind a receptor of interest are selected. Exemplary screening methods can include “negative” screening, where, for example, compositions that bind a receptor of interest are rejected. An exemplary method can include: selecting a composition that binds a TyR. Another exemplary method can include: selecting a composition that binds a TyR and does not bind an octopamine receptor.
In some embodiments of the invention, the efficacy of a test composition can be determined by conducting studies with insects. For example, the efficacy of a test composition for repelling an insect can be studied using controlled experiments wherein insects are exposed to the test composition. In some embodiments, the toxicity of a test composition against an insect can be studied using controlled experiments wherein insects are exposed to the test composition.
Methods of screening compositions for insect control activity are set forth in the following applications, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference: U.S. application Ser. No. 10/832,022, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/086,615, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS RELATED TO THE OCTOPAMINE RECEPTOR; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/365,426, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS INVOLVING THE TYRAMINE RECEPTOR; and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/870,385, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS.
Compositions for Pest Control
Embodiments of the invention can include a composition for controlling pests. Embodiments of the invention that include a composition for controlling pests can include an pest control chemical or product. Embodiments of the invention that include a composition for controlling pests can include an active agent.
In embodiments of the invention that include an active agent, the active agent can be, for example, an agent that can have a biological impact on an insect, such as, for example, a chemical, a compound, or the like. In embodiments of the invention that include an active agent, the active agent can be, for example, one or more plant essential oils, or the like. The plant essential oils, when combined, can have a synergistic effect. Embodiments can also can include a fixed oil, which is typically a non-volatile, non-scented plant oil. Additionally, in some embodiments, these compositions can be made up of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one pest control chemical, the at least one pest control chemical can be selected from, for example, the pest control chemicals set forth in Table 1, or the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include compounds such as, for example, abamectin, allethrin, citronella oil, IR3535® (3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester), methyl nonyl ketone, metofluthrin, neem oil, nepetalactone, oil of lemon eucalyptus, permethrin, picaridin, p-menthane 3, 8 diol, and the like.
Embodiments of the present invention can include at least one insect control chemical, and at least one compound of a plant origin, or at least one blend of compounds of a plant origin. With reference to
In embodiments that include an insect control chemical, the insect control chemical can include, for example, any insect control chemical from the classes listed in the following table:
B. t. var. israelensis
B. t. var. israelinsis
B. t. var. aizawai
B. t. var. aizawai
B. t. var. kurstaki
B. t. var. kurstaki
B. t. toxins)
In some embodiments of the invention, the insect control chemical can include at least one of, for example, an organophosphate compound, a carbamate compound, a carbazate compound, a neonicotinoid compound, an organochlorine compound, an organotin compound, an oxadiazine compound, a pyridazinone compound, a pyrethroid, a tetrazine compound, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one organophosphate compound, the organophosphate compound can be, for example, azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, methidathion, phosmet, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one carbamate compound, the carbamate compound can be, for example, methomyl, oxamyl, carbaryl, formetanate, hexythiazox, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one carbazate compound, the carbazate compound can be, for example, bifenazate, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one neonicotinoid compound, the neonicotinoid compound can be acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiomethoxam, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one organochlorine compound, the organochlorine compound can be, for example, endosulfan, dicofil, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one organotin compound, the organotin compound can be, for example, hexakis, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one oxadiazine compound, the oxadiazine compound can be, for example, indoxacarb, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one pyridazinone compound, the pyridazinone compound can be, for example, pyridaben, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one pyrethroid, the pyrethroid can be, for example, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, or the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one tetrazine compound, the tetrazine compound can be, for example, clofentezine, or the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include at least one insect control product; and at least one compound of a plant origin, or at least one blend of compounds of a plant origin. The at least one insect control product can be selected from, for example, the insect control products set forth in Table 4, or the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include at least one biologically-based insecticide, such as, for example, abamectin, proteins and/or spores derived from Bacillus thuriniensis, spinosad, or the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include at least one insect growth regulator, such as, for example, etoxazol, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, or the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include at least one oil, such as, for example, “Superior oil,” highly-refined oils, and the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include at least one pheromone, such as, for example, Codling moth pheromone, Oriental fruit moth pheromone, and the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include a herbicidal chemical or product. In some embodiments, these herbicidal chemicals can include, for example, amide herbicides, anilide herbicides, arylalanine herbicides, chloroacetanilide herbicides, sulfonanilide herbicides, sulfonamide herbicides, thioamide herbicides, antibiotic herbicides, aromatic acid herbicides, benzoic acid herbicides, pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides, pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides, phthalic acid herbicides, picolinic acid herbicides, quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides, arsenical herbicides, benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides, benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides, benzothiazole herbicides, carbamate herbicides, carbanilate herbicides, cyclohexene oxime herbicides, cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides, dicarboximide herbicides, dinitroaniline herbicides, dinitrophenol herbicides, diphenyl ether herbicides, nitrophenyl ether herbicides, dithiocarbamate herbicides, halogenated aliphatic herbicides, imidazolinone herbicides, inorganic herbicides, nitrile herbicides, organophosphorus herbicides, oxadiazolone herbicides, phenoxy herbicides, phenoxyacetic herbicides, phenoxybutyric herbicides, phenoxypropionic herbicides, aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides, phenylenediamine herbicides, pyrazole herbicides, benzoylpyrazole herbicides, phenylpyrazole herbicides, pyridazine herbicides, pyridazinone herbicides, pyridine herbicides, pyrimidinediamine herbicides, quaternary ammonium herbicides, thiocarbamate herbicides, thiocarbonate herbicides, thiourea herbicides, triazine herbicides, chlorotriazine herbicides, methoxytriazine herbicides, methylthiotriazine herbicides, triazinone herbicides, triazole herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides, uracil herbicides, urea herbicides, phenylurea herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides, pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides, triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides, thiadiazolylurea herbicides, unclassified herbicides, and the like.
Embodiments of the invention can include a fungicidal chemical or product. In some embodiments, these fungicidal chemicals can include, for example, aliphatic nitrogen fungicides, amide fungicides, acylamino acid fungicides, anilide fungicides, benzanilide fungicides, furanilide fungicides sulfonanilide fungicides, benzamide fungicides, furamide fungicides, phenylsulfamide fungicides, sulfonamide fungicides, valinamide fungicides, antibiotic fungicides, strobilurin fungicides, aromatic fungicides, benzimidazole fungicides, benzimidazole precursor fungicides, benzothiazole fungicides, bridged diphenyl fungicides, carbamate fungicides, benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicides, carbanilate fungicides, conazole fungicides, copper fungicides, dicarboximide fungicides, dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicides, phthalimide fungicides, dinitrophenol fungicides, dithiocarbamate fungicides, imidazole fungicides, inorganic fungicides, mercury fungicides, morpholine fungicides, organophosphorus fungicides, organotin fungicides, oxathin fungicides, oxazole fungicides, polysulfide fungicides, pyrazole fungicides, pyridine fungicides, pyrimidine fungicides, pyrrole fungicides, quinoline fungicides, quinone fungicides, quinoxaline fungicides, thiazole fungicides, thiazolidine fungicides, thiocarbamate fungicides, thiophene fungicides, triazine fungicides, triazole fungicides, urea fungicides, unclassified fungicides, and the like.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one compound or chemical of a plant origin, the at least one compound or chemical of a plant origin can include, for example, any of the compounds or chemicals listed in table 4, or the like:
Additional compounds and chemicals of a plant origin that can be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are set forth in the following applications, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference: U.S. application Ser. No. 10/832,022, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/086,615, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS RELATED TO THE OCTOPAMINE RECEPTOR; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/365,426, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS INVOLVING THE TYRAMINE RECEPTOR; and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/870,385, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS.
In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to include a naturally-occurring version or a synthetic version of a compound. For example, in certain embodiments it can be desirable to include Lime Oil 410, a synthetic lime oil that can be obtained, for example, from Millennium Chemicals, Inc. In certain exemplary compositions, it can be desirable to include a compound that is designated as meeting Food Chemical Codex (FCC), for example, Geraniol Fine FCC or Tetrahydrolinalool FCC, which compounds can be obtained, for example, from Millennium Chemicals, Inc.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one blend of compounds of a plant origin, the compounds of plant origin can be tested for their precise chemical composition using, for example, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Mass Spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography, or the like.
The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system, i.e., the degree of precision required for a particular purpose, such as a pharmaceutical formulation. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviations, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
The term “substantially,” as used herein, means at least about 80%, preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 99%, for example at least about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the term “substantially” can mean completely, or about 100%.
In embodiments of the invention that include at least one blend of compounds of a plant origin, the at least one blend of compounds can include at least two compounds. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include LFO and Black Seed Oil (BSO).
In another exemplary embodiments, the at least one blend of compounds can include LFO, D-limonene, Thyme Oil White, and Lime Oil.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Tetrahydrolinalool, Isopropyl Myristate, Piperonal (aldehyde), Triethyl Citrate, Linalool, Geraniol, Vanillin, D-limonene, Lime Oil, and Thyme Oil White.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Isopropyl myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool, Linalool, Geraniol, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, and BSO.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Isopropyl myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool, Linalool Synthetic, Geraniol Fine, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, BSO, Methyl Salicylate, and D-limonene.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Thyme Oil White, Wintergreen Oil, Isopropyl Myristate, and Vanillin.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include D-limonene, Thyme Oil White, and Wintergreen Oil.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Thyme Oil White, Wintergreen Oil, and Isopropyl Myristate.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include D-limonene, Linalool, Geraniol, Tetrahydrolinalool, Isopropyl Myristate, Piperonal, and Vanillin.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Methyl Salicylate, Linalool, Geraniol, Tetrahydrolinalool, Isopropyl Myristate, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, BSO, and D-limonene.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Isopropyl myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool, Linalool, Geraniol, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, Mineral Oil, BSO, and D-limonene.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Linalool, Thymol (crystal), Alpha-Pinene, Para-Cymene, and trans-Anethole.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Isopropyl Myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool, Linalool, Geraniol, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, and BSO.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Thyme Oil White, Methyl Salicylate, Isopropyl Myristate, and Vanillin.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include D-limonene, Thyme Oil White, and Methyl Salicylate.
In another exemplary embodiment, the at least one blend of compounds can include Methyl Salicylate, Thymol, Geraniol, Isopropyl Myristate, and Vanillin.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 4 and 5% Lilace Flower Oil (LFO), between 75 and 90% D-Limonene, between 3 and 4% Thyme Oil White, and between 8 and 12% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.40% LFO, 82.3% D-Limonene, 3.3% Thyme Oil White, and 10.0% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 75 and 90% D-Limonene, between 2.5 and 4% Thyme Oil White, between 0.5 and 0.65% Linalool Coeur, between 0.7 and 0.9% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.04 and 0.06% Vanillin, between 0.7 and 0.9% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.7 and 0.9% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 9 and 11% Lime Oil Minus, between 0.35 and 0.5% Geraniol 60, and between 0.7 and 0.9% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 82.52% D-Limonene, 3.28% Thyme Oil White, 0.57% Linalool Coeur, 0.78% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.05% Vanillin, 0.80% Isopropyl myristate, 0.80% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.99% Lime Oil Minus, 0.41% Geraniol 60, and 0.80% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 24% BSO, between 14 and 17% Linalool Coeur, between 17 and 21% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.6 and 2% Vanillin, between 21 and 26% Isopropyl myristate, between 7 and 9% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 9 and 12% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 21.50% BSO, 15.90% Linalool Coeur, 19.00% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.80% Vanillin, 23.50% Isopropyl myristate, 7.80% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 10.50% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8 and 10% D-Limonene, 24 and 28.5% BSO, 5.5 and 7.0% Linalool Coeur, between 7 and 9% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.7 and 0.9% Vanillin, between 8.5 and 10.5% Isopropyl myristate, between 2.8 and 3.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 3.8 and 5% Geraniol Fine FCC, and between 29 and 37% Methyl Salicylate 98% Nat.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 8.80% D-Limonene, 26.20% BSO, 6.40% Linalool Coeur, 7.80% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.80% Vanillin, 9.50% Isopropyl myristate, 3.20% Piperonal (aldehyde), 4.30% Geraniol Fine FCC, and 33.00% Methyl Salicylate 98% Nat.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 23% Thyme Oil White, between 40 and 50% Wintergreen Oil, between 1 and 1.2% Vanillin, and between 30 and 37% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 20.50% Thyme Oil White, 45.00% Wintergreen Oil, 1.10% Vanillin, and 33.40% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 50 and 62% D-Limonene, between 10.5 and 13.5% Thyme Oil White, and between 28 and 35% Wintergreen Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, and 31.32% Wintergreen Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 50 and 62% D-Limonene, between 10.5 and 13.5% Thyme Oil White, and between 28 and 35% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, and 31.32% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 11.5 and 14.5% LFO, between 7.9 and 9.5% D-Limonene, between 8.5 and 10.6% Thyme Oil White, and between 61 and 76% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 12.94% LFO, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, and 68.76% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 11.5 and 14.5% LFO, between 38 and 46.5% D-Limonene, between 8.5 and 10.6% Thyme Oil White, between 0.76 and 0.92% Linalool Coeur, between 6 and 8% Citral, between 6.5 and 8% gamma-terpinene, between 1.1 and 1.5% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 4.1 and 5.2% Alpha-Terpineol, between 3.8 and 5% Terpinolene, between 1 and 1.25% Para-Cymene, between 1.6 and 2% Linalyl Acetate, between 1.7 and 2.1% Beta Pinene, between 0.08 and 0.1% Camphor Dextro, between 0.07 and 0.09% Terpinene 40 L, between 1.7 and 2.1% Alpha Terpinene, between 0.8 and 1.0% Bomeol L, between 0.3 and 0.45% Camphene, between 0.10 and 0.14% Decanal, between 0.09 and 0.11% Dodecanal, between 0.005 and 0.015% Fenchol Alpha, between 0.1 and 0.14% Geranyl Acetate, between 0.2 and 0.35% Isoborneol, between 0.24 and 0.28% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, between 0.7 and 0.85% Myrcene, between 0.015 and 0.025% Nonanal, between 0.03 and 0.05% Octanal, and between 0.015 and 0.025% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 12.94% LFO, 42.2% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 0.84% Linalool Coeur, 7.02% Citral, 7.23% gamma-terpinene, 1.33% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 4.68% Alpha-Terpineol, 4.33% Terpinolene, 1.11% Para-Cymene, 1.79% Linalyl Acetate, 1.93% Beta Pinene, 0.09% Camphor Dextro, 0.08% Terpinene 40 L, 1.93% Alpha Terpinene, 0.89% Bomeol L, 0.37% Camphene, 0.12% Decanal, 0.10%. Dodecanal, 0.01% Fenchol Alpha, 0.12% Geranyl Acetate, 0.28% Isoborneol, 0.26% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 0.78% Myrcene, 0.02% Nonanal, 0.04% Octanal, and 0.02% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.7 and 10.8% D-Limonene, between 7.7 and 9.4% Thyme Oil White, between 62 and 76% Lime Oil 410, between 1.4 and 1.9% Linalool Coeur, between 2 and 2.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.13 and 0.17% Vanillin, between 2.1 and 2.55% Isopropyl myristate, between 2.1 and 2.55% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 1.08 and 1.35% Geraniol 60, and between 2.1 and 2.55% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.70% D-Limonene, 8.54% Thyme Oil White, 69.41% Lime Oil 410, 1.66% Linalool Coeur, 2.29% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.15% Vanillin, 2.35% Isopropyl myristate, 2.35% Piperonal (aldehyde), 1.21% Geraniol 60, and 2.35% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 72 and 89% LFO and between 18 and 22% Black Seed Oil (BSO).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include ˜80.09% LFO and 19.91% BSO.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 45 and 56% LFO and between 45 and 55% BSO.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 50.13% LFO and 49.87% BSO.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 4.1 and 5.2% Thyme Oil White, between 52 and 64% Wintergreen Oil, and between 33 and 42% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.60% Thyme Oil White, 57.80% Wintergreen Oil, and 37.60% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 25 and 31% D-Limonene, between 4 and 5% Thyme Oil White, and between 60 and 72% Wintergreen Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 28.24% D-Limonene, 4.44% Thyme Oil White, and 67.32% Wintergreen Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.9 and 11% D-Limonene, between 12.5 and 16% Linalool Coeur, between 21.5 and 27% Tetrehydrolinalool, between 2.2 and 2.7% Vanillin, between 25 and 32% Isopropyl myristate, between 9 and 11% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 9 and 11.4% Geraniol 60.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.90% D-Limonene, 14.14% Linalool Coeur, 24.29% Tetrehydrolinalool, 2.48% Vanillin, 28.92% Isopropyl myristate, 9.97% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 10.30% Geraniol 60.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.4 and 10.2% D-Limonene, between 29 and 35% Black Seed Oil, between 8.5 and 10.6% Linalool Coeur, between 10 and 12.8% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1 and 1.35% Vanillin, between 12.5 and 15.5% Isopropyl myristate, between 4.2 and 5.3% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 5.7 and 6.9% Geraniol Fine FCC, and between 10.5 and 13% Methyl Salicylate 98% Nat.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.30% D-Limonene, 31.92% Black Seed Oil, 9.48% Linalool Coeur, 11.40% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.16% Vanillin, 14.04% Isopropyl myristate, 4.68% Piperonal (aldehyde), 6.29% Geraniol Fine FCC, and 11.72% Methyl Salicylate 98% Nat.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.7 and 10.4% D-Limonene, between 23 and 30% Black Seed Oil, between 8.9 and 10.8% Linalool Coeur, between 10.7 and 12.9% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.05 and 1.35% Vanillin, between 13.4 and 16.5% Mineral Oil White (USP), between 13 and 16% Isopropyl myristate, between 4.4 and 5.4% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 5.9 and 7.2% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.63% D-Limonene, 26.66% BSO, 9.82% Linalool Coeur, 11.81% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.20% Vanillin, 14.97% Mineral Oil White (USP), 14.54% Isopropyl myristate, 4.85% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 6.51% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 47 and 58% BSO, between 8.7 and 10.5% Linalool Coeur, between 10 and 13% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.0 and 1.25% Vanillin, between 12.8 and 15.3% Isopropyl myristate, between 4.3 and 5.2% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 5.7 and 7% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 52.28% BSO, 9.63% Linalool Coeur, 11.57% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.12% Vanillin, 14.26% Isopropyl myristate, 4.75% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 6.38% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 34 and 42.5% Thyme Oil White, between 22 and 27.5% Wintergreen Oil, between 1.0 and 1.22% Vanillin, and between 32 and 40% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 38.21% Thyme Oil White, 24.79% Wintergreen Oil, 1.11% Vanillin, and 35.89% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 35 and 44% Thyme Oil White, between 22 and 27.2% Wintergreen Oil, and between 32 and 40% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, and 35.94% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 35 and 44% Thyme Oil White, between 32 and 40% Isopropyl myristate, and between 22 and 27.2% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 39.24% Thyme Oil White, 35.94% Isopropyl myristate, and 24.82% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 13.3 and 16.3% D-Limonene, between 2.6 and 3.2% Linalool Coeur, between 3.15 and 3.85% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.18 and 0.22% Vanillin, between 3.05 and 3.75% Isopropyl myristate, between 3.2 and 4.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 1.25 and 1.55% Piperonyl Alcohol, and between 63 and 78% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 14.8% D-Limonene, 2.9% Linalool Coeur, 3.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.2% Vanillin, 3.4% Isopropyl myristate, 3.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), 1.4% Piperonyl Alcohol, and 70.2% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 62 and 77% D-Limonene, between 2.6 and 3.2% Linalool Coeur, between 3.15 and 3.85% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.18 and 0.22% Vanillin, between 3.05 and 3.75% Isopropyl myristate, between 3.25 and 3.95% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 1.25 and 1.55% Piperonyl Alcohol, and between 13.5 and 16.7% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 69.8% D-Limonene, 2.9% Linalool Coeur, 3.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.2% Vanillin, 3.4% Isopropyl myristate, 3.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), 1.4% Piperonyl Alcohol, and 15.2% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 5.1 and 6.3% Linalool Coeur, between 6.2 and 7.6% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.36 and 0.44% Vanillin, between 6.1 and 7.5% Isopropyl myristate, between 6.4 and 7.9% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 2.6 and 3.2% Piperonyl Alcohol, and between 63 and 78% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 5.7% Linalool Coeur, 6.9% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.4% Vanillin, 6.8% Isopropyl myristate, 7.1% Piperonal (aldehyde), 2.9% Piperonyl Alcohol, and 70.2% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 37 and 45.5% LFO, between 25 and 31% D-Limonene, and between 27.5 and 34% Thyme Oil White.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 41.4% LFO, 27.9% D-Limonene, and 30.7% Thyme Oil White.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 24 and 30% D-Limonene, between 27 and 33% Thyme Oil White, and between 38 and 47% Blend C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal [aldehyde], 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, and 42.57% Blend C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal [aldehyde], 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 24 and 31% D-Limonene, between 27 and 33% Thyme Oil White, between 5.1 and 6.3% Linalool Coeur, between 7.1 and 8.8% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.45 and 0.55% Vanillin, between 7.3 and 8.9% Isopropyl myristate, between 7.3 and 8.9% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 3.8 and 4.6% Geraniol 60, and between 7.3 and 8.9% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 27.4% D-Limonene, 30.1% Thyme Oil White, 5.7% Linalool Coeur, 7.9% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.5% Vanillin, 8.1% Isopropyl myristate, 8.1% Piperonal (aldehyde), 4.2% Geraniol 60, and 8.1% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 38 and 47% LFO, between 24 and 31% D-Limonene, between 27 and 33% Thyme Oil White.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 42.6% LFO, 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.6 and 4.45% D-Limonene, between 4 and 4.9% Thyme Oil White, between 15 and 18.4% Benzyl Alcohol, between 18 and 23.5% Isopar M, between 41 and 49% Water, between 5.7 and 7% C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal [aldehyde], 9.8% Geraniol 60, and 19.1% Triethyl Citrate), and between 2.8.5 and 3.5% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.03% D-Limonene, 4.43% Thyme Oil White, 16.61% Benzyl Alcohol, 20.95% Isopar M, 44.53% Water, 6.27% C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate), and 3.18% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.6 and 4.45% D-Limonene, 4.0 and 4.75% Thyme Oil White, between 0.76 and 0.92% Linalool Coeur, between 1.05 and 1.27% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.063 and 0.077% Vanillin, between 1.05 and 1.33% Isopropyl myristate, between 1.05 and 1.33% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 0.56 and 0.68% Geraniol 60, between 1.05 and 1.33% Triethyl Citrate, between 15 and 18% Benzyl Alcohol, between 18 and 24.2% Isopar M, between 40 and 49% Water, and between 2.85 and 3.5% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.03% D-Limonene, 4.43% Thyme Oil White, 0.84% Linalool Coeur, 1.16% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.07% Vanillin, 1.19% Isopropyl myristate, 1.19% Piperonal (aldehyde), 0.62% Geraniol 60, 1.19% Triethyl Citrate, 16.61% Benzyl Alcohol, 20.95% Isopar M, 44.53% Water, and 3.18% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 24 and 31% D-Limonene, between 27 and 33% Thyme Oil White, and between 38 and 47% Blend C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal [aldehyde], 9.8% Geraniol 60, and 19.1% Triethyl Citrate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, and 42.57% Blend C-4003 (13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal [aldehyde], 9.8% Geraniol 60, and 19.1% Triethyl Citrate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 24 and 31% D-Limonene, between 27 and 33% Thyme Oil White, between 5.2 and 6.4% Linalool Coeur, between 7 and 8.8% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.45 and 0.55% Vanillin, between 7.2 and 8.9% Isopropyl myristate, between 7.2 and 8.9% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 3.7 and 4.6% Geraniol 60, and between 7.3 and 9.0% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 5.73% Linalool Coeur, 7.88% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.50% Vanillin, 8.08% Isopropyl myristate, 8.09% Piperonal (aldehyde), 4.18% Geraniol 60, and 8.11% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 4 and 4.9% Lilac Flower Oil, between 7.6 and 9.1% D-Limonene, 2.9 and 3.65% Thyme Oil White, and between 9 and 11% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.4% Lilac Flower Oil, 82.3% D-Limonene, 3.3% Thyme Oil White, and 10.0% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 11.7 and 14.2% Lilac Flower Oil, between 7.9 and 9.6% D-Limonene, between 8.7 and 10.6% Thyme Oil White, and between 61 and 76% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 12.94% Lilac Flower Oil, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, and 68.76% Lime Oil Minus.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.8 and 10.8% D-Limonene, between 7.7 and 9.5% Thyme Oil White, between 1.53 and 1.87% Linalool Coeur, between 2.1 and 2.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.09 and 0.11% Vanillin, between 2.15 and 2.65% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 62 and 77% Lime Oil Minus, between 1.05 and 1.35% Geraniol 60, and between 2.15 and 2.55% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.8% D-Limonene, 8.6% Thyme Oil White, 1.7% Linalool Coeur, 2.3% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.1% Vanillin, 2.4% Piperonal (aldehyde), 69.3% Lime Oil Minus, 1.2% Geraniol 60, and 2.4% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 23% Thyme Oil White, between 40 and 50% Wintergreen Oil, and between 31 and 38% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, and 34.3% Isopropyl myristate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 19 and 24% Black Seed Oil, between 14 and 17.5% Linalool Coeur, between 17 and 21% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.7 and 2.1% Vanillin, between 21 and 26% Isopropyl myristate, between 7 and 8.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 9.5 and 11.6% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 21.5% Black Seed Oil, 15.8% Linalool Coeur, 19.0% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.9% Vanillin, 23.4% Isopropyl myristate, 7.8% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 10.5% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 6 and 7.4% Linalool Coeur, between 22 and 26% Soy Bean Oil, between 33 and 41% Thymol (crystal), and between 3.3 and 4.2% Alpha-Pinene (98%).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 6.63% Linalool Coeur, 24.03% Soy Bean Oil, 37.17% Thymol (crystal), and 3.78% Alpha-Pinene (98%).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 7.9 and 9.6% Linalool Coeur, between 43 and 53% Thymol (crystal), between 4.5 and 5.5% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and between 33 and 42% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 8.73% Linalool Coeur, 48.93% Thymol (crystal), 4.97% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and 37.37% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 7.9 and 9.5% D-Limonene, between 8.6 and 10.5% Thyme Oil White, between 61 and 76% Lime Oil 410, between 2.3 and 2.9% Linalool Coeur, between 2.8 and 3.4% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.29 and 0.35% Vanillin, between 3.4 and 4.3% Isopropyl myristate, between 1.16 and 1.42% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 1.5 and 1.9% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 68.76% Lime Oil 410, 2.61% Linalool Coeur, 3.13% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.32% Vanillin, 3.86% Isopropyl myristate, 1.29% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 1.73% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 25 and 31% D-Limonene, between 4 and 4.9% Thyme Oil White, and between 60 and 74% Methyl Salicylate (Synth.).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 28.24% D-Limonene, 4.44% Thyme Oil White, and 67.32% Methyl Salicylate (Synth.).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 23% Thyme Oil White, between 31 and 37.8% Isopropyl Myristate, and between 40 and 50% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 20.6% Thyme Oil White, 34.3% Isopropyl Myristate, and 45.1% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 49 and 60% Castor Oil hydrogenated (PEO40), between 20.7 and 25% Lemon Grass Oil (India), and between 20 and 24.6% Blend B-5006 (12.94% Lilac Flower Oil, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 68.76% Lime Oil 410).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 54.63% Castor Oil hydrogenated—PEO40, 22.93% Lemon Grass Oil—India, and 22.44% Blend B-5006 (12.94% Lilac Flower Oil, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 68.76% Lime Oil 410).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 14.5 and 17.8% Lilac Flower Oil, between 60 and 75% D-Limonene, between 10 and 12.4% Thyme Oil White, and between 4.4 and 5.4% Black Seed Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 16.18% Lilac Flower Oil, 67.81% D-Limonene, 11.18% Thyme Oil White, and 4.83% Black Seed Oil.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 14.4 and 17.6% Lilac Flower Oil (LFO), between 60 and 75% D-Limonene, between 10.4 and 12.7% Thyme Oil White, and between 4.8 and 5.8% Black Seed Oil (BSO).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 16.01% LFO, 67.09% D-Limonene, 11.59% Thyme Oil White, 5.31% BSO.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8 and 9.6% D-Limonene, between 8.8 and 10.6% Thyme Oil White, between 50 and 60% Lime Oil 410, between 1.5 and 1.85% Linalool Coeur, between 2.1 and 2.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.135 and 0.165% Vanillin, between 2.1 and 2.5% Isopropyl myristate, between 2.1 and 2.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 1.1 and 1.35% Geraniol 60, between 2.1 and 2.6% Triethyl Citrate, and between 12.5 and 15.3% Isopar M.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 8.83% D-Limonene, 9.71% Thyme Oil White, 55.17% Lime Oil 410, 1.68% Linalool Coeur, 2.31% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.15% Vanillin, 2.37% Isopropyl myristate, 2.37% Piperonal (aldehyde), 1.23% Geraniol 60, 2.38% Triethyl Citrate, and 13.80% Isopar M.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 7.9 and 9.5% D-Limonene, between 8.6 and 10.5% Thyme Oil White, between 62 and 76% Lime Oil 410, between 1.5 and 1.82% Linalool Coeur, between 2 and 2.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.14 and 0.16% Vanillin, between 2.1 and 2.6% Isopropyl myristate, between 2.1 and 2.6% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 1.1 and 1.32% Geraniol 60, and between 2.1 and 2.6% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.59% Thyme Oil White, 69.35% Lime Oil 410, 1.66% Linalool Coeur, 2.28% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.15% Vanillin, 2.34% Isopropyl myristate, 2.34% Piperonal (aldehyde), 1.21% Geraniol 60, and 2.35% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 14.7 and 18% LFO, between 61 and 76% D-Limonene, between 4.8 and 5.9% Thyme Oil White, and between 9 and 11% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 16.31% LFO, 68.34% D-Limonene, 5.37% Thyme Oil White, and 9.98% Lime Oil 410.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 4.2 and 5.2% Linalool Coeur, between 36 and 45% Thymol (crystal), between 1.7 and 2.1% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 31 and 38% Para-Cymene, and between 16 and 20% Trans-anethole.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.7% Linalool Coeur, 40.8% Thymol (crystal), 1.9% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 34.49% Para-Cymene, and 18.2% Trans-anethole.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 6 and 7.4% Linalool Coeur, between 21.5 and 26.5% Soy Bean Oil, between 33 and 41% Thymol (crystal), between 3.4 and 4.2% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and between 25 and 31% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 6.6% Linalool Coeur, 24.0% Soy Bean Oil, 37.2% Thymol (crystal), 3.8% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and 28.39% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 36 and 45% Linalool Coeur, between 31 and 37.5% Thymol (crystal), between 4.2 and 5.2% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 1.7 and 2.1% Para-Cymene, and between 16.5 and 20% Trans-anethole.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 40.8% Linalool Coeur, 34.4% Thymol (crystal), 4.7% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 1.9% Para-Cymene, and 18.20% Trans-anethole.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 8.5 and 10.5% Linalool Coeur, between 42 and 53% Thymol (crystal), between 8.5 and 10.4% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and between 30 and 36.5% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.49% Linalool Coeur, 47.87% Thymol (crystal), 9.46% Alpha-Pinene (98%), and 33.18% Para-Cymene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 22.3% Linalool Coeur, between 22 and 27% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 2.2 and 2.7% Vanillin, between 26 and 33% Isopropyl myristate, between 9 and 11% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 12 and 14.6% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 20.15% Linalool Coeur, 24.23% Tetrahydrolinalool, 2.47% Vanillin, 29.84% Isopropyl myristate, 9.95% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 13.36% Geraniol Fine FCC.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 20 and 26% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.0 and 1.4% Vanillin, between 4 and 4.9% Hercolyn D, between 13.5 and 16.6% Isopropyl myristate, between 6.8 and 8.3% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 20 and 25.2% Ethyl Linalool, between 6 and 7.3% Hedione, between 9 and 11.2% Triethyl Citrate, and between 8.1 and 10% Dipropylene glycol (DPG).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 22.98% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.17% Vanillin, 4.44% Hercolyn D, 15.10% Isopropyl myristate, 7.55% Piperonal (aldehyde), 22.91% Ethyl Linalool, 6.67% Hedione, 10.10% Triethyl Citrate, and 9.09% Dipropylene glycol (DPG).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 12.2 and 14.8% Linalool Coeur, between 16.9 and 20.1% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.08 and 1.32% Vanillin, between 17 and 21% Isopropyl myristate, between 17 and 21% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 8.8 and 10.8% Geraniol 60, and between 17 and 21% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, and 19.1% Triethyl Citrate.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 17 and 21% Linalool Coeur, between 21 and 25.5% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 1.08 and 1.32% Vanillin, between 20.6 and 25.2% Isopropyl myristate, between 21 and 26% Piperonal (aldehyde), and between 8.6 and 10.5% Piperonyl Alcohol.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 19.2% Linalool Coeur, 23.2% Tetrahydrolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 22.9% Isopropyl myristate, 23.8% Piperonal (aldehyde), and 9.6% Piperonyl Alcohol.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 43 and 54% D-Limonene, between 1.1 and 1.34% Linalool Coeur, between 9.2 and 11.3% Citral, between 9.4 and 11.6% gamma-terpinene, between 1.7 and 2.13% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 6.1 and 7.5% Alpha-Terpineol, between 5.6 and 7.0% Terpinolene, between 1.45 and 1.76% Para-Cymene, between 2.34 and 2.86% Linalyl Acetate, between 2.5 and 3.1% Beta Pinene, between 0.12 and 0.14% Camphor Dextro, between 0.1 and 0.12% Terpinene 40 L, between 2.5 and 3.1% Alpha Terpinene, between 1.17 and 1.43% Bomeol L, between 0.49 and 0.61% Camphene, between 0.155 and 0.185% Decanal, between 0.13 and 0.15% Dodecanal, between 0.009 and 0.011% Fenchol Alpha, between 0.16 and 0.20% Geranyl Acetate, between 0.37 and 0.45% Isoborneol, between 0.34 and 0.42% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, between 1.03 and 1.25% Myrcene, between 0.027 and 0.033% Nonanal, between 0.054 and 0.066% Octanal, and between 0.027 and 0.033% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 48.58% D-Limonene, 1.22% Linalool Coeur, 10.21% Citral, 10.51% gamma-terpinene, 1.94% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 6.80% Alpha-Terpineol, 6.30% Terpinolene, 1.61% Para-Cymene, 2.60% Linalyl Acetate, 2.80% Beta Pinene, 0.13% Camphor Dextro, 0.11% Terpinene 40 L, 2.80% Alpha Terpinene, 1.30% Borneol L, 0.54% Camphene, 0.17% Decanal, 0.14% Dodecanal, 0.01% Fenchol Alpha, 0.18% Geranyl Acetate, 0.41% Isoborneol, 0.38% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1.14% Myrcene, 0.03% Nonanal, 0.06% Octanal, and 0.03% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 52 and 65% D-Limonene, between 1.3 and 1.61% Linalool Coeur, between 11.4 and 13.9% gamma-terpinene, between 2.1 and 2.6% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 6.8 and 8.5% Terpinolene, between 1.7 and 2.2% Para-Cymene, between 2.8 and 2.45% Linalyl Acetate, between 3 and 3.7% Beta Pinene, between 0.145 and 0.176% Camphor Dextro, between 0.12 and 0.14% Terpinene 40 L, between 3 and 3.7% Alpha Terpinene, between 1.42 and 1.72% Borneol L, between 0.59 and 0.71% Camphene, between 0.18 and 0.22% Decanal, between 0.155 and 0.185% Dodecanal, between 0.009 and 0.011% Fenchol Alpha, 0.2 and 0.24% Geranyl Acetate, between 0.44 and 0.54% Isoborneol, between 0.42 and 0.5% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, between 1.24 and 1.5% Myrcene, between 0.036 and 0.044% Nonanal, between 0.06 and 0.08% Octanal, and between 0.036 and 0.044% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 58.54% D-Limonene, 1.47% Linalool Coeur, 12.66% gamma-terpinene, 2.34% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 7.59% Terpinolene, 1.94% Para-Cymene, 3.13% Linalyl Acetate, 3.37% Beta Pinene, 0.16% Camphor Dextro, 0.13% Terpinene 40 L, 3.37% Alpha Terpinene, 1.57% Borneol L, 0.65% Camphene, 0.20% Decanal, 0.17% Dodecanal, 0.01% Fenchol Alpha, 0.22% Geranyl Acetate, 0.49% Isoborneol, 0.46% 2-Methyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1.37% Myrcene, 0.04% Nonanal, 0.07% Octanal, and 0.04% Tocopherol Gamma Tenox.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 31 and 38% D-Limonene, between 9 and 11.1% Linalool Coeur, between 4.5 and 5.5% Alpha-Pinene (98%), between 9 and 11.2% Terpinolene, between 9 and 11.1% Para-Cymene, between 2.8 and 5.9% Linalyl Acetate, between 4.5 and 5.8% Beta Pinene, between 4.3 and 5.4% Alpha Terpinene, between 5.2 and 6.4% Camphene, and between 8.3 and 10.2% Myrcene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 34.50% D-Limonene, 10.05% Linalool Coeur, 5.01% Alpha-Pinene (98%), 10.10% Terpinolene, 10.04% Para-Cymene, 5.30% Linalyl Acetate, 5.02% Beta Pinene, 4.88% Alpha Terpinene, 5.84% Camphene, and 9.26% Myrcene.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 81 and 99% B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, and 34.3% Isopropyl myristate) and between 9 and 11% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 90% B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, and 34.3% Isopropyl myristate) and 10% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 90.00% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.18 and 0.22% Lecithin, between 8.8 and 10.8% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, and 89.1% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium sorbate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 73 and 89% Water, and between 15.3 and 18.4% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.00% Potassium sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 81.82% Water, and 16.90% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.10 and 0.12% Potassium sorbate, between 0.135 and 0.165% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 0.030 and 0.038% Lecithin, between 76 and 92% Water, and between 13.5 and 16.5% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.11% Potassium sorbate, 0.15% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 0.034% Lecithin, 84.4% Water, and 15% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 2.7 and 3.4% Thyme Oil White, between 6 and 7.5% Wintergreen Oil, between 4.5 and 5.7% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium sorbate, between 0.135 and 0.165% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 0.027 and 0.033% Lecithin, and between 76 and 91% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 3.09% Thyme Oil White, 6.77% Wintergreen Oil, 5.15% Isopropyl myristate, 0.11% Potassium sorbate, 0.15% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 0.03% Lecithin, and 84.41% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.18 and 0.22% Lecithin, between 9 and 11% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, and 89.10% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 2.7 and 3.4% Water, between 76 and 92% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]), and between 11.5 and 14% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 3.1% Water, 84.2% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]), and 12.7% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 14 and 17% Thyme Oil White, between 30 and 37% Wintergreen Oil, between 23 and 27.5% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.115 and 0.145% Potassium sorbate, between 0.7 and 0.83% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.29 and 0.36% Xanthan Gum, between 0.15 and 0.19% Lecithin, and between 21 and 26% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 15.5% Thyme Oil White, 33.8% Wintergreen Oil, 25.7% Isopropyl myristate, 0.13% Potassium sorbate, 0.76% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.32% Xanthan Gum, 0.17% Lecithin, and 23.6% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 9.2% Water, between 70 and 88% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]), and between 10.5 and 13.2% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 9.2% Water, 78.87% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]), and 11.90% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.11 and 0.15% Potassium sorbate, between 0.7 and 0.84% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.29 and 0.36% Xanthan gum, between 0.15 and 0.19% Lecithin, between 25 and 32% Water, and between 63 and 77% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.13% Potassium sorbate, 0.76% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.32% Xanthan gum, 0.17% Lecithin, 28.6% Water, and 70% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 2.8 and 3.4% Water, between 76 and 92% Blend F-4003 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]), and between 11.5 and 14% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 3.1% Water, 84.2% Cationic formulation-Hi residual (F-4003; 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]), and 12.7% Solution S-3001 (Stock 2.5% Xanthan-1% K sorbate; 1% Potassium Sorbate, 2.50% Xanthan Gum, 96.50% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium sorbate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan gum, between 73 and 90% Water, and between 15.3 and 18.5% Blend F-4003 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1% Potassium sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan gum, 81.8% Water, and 16.9% Blend F-4003 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.18 and 0.22% Lecithin, between 8.9 and 11% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5034 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 34.3% Isopropyl Myristate, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, and 89.10% Blend B-5034 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 34.3% Isopropyl Myristate, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium sorbate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan gum, between 73 and 90% Water, and between 15.3 and 17.5% Formulation F-4009 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5034 [24B-4a for Institutions with Methyl Sal; 20.6% Thyme Oil White, 34.3% Isopropyl Myristate, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil Technical]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.00% Potassium sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan gum, 81.82% Water, and 16.9% Formulation F-4009 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5034 [24B-4a for Institutions with Methyl Sal; 20.6% Thyme Oil White, 34.3% Isopropyl Myristate, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil Technical]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.18 and 0.22% Citronella Oil, between 0.18 and 0.22% Carbopol 940, between 0.9 and 0.11% BHT, between 54 and 66% Water, between 12.5 and 16% Emulsifying Wax, between 3.6 and 4.4% Light liquid paraffin, between 8.1 and 9.9% White Soft Paraffin, between 0.22 and 0.28% Sodium metabisulfate, between 1.8 and 2.2% Propylene glycol, between 0.13 and 0.17% Methyl parabin, between 0.045 and 0.055% Propyl parabin, between 4.5 and 5.5% Cresmer RH40 hydrogenated, between 0.13 and 0.17% Triethanolamine, between 0.018 and 0.022% Vitamin E acetate, between 0.045 and 0.055% Disodium EDTA, and between 4.5 and 5.5% Blend B-5006 (12.94% Lilac Flower Oil, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 68.76% Lime Oil 410).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.20% Citronella Oil, 0.20% Carbopol 940, 0.10% BHT, 59.83% Water, 14.00% Emulsifying Wax, 4.00% Light liquid paraffin, 9.00% White Soft Paraffin, 0.25% Sodium metabisulfate, 2.00% Propylene glycol, 0.15% Methyl parabin, 0.05% Propyl parabin, 5.00% Cresmer RH40 hydrogenated, 0.15% Triethanolamine, 0.02% Vitamin E acetate, 0.05% Disodium EDTA, and 5.00% Blend B-5006 (12.94% Lilac Flower Oil, 8.72% D-Limonene, 9.58% Thyme Oil White, 68.76% Lime Oil 410).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.045 and 0.055% Span 80, between 0.18 and 0.22% Sodium benzoate, between 26 and 32% Isopar M, between 13 and 16% A46 Propellant, between 38 and 46% Water, between 1.3 and 1.7% Isopropyl alcohol, and between 11.2 and 13.7% Blend B-5005 (56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.05% Span 80, 0.20% Sodium benzoate, 29% Isopar M, 14.5% A46 Propellant, 42.25% Water, 1.50% Isopropyl alcohol, and 12.5% Blend B-5005 (56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 46 and 56% Isopar M, between 36 and 44% A46 propellant, between 2.7 and 3.3% Isopropyl alcohol, and between 5.4 and 6.6% B-5024 (TT-7; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 51.0% Isopar M, 40.0% A46 propellant, 3.0% Isopropyl alcohol, and 6.0% B-5024 (TT-7; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 46 and 56% Isopar M, between 36 and 44% A46 propellant, between 0.045 and 0.055% Bifenthrin, between 2.7 and 3.3% Isopropyl alcohol, and between 5.4 and 6.6% Blend B-5024 (TT-7; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 51.0% Isopar M, 40.0% A46 propellant, 0.05% Bifenthrin, 3.0% Isopropyl alcohol, and 6.0% Blend B-5024 (TT-7; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 49 and 60% Isopar M, between 36 and 44% A46 propellant, and between 5.4 and 6.6% Blend B-5021 (HL1; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 54.0% Isopar M, 40.0% A46 propellant, and 6.0% Blend B-5021 (HL1; 27.35% D-Limonene, 30.08% Thyme Oil White, 42.57% Blend C-4003 [13.5% Linalool Coeur, 18.5% Tetradyrdolinalool, 1.2% Vanillin, 19.0% Isopropyl myristate, 19.0% Piperonal (aldehyde), 9.8% Geraniol 60, 19.1% Triethyl Citrate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.8 and 2.3% Thyme Oil White, between 4 and 5% Wintergreen Oil, between 3.1 and 3.75% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.10 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.135 and 0.165% Polyclycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 0.027 and 0.033% Lecithin, and between 80 and 98% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 2.06% Thyme Oil White, 4.51% Wintergreen Oil, 3.43% Isopropyl myristate, 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.15% Polyclycerol-4-oleate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 0.03% Lecithin, and 89.42% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.15% Thyme Oil White, between 2 and 2.5% Wintergreen Oil, between 1.55 and 1.89% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.13 and 0.17% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 0.027 and 0.033% Lecithin, and between 85 and 100% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.03% Thyme Oil White, 2.26% Wintergreen Oil, 1.72% Isopropyl myristate, 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.15% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 0.03% Lecithin, and 94.43% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.18 and 0.22% Soya Lecithin, between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 8.8 and 10.8% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.20% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.80% Water, and 89.10% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 32 and 38% Thyme Oil White, between 29 and 35% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.18 and 0.22% Soya Lecithin, between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 8.8 and 10.8% Water, and between 20 and 24% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 35.0% Thyme Oil White, 32.0% Isopropyl myristate, 0.20% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.80% Water, and 22.1% Wintergreen Oil Technical.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.09 and 0.11% Soya Lecithin, between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 8.9 and 10.9% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5004 (20.50% Thyme Oil White, 45.00% Wintergreen Oil, 1.10% Vanillin, 33.40% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.10% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.90% Water, and 89.1% Blend B-5004 (20.50% Thyme Oil White, 45.00% Wintergreen Oil, 1.10% Vanillin, 33.40% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 16 and 20.5% Thyme Oil White, between 36 and 44% Wintergreen Oil, between 0.89 and 1.08% Vanillin, between 26.5 and 33% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.09 and 0.11% Soya Lecithin, between 0.8 and 1.0% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, and between 8.9 and 10.9% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 18.27% Thyme Oil White, 40.10% Wintergreen Oil, 0.98% Vanillin, 29.76% Isopropyl myristate, 0.10% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, and 9.90% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.7 and 2.1% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 8 and 10% Water, and between 80 and 98% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.00% Water, and 89.10% Blend B-5016 (39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 31.5 and 38.5% Thyme Oil White, between 29 and 35% Isopropyl myristate, between 1.7 and 2.1% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 8 and 10% Water, and between 20 and 24% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 35.0% Thyme Oil White, 32.0% Isopropyl myristate, 1.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.00% Water, and 22.1% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.10 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 1.7 and 2.1% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.24 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 78 and 94% Water, and between 10 and 12.5% Blend P-1010 (0.10% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.90% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5004 [20.50% Thyme Oil White, 45.00% Wintergreen Oil, 1.10% Vanillin, 33.40% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 1.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, 86.410% Water, and 11.30% Blend P-1010 (0.10% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.90% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5004 [20.50% Thyme Oil White, 45.00% Wintergreen Oil, 1.10% Vanillin, 33.40% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 5.0 and 6.3% D-Limonene, between 1.1 and 1.4% Thyme Oil White, between 0.010 and 0.012% Soya Lecithin, between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 1.8 and 2.2% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.24 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 79 and 96.5% Water, and between 2.8 and 3.45% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 5.67% D-Limonene, 1.25% Thyme Oil White, 0.011% Soya Lecithin, 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 2.002% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, 87.529% Water, and 3.15% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.24 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 80 and 97% Water, and between 10 and 12.6% Blend P-1000 (0.20% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.80% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, 88.315% Water, and 11.30% Blend P-1000 (0.20% Soya Lecithin, 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.80% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.5 and 4.4% Thyme Oil White, between 3.2 and 4% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.02 and 0.025% Soya Lecithin, between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.9 and 0.115% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.30% Xanthan Gum, between 80 and 98% Water, and between 2.2 and 2.8% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 3.95% Thyme Oil White, 3.62% Isopropyl myristate, 0.023% Soya Lecithin, 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.102% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, 89.422% Water, 2.50% Wintergreen Oil (Technical).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.25 and 0.30% Xanthan Gum, between 80 and 98% Water, and between 10 and 12.6% Blend P-1020 (1.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.00% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, 88.315% Water, and 11.30% Blend P-1020 (1.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 9.00% Water, 89.10% Blend B-5016 [39.24% Thyme Oil White, 24.82% Wintergreen Oil, 35.94% Isopropyl Myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.5 and 4.4% Thyme Oil White, between 2.2 and 2.8% Wintergreen Oil, between 3.3 and 40% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.1 and 0.12% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.18 and 0.23% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0.30% Xanthan Gum, and between 80 and 98% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 3.95% Thyme Oil White, 2.50% Wintergreen Oil, 3.62% Isopropyl myristate, 0.11% Potassium Sorbate, 0.21% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.275% Xanthan Gum, and 89.332% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium Sorbate, between 2.2 and 2.8% Xanthan Gum, and between 87 and 100% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.00% Potassium Sorbate, 2.500% Xanthan Gum, and 96.500% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.8 and 2.2% Sodium Benzoate and between 89 and 100% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 2% Sodium Benzoate and 98% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.05 and 1.32% Span 80, between 1.5 and 1.8% Tween 80, between 13 and 15.4% Isopar M, between 60 and 76% Water, between 2.5 and 3.2% Blend B-5005 (25B-4-b blend; 56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil), and between 10 and 12.5% Solution P-1100 (2% Sodium Benzoate; 2% Sodium Benzoate, 98% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.20% Span 80, 1.65% Tween 80, 14.20% Isopar M, 68.75% Water, 2.84% Blend B-5005 (25B-4-b blend; 56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil), and 11.36% Solution P-1100 (2% Sodium Benzoate; 2% Sodium Benzoate, 98% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.4 and 1.8% D-Limonene, between 0.32 and 0.38% Thyme Oil White, between 0.8 and 0.98% Wintergreen Oil, between 1.1 and 1.3% Span 80, between 1.5 and 1.8% Tween 80, between 0.2 and 0.26% Sodium Benzoate, between 13 and 15.4% Isopar M, and between 71 and 88% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.60% D-Limonene, 0.35% Thyme Oil White, 0.89% Wintergreen Oil, 1.20% Span 80, 1.65% Tween 80, 0.23% Sodium Benzoate, 14.20% Isopar M, and 79.88% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 20 and 24% Propellent A70 and between 70 and 86% Blend P-1100 (1.20% Span 80, 1.65% Tween 80, 14.20% Isopar M, 68.75% Water, 2.84% Blend B-5005 [56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil], 11.36% Solution P-1100 [2% Sodium Benzoate; 2% Sodium Benzoate, 98% Water]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 22% Propellent A70 and 78% Blend P-110 (1.20% Span 80, 1.65% Tween 80, 14.20% Isopar M, 68.75% Water, 2.84% Blend B-5005 [56.30% D-Limonene, 12.38% Thyme Oil White, 31.32% Wintergreen Oil], 11.36% Solution P-1100 [2% Sodium Benzoate; 2% Sodium Benzoate, 98% Water]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.1 and 1.4% D-Limonene, between 0.24 and 0.3% Thyme Oil White, between 0.62 and 0.76% Wintergreen Oil, between 0.85 and 1.04% Span 80, between 1.1 and 1.48% Tween 80, between 0.16 and 0.20% Sodium Benzoate, between 10 and 12.2% Isopar M, between 56 and 69% Water, and between 20 and 24% Propellent A70.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.25% D-Limonene, 0.27% Thyme Oil White, 0.69% Wintergreen Oil, 0.94% Span 80, 1.29% Tween 80, 0.18% Sodium Benzoate, 11.08% Isopar M, 62.31% Water, and 22.0% Propellent A70.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.13 and 0.17% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, between 0.25 and 0:31% Xanthan Gum, between 0.030 and 0.037% Lecithin, between 75 and 91% Water, and between 13.5 and 16.6% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.0% Potassium Sorbate, 0.15% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 0.034% Lecithin, 83.5% Water, and 15.1% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 30 and 37% Water and between 59 and 74% Formulation F-4002 (1.00% Potassium sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 81.82% Water, 16.90% Formulation F-4001 [0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate)]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 33.40% Water and 66.60% Formulation F-4002 (1.00% Potassium sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 81.82% Water, 16.90% Formulation F-4001 [0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate)]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.6 and 4.5% D-Limonene, between 4 and 4.9% Thyme Oil White, between 15 and 18.2% Benzyl Alcohol, between 18 and 23.5% Isopar M, between 44 and 49% Water, between 5.6 and 7.0% Blend C-4003 (3.18% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Laurly Sulfate, 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.03% D-Limonene, 4.43% Thyme Oil White, 16.61% Benzyl Alcohol, 20.95% Isopar M, 44.53% Water, 6.27% Blend C-4003 (3.18% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Laurly Sulfate, 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 3.6 and 4.45% D-Limonene, between 4.0 and 4.9% Thyme Oil White, between 15 and 18.4% Benzyl Alcohol, between 18 and 23.4% Isopar M, between 40 and 49% Water, between 0.045 and 0.055% Bifenthrin, between 5.6 and 7.0% Blend C-4003 (3.178% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Laurly Sulfate, 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 4.028% D-Limonene, 4.428% Thyme Oil White, 16.60% Benzyl Alcohol, 20.94% Isopar M, 44.51% Water, 0.05% Bifenthrin, 6.267% Blend C-4003 (3.178% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Laurly Sulfate, 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 1.8 and 2.3% Thyme Oil White, between 4.0 and 5.0% Wintergreen Oil, between 3.1 and 3.8% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.45 and 0.55% Span 80, between 13.5 and 16.5% Isopar M, between 67 and 82% Water, and between 0.045 and 0.055% Bifenthrin.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 2.06% Thyme Oil White, 4.51% Wintergreen Oil, 3.43% Isopropyl myristate, 0.50% Span 80, 15% Isopar M, 74.45% Water, 0.05% Bifenthrin.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.36 and 0.45% Thyme Oil White, between 0.8 and 1.0% Wintergreen Oil, between 0.6 and 0.76% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.018 and 0.022% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, and between 88 and 100% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.41% Thyme Oil White, 0.90% Wintergreen Oil, 0.69% Isopropyl myristate, 0.02% Sodium LaurylSulfate, and 97.98% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.15% Thyme Oil White, between 2.0 and 2.5% Wintergreen Oil, between 1.5 and 1.9% Isopropyl myristate, and between 85 and 100% AgSorb.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.03% Thyme Oil White, 2.26% Wintergreen Oil, 1.71% Isopropyl myristate, 95.00% AgSorb.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.9 and 1.16% Thyme Oil White, between 2.0 and 2.5% Wintergreen Oil, between 1.5 and 1.9% Isopropyl myristate, and between 85 and 100% DG Light.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 1.03% Thyme Oil White, 2.26% Wintergreen Oil, 1.71% Isopropyl myristate, 95.0% DG Light.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.36 and 0.45% Thyme Oil White, between 0.8 and 1.0% Wintergreen Oil, between 0.6 and 0.78% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.018 and 0.022% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, and between 87 and 100% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.41% Thyme Oil White, 0.90% Wintergreen Oil, 0.69% Isopropyl myristate, 0.02% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 97.98% Water.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 22 and 27% D-Limonene, between 0.89 and 1.1% Thyme Oil White, between 0.15 and 0.19% Linalool Coeur, between 0.2 and 0.26% Tetrahydrolinalool, between 0.018 and 0.022% Vanillin, between 0.22 and 0.26% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.215 and 0.265% Piperonal (aldehyde), between 2.7 and 3.3% Lime Oil Minus, between 0.11 and 0.13% Geraniol 60, between 0.22 and 0.26% Triethyl Citrate, between 60 and 74% Water, and between 2.7 and 3.3% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate; 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 24.76% D-Limonene, 0.98% Thyme Oil White, 0.17% Linalool Coeur, 0.23% Tetrahydrolinalool, 0.02% Vanillin, 0.24% Isopropyl myristate, 0.24% Piperonal (aldehyde), 3.00% Lime Oil Minus, 0.12% Geraniol 60, 0.24% Triethyl Citrate, 67% Water, 3% Solution S-3002 (Stock 10% SLS Solution; 10% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate; 90% Water).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 18 and 23% Thyme Oil White, between 40 and 50% Wintergreen Oil, between 31 and 38% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.9 and 1.1% Potassium Sorbate, between 0.25 and 0.31% Xanthan Gum, between 72 and 89% Water, between 15 and 17.6% Blend F-4001 (0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate, 1% Potassium Sorbate, 0.28% Xanthan Gum, 81.82% Water, 16.90% Blend F-4001 ({Cationic Formulation;} 0.90% Polyglycerol-4-oleate, 0.20% Lecithin, 9.8% Water, 89.1% Blend B-5028 [20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate]).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 85 and 100% Miracle Gro (Sterile), and between 4.5 and 5.5% Blend B-5028 (20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 95% Miracle Gro (Sterile), 5% Blend B-5028 ({25B-4A for Institutions;}20.6% Thyme Oil White, 45.1% Wintergreen Oil, 34.3% Isopropyl myristate).
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include between 0.45 and 0.56% Thyme Oil White, between 1.0 and 1.3% Wintergreen Oil, between 0.78 and 0.95% Isopropyl myristate, between 0.45 and 0.55% Span 80, between 13.5 and 16.5% Isopar M, between 73 and 90% Water, and between 0.045 and 0.55% Bifenthrin.
In some embodiments, the blend of compounds can include 0.51% Thyme Oil White, 1.13% Wintergreen Oil, 0.86% Isopropyl myristate, 0.50% Span 80, 15% Isopar M, 81.95% Water, and 0.05% Bifenthrin.
In certain embodiments wherein the composition includes LFO, one or more of the following compounds can be substituted for the LFO: Tetrahydrolinalool, Ethyl Linalool, Heliotropine, Hedion, Hercolyn D, and Triethyl Citrate. In certain embodiments wherein the composition includes LFO, a blend of the following compounds can be substituted for the LFO: Isopropyl myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool FCC, Linalool, Geraniol Fine FCC, Piperonal (aldehyde), and Vanillin.
In certain embodiments wherein the composition includes LFO, a blend of the following compounds can be substituted for the LFO: Isopropyl myristate, Tetrahydrolinalool, Linalool, Geraniol, Piperonal (aldehyde), Vanillin, Methyl Salicylate, and D-limonene.
In certain embodiments wherein the composition includes BSO, one or more of the following compounds can be substituted for the BSO: alpha-thujene: alpha-pinene; beta-pinene; p-cymene; limonene; and tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone.
In certain exemplary embodiments wherein the composition includes Thyme Oil, one or more of the following compounds can be substituted for the Thyme Oil: thymol, α-thujone; α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, p-cymene, α-terpinene, linalool, borneol, β-caryophyllene, and carvacrol.
Compounds used to prepare the exemplary compositions of the present invention can be obtained, for example, from the following sources: Millennium Chemicals, Inc. (Jacksonville, Fla.), Ungerer Company (Lincoln Park, N.J.), SAFC (Milwaukee, Wis.), and IFF Inc. (Hazlet, N.J.).
In some embodiments of the compositions, it can be desirable to include compounds each having a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. For example, in some embodiments of the compositions that include geraniol, it can be desirable to include a geraniol that is at least about 60%, 85% or 95% pure. In some embodiments, it can be desirable to include a specific type of geraniol. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions can include: geraniol 60, geraniol 85, or geraniol 95. When geraniol is obtained as geraniol 60, geraniol 85, or geraniol 95, then forty percent, fifteen percent, or five percent of the oil can be Nerol. Nerol is a monoterpene (C10H18O), that can be extracted from attar of roses, oil of orange blossoms and oil of lavender.
Embodiments of the present invention can include art-recognised ingredients normally used in such formulations. These ingredients can include, for example, antifoaming agents, anti-microbial agents, anti-oxidants, anti-redeposition agents, bleaches, colorants, emulsifiers, enzymes, fats, fluorescent materials, fungicides, hydrotropes, moisturisers, optical brighteners, perfume carriers, perfume, preservatives, proteins, silicones, soil release agents, solubilisers, sugar derivatives, sun screens, surfactants, vitamins waxes, and the like.
In certain embodiments, embodiments of the present invention can also contain other adjuvants or modifiers such as one or more therapeutically or cosmetically active ingredients. Exemplary therapeutic or cosmetically active ingredients useful in the compositions of the invention can include, for example, fungicides, sunscreening agents, sunblocking agents, vitamins, tanning agents, plant extracts, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, radical scavenging agents, retinoids, alpha-hydroxy acids, emollients, antiseptics, antibiotics, antibacterial agents, antihistamines, and the like, and can be present in an amount effective for achieving the therapeutic or cosmetic result desired.
In some embodiments, compositions of this invention can include one or more materials that can function as an antioxidant, such as reducing agents and free radical scavengers. Suitable materials that can function as an antioxidant can include, for example: acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid, t-butyl hydroquinone, cysteine, diamylhydroquinone, erythorbic acid, ferulic acid, hydroquinone, p-hydroxyanisole, hydroxylamine sulfate, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, octocrylene, phloroglucinol, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, rutin, sodium ascorbate, sodium sulfite, sodium thloglycolate, thiodiglycol, thiodiglycolamide, thioglycolic acid, thiosalicylic acid, tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, and the like.
Embodiments of the invention can also include one or more materials that can function as a chelating agent to complex with metallic ions. This action can help to inactivate the metallic ions for the purpose of preventing their adverse effects on the stability or appearance of a formulated composition. Chelating agents suitable for use in an embodiment of this invention can include, for example, aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid, beta-alanine diacetic acid, calcium disodium EDTA, citric acid, cyclodextrin, cyclohexanediamine tetraacetic acid, diammonium citrate, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium azacycloheptane diphosphonate, disodium EDTA, disodium pyrophosphate, EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), gluconic acid, HEDTA (hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine triacetic acid), methyl cyclodextrin, pentapotassium triphosphate, pentasodium aminotrimethylene phosphonate, pentasodium triphosphate, pentetic acid, phytic acid, potassium citrate, potassium gluconate, sodium citrate, sodium diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonate, sodium dihydroxyethylglycinate, sodium gluconate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium metasilicate, sodium phytate, triethanolamine (“TEA”)-EDTA, TEA-polyphosphate, tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium EDTA, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, trisodium HEDTA, trisodium phosphate, and the like.
Embodiments of the invention can also include one or more materials that can function as a humectant. A humectant is added to a composition to retard moisture loss during use, which effect is accomplished, in general, by the presence therein of hygroscopic materials.
In some embodiments, each compound can make up between about 1% to about 99%, by weight (wt/wt %) or by volume (vol/vol %), of the composition. For example, one composition of the present invention comprises about 2% alpha-Pinene and about 98% D-limonene. As used herein, percent amounts, by weight or by volume, of compounds are to be understood as referring to relative amounts of the compounds. As such, for example, a composition including 7% linalool, 35% thymol, 4% alpha-pinene, 30% para-cymene, and 24% soy bean oil (vol/vol %) can be said to include a ratio of 7 to 35 to 4 to 30 to 24 linalool, thymol, alpha-pinene, para-cymene, and soy bean oil, respectively (by volume). As such, if one compound is removed from the composition, or additional compounds or other ingredients are added to the composition, it is contemplated that the remaining compounds can be provided in the same relative amounts. For example, if soy bean oil were removed from the exemplary composition, the resulting composition would include 7 to 35 to 4 to 40 linalool, thymol, alpha-pinene, and para-cymene, respectively (by volume). This resulting composition would include 9.21% linalool, 46.05% thymol, 5.26% alpha-pinene, and 39.48% para-cymene (vol/vol %). For another example, if safflower oil were added to the original composition to yield a final composition containing 40% (vol/vol) safflower oil, then the resulting composition would include 4.2% linalool, 21% thymol, 2.4% alpha-pinene, 18% para-cymene, 14.4% soy bean oil, and 40% safflower oil (vol/vol %). One having ordinary skill in the art would understand that volume percentages are easily converted to weight percentages based the known or measured specific gravity of the substance.
Surprisingly, by combining certain insect control chemicals, and compounds or blends of the present invention, insect control activity of the resulting compositions can be enhanced, i.e., a synergistic effect on insect control activity is achieved when a certain chemical or chemicals, and a certain compound or compounds are combined. In other words, the compositions including certain combinations of at least one chemical, and at least one compound or at least one blend of compounds can have an enhanced ability to control insects, as compared to each of the chemicals or compounds taken alone.
In embodiments of the present invention, “synergy” can refer to any substantial enhancement, in a combination of at least two ingredients, of a measurable effect, when compared with the effect of one active ingredient alone, or when compared with the effect of the complete combination minus at least one ingredient. Synergy is a specific feature of a combination of ingredients, and is above any background level of enhancement that would be due solely to, e.g., additive effects of any random combination of ingredients. Effects include but are not limited to: repellant effect of the composition; pesticidal effect of the composition; perturbation of a cell message or cell signal such as, e.g., calcium, cyclic-AMP, and the like; and diminution of activity or downstream effects of a molecular target.
In various embodiments, a substantial enhancement can be expressed as a coefficient of synergy, wherein the coefficient is a ratio of the measured effect of the complete blend, divided by the effect of a comparison composition, typically a single ingredient or a subset of ingredients found in the complete blend. In some embodiments, the synergy coefficient can be adjusted for differences in concentration of the complete blend and the comparison composition.
In some embodiments of the invention, a coefficient of synergy of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or 1.5 can be substantial and commercially desirable. In other embodiments, the coefficient of synergy can be from about 1.6 to about 5, including but not limited to 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5. In other embodiments, the coefficient of synergy can be from about 5 to 50, including but not limited to 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45. In other embodiments, the coefficient of synergy can be from about 50 to about 500, or more, including but not limited to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450. Any coefficient of synergy above 500 is also contemplated within embodiments of the present invention.
Given that a broad range of synergies can be found in various embodiments of the invention, it is expressly noted that a coefficient of synergy can be described as being “greater than” a given number and therefore not necessarily limited to being within the bounds of a range having a lower and an upper numerical limit. Likewise, in some embodiments of the invention, certain low synergy coefficients, or lower ends of ranges, are expressly excluded. Accordingly, in some embodiments, synergy can be expressed as being “greater than” a given number that constitutes a lower limit of synergy for such an embodiment. For example, in some embodiments, the synergy coefficient is equal to or greater than 25; in such an embodiment, all synergy coefficients below 25, even though substantial, are expressly excluded.
Compositions containing combinations of certain chemicals and compounds can be tested for synergistic effect on insect control activity by comparing the effect of a particular combination of at least one chemical, and at least one compound or at least one blend of compounds, to the effect of the individual chemical(s) and compound(s). Additional information related to making a synergy determination can be found in the Examples set forth in this document.
Exemplary methods that can be used to determine the synergistic effect of a particular composition are set forth in the following applications, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference: U.S. application Ser. No. 10/832,022, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/086,615, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS RELATED TO THE OCTOPAMINE RECEPTOR; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/365,426, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS INVOLVING THE TYRAMINE RECEPTOR; and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/870,385, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS.
Controlling Pests
Embodiments of the invention can be used to control insect species belonging to orders Acari, Anoplura, Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Grylloptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Mallophaga, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Symphyla, Thysanura, and Thysanoptera.
Embodiments of the present invention can be used to control, for example, the insects set forth in Table 5, or the like.
Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris)
Acalitus essigi (Hassan)
Acalitus rudis (Can.)
Acalitus vaccinii (Keif.)
Acalymma vittatum (F.)
Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.)
Acantholyda zappei (Roh.)
Acanthomyops interjectus (Mayr)
Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
Acarus siro L.
Aceria campestricola (Frauen.)
Aceria dispar (Nal.)
Aceria elongatus (Hodg.)
Aceria fraxiniflora (Felt)
Aceria parapopuli (Keif.)
Aceria tosichella Keif.
Acericecis ocellaris (O.S.)
Achaearanea tepidariorum (Koch)
Acheta domesticus (L.)
Achyra rantalis (Gn.)
Acleris chalybeana (Fern.)
Acleris comariana (Zell.)
Acleris fuscana (B. &Bsk.)
Acleris gloverana (Wlsm.)
Acleris logiana (Cl.)
Acleris minuta (Rob.)
Acleris variana (Fern.)
Acossus centerensis (Lint.)
Acossus populi (Wlk.)
Acrobasis betulella Hulst
Acrobasis caryae Grt.
Acrobasis comptoniella Hulst
Acrobasis juglandis (LeB.)
Acrobasis rubrifasciella Pack.
Acrobasis sylviella Ely
Acrobasis vaccinii Riley
Acronicta americana (Harr.)
Acronicta dactylina Grt.
Acronicta fragilis (Gn.)
Acronicta funeralis G. &R.
Acronicta furcifera Gn.
Acronicta grisea Wlk.
Acronicta hasta Gn.
Acronicta impressa Wlk.
Acronicta innotata Gn.
Acronicta leporina (L.)
Acronicta lepusculina Gn.
Acronicta oblinita (J. E. Smith)
Acronicta tristis Sm.
Acronicta vinnula (Grt.)
Actebia fennica (Tausch.)
Actias luna (L.)
Aculops lycopersici (Tryon)
Aculus fockeui (Nal. &Tr.)
Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.)
Acyrthosiphon caraganae
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.)
Adalia bipunctata (L.)
Adelges abietis (L.)
Adelges cooleyi (Gill.)
Adelges lariciatus (Patch)
Adelges laricis Vallot
Adelges piceae (Ratz.)
Adelges tsugae Ann.
Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)
Adelphocoris rapidus (Say)
Adelphocoris superbus (Uhl.)
Aedes aegypti (L.)
Aellopos titan (Cram.)
Aeshna canadensis Wlk.
Aeshna umbrosa Wlk.
Aglais milberti (Godt.)
Agrilus anxius Gory
Agrilus aurichalceus Redt.
Agrilus bilineatus (Weber)
Agrilus liragus B. &B.
Agrilus politus (Say)
Agrilus ruficollis (F.)
Agriopodes fallax (H.-S.)
Agriotes limosus (LeC.)
Agriotes lineatus (L.)
Agriotes mancus (Say)
Agriotes obscurus (L.)
Agriotes sparsus LeC.
Agriphila vulgivagella (Clem.)
Agrius cingulata (F.)
Agromyza aristata Malloch
Agromyza frontella (Rond.)
Agromyza melampyga (Loew)
Agrotis gladiaria Morr.
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.)
Agrotis orthogonia Morr.
Ahasverus advena (Waltl)
Alabama argillacea (Hbn.)
Alaus myops (F.)
Alaus oculatus (L.)
Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troup.)
Allantus cinctus (L.)
Alniphagus aspericollis (LeC.)
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panz.)
Alphitobius laevigatus (F.)
Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say)
Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)
Altica ambiens LeC.
Altica canadensis Gent.
Altica chalybaea Ill.
Altica prasina LeC.
Altica rosae Woods
Altica sylvia Malloch
Altica ulmi Woods
Alypia langtoni Couper
Alypia octomaculata (F.)
Amblyscirtes vialis (Edw.)
Amphibolips confluenta (Harr.)
Amphibolips quercusinanis (O.S.)
Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say)
Amphimallon majalis (Raz.)
Amphion floridensis B. P. Clark
Amphipoea interoceanica (Sm.)
Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn.
Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn.
Amplicephalus inimicus (Say)
Anabrus simplex Hald.
Anacampsis innocuella (Zell.)
Anacampsis niveopulvella (Cham.)
Anagrapha falcifera (Kby.)
Anaphothrips obscurus (Müll.)
Anarsia lineatella Zell.
Anasa tristis (DeG.)
Anathix puta (G. &R.)
Anatis labiculata (Say)
Anatis mali (Say)
Ancistronycha bilineata (Say)
Ancylis burgessiana (Zell.)
Ancylis comptana (Frö.)
Ancylis discigerana (Wlk.)
Anelaphus parallelus (Newm.)
Anelaphus villosus (F.)
Anisota finlaysoni Riotte
Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith)
Anisota stigma (F.)
Anisota virginiensis (Drury)
Anobium punctatum (DeG.)
Anomoea laticlavia (Först.)
Anoplonyx canadensis Hgtn.
Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.)
Antheraea polyphemus (Cram.)
Anthonomus musculus Say
Anthonomus quadrigibbus (Say)
Anthonomus signatus Say
Anthonomus signatus Say
Anthophylax attenuatus (Hald.)
Anthrenus flavipes LeC.
Anthrenus museorum (L.)
Anthrenus scrophulariae (L.)
Anthrenus verbasci (L.)
Antispila nysaefoliella Clem.
Apamea amputatrix (Fitch)
Apamea devastator (Brace)
Aphis craccivora Koch
Aphis fabae Scop.
Aphis fabae Scop.
Aphis gossypii Glov.
Aphis maculatae Oestl.
Aphis nasturtii Kltb.
Aphis pomi DeG.
Aphis rubicola Oest.
Aphomia gularis (Zell.)
Aphrophora cribrata (Wlk.)
Aphrophora fulva Doering
Aphrophora parallela (Say)
Aphrophora permutata Uhl.
Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch)
Apion longirostre Oliv.
Apion nigrum Hbst.
Apion simile Kby.
Apis mellifera L.
Apotomis dextrana (McD.)
Aradus kormileri Heiss
Araecerus fasciculatus (DeG.)
Araneus trifolium (Hentz)
Archips argyrospila (Wlk.)
Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)
Archips fervidana (Clem.)
Archips mortuana Kft.
Archips negundana (Dyar)
Archips packardiana (Fern.)
Archips purpurana (Clem.)
Archips rosana (L.)
Archips semiferana (Wlk.)
Arctia caja (L.)
Argas persicus (Oken)
Argyresthia conjugella Zell.
Argyresthia laricella Kft.
Argyresthia oreasella Clem.
Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.)
Argyrotaenia citrana (Fern.)
Argyrotaenia mariana (Fern.)
Argyrotaenia occultana Free.
Argyrotaenia pinatubana (Kft.)
Argyrotaenia quadrifasciana
Argyrotaenia quercifoliana (Fitch)
Argyrotaenia tabulana Free.
Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlk.)
Arhopalus foveicollis (Hald.)
Arhopalus productus (LeC.)
Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.)
Aroga trialbamaculella (Cham.)
Arrhenodes minutus (Drury)
Asemum striatum (L.)
Aspidiotus nerii Bouch,
Asterodiapsis variolosa (Ratz.)
Asynapta hopkinsi Felt
Asynonychus cervinus (Boh.)
Attagenus pellio (L.)
Attagenus unicolor (Brahm)
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouch,)
Aulacorthum solani (Kltb.)
Aulocara elliotti (Thos.)
Autographa biloba (Steph.)
Autographa californica (Speyer)
Automeris io (F.)
Bactrocera oleae (Gmel.)
Baliosus nervosus (Panz.)
Banasa dimiata (Say)
Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.)
Battus philenor (L.)
Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)
Biston betularia cognataria (Gn.)
Blastobasis glandulella (Riley)
Blatta orientalis L.
Blattella germanica (L.)
Blissus l. leucopterus (Say)
Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montd.
Blissus occiduus Barber
Boisea rubrolineata (Barber)
Boisea trivittata (Say)
Boloria bellona (F.)
Boloria eunomia (Esp.)
Boloria selene (D. &S.)
Bombyx mori (L.)
Bomolocha deceptalis (Wlk.)
Bourletiella hortensis (Fitch)
Bovicola bovis (L.)
Bovicola caprae (G{dot over (u)}rlt)
Bovicola equi (Denny)
Bovicola ovis (Schr.)
Brachycaudus persicae (Pass.)
Brachycoynella asparagi (Mord.)
Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)
Brochymena quadripustulata (F.)
Bromius obscurus (L.)
Bruchophagus platypterus (Wlk.)
Bruchophagus roddi (Guss.)
Bruchus brachialis Fåhr.
Bruchus pisorum (L.)
Bruchus rufimanus Boh.
Bryobia praetiosa Koch
Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheut.)
Bucculatrix ainsliella Murt.
Bucculatrix canadensisella Cham.
Buprestis aurulenta L.
Buprestis maculativentris Say
Byturus unicolor Say
Cacopsylla buxi (L.)
Cacopsylla mali (Schmdb.)
Cacopsylla negundinis Mally
Cacopsylla pyricola Först.
Cadra cautella (Wlk.)
Cadra figulilella (Greg.)
Caenurgina crassiuscula (Haw.)
Caliroa cerasi (L.)
Caliroa cerasi (L.)
Caliroa fasciata (Nort.)
Caliroa fasciata (Nort.)
Callidium antennatum hesperum
Calligrapha alni Schaeff.
Calligrapha philadelphica (L.)
Calligrapha scalaris (LeC.)
Callirhytis cornigera (O.S.)
Callirhytis quercuspunctata
Callosamia promethea (Drury)
Calocoris norvegicus Gmel.
Calopteryx maculata (Beauv.)
Caloptilia alnivorella (Cham.)
Caloptilia invariabilis (Braun)
Caloptilia negundella (Cham.)
Caloptilia syringella (F.)
Calosoma calidum (F.)
Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.)
Cameraria aceriella (Clem.)
Cameraria betulivora (Wlsm.)
Cameraria cincinnatiella (Cham.)
Cameraria hamadryadella (Clem.)
Camnula pellucida (Scudd.)
Campaea perlata (Gn.)
Camponotus ferrugineus (F.)
Camponotus herculeanus (L.)
Camponotus pennsylvanicus
Campylomma verbasci (Meyer)
Canarsia ulmiarrosorella (Clem.)
Caripeta angustiorata Wlk.
Caripeta divisata Wlk.
Carpoglyphus lactis (L.)
Carpophilus hemipterus (L.)
Carterocephalus palaemon
Cartodere constricta (Gyll.)
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouch,)
Catastega aceriella Clem.
Catocala blandula Hulst
Catocala briseis Edw.
Catocala cerogama Gn.
Catocala concumbens Wlk.
Catocala gracilis Edw.
Catocala habilis Grt.
Catocala ilia (Cram.)
Catocala relicta Wlk.
Catocala sordida Grt.
Catocala ultronia (Hbn.)
Catocala unijuga Wlk.
Caulocampus acericaulis (MacG.)
Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.)
Cecidomyia pellex O.S.
Cecidomyia piniinopis O.S.
Cecidomyia resinicola (O.S.)
Cecidomyia verrucicola O.S.
Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westw.)
Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westw.)
Celastrina argiolus (Cram.)
Cephalcia fascipennis (Cress.)
Cephalcia marginata Middk.
Cephaloon lepturoides Newm.
Cephus cinctus Nort.
Cephus pygmaeus (L.)
Cerapteryx graminis L.
Ceratomia amyntor (Gey.)
Ceratomia undulosa (Wlk.)
Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schr.)
Ceratophyllus niger Fox
Cercyonis pegala (F.)
Cerotoma trifurcata (Först.)
Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Payk.)
Ceutorhynchus rapae Gyll.
Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsh.
Chaetophloeus heterodoxus
Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Ckll.)
Chaitophorus populicola Thos.
Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury)
Charidotella sexpunctata bicolor
Charidryas harrisii (Scudd.)
Charidryas nycteis (Dbly.)
Cheimophila salicella (Hbn.)
Chelopistes meleagridis (L.)
Chelymorpha cassidea (F.)
Chilocorus stigma (Say)
Chionaspis americana Johns.
Chionaspis corni Cooley
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch)
Chionaspis lintneri Comst.
Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)
Chionaspis salicisnigrae (Walsh)
Chionodes formosella (Murt.)
Chionodes obscurusella (Cham.)
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria
Chlorochroa sayi (Stål)
Choreutis pariana (Cl.)
Chorioptes bovis (Gerl.)
Choristoneura biennis Free.
Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)
Choristoneura fractvittana (Clem.)
Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)
Choristoneura occidentalis Free.
Choristoneura p. pinus Free.
Choristoneura parallela (Rob.)
Choristoneura rosaceana (Harr.)
Chortippus c. curtipennis (Harr.)
Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hdy.
Chrysobothris femorata (Oliv.)
Chrysochus auratus (F.)
Chrysomela crotchi Brown
Chrysomela scripta F.
Chrysomela walshi Brown
Chrysopa oculata Say
Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)
Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zell.)
Cimbex americana Leach
Cimex lectularius L.
Cimex pilosellus (Horv.)
Cinara banksiana P. &T.
Cinara curvipes (Patch)
Cinara fornacula Hottes
Cinara laricifex (Fitch)
Cinara laricis (Htg.)
Cinara pinea (Mord.)
Cinara strobi (Fitch)
Cingilia catenaria (Drury)
Circulifer tenellus (Baker)
Citheronia regalis (F.)
Citheronia regalis (F.)
Clastoptera obtusa (Say)
Clastoptera proteus Fitch
Clepsis persicana (Fitch)
Clossiana titania grandis (B. &
Clostera albosigma Fitch
Clostera apicalis (Wlk.)
Clostera inclusa (Hbn.)
Cnephasia longana (Haw.)
Coccinella novemnotata Hbst.
Coccinella septempunctata L.
Coccinella transversoguttata
richardsoni Brown
Coccinella undecimpunctata L.
Cochliomyia macellaria (F.)
Coenonympha inornata Edw.
Coleophora laricella (Hbn.)
Coleophora laticornella Clem.
Coleophora limosipennella (Dup.)
Coleophora malivorella Riley
Coleophora pruniella Clem.
Coleophora serratella (L.)
Coleophora serratella (L.)
Coleotechnites apicitripunctella
Coleotechnites canusella (Free.)
Coleotechnites laricis (Free.)
Coleotechnites macleodi (Free.)
Coleotechnites milleri (Bsk.)
Coleotechnites piceaella (Kft.)
Coleotechnites resinosae (Free.)
Coleotechnites thujaella (Kft.)
Colias eurytheme Bdv.
Colias interior Scudd.
Colias philodice Godt.
Colomerus vitis (Pgst.)
Colopha ulmicola (Fitch)
Coloradia pandora Blake
Conophthorus coniperda (Schw.)
Conophthorus ponderosae Hopk.
Conophthorus ponderosae Hopk.
Conophthorus resinosae Hopk.
Conotrachelus juglandis LeC.
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hbst.)
Contarinia baeri (Prell)
Contarinia bromicola (M. &A.)
Contarinia canadensis Felt
Contarinia johnsoni Felt
Contarinia negundifolia Felt
Contarinia negundinis (Gill.)
Contarinia oregonensis Foote
Contarinia pyrivora (Riley)
Contarinia schulzi Gagn,
Contarinia virginianae (Felt)
Contarinia washingtonensis Johns.
Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.)
Corthylus punctatissimus (Zimm.)
Corydalus cornutus (L.)
Corydalus cornutus (L.)
Corythucha arcuata (Say)
Corythucha ciliata (Say)
Corythucha elegans Drake
Corythucha heidemanni Drake
Corythucha juglandis (Fitch)
Corythucha pallipes Parsh.
Corythucha ulmi O. &D.
Cotalpa lanigera (L.)
Craponius inaequalis (Say)
Creophilus maxillosus (L.)
Crepidodera nana (Say)
Crioceris asparagi (L.)
Crioceris duodecimpunctata (L.)
Crocigrapha normani (Grt.)
Croesia curvalana (Kft.)
Croesia semipurpurana (Kft.)
Croesus latitarsus Nort.
Cryptocala acadiensis (Bethune)
Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.)
Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonh.)
Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouv.)
Cryptomyzus ribis (L.)
Cryptophagus varus W. &C.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.)
Ctenicera aeripennis (Kby.)
Ctenicera destructor (Brown)
Ctenicera propola propola LeC.
Ctenicera pruinina (Horn)
Ctenicera r. resplendens (Esch.)
Ctenicera triundulata (Rand.)
Ctenocephalides canis (Curt.)
Ctenocephalides felis (Bouch,)
Cucullia intermedia Speyer
Culex pipiens L.
Curculio uniformis (LeC.)
Cuterebra tenebrosa Coq.
Cydia caryana (Fitch)
Cydia latiferreana (Wlsm.)
Cydia nigricana (F.)
Cydia piperana Kft.
Cydia pomonella (L.)
Cydia strobilella (L.)
Cydia toreuta (Grt.)
Cynaeus angustus (LeC.)
Cytodites nudus (Vizioli)
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)
Danaus plexippus (L.)
Darapsa myron (Cram.)
Darapsa versicolor (Harr.)
Dasineura balsamicola (Lint.)
Dasineura communis Felt
Dasineura gleditchiae O.S.
Dasineura leguminicola (Lint.)
Dasineura mali (Keif.)
Dasineura rhodophaga (Coq.)
Dasineura swainei (Felt)
Dasychira dorsipennata (B. &
Dasychira pinicola (Dyar)
Dasychira plagiata (Wlk.)
Dasylophia thyatiroides (Wlk.)
Datana integerrima G. &R.
Datana ministra (Drury)
Deidamia inscripta (Harr.)
Delia antiqua (Meig.)
Delia floralis (Fall.)
Delia platura (Meig.)
Delia radicum (L.)
Demodex bovis Stiles
Demodex cati M, gn.
Demodex equi Raill.
Demodex ovis Raill.
Demodex phylloides Csokor
Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC.
Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.
Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopk.
Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.
Dendroctonus punctatus LeC.
Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kby.)
Dendroctonus simplex LeC.
Dendroctonus valens LeC.
Depressaria pastinacella (Dup.)
Dermacentor albipictus (Pack.)
Dermacentor andersoni Stiles
Dermacentor variabilis (Say)
Dermanyssus gallinae (DeG.)
Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Dermestes ater DeG.
Dermestes lardarius L.
Dermestes maculatus DeG.
Desmia funeralis (Hbn.)
Desmocerus palliatus (Först.)
Diabrotica barberi S. &L.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardi Barber
Diabrotica v. virgifera LeC.
Diapheromera femorata (Say)
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putn.)
Dicerca divaricata (Say)
Dicerca tenebrica (Kby.)
Dicerca tenebrosa (Kby.)
Dichelonyx backii (Kby.)
Dichomeris ligulella Hbn.
Dichomeris marginella (F.)
Dimorphopteryx melanognathus
Dioryctria abietivorella (Grt.)
Dioryctria auranticella (Grt.)
Dioryctria disclusa Heinr.
Dioryctria reniculelloides Mut. &
Dioryctria resinosella Mut.
Dioryctria zimmermani (Grt.)
Diplolepis radicum (O.S.)
Diplolepis rosae (L.)
Diprion similis (Htg.)
Diptacus gigantorhynchus (Nal.)
Discestra trifolii (Hufn.)
Disonycha alternata (Ill.)
Disonycha triangularis (Say)
Disonycha xanthomelas (Dalm.)
Dissosteira carolina (L.)
Diuraphis noxia (Mordv.)
Diuraphis tritici (Gill.)
Dolichovespula arenaria (F.)
Dolichovespula maculata (L.)
Drepana arcuata Wlk.
Drepana bilineata (Pack.)
Drepanaphis acerifoliae (Thos.)
Dryocampa rubicunda (F.)
Dryocoetes betulae Hopk.
Dryocoetes confusus Swaine
Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.)
Dysstroma citrata (L.)
Eacles imperialis pini Mich.
Earomyia abietum McAlp.
Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell.
Ectoedemia lindquisti (Free.)
Ectropis crepuscularia (D. &S.)
Eilema bicolor (Grt.)
Elaphria versicolor (Grt.)
Elasmostethus cruciatus Say
Elatobium abietinum (Wlk.)
Empoasca fabae (Harr.)
Empoasca maligna (Walsh)
Enargia decolor (Wlk.)
Enchenopa binotata (Say)
Endelomyia aethiops (F.)
Endopiza viteana Clem.
Endothenia albolineana (Kft.)
Endrosis sarcitrella (L.)
Ennomos magnaria Gn.
Ennomos subsignaria (Hbn.)
Enodia anthedon Clark
Entomoscelis americana Brown
Epargyreus clarus (Cram.)
Ephestia elutella (Hbn.)
Ephestia kuehniella Zell.
Epicauta fabricii (LeC.)
Epicauta maculata (Say)
Epicauta murina (LeC.)
Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeG.)
Epicauta pestifera Werner
Epicauta subglabra (Fall)
Epicauta vittata (F.)
Epilachna varivestis Muls.
Epinotia meritana Heinr.
Epinotia nanana (Treit.)
Epinotia nisella (Cl.)
Epinotia radicana (Heinr.)
Epinotia solandriana (L.)
Epinotia solicitana (Wlk.)
Epinotia timidella (Clem.)
Epinotia tsugana Free.
Epirrita autumnata henshawi
Epitrimerus pyri (Nal.)
Epitrix cucumeris (Harr.)
Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsh.)
Epitrix subcrinita (LeC.)
Epitrix tuberis Gent.
Erannis tiliaria (Harr.)
Erannis tiliaria vancouverensis
Ergates spiculatus (LeC.)
Eriocampa juglandis (Fitch)
Eriocampa ovata (L.)
Eriophyes betulae (Nal.)
Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.)
Eriosoma americanum (Riley)
Eriosoma crataegi (Oestl.)
Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)
Eristalis tenax (L.)
Eristalis tenax (L.)
Erynnis icelus (Scudd. &Burg.)
Erynnis juvenalis (F.)
Erythroneura comes (Say)
Erythroneura tricincta Fitch
Erythroneura vitis (Harr.)
Erythroneura ziczac Walsh
Estigmene acrea (Drury)
Euceraphis punctipennis (Zett.)
Euchaetes egle (Drury)
Euclea delphinii (Bdv.)
Eucosma gloriola Heinr.
Eucosma monitorana Heinr.
Eucosma recissoriana Heinr.
Eucosma siskiyouana (Kft.)
Eucosma sonomana Kft.
Eucosma tocullionana Heinr.
Eudryas grata (F.)
Eudryas unio (Hbn.)
Eulachnus agilis (Kltb.)
Eulithis diversilineata (Hbn.)
Eumerus strigatus (Fall.)
Eumerus tuberculatus Rond.
Eumorpha achemon (Drury)
Eumorpha pandorus (Hbn.)
Eupareophora parca (Cress.)
Euparthenos nubilis (Hbn.)
Euphoria inda (L.)
Euphranta canadensis (Loew)
Euphydryas phaeton (Drury)
Euphyes vestris (Bdv.)
Eupithecia filmata Pears.
Eupithecia luteata Pack.
Eupithecia mutata Pears.
Eupithecia palpata Pack.
Eupithecia spermaphaga (Dyar)
Eupithecia transcanadata MacK.
Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.)
Eupsilia tristigmata (Grt.)
Euptoieta claudia (Cram.)
Eurema lisa Bdv. &LeC.
Eurema nicippe (Cram.)
Euschistus tristigmus (Say)
Euschistus variolarius (P. de B.)
Eutrapela clemataria (J. E. Smith)
Eutrombidium trigonum (Herm.)
Euura atra (Jur.)
Euxoa auxiliaris (Grt.)
Euxoa detersa (Wlk.)
Euxoa messoria (Harr.)
Euxoa ochrogaster (Gn.)
Euxoa scandens (Riley)
Euxoa tessellata (Harr.)
Euxoa tristicula (Morr.)
Euzophera semifuneralis (Wlk.)
Everes amyntula (Bdv.)
Everes comyntas (Godt.)
Evergestis pallidata (Hufn.)
Evergestis rimosalis (Gn.)
Evora hemidesma (Zell.)
Exoteleia dodecella (L.)
Exoteleia nepheos Free.
Fannia canicularis (L.)
Fannia scalaris (F.)
Faronta diffusa (Wlk.)
Felicola subrostratus (Burm.)
Feltia jaculifera (Gn.)
Feniseca tarquinius (F.)
Fenusa dohrnii (Tisch.)
Fenusa pusilla (Lep.)
Fidia viticida Walsh
Fishia discors (Grt.)
Forficula auricularia L.
Formica exsectoides Forel
Formica fusca L.
Formica obscuripes Forel
Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg.)
Frankliniella tritici (Fitch)
Frankliniella vaccinii Morg.
Galeruca browni Blake
Galerucella nymphaeae (L.)
Galleria mellonella (L.)
Galleria mellonella (L.)
Gargaphia tiliae (Walsh)
Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis
Gasterophilus intestinalis (DeG.)
Gasterophilus nasalis (L.)
Gilpinia frutetorum (F.)
Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.)
Givira lotta B.&McD.
Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Dbly.)
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
Glycobius speciosus (Say)
Glyphipteryx linneella (Cl.)
Glyptoscelis pubescens (F.)
Gnatocerus cornutus (F.)
Goes tesselatus (Hald.)
Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.)
Goniodes gigas (Tasch.)
Gossyparia spuria (Mod.)
Grammia virguncula (Kby.)
Grapholita interstinctana (Clem.)
Grapholita molesta (Bsk.)
Grapholita packardi Zell.
Grapholita prunivora (Walsh)
Gretchena delicatana Heinr.
Grylloprociphilus imbricator
Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm.
Gryllus veletis (Alex. &Big.)
Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Kft.)
Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Pack.)
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris
Haematobia irritans (L.)
Haematopinus asini (L.)
Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitz.)
Haematopinus suis (L.)
Haemodipsus ventricosus (Denny)
Halysidota harrisii Walsh
Halysidota tessellaris (J. E. Smith)
Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer
Haploa confusa (Lyman)
Haploa lecontei (G.-M.)
Haplothrips leucanthemi Schr.
Harkenclenus titus (F.)
Harrisimemna trisignata (Wlk.)
Hedya nubiferana (Haw.)
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)
Heliothis ononis (D. &S.)
Heliothis virescens (F.)
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Hemaris diffinis (Bdv.)
Hemaris thysbe (F.)
Hemichroa crocea (Geoff.)
Henricus fuscodorsanus (Kft.)
Hepialus gracilis Grt.
Hercinothrips femoralis (Reut.)
Herculia thymetusalis (Wlk.)
Hesperia comma borealis Linds.
Hesperia comma laurentina
Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fall.)
Heterocampa guttivitta (Wlk.)
Hippodamia convergens G.-M.
Hippodamia tredecimpunctata
tibialis (Say)
Hofmannophila pseudospretella
Homadaula anisocentra Meyr.
Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst)
Homoglaea hircina Morr.
Homohadena badistriga (Grt.)
Hoplocampa halcyon (Nort.)
Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug)
Hyalophora cecropia (L.)
Hyalophora columbia (S. I. Smith)
Hyalophora columbia (S. I. Smith)
Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.)
Hydraecia immanis Gn.
Hydraecia micacea (Esp.)
Hydria prunivorata (Fgn.)
Hydriomena divisaria (Wlk.)
Hylastinus obscurus (Marsh.)
Hyles gallii (Rott.)
Hyles lineata (F.)
Hylesinus aculeatus Say
Hylesinus californicus (Swaine)
Hyllolycaena hyllus (Cram.)
Hylobius congener D. T., S. &M.
Hylobius pales (Hbst.)
Hylobius piceus (DeG.)
Hylobius pinicola (Couper)
Hylobius radicis Buch.
Hylobius warreni Wood
Hylotrupes bajulus (L.)
Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichh.)
Hypagyrtis unipunctata (Haw.)
Hypena scabra (F.)
Hypera meles (F.)
Hypera nigrirostris (F.)
Hypera postica (Gyll.)
Hypera punctata (F.)
Hyphantria cunea (Drury)
Hypnoidus abbreviatus (Say)
Hypoderma bovis (L.)
Hypoderma lineatum (DeVill.)
Hypoderma tarandi (L.)
Hypogastrura nivicola (Fitch)
Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn.
Hypoprepia miniata (Kby.)
Hyppa xylinoides (Gn.)
Incisalia augustinus (Westw.)
Incisalia henrici (G. &R.)
Incisalia irus (Godt.)
Incisalia lanoraieensis Shep.
Incisalia niphon clarki Free.
Incisalia polia C. &W.
Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grt.
Ips borealis Swaine
Ips calligraphus (Germ.)
Ips grandicollis (Eichh.)
Ips perturbatus (Eichh.)
Ips pini (Say)
Isochnus rufipes (LeC.)
Itame loricaria (Evers.)
Itame pustularia (Gn.)
Itame ribearia (Fitch)
Ithycerus noveboracensis (Först.)
Ixodes pacificus Cooley &Kohls
Janus abbreviatus (Say)
Janus integer (Nort.)
Junonia coenia (Hbn.)
Kaliofenusa ulmi (Sund.)
Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa (W. &
Kaltenbachiola canadensis (Felt)
Kaltenbachiola rachiphaga (Tripp)
Keiferia lycopersicella (Wlsm.)
kleidocerys resedae geminatus Say
Labidomera clivicollis (Kby.)
Labops hesperius Uhl.
Lacinipolia meditata (Grt.)
Lacinipolia renigera (Steph.)
Lambdina f. fiscellaria (Gn.)
Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa
Lambdina fiscellaria somniaria
Lampronia rubiella (Bjerk.)
Laothoe juglandis (J. E. Smith)
Lapara bombycoides Wlk.
Lasioderma serricorne (F.)
Latheticus oryzae Waterh.
Lathridius minutus (L.)
Latrodectus variolus Walck.
Lema t. trilinea White
Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)
Lepisma saccharina L.
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid.
Leptopterna dolabrata (L.)
Lepyrus nordenskioeldi canadensis
Lethocerus americanus (Leidy)
Leucoma salicis (L.)
Ligyrus gibbosus (DeG.)
Lilioceris lilii (Scop.)
Limenitis a. arthemis (Drury)
Limenitis archippus (Cram.)
Limenitis arthemis astyanax (F.)
Limonius agonus (Say)
Limonius californicus (Man.)
Limonius canus LeC.
Limonius infuscatus Mots.
Limothrips denticornis Hal.
Linognathus ovillus (Nm.)
Linognathus pedalis (Osb.)
Linognathus setosus (Olf.)
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.)
Linognathus vituli (L.)
Linsleya sphaericollis (Say)
Lipaphis erysimi (Kltb.)
Lipeurus caponis (L.)
Liriomyza sativae Blanch.
Listronotus oregonensis (LeC.)
Lithophane antennata (Wlk.)
Lixus concavus Say
Lobophora nivigerata Wlk.
Lochmaeus bilineata (Pack.)
Lochmaeus manteo Dbly.
Lomographa semiclarata (Wlk.)
Lophocampa caryae Harr.
Lophocampa maculata Harr.
Loxostege cereralis (Zell.)
Loxostege sticticalis (L.)
Lucilia sericata (Meig.)
Lycaeides idas (L.)
Lycaena dorcas (Kby.)
Lycaena epixanthe (Bdv. &LeC.)
Lycaena phlaeas americana Harr.
Lycia ursaria (Wlk.)
Lyctus linearis (Goeze)
Lyctus planicollis LeC.
Lygidea mendax Reut.
Lygocoris caryae (Knight)
Lygocoris communis (Knight)
Lygocoris communis (Knight)
Lygocoris quercalbae (Knight)
Lygus elisus Van D.
Lygus elisus Van D.
Lygus hesperus Knight
Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.)
Lymantria dispar (L.)
Lytta nuttalli Say
Macrodactylus subspinosus (F.)
Macronoctua onusta Grt.
Macropsis trimaculata (Fitch)
Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gill.)
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.)
Macrosiphum rosae (L.)
Macrosteles quadrilineatus Fbs.
Magdalis armicollis (Say)
Magdalis barbita (Say)
Magicicada septendecim (L.)
Malacosoma americanum (F.)
Malacosoma californicum
lutescens (N. &D.)
Malacosoma californicum pluviale
Malacosoma disstria Hbn.
Mamestra configurata Wlk.
Manduca quinquemaculata (Haw.)
Manduca sexta (L.)
Mantis religiosa L.
Mantis religiosa L.
Marmara elotella (Bsk.)
Marmara fasciella (Cham.)
Marmara pomonella Bsk.
Matsucoccus macrocicatrices
Matsucoccus resinosae B. &God.
Mayetiola carpophaga (Tripp)
Mayetiola destructor (Say)
Mayetiola piceae (Felt)
Mayetiola thujae (Hed.)
Mecas confusa C. &L.
Megachile rotundata (F.)
Megacyllene robiniae (Först.)
Megastigmus atedius Wlk.
Megastigmus laricis Marc.
Megastigmus pinus Parf.
Megastigmus specularis Walley
Megastigmus spermotrophus
Megisto cymela (Cram.)
Melanchra picta (Harr.)
Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.)
Melanolophia imitata (Wlk.)
Melanophila acuminata (DeG.)
Melanoplus bivittatus (Say)
Melanoplus borealis (Fieb.)
Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeG.)
Melanoplus packardii Scudd.
Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)
Melanoplus spretus (Walsh)
Melittia cucurbitae (Harr.)
Meloe americanus Leach
Melophagus ovinus (L.)
Menacanthus stramineus (Nitz.)
Menopon gallinae (L.)
Merhynchites bicolor (F.)
Merodon equestris (F.)
Meromyza americana Fitch
Meroptera pravella (Grt.)
Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum
Messa nana (Klug)
Messa populifoliella (Towns.)
Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.)
Micrurapteryx salicifoliella
Mindarus abietinus Koch
Monochamus marmorator Kby.
Monochamus mutator LeC.
Monochamus notatus (Drury)
Monochamus s. scutellatus (Say)
Monochamus scutellatus
oregonensis (LeC.)
Monochroa fragariae (Bsk.)
Monoctenus fulvus (Nort.)
Monoctenus suffusus (Cress.)
Monomorium minimum (Buckl.)
Monomorium pharaonis (L.)
Mononychus vulpeculus (F.)
Monophadnoides geniculatus
Mordwilkoja vagabunda (Walsh)
Mulsantina picta (Rand.)
Murgantia histrionica (Hahn)
Musca autumnalis DeG.
Musca domestica L.
Muscina stabulans (Fall.)
Mycetophagus quadriguttatus
Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster
Myzus cerasi (F.)
Myzus persicae (Sulz.)
Nacerdes melanura (L.)
Nacophora quernaria (J. E. Smith)
Nadata gibbosa (J. E. Smith)
Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen)
Necrobia ruficollis (F.)
Necrobia rufipes (DeG.)
Nemapogon granella (L.)
Nematocampa resistaria (H.-S.)
Nematus ribesii (Scop.)
Nemocestes incomptus (Horn)
Nemoria mimosaria (Gn.)
Neochlamisus cribripennis (LeC.)
Neoclytus acuminatus (F.)
Neoclytus caprea (Say)
Neodiprion abietis (Harr.)
Neodiprion burkei Midd.
Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)
Neodiprion n. nanulus Schedl
Neodiprion pinetum (Nort.)
Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh.
Neodiprion rugifrons Midd.
Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)
Neodiprion swainei Midd.
Neodiprion tsugae Midd.
Neohydatothrips tiliae (Hood)
Neophasia menapia (C. &R. F.)
Nephelodes minians Gn.
Nephopterix subcaesiella (Clem.)
Nephopterix subfuscella (Rag.)
Nepytia canosaria (Wlk.)
Nepytia freemani Mun.
Nepytia phantasmaria (Stkr.)
Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort.)
Niptus hololeucus (Fald.)
Nites betulella (Bsk.)
Nites grotella (Rob.)
Nodonota puncticollis (Say)
Nomia melanderi Ckll.
Nomius pygmaeus (Dej.)
Nomophila nearctica Mun.
Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc)
Nymphalis antiopa (L.)
Nymphalis antiopa (L.)
Nymphalis californica (Bdv.)
Nymphalis vau-album (D. &S.)
Nysius niger Baker
Oberea bimaculata (Oliv.)
Oberea schaumii LeC.
Obolodiplosis robiniae (Hald.)
Obrussa ochrefasciella (Cham.)
Odontopus calceatus (Say)
Odontota dorsalis (Thunb.)
Oecanthus fultoni T. J. Wlk.
Oecanthus nigricornis Wlk.
Oecanthus quadripunctatus Beut.
Oeciacus vicarius Horv.
Oeneis chryxus (Dbly. &Hew.)
Oeneis jutta (Hbn.)
Oeneis macounii (Edw.)
Oeneis polixenes (F.)
Oeneis taygete Gey.
Oenensis melissa (F.)
Oestrus ovis L.
Olethreutes permundana (Clem.)
Oligocentria lignicolor (Wlk.)
Oligonychus pratensis (Banks)
Oligonychus ununguis (Jac.)
Omanodus floralis (L.)
Omias saccatus (LeC.)
Oncideres cingulata (Say)
Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.)
Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)
Operophtera brumata (L.)
Orgyia antiqua (L.)
Orgyia leucostigma (J. E. Smith)
Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.)
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Ornithonyssus sylviarum (C. &F.)
Ortholepis pasadamia (Dyar)
Orthosia hibisci (Gn.)
Orthosia revicta (Morr.)
Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel)
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)
Oscinella frit (L.)
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.)
Ostrinia obumbratalis (Led.)
Otiorhynchus ligustici (L.)
Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.)
Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus
Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)
Otobius megnini (Dugès)
Otodectes cynotis (Her.)
Oulema melanopus (L.)
Pachypsylla celtidismamma
Pachyrhinus ferrugineus (Casey)
Pachysphinx modesta (Harr.)
Paleacrita vernata (Peck)
Palorus ratzeburgii (Wissm.)
Palorus subdepressus (Woll.)
Palpita magniferalis (Wlk.)
Palthis angulalis (Hbn.)
Pamphilius ochreipes (Cress.)
Pandemis canadana Kft.
Pandemis limitata (Rob.)
Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
Panthea acronyctoides (Wlk.)
Panthea furcilla (Pack.)
Paonias excaecatus (J. E. Smith)
Paonias myops (J. E. Smith)
Papaipema cataphracta (Grt.)
Papaipema nebris (Gn.)
Papilio brevicauda Saund.
Papilio canadensis (R. &J.)
Papilio cresphontes Cram.
Papilio cresphontes Cram.
Papilio glaucus L.
Papilio polyxenes asterias Stoll
Papilio polyxenes asterias Stoll
Papilio polyxenes asterias Stoll
Papilio troilus L.
Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Fitch)
Paradiplosis tumifex Gagn,
Paraleucoptera albella (Cham.)
Parandra brunnea brunnea (F.)
Paraphytomyza populicola (Wlk.)
Paraprociphilus tessellatus (Fitch)
Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc)
Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc)
Parcoblatta pennsylvanica (DeG.)
Parectopa robiniella Clem.
Paria fragariae Wilcox
Parornix geminatella Pack.
Parthenolecanium corni (Bouch.)
Parthenolecanium persicae (F.)
Parthenolecanium quercifex
Pediculus humanus capitis DeG.
Pediculus humanus humanus L.
Pegomya hyoscyami (Panz.)
Pegomya rubivora (Coq.)
Pegomya spp.
Pemphigus bursarius (L.)
Pemphigus populitransversus Riley
Pemphigus populivenae Fitch
Pennisetia marginata (Harr.)
Peranabrus scabricollis (Thos.)
Peridroma saucia (Hbn.)
Perillus bioculatus (F.)
Periphyllus lyropictus (Kess.)
Periphyllus negundinis (Thos.)
Periplaneta americana (L.)
Periplaneta australasiae (F.)
Periplaneta brunnea Burm.
Petrobia latens (Müll.)
Petrova albicapitana (Bsk.)
Petrova comstockiana (Fern.)
Phenacoccus aceris (Sign.)
Phenacoccus gossypii T. &C.
Pheosia rimosa Pack.
Phigalia titea (Cram.)
Philaenus spumarius (L.)
Phloeosinus canadensis Swaine
Phloeosinus punctatus LeC.
Phloeotribus liminaris (Harr.)
Phobetron pithecium (J. E. Smith)
Pholisora catullus (F.)
Phormia regina (Meig.)
Phorodon humuli (Schr.)
Phragmatobia assimilans Wlk.
Phragmatobia fuliginosa rubricosa
Phratora p. purpurea Brown
Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.)
Phyciodes batesii (Reak.)
Phyciodes selenis (Kby.)
Phyllobius intrusus Kono
Phyllobius oblongus (L.)
Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.
Phyllocolpa bozemani (Cooley)
Phyllocolpa popuella (Ross)
Phyllodesma americana (Harr.)
Phyllonorycter apparella (H.-S.)
Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.)
Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clem.)
Phyllonorycter lucetiella (Clem.)
Phyllonorycter lucidicostella
Phyllonorycter nipigon (Free.)
Phyllonorycter populiella (Cham.)
Phyllonorycter propinquinella
Phyllonorycter salicifoliella
Phyllonorycter tiliacella (Cham.)
Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella
Phyllophaga fusca (Frö.)
Phyllophaga futilis (LeC.)
Phyllophaga rugosa (Melsh.)
Phyllotreta albionica (LeC.)
Phyllotreta armoraciae (Koch)
Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)
Phyllotreta pusilla Horn
Phyllotreta robusta LeC.
Phyllotreta striolata (F.)
Physokermes piceae (Schr.)
Phytobia amelanchieris (Greene)
Phytobia betulivora Spencer
Phytobia setosa (Loew)
Phytomyza ilicis Curt.
Phytonemus pallidus (Banks)
Pieris napi (L.)
Pieris rapae (L.)
Pieris rapae (L.)
Pieris virginiensis (Edw.)
Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)
Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.)
Pineus floccus (Patch)
Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch)
Pineus similis (Gill.)
Pineus strobi (Htg.)
Piophila casei (L.)
Pissodes nemorensis Germ.
Pissodes rotundatus LeC.
Pissodes striatulus (F.)
Pissodes strobi (Peck)
Pissodes terminalis Hopping
Pityokteines sparsus (LeC.)
Plagiodera versicolora (Laich.)
Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl.
Planococcus citri (Risso)
Platycotis vittata (F.)
Plebejus saepiolus (Bdv.)
Pleroneura brunneicornis Roh.
Plodia interpunctella (Hbn.)
Plutella xylostella (L.)
Pnyxia scabiei (Hopk.)
Poanes hobomok (Harr.)
Poanes viator (Edw.)
Pococera aplastella (Hulst)
Pococera asperatella (Clem.)
Pococera expandens (Wlk.)
Pococera militella (Zell.)
Pococera robustella (Zell.)
Podapion gallicola Riley
Podisus maculiventris (Say)
Podosesia syringae (Harr.)
Podosesia syringae (Harr.)
Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.)
Pogonomyrmex occidentalis
Polites mystic (Edw.)
Polites peckius (Kby.)
Polites themistocles (Latr.)
Pollenia rudis (F.)
Polychrysia moneta (F.)
Polydrusus impressifrons (Gyll.)
Polygonia comma (Harr.)
Polygonia faunus (Edw.)
Polygonia gracilis (G. &R.)
Polygonia interrogationis (F.)
Polygonia progne (Cram.)
Polygonia satyrus (Edw.)
Polygraphus rufipennis (Kby.)
Polyphylla decemlineata (Say)
Pontania proxima (Lep.)
Pontania s-pomum (Walsh)
Pontia occidentalis (Reak.)
Pontia occidentalis (Reak.)
Pontia protodice (Bdv. &LeC.)
Popillia japonica Newm.
Prionoxystus macmurtrei (Guér.)
Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck)
Prionus laticollis (Drury)
Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)
Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.)
Pristiphora lena Kinc.
Probole amicaria (H.-S.)
Prochoerodes transversata
Prodiplosis morrisi Gagn,
Profenusa canadensis (Marl.)
Profenusa lucifex (Ross)
Profenusa thomsoni (Konow)
Proserpinus flavofasciata (Wlk.)
Proteoteras aesculana Riley
Proteoteras moffatiana Fern.
Proteoteras willingana (Kft.)
Protoboarmia porcelaria
indicataria (Wlk.)
Protophormia terraenovae (Rob.-
Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.)
Pseudexentera cressoniana
Pseudexentera mali Free.
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.)
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.)
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.)
Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus
Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis
Pseudosciaphila duplex (Wlsm.)
Psila rosae (F.)
Psilocorsis cryptolechiella
Psilocorsis quercicella Clem.
Psilocorsis reflexella Clem.
Psinidia f. fenestralis (Aud.-Serv.)
Psoroptes equi (Rasp.)
Psoroptes ovis (Her.)
Psorosina hammondi (Riley)
Psylla striata Patch
Psylliodes punctulata Melsh.
Pterocomma smithiae (Monell)
Pthirus pubis (L.)
Ptinus clavipes Panz.
Ptinus fur (L.)
Ptinus ocellus Brown
Ptinus raptor Sturm
Ptinus villiger (Reitter)
Ptycholoma peritana (Clem.)
Pulex irritans (L.)
Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathv.)
Puto cupressi (Colm.)
Puto sandini Wash.
Pyemotes tritici (L.-F. &M.)
Pyralis farinalis L.
Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur)
Pyrrharctia isabella (J. E. Smith)
Pyrrhia umbra (Hufn.)
Quadraspidiotus juglandsregiae
Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Rabdophaga rigidae (O.S.)
Rabdophaga salicisbatatas (O.S.)
Rabdophaga salicisbrassicoides
Rabdophaga strobiloides (O.S.)
Raphia frater Grt.
Recurvaria nanella (D. &S.)
Reduvius personatus (L.)
Reticulitermes flavipes (Koll.)
Reticulitermes hesperus Banks
Rhabdopterus picipes (Oliv.)
Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew)
Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew)
Rhagoletis completa Cress.
Rhagoletis completa Cress.
Rhagoletis fausta (O.S.)
Rhagoletis indifferens Curran
Rhagoletis mendax Curran
Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Rhaxonycha carolina (F.)
Rheumaptera hastata (L.)
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.)
Rhizoglyphus echinopus (F. &R.)
Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi (Ahlb.)
Rhopalosiphum fitchii (Sand.)
Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)
Rhopobota naevana (Hbn.)
Rhyacionia buoliana (D. &S.)
Rhyacionia busckana Heinr.
Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.)
Rhyacionia granti Miller
Rhyacionia rigidana (Fern.)
Rhyacionia sonia Miller
Rhynchaenus pallicornis (Say)
Rhynchaenus testaceus (Mull.)
Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)
Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.)
Saissetia coffeae (Wlk.)
Saperda calcarata Say
Saperda candida F.
Saperda candida F.
Saperda tridentata Oliv.
Saperda vestita Say
Sarcophaga aldrichi Park.
Sarcoptes scabiei (DeG.)
Satyrium acadicum (Edw.)
Satyrium calanus (Hbn.)
Satyrium caryaevorum (McD.)
Satyrium edwardsii (G. &R.)
Satyrium liparops (LeC.)
Satyrodes eurydice (Johan.)
Schinia florida (Gn.)
Schizaphis graminum (Rond.)
Schizolachnus piniradiatae (Dav.)
Schizura concinna (J. E. Smith)
Schizura ipomoeae Dbly.
Schizura unicorns (J. E. Smith)
Sciopithes obscurus Horn
Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.)
Scolytus mali (Bech.)
Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.)
Scolytus quadrispinosus Say
Scolytus rugulosus (Müll.)
Scolytus tsugae (Swaine)
Scolytus unispinosus LeC.
Scolytus ventralis LeC.
Scudderia furcata B. von W.
Scutigerella immaculata (Newp.)
Semanotus ligneus (F.)
Semanotus litigiosus (Casey)
Semiothisa granitata (Gn.)
Semiothisa ocellinata (Gn.)
Semiothisa sexmaculata (Pack.)
Semiothisa signaria dispuncta
Sesia tibialis (Harr.)
Setoptus jonesi (Keif.)
Sicya macularia (Harr.)
Simulium arcticum Malloch
Simulium venustum Say
Simulium vittatum Zett.
Sinea diadema (F.)
Sirex cyaneus F.
Sirex juvencus juvencus (L.)
Sitobion avenae (F.)
Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)
Sitona cylindricollis (Fåhr.)
Sitona hispidulus (F.)
Sitona lineatus (L.)
Sitophilus granarius (L.)
Sitophilus oryzae (L.)
Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.)
Smerinthus cerisyi Kby.
Smerinthus jamaicensis (Drury)
Solenopsis molesta (Say)
Solenoptes capillatus End.
Spaelotis clandestina (Harr.)
Spaelotis havilae (Grt.)
Sparganothis acerivorana MacK.
Sparganothis directana (Wlk.)
Sparganothis pettitana (Rob.)
Speyeria aphrodite (F.)
Speyeria atlantis (Edw.)
Speyeria cybele (F.)
Sphaerolecanium prunastri
Spharagemon collare (Scudd.)
Sphinx canadensis Bdv.
Sphinx chersis (Hbn.)
Sphinx drupiferarum J. E. Smith
Sphinx drupiferarum J. E. Smith
Sphinx eremitus (Hbn.)
Sphinx gordius Cram.
Sphinx kalmiae J. E. Smith
Sphinx luscitiosa Clem.
Sphinx vashti Stkr.
Spilonota ocellana (D. &S.)
Spilosoma virginica (F.)
Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)
Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)
Spodoptera ornithogalli (Gn.)
Spodoptera praefica (Grt.)
Stegobium paniceum (L.)
Stenolophus lecontei (Chaud.)
Steremnius carinatus (Boh.)
Stethophyma lineatum (Scudd.)
Sthenopis argenteomaculatus
Stictocephala bisonia K. &Y.
Stictoleptura canadensis Oliv.
Stilbosis ostryaeella (Cham.)
Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)
Strauzia longipennis (Wied.)
Strobilomyia appalachensis
Michelsen
Strobilomyia laricis Michelsen
Strobilomyia neanthracina
Michelsen
Strobilomyia varia (Huckett)
Strymon melinus Hbn.
Supella longipalpa (F.)
Symmerista albifrons (J. E. Smith)
Symmerista canicosta Franc.
Symmerista leucitys Franc.
Symydobius americanus Baker
Synanthedon acerni (Clem.)
Synanthedon albicornis (Hy. Edw.)
Synanthedon bibionipennis (Bdv.)
Synanthedon decipiens (Hy. Edw.)
Synanthedon exitiosa (Say)
Synanthedon pictipes (G. &R.)
Synanthedon pini (Kell.)
Synanthedon pyri (Harr.)
Synanthedon scitula (Harr.)
Synanthedon sequoiae (Hy. Edw.)
Synanthedon tipuliformis (Cl.)
Syneta ferruginea (Germ.)
Syngrapha alias (Ottol.)
Syngrapha rectangula (Kby.)
Syngrapha selecta (Wlk.)
Systena blanda (Melsh.)
Systena frontalis (F.)
Tabanus lineola F.
Tachycines asynamorus Adel.
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel)
Tapinoma sessile (Say)
Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist
Telamona tremulata Ball
Tenebrio molitor L.
Tenebrio obscurus F.
Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.)
Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Sauss.
Tetanops myopaeformis (Roder)
Tethida cordigera (Beauv.)
Tetramesa hordei (Harr.)
Tetramesa secale (Fitch)
Tetramesa tritici (Fitch)
Tetranychus canadensis (McG.)
Tetranychus mcdanieli McG.
Tetranychus urticae Koch
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Först.)
Tetropium cinnamopterum Kby.
Tetropium parvulum Casey
Tetropium velutinum LeC.
Tetyra bipunctata (H.-S.)
Thecodiplosis piniresinosae
Therioaphis riehmi (Börner)
Thermobia domestica (Pack.)
Thorybes pylades (Scudd.)
Thrips nigropilosus Uzel
Thrips simplex (Mor.)
Thrips tabaci Lind.
Thylodrias contractus Mots.
Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.)
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis
Tibicen pruinosa (Say)
Tinea pellionella L.
Tineola bisselliella (Hum.)
Tipula paludosa Meig.
Tischeria malifoliella Clem.
Tischeria quercitella Clem.
Tolype laricis (Fitch)
Tolype velleda (Stoll)
Tomostethus multicinctus (Roh.)
Torymus varians (Wlk.)
Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmel.)
Toumeyella parvicornis (Ckll.)
Trachykele blondeli Marseul
Tremex columba (L.)
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Tribolium audax Halst.
Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.)
Tribolium confusum Duv.
Tribolium destructor Uytt.
Tribolium madens (Charp.)
Trichiocampus simplicicornis
Trichiocampus viminalis (Fall.)
Trichiosoma triangulum Kby.
Trichobaris trinotata (Say)
Trichodectes canis (DeG.)
Trichogramma minutum Riley
Tricholochmaea d. decora (Say)
Tricholochmaea decora carbo
Tricholochmaea vaccinii (Fall)
Trichophaga tapetzella (L.)
Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)
Trichordestra legitima (Grt.)
Trigonogenius globulus Sol.
Trisetacus ehmanni Keif.
Trisetacus grosmanni Keif.
Trisetacus grosmanni Keif.
Trogium pulsatorium (L.)
Trogium pulsatorium (L.)
Trogoderma granarium Everts
Trogoderma inclusum LeC.
Trogoderma variabile Ballion
Tropidosteptes amoenus Reut.
Trypodendron betulae Swaine
Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.)
Trypodendron retusum (LeC.)
Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmel.)
Tychius picirostris (F.)
Tychius stephensi Schonh.
Typhaea stercorea (L.)
Typhlocyba froggatti Baker
Typhlocyba pomaria McA.
Tyria jacobaeae (L.)
Tyrolichus casei Oud.
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schr.)
Udea rubigalis (Gn.)
Udea rubigalis (Gn.)
Unaspis euonymi (Comst.)
Upis ceramboides (L.)
Urocerus albicornis (F.)
Urocerus cressoni Nort.
Urocerus gigas flavicornis (F.)
Utetheisa bella (L.)
Vanessa atalanta (L.)
Vanessa cardui (L.)
Vanessa virginiensis (Drury)
Vasates quadripedes Shimer
Vespa crabro germana Christ
Vespa crabro germana Christ
Vespula germanica (F.)
Vespula maculifrons (Buys.)
Vespula pensylvanica (Sauss.)
Wohlfahrtia vigil (Wlk.)
Wyeomyia smithii (Coq.)
Xanthia togata (Esp.)
Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müll.)
Xanthonia decemnotata (Say)
Xanthoteras quercusforticorne
Xanthotype sospeta (Drury)
Xenopsylla cheopis (Roths.)
Xestia perquiritata (Morr.)
Xestia spp.
Xestobium rufovillosum (DeG.)
Xestobium rufovillosum (DeG.)
Xyela minor Nort.
Xylotrechus aceris Fisher
Xylorechus colonus (F.)
Xylorechus obliteratus LeC.
Xylorechus undulatus (Say)
Yponomeuta cognatella Hbn.
Yponomeuta malinella Zell.
Ypsolopha dentella (F.)
Zale helata (Sm.)
Zale lunifera (Hbn.)
Zale metatoides McD.
Zale minerea (Gn.)
Zale undularis (Drury)
Zaraea inflata Nort.
Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. &
Zeiraphera fortunana (Kft.)
Zeiraphera improbana (Wlk.)
Zeiraphera unfortunana Powell
Zelleria haimbachi Bsk.
Zeugophora scutellaris Suffr.
Zeuzera pyrina (L.)
Zonosemata electa (Say)
Zootermopsis angusticollis
Zophodia grossulariella (Hbn.)
Zygogramma exclamationis (F.)
For purposes of simplicity, the term “insect” shall be used through out this application; however, it should be understood that the term “insect” refers, not only to insects, but also to arachnids, larvae, and like invertebrates. Also for purposes of this application, the term “insect control” shall refer to having a repellant effect, a pesticidal effect, or both.
“Target pest” refers to the organism that is the subject of the insect control effort.
“Repellant effect” is an effect wherein more insects are repelled away from a host or area that has been treated with the composition than a control host or area that has not been treated with the composition. In some embodiments, repellant effect is an effect wherein at least about 75% of insects are repelled away from a host or area that has been treated with the composition. In some embodiments, repellant effect is an effect wherein at least about 90% of insects are repelled away from a host or area that has been treated with the composition.
“Pesticidal effect” is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 1% of the insects to die. In this regard, an LC1 to LC100 (lethal concentration) or an LD1 to LD100 (lethal dose) of a composition will cause a pesticidal effect. In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 5% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 10% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 25% of the insects to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 50% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 75% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 90% of the exposed insects to die.
“Disablement” is an effect wherein insects are mobility-impaired such that their mobility is reduced as compared to insects that have not been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablement is an effect wherein at least about 75% of insects are mobility-impaired such that their mobility is reduced as compared to insects that have not been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablement is an effect wherein at least about 90% of insects are mobility-impaired such that their mobility is reduced as compared to insects that have not been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablement can be caused by a disabling effect at the cellular or whole-organism level.
Embodiments of the invention can be used to control parasites. As used herein, the term “parasite” includes parasites, such as but not limited to, protozoa, including intestinal protozoa, tissue protozoa, and blood protozoa. Examples of intestinal protozoa include, but are not limited to: Entamoeba hystolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium muris, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Examples of tissue protozoa include, but are not limited to: Trypanosomatida gambiense, Trypanosomatida rhodesiense, Trypanosomatida crusi, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Examples of blood protozoa include, but are not limited to Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. Histomonas meleagridis is yet another example of a protozoan parasite.
As used herein, the term “parasite” further includes, but is not limited to: helminthes or parasitic worms, including nematodes (round worms) and platyhelminthes (flat worms). Examples of nematodes include, but are not limited to: animal and plant nematodes of the adenophorea class, such as the intestinal nematode Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and the plant nematode Trichodorus obtusus (stubby-root nematode); intestinal nematodes of the secementea class, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Necator americanus (hookworm), and Strongyloides stercoralis; and tissue nematodes of the secementea class, such as Wuchereria bancrofti (Filaria bancrofti) and Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm). Examples of plathyeminthes include, but are not limited to: Trematodes (flukes), including blood flukes, such as Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal Schistosomiasis), Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum; liver flukes, such as Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica; intestinal flukes, such as Heterophyes heterophyes; and lung flukes such as Paragonimus westermani. Examples of platheminthes further include, but are not limited to: Cestodes (tapeworms), including Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, and Echinococcus granulosus.
Furthermore, the term “parasite” further includes, but is not limited to those organisms and classes of organisms listed in the following table:
Entamoeba
coli
dispar
histolytica
gingivalis
Balantidium
coli
Giardia
intenstinalis
lamblia
Trichomonas
vaginalis
Histomonas
meleagridis
Heterakis
Trypanosoma
avium
brucei
cruzi
equiperdum
evansi
vivax
Eimeria
acervulina
brunetti
jemezi
maxima
nextrix
tenella
stiedae
meleagridis
Isospora
belli
felis
canis
Cyclospora
cayetanensis
Cryptosporidium
parvum
hominis
canis
felis
hominis
meleagridis
muris
Sarcocystis
cruzi
hominis
muris
Toxoplasma
gondii
Neospora
caninum
Babesia
major
microti
divergens
duncani
gibsoni
Plasmodium
falciparum
vivax
ovale
malariae
knowlesi
gigliolii
Leishmania
aethiopica
donovani
major
mexicana
tropica
braziliensis
Fasciola
hepatica
magna
gigantica
jacksoni
Dicrocoelium
dendriticum
Schistosoma
mansoni
japonicum
mekongi
intercalatum
haematobium
Taenia
crassiceps
pisiformis
saginata
solium
Dipylidium
caninum
Echinococcus
granulosus
multilocularis
shiquicus
Aphelenchoides
fragariae
ritzemabosi
besseyi.
Heterodera
Globodera
solanacearum
virginiae
tabacum
Nacobbus
dorsalis
Pratylenchus
brachurus
penetrans
Ditylenchus
dipsaci
Xiphinema
americanum
Longidorus
sylphus
Paratrichodorus
minor
Dioctophyma
renale
Meloidogyne
hapla
incognita
javanica
Trichostrongylus
tenius
Ostertagia
Nematodirus
Haemonchus
Cooperia
Trichuris
Ascaris
Parascaris
Oxyuris
Toxascaris
Toxocara
T. catti, refs back to non-migratory Toxascaris
Trichinella
Oesophagostomum
Chabertia
Cyathostomes
Strongylus
vulgaris
Bunostomum
Uncinaria
Ancylostoma
Dictyocaulus
Metastrongylus
Parafilaria
Dirofialria
Cercospora
zeae-maydis
Ustilago
maydis
Magnaporthe
grisea
Bipolaris
oryzae
Psoroptes ovis,
Chorioptes
Sarcoptes,
Knemidocoptes
Demodex,
Trombicula,
Cheyletiella
Dermanyssus,
Ornithonyssus
Ixodes ricinus
Linognathus and
Haematopinus sp.
Trichodectes and
Felicola
Lipeurus,
Cuclotogaster,
Menopon
Ctenocephalides
felis and C. canis
Ceratophyllus and
Echidnophaga
Haematobia and
Stomoxys
Melophagus ovinus
Culicoides midges
Phlebotomus sand
Lucilia cuprina
Hypoderma bovis
Gasterophilus and
Oestrus bots
Embodiments of the invention can be used to prevent or treat the following parasite hosts:
Alternaria black spot =
Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brassicicola
Alternaria japonica = Alternaria raphani
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Glomerella cingulata
Colletotrichum higginsianum
Leptosphaeria maculans
Phoma lingam [anamorph]
Rhizopus stolonifer
Aphanomyces raphani
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Cercospora leaf spot
Cercospora brassicicola
Plasmodiophora brassicae
Peronospora parasitica
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans
Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia fuckeliana [teleomorph]
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Alternaria alternata
Ascochyta spp.
Pyrenopeziza brassicae
Cylindrosporium concentricum [anamorph]
Alternaria alternata
Cladosporium spp.
Erysiphe polygoni
Erysiphe cruciferarum
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Asteromella brassicae [anamorph]
Alternaria alternata
Fusarium spp.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora
Phytophthora megasperma
Pythium debaryanum
Pythium irregulare
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii [teleomorph]
Sclerotinia stem rot
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Alternaria spp.
Fusarium spp.
Gliocladium roseum
Nectria ochroleuca [teleomorph]
Pythium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Rhizopus stolonifer
Sclerotium rolfsii
Urocystis brassicae
Sclerotium rolfsii
Verticillium wilt
Verticillium longisporum
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Pseudocercosporella capsellae =
Cercosporella brassicae
Mycosphaerella capsellae [teleomorph]
Albugo candida =
Albugo cruciferarum
(
Peronospora sp. commonly present in staghead phase)
Fusarium oxysporum
Besnoitia sp. (oocysts)
Isospora felis
Isospora rivolta
Sarcocystis gigantea (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis hirsuta (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis medusijormis (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis muris (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis sp. (sporocysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (oocysts
Sarcomastigophora:
Giardia intestinalis
Hammondia heydorni (oocysts)
Isospora canis
Isospora ohicensis
Neospora caninum
Sarcocystis arieticanis (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis capracanis (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis cruzi (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis tenella (sporocysts)
Sarcocystis sp. (sporocy sts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Sarcomastigophora:
Giardia intestinalis
Cvptosporidiurn sp.
Eimeria alijevi
Eimeria apsheronica
Eimeria arloingi
Eimeria capralis
Eimeria caprina
Eimeria caprovina
Eimeria charlestoni
Eimeria christenseni
Eimeria hirci
Eimeria jolchejevi
Eimeria masseyensis
Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae
Eimeria punctata
Eimeria tunisiensis
Sarcocystis capracanis (cysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Sarcomastigophora:
Giardia sp.
Eimeria leuckarti
Klossiella equi
Sarcocystis sp. (cysts)
Ciyptosporidium sp.
Isospora hominis*
Plasmodium sp.*
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Sarcomastigophora:
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Endolimax nana
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia intestinalis
Iodamoeba buetschlii
Leishmania donovani*
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Colletotrichum graminicola
Glomerella graminicola
Glomerella tucumanensis
Glomerella falcatum
Aspergillus ear and kernel rot
Aspergillus flavus
Rhizoctonia solani = Rhizoctonia microsclerotia
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Acremonium strictum = Cephalosporium
acremonium
Lasiodiplodia theobromae = Botryodiplodia
theobromae
Marasmiellus sp.
Physoderma maydis
Cephalosporium kernel rot
Acremonium strictum = Cephalosporium
acremonium
Macrophomina phaseolina
Corticium ear rot
Thanatephorus cucumeris = Corticium sasakii
Curvularia leaf spot
Curvularia clavata
C. eragrostidis = C. maculans
Cochliobolus eragrostidis
Curvularia inaequalis
C. intermedia
Cochliobolus intermedius
Curvularia lunata
Cochliobolus lunatus
Curvularia pallescens Cochliobolus pallescens
Curvularia senegalensis
C. tuberculata
Cochliobolus tuberculatus
Didymella leaf spot
Didymella exitalis
Diplodia ear rot and stalk rot
Diplodia frumenti
Botryosphaeria festucae
Diplodia ear rot
Diplodia maydis
Diplodia leaf spot or leaf streak
Stenocarpella macrospora = Diplodia
macrospora
Sclerophthora rayssiae
Sclerophthora macrospora = Sclerospora
macrospora
Sclerospora graminicola
Graminicola downy mildew
Peronosclerospora maydis = Sclerospora
maydis
Peronosclerospora philippinensis =
Sclerospora philippinensis
Sorghum downy mildew
Peronosclerospora sorghi = Sclerospora sorghi
Spontaneum downy mildew
Peronosclerospora spontanea = Sclerospora
spontanea
Peronosclerospora sacchari = Sclerospora
sacchari
Nigrospora oryzae
Khuskia oryzae
Alternaria alternata = A. tenuis
Aspergillus glaucus
A. niger
Aspergillus spp.
Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Cunninghamella sp.
Curvularia pallescens
Doratomyces stemonitis = Cephalotrichum
stemonitis
Fusarium culmorum
Gonatobotrys simplex
Pithomyces maydicus
Rhizopus microsporus
R. stolonifer = R. nigricans
Scopulariopsis brumptii
Claviceps gigantea
Sphacelia sp.
Aureobasidium zeae = Kabatiella zeae
Fusarium ear and stalk rot
Fusarium subglutinans = F. moniliforme
Fusarium kernel, root and stalk rot, seed rot and
Fusarium moniliforme
Gibberella fujikuroi
Fusarium stalk rot
Fusarium avenaceum
Gibberella avenacea
Gibberella ear and stalk rot
Gibberella zeae
Fusarium graminearum
Botryosphaeria zeae = Physalospora zeae
Macrophoma zeae
Cercospora sorghi = C. sorghi
Cercospora leaf spot
C. zeae-maydis
Helminthosporium root rot
Exserohilum pedicellatum = Helminthosporium
pedicellatum
Setosphaeria pedicellata
Hormodendrum ear rot
Cladosporium cladosporioides =
Cladosporium rot
Hormodendrum cladosporioides
C. herbarum
Mycosphaerella tassiana
Hyalothyridium leaf spot
Hyalothyridium maydis
Cephalosporium maydis
Alternaria alternata
A. tritici
A. zeicola
Bipolaris victoriae = Helminthosporium
victoriae
Cochliobolus victoriae
C. sativus
Bipolaris sorokiniana = H. sorokinianum = H. sativum
Epicoccum nigrum
Exserohilum prolatum = Drechslera prolata
Setosphaeria prolata
Graphium penicillioides
Leptosphaeria maydis
Leptothyrium zeae
Ophiosphaerella herpotricha
Scolecosporiella sp.
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
Phoma sp.
Septoria zeae
S. zeicola
S. zeina
Setosphaeria turcica
Exserohilum turcicum = Helminthosporium
turcicum
Cochliobolus carbonum
Helminthosporium ear rot (race 1)
Bipolaris zeicola = Helminthosporium
carbonum
Penicillium ear rot
Penicillium spp.
P. chrysogenum
P. expansum
P. oxalicum
Phaeocytostroma stalk rot and root rot
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum =
Phaeocytosporella zeae
Phaeosphaeria leaf spot
Phaeosphaeria maydis = Sphaerulina maydis
Physalospora ear rot
Botryosphaeria festucae = Physalospora zeicola
Botryosphaeria ear rot
Diplodia frumenti
Pyrenochaeta stalk rot and root rot
Phoma terrestris = Pyrenochaeta terrestris
Pythium root rot
Pythium spp.
P. arrhenomanes
P. graminicola
Pythium stalk rot
Pythium aphanidermatum = P. butleri
Epicoccum nigrum
Rhizoctonia ear rot
Rhizoctonia zeae
Waitea circinata
Rhizoctonia root rot and stalk rot
Rhizoctonia solani
R. zeae
Alternaria alternata
Cercospora sorghi
Dictochaeta fertilis
Fusarium acuminatum Gibberella acuminata
F. equiseti
G. intricans
F. oxysporum
F. pallidoroseum
F. poae
F. roseum
G. cyanogena
F. sulphureum
Microdochium bolleyi
Mucor sp.
Periconia circinata
Phytophthora cactorum
P. drechsleri
P. nicotianae
Rhizopus arrhizus
Rostratum leaf spot
Setosphaeria rostrata = Helminthosporium
Helminthosporium leaf disease, ear and stalk
rostratum
Puccinia sorghi
Puccinia polysora
Physopella pallescens
P. zeae = Angiopsora zeae
Sclerotium ear rot
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii
Bipolaris sorokiniana
B. zeicola = Helminthosporium carbonum
Diplodia maydis
Exserohilum pedicillatum
Exserohilum turcicum = Helminthosporium
turcicum
Fusarium avenaceum
|F. culmorum
F. moniliforme
Gibberella zeae
F. graminearum
Macrophomina phaseolina
Penicillium spp.
Phomopsis spp.
Pythium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Sclerotium rolfsii
Spicaria spp.
Selenophoma leaf spot
Selenophoma sp.
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Myrothecium gramineum
Monascus purpureus
M. ruber
Ustilago zeae = U. maydis
Ustilaginoidea virens
Sphacelotheca reiliana = Sporisorium holci-
sorghi
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Bipolaris maydis = Helminthosporium maydis
Stenocarpella macrospora = Diplodia
macrospora
Cercospora sorghi
Fusarium episphaeria
F. merismoides
F. oxysporum
F. poae
F. roseum
F. solani
Nectria haematococca
F. tricinctum
Mariannaea elegans
Mucor spp.
Rhopographus zeae
Spicaria spp.
Aspergillus spp.
Penicillium spp. and other fungi
Phyllachora maydis
Trichoderma ear rot and root rot
Trichoderma viride = T. lignorum
Hypocrea sp.
Stenocarpella maydis = Diplodia zeae
Ascochyta ischaemi
Phyllosticta maydis
Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis
Gloeocercospora sorghi
Dolichodorus spp., D. heterocephalus
Ditylenchus dipsaci
Radopholus similis
Heterodera avenae
H. zeae
Punctodera chalcoensis
Xiphinema spp.
X. americanum X. mediterraneum
Nacobbus dorsalis
Hoplolaimus columbus
Hoplolaimus spp.
H. galeatus
Pratylenchus spp., P. brachyurus, P. crenatus, P. hexincisus, P. neglectus
P. penetrans, P. scribneri, P. thornei, P. zeae
Longidorus spp.
L. breviannulatus
Criconemella spp.
C. ornata
Meloidogyne spp.
M. chitwoodi
M. incognita
M. javanica
Helicotylenchus spp.
Belonolaimus spp.
B. longicaudatus
Paratrichodorus spp.
P. christiei
P. minor
Quinisulcius acutus
Trichodorus spp.
Tylenchorhynchus dubius
Hepatozoon musculi
Sarcocystis muris (cysts)
Sarcomastigophora:
Giardia intestinalis
Giardia muris
Ox
Ctyptosporidium sp.
Eimeria alabamensis
Eimeria auburnensis
Eimeria bovis
Eimeria brasiliensis
Eimeria bukidnonensis
Eimeria canadensis
Eimeria cylindrica
Eimeria ellipsoidalis
Eimeria subspherica
Eimeria wyomingensis
Eimeria zurnii
Isospora sp.
Neospora caninum
Sarcocystis cruzi (cysts)
Sarcocystis hirsuta (cysts)
Theileria orientalis
Sarcomastigophora:
Tritrichomonas foetus
Ciliophora:
Balantidium coli
Ctyptosporidium sp.
Eimeria cerdonis
Eimeria debliecki
Eimeria neodebliecki
Eimeria porci
Eimeria scabra
Eimeria suis
Isospora suis
Sarcocystis sp. (cysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Ciliophora:
Balantidium coli
Histomonas meleagridis
Hexamita meleagridis
Eimeria spp.
Ascaridia galli
Ascaridia dissimilis
Ascardidia columbae
Capillaria contorta
Capillaria obsingata
Capillaria caudinflata
Heterakis gallinarum
Heterakis isolonche
Syngamus trachea
Cnemidocoptes mutans
Cnemidocoptes gallinae
Dermanyssus gallinae
Lamiosioptes cysticola
Ornithonyssus slyvarium
Ceratophyllus gallinae
Echindnophaga gallinacea
Menacanthus stramineus
Eimeria jlavescens
Eimeria irresidua
Eimeria media
Eimeria petforans
Eimeria pyriformis
Eimeria stiedae
Hepatozoon cuniculi
Sarcocystis sp. (cysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae
Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae
Curvularia lunata
Cochliobolus lunatus
Pyricularia grisea =
Pyricularia oryzae
Magnaporthe grisea
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Bipolaris oryzae
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Sclerophthora macrospora
Drechslera gigantea
Ustilaginoidea virens
Tilletia barclayana =
Neovossia horrida
Entyloma oryzae
Microdochium oryzae =
Rhynchosporium oryzae
Cercospora janseana =
Cercospora oryzae
Sphaerulina oryzina
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Curvularia spp.
Fusarium spp.
Microdochium oryzae
Sarocladium oryzae
Fusarium spp.
Pythium spp.
Pythium dissotocum
Pythium spinosum
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Curvularia spp.
Fusarium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizoctonia solani
Sarocladium oryzae =
Acrocylindrium oryzae
Rhizoctonia oryzae
Alternaria padwickii
Magnaporthe salvinii
Sclerotium oryzae
Achlya conspicua
Achlya klebsiana
Fusarium spp.
Pythium spp.
Pythium dissotocum
Pythium spinosum
Aphelenchoides besseyi
Meloidogyne spp.
Hirschmanniella oryzae
Ditylenchus angustus
Ctyptosporidium sp.
Eimeria ahsata
Eimeria crandallis
Eimeria faurei
Eimeria granulosa
Eimeria intricata
Eimeria ovinoidalis
Eimeria ovis
Eimeria pallida
Eimeria pama
Eimeria punctata
Eimeria weybridgensis
Sarcocystis arieticanis (cysts)
Sarcocystis gigantea (cysts)
Sarcocystis medusiformis (cysts)
Sarcocystis tenella (cysts)
Toxoplasma gondii (cysts)
Alternaria leaf spot
Alternaria spp.
Colletotrichum truncatum
Colletotrichum dematium f. truncatum
Glomerella glycines
Colletotrichum destructivum
Arkoola nigra
Thielaviopsis basicola
Chalara elegans [synanamorph]
Septoria glycines
Mycosphaerella usoenskajae
Phialophora gregata =
Cephalosporium gregatum
Macrophomina phaseolina
Choanephora infundibulifera
Choanephora trispora
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium debaryanum
Pythium irregulare
Pythium myriotylum
Pythium ultimum
Peronospora manshurica
Drechslera blight
Drechslera glycines
Cercospora sojina
Fusarium root rot
Fusarium spp.
Leptosphaerulina leaf spot
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Mycoleptodiscus root rot
Mycoleptodiscus terrestris
Neocosmospora stem rot
Neocosmospora vasinfecta
Acremonium spp.
Phomopsis seed decay
Phomopsis spp.
Phytophthora root and stem rot
Phytophthora sojae
Phyllosticta leaf spot
Phyllosticta sojaecola
Phymatotrichum root rot = cotton root rot
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora =
Phymatotrichum omnivorum
Diaporthe phaseolorum
Phomopsis sojae
Microsphaera diffusa
Cercospora kikuchii
Pyrenochaeta leaf spot
Pyrenochaeta glycines
Pythium rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium debaryanum
Pythium irregulare
Pythium myriotylum
Pythium ultimum
Cylindrocladium crotalariae
Calonectria crotalariae
Dactuliochaeta glycines =
Pyrenochaeta glycines
Dactuliophora glycines [synanamorph]
Rhizoctonia aerial blight
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizoctonia root and stem rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Spaceloma glycines
Sclerotinia stem rot
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotium rolfsii
Sclerotium blight
Athelia rolfsii
Diaporthe phaseolorum
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora
Phomopsis phaseoli
Stemphylium leaf blight
Stemphylium botryosum
Pleospora tarda
Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines
Corynespora cassiicola
Nematospora coryli
Hoplolaimus columbus
Hoplolaimus galeatus
Hoplolaimus magnistylus
Pratylenchus spp.
Paratylenchus projectus
Paratylenchus tenuicaudatus
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Criconemella ornata
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne hapla
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Hemicycliophora spp.
Heterodera glycines
Helicotylenchus spp.
Belonolainus gracilis
Belonolainus longicaudatus
Paratrichodorus minor
Quinisulcius acutus
Tylenchorhynchus spp.
Colletotrichum destructivum
Glomerella glycines
Cercospora nicotianae
Thielaviopsis basicola
Phytophthora nicotianae
Peronospora tabacina =
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
Alternaria alternata
Macrophomina phaseolina
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Pythium spp.
Pythium
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium ultimum
Cercospora nicotianae
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum
Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Mycosphaerella leaf
Mycosphaerella nicotianae
Olpidium seedling
Olpidium brassicae
Phyllosticta leaf spot
Phyllosticta nicotiana
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Phoma exigua var. exigua =
Ascochyta phaseolorum
Hymenula affinis =
Fusarium affine
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii
Pythium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Verticillium wilt
Verticillium albo-atrum
Verticillium dahliae
Ditylenchus dipsaci
Globodera solanacearum =
Globodera virginiae
Globodera tabacum
Xiphinema americanum
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
Pratylenchus brachyurus
Pratylenchus penetrans
Pratylenchus spp.
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla,
Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica
Helicotylenchus spp.
Paratrichodorus spp.
Trichodorus spp.
Merlinius spp.
Tylenchorhynchus spp.
Alternaria leaf blight
Alternaria triticina
Colletotrichum graminicola
Glomerella graminicola
Ascochyta leaf spot
Ascochyta tritici
Aureobasidium decay
Microdochium bolleyi =
Aureobasidium bolleyi
Alternaria spp.
Cladosporium spp.
Epicoccum spp.
Sporobolomyces spp.
Stemphylium spp. and other genera
Cephalosporium stripe
Hymenula cerealis =
Cephalosporium gramineum
Tilletia tritici =
Tilletia caries
Tilletia laevis =
Tilletia foetida
Cochliobolus sativus
Bipolaris sorokiniana =
Helminthosporium sativum
Coprinus psychromorbidus
Fusarium spp.
Fusarium pseudograminearum
Gibberella zeae
Fusarium graminearum Group II
Gibberella avenacea
Fusarium avenaceum
Fusarium culmorum
Dilophospora leaf spot = twist
Dilophospora alopecuri
Sclerophthora macrospora
Tilletia controversa
Claviceps purpurea
Sphacelia segetum
Tapesia yallundae
Ramulispora herpotrichoides =
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides W-pathotype
T. acuformis
Ramulispora acuformis =
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var.
acuformis R-pathoytpe
Gibellina cerealis
Urocystis agropyri
Fusarium spp.
Pseudoseptoria donacis =
Selenophoma donacis
Tilletia indica =
Neovossia indica
Puccinia triticina =
Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici
Puccinia tritici-duri
Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides =
Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides
Stagonospora sp.
Ustilago tritici =
Ustilago segetum var. tritici
Ustilago segetum var. nuda
Ustilago segetum var. avenae
Microscopica leaf spot
Phaeosphaeria microscopica =
Leptosphaeria microscopica
Phoma spp.
Phoma glomerata
Phoma sorghina =
Phoma insidiosa
Microdochium nivale =
Fusarium nivale
Monographella nivalis
Platyspora leaf spot
Clathrospora pentamera =
Platyspora pentamera
Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici
Blumeria graminis =
Erysiphe graminis
Oidium monilioides
Pythium root rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium graminicola
Pythium myriotylum
Pythium volutum
Rhizoctonia root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pyrenophora seminiperda =
Drechslera campanulata
Drechslera wirreganensis
Fusarium spp.
Gibberella zeae
Fusarium graminearum Group II
Gibberella avenacea
Fusarium avenaceum
Fusarium culmorum
Microdochium nivale =
Fusarium nivale
Monographella nivalis
Sclerotinia snow mold = snow scald
Myriosclerotinia borealis =
Sclerotinia borealis
Sclerotium wilt (see Southern blight)
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii
Septoria blotch
Septoria tritici
Mycosphaerella graminicola
Rhizoctonia cerealis
Ceratobasidium cereale
Pythium spp.
Pythium aristosporum
Pythium iwayamae
Pythium okanoganense
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii
Typhula idahoensis
Typhula incarnata
Typhula ishikariensis
Typhula ishikariensis var. canadensis
Cochliobolus sativus
Bipolaris sorokiniana =
Helminthosporium sativum
Stagonospora blotch
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. triticae
Stagonospora avenae f.sp. triticae =
Septoria avenae f.sp. triticea
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
Stagonospora nodorum = Septoria nodorum
Puccinia graminis =
Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici
Aspergillus spp.
Penicillium spp.
and others
Puccinia striiformis
Uredo glumarum
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
Drechslera tritici-repentis
Phyllachora graminis
Linochora graminis
Magnaporthe grisea
Lagena radicicola
Ligniera pilorum
Olpidium brassicae
Rhizophydium graminis
Embodiments of the invention can be used to treat crops in order to limit or prevent insect infestation. The types of crops that can be treated can include, for example, any of the following, or the like:
Musa textilis
Medicago sativa
Medicago sativa
Prunus dulcis
Pimpinella animus
Malus sylvestris
Prunus armeniaca
Areca catechu
Arracacia xanthorrhiza
Maranta arundinacea
Cynara scolymus
Asparagus officinalis
Persea americana
Pennisetum americanum
Vigna subterranea
Musa paradisiaca
Hordeum vulgare
Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus and Vigna spp.
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Citrus bergamia
Areca catechu
Piper nigrum
Acacia mearnsii
Rubus spp.
Vaccinium spp.
Bertholletia excelsa
Artocarpus altilis
Vicia faba
Vicia faba
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolor
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Fagopyrum esculentum
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica chinensis
Brassica spp.
Theobroma cacao
Cucumis melo
Carum carvi
Elettaria cardamomum
Cynara cardunculus
Ceratonia siliqua
Daucus carota ssp. sativa
Daucus carota ssp. sativa
Anacardium occidentale
Manihot esculenta
Ricinus communis
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
Apium graveolens
Sechium edule
Prunus spp.
Castanea sativa
Cicer arietinum
Cichorium intybus
Cichorium intybus
Capsicum spp. (annuum)
Capsicum spp. (annuum)
Cinnamomum verum
Citrus medica
Citronella
Cymbopogon citrates/Cymbopogon nar
Citrus reticulata
Eugenia aromatica (Syzygium
aromaticu
Trifolium spp.
Trifolium spp.
Theobroma cacao
Cocos nucifera
Coffea spp.
Cola nut (all varieties)
Cola acuminata
Brassica napus
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Valerianella locusta
Gossypium spp.
Gossypium spp.
Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata
Vaccinium spp.
Lepidium sativum
Cucumis sativus
Ribes spp.
Annona reticulate
Colocasia esculenta
Phoenix dactylifera
Moringa oleifera
Sorghum bicolour
Durum wheat
Triticum durum
Vigna subterranea
Xanthosoma spp.; Colocasia spp.
Solanum melongena
Cichorium endivia
Foeniculum vulgare
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Ficus carica
Corylus avellana
Furcraea macrophylla
Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum
Phormium tenax
Alium sativum
Alium sativum
Geranium
Pelargonium spp.; Geranium spp.
Zingiber officinale
Ribes spp.
Lagenaria spp; Cucurbita spp.
Cicer arietinum
Vitis vinifera
Citrus paradisi
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera
Lygeum spartum
Dactylis glomerata
Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense
Arachis hypogaea
Psidium guajava
Sorghum bicolor
Corylus avellana
Cannabis sativa ssp. indica
Musa textilis
Crotalaria juncea
Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
Agave fourcroydes
Lawsonia inermis
Humulus lupulus
Vicia faba
Armoracia rusticana
Zea mays
Indigofera tinctoria
Jasminum spp.
Helianthus tuberosus
Sorghum bicolor
Corchorus spp. (over 30 sp.)
Brassica oleracea var. acephala
Ceiba pentandra
Hibiscus cannabinus
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes
Lavandula spp. (over 15 sp.)
Alium ampeloprasum; Alium porrum
Citrus limon
Cymbopogon citratus
Lens culinaris
Lespedeza (all varieties)
Lespedeza spp.
Lactuca sativa var. capitata
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus limetta
Linum usitatissimum
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Litchi chinensis
Eriobotrya japonica
Lupinus spp.
Macadamia (Queensland nut)
Macadamia spp. ternifolia
Myristica fragrans
Agave atrovirens
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Citrus reticulata
Beta vulgaris
Mangifera indica
Manihot esculenta
Mespilus germanica
Cucumis melo
Sorghum bicolor
Pennisetum americanum
Pennisetum americanum
Eleusine coracana
Setaria italica
Echinochloa esculenta
Pennisetum americanum
Panicum miliaceum
Mentha spp.
Morus spp.
Morus alba
Agaricus spp.; Pleurotus spp.;
Volvariela
Brassica nigra; Sinapis alba
Prunus persica var. nectarina
Phormium tenax
Niger seed
Guizotia abyssinica
Myristica fragrans
Avena spp. (about 30 sp.)
Avena spp. (about 30 sp.)
Elaeis guineensis
Abelmoschus esculentus
Olea europaea
Alium cepa
Alium cepa
Alium cepa
Papaver somniferum
Citrus sinensis
Citrus aurantium
Borassus flabellifer
Elaeis guineensis
Elaeis guineensis
Metroxylon sagu
Carica papaya
Pastinaca sativa
Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum
Prunus persica
Arachis hypogaea
Pyrus communis
Carya ilinoensis
Piper nigrum
Capsicum spp. (over 30 sp.)
Diospyros kaki; Diospyros virginiana
Cajanus cajan
Ananas comosus
Pistacia vera
Musa sapientum
Prunus domestica
Punica granatum
Citrus grandis
Papaver somniferum
Solamum tuberosum
Ipomoea batatas
Prunus domestica
Cucurbita spp. (over 25 sp.)
Cucurbita spp. (over 25 sp.)
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
Aspidosperma spp. (more than 3 sp.)
Cydonia oblonga
Cinchona spp. (more than 6 sp.)
Chenopodium quinoa
Raphanus sativus (inc. Cochlearia
armoracia)
Boehmeria nivea
Brassica napus
Rubus spp. (over 360 sp.)
Beta vulgaris
Agrostis spp.
Boehmeria nivea
Rheum spp.
Oryza sativa; Oryza glaberrima
Hevea brasiliensis
Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Secale cereale
Lolium spp. (about 20 sp.)
Carthamus tinctorius
Onobrychis vicifolia
Tragopogon porrifolius
Achras sapota
Citrus reticulata
Scorzonera hispanica
Sesamum indicum
Vitelaria paradoxa
Agave sisalana
Sorghum
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum, broom
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum, durra
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum, Guinea corn
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum, jowar
Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum, sweet
Sorghum bicolor
Glycine max
Glycine max
Triticum spelta
Spinacia oleracea
Cucurbita spp. (over 25 sp.)
Fragaria spp. (over 30 sp.)
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris
Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum
Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuus
Crotalaria juncea
Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Zea mays
Citrus limetta
Capsicum annuum
Lopmoea batatas
Sorghum bicolor
Citrus reticulata
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Manihot esculenta
Colocasia esculenta
Camelia sinensis
Eragrostis abyssinica
Phleum pratense
Nicotiana tabacum
Lycopersicon esculentum
Lotus spp. (about 100 sp.)
cereale
Aleurites spp.; Fordii
Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa
Urena (Congo jute)
Urena lobata
Vanilla
Vanilla planifolia
Vicia sativa
Juglans spp. (over 20 sp.), ep. regia
Citrulus lanatus
Triticum aestivum
Dioscorea spp. (over 120 sp.)
Ilex paraguariensis
In certain embodiments of the invention, an area can be treated with a composition of the present invention, for example, by using a spray formulation, such as an aerosol or a pump spray, or a burning formulation, such as a candle or a piece of incense containing the composition, or the like. In certain embodiments of the invention, an area can be treated, for example, via aerial delivery, by truck-mounted equipment, or the like. Of course, various treatment methods can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, compositions can be comprised in household products, for example, hard surface cleaners, and the like.
An exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can deliver an pest control composition to the atmosphere in a continuous manner over a period of time. The exemplary dispenser can include a reservoir for holding a pest control composition, and a wick for drawing the composition from the reservoir and releasing the insect control composition into the atmosphere. The reservoir can be constructed from a material that is impermeable to the pest control composition, for example, appropriate glass, ceramic, or polymeric materials can be used. The reservoir can include an aperture, which can be sealed or unsealed, as desired. When the exemplary system of the present invention is not in use, the aperture can be sealed to prevent the release of the pest control composition into the atmosphere. It may be desirable, for example, to seal the aperture when the exemplary system is being stored or transported. When the system is in use, the aperture is unsealed, such that the wick can draw the pest control composition from the reservoir, and release the control composition through the aperture into the atmosphere.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the rate of release of the composition can be controlled, for example, by making adjustments to the wick of the dispenser. For example, the surface area of the wick that is exposed to the atmosphere can be altered. Generally, the greater the exposed surface area, the greater the rate of release of the pest control composition. In this regard, in certain embodiments, the dispenser can include multiple wicks and the reservoir can include multiple apertures through which the insect control composition can be released into the atmosphere. As another example, the wick can be constructed from a particular material that draws the pest control composition from the reservoir and releases it into the environment at a desired rate, such as, for example, a wick made of wood, a wick made of a synthetic fiber, or the like.
Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can deliver an insect control composition to a desired area. The dispenser can include a sealed pouch that can be constructed from a material that is impermeable to the insect control composition, for example, a metallic foil, a polymeric material, or the like. The pouch can define a volume for holding the insect control composition. The composition can be provided in a material disposed within the volume of the pouch, for example, a sponge, a cloth saturated with the material, or the like. When it becomes desirable to place the exemplary system into use, the pouch can be unsealed, exposing the composition for release into the atmosphere or for application to a desired area.
In certain embodiments the insect control composition is provided in a saturated cloth within the pouch, which can be used to apply the control composition a desired area. For example, a desired area can be an animal, such as a human, a domestic animal, surfaces within a dwelling, an outdoor living area, or the like.
In certain embodiments, the dispenser can further include a hook, allowing the pouch and exposed control composition to be hung in a desired location, such as in a closet or a pantry.
In certain embodiments, a method of the present invention can deliver insect an control composition to a desired area. In certain embodiments, a dispenser used with the method can be constructed from a substantially planar, integral piece of material, having a first side that is coated with control composition, and a second side that is not coated with control composition. The integral piece of material can be folded and sealed such that the side coated with the control composition is contained within the volume defined by the sealed pouch. When the pouch is unsealed, the side that is coated with control composition is exposed. The substantially planar piece of material can be placed in a desired location to deliver control composition to the atmosphere, or to crawling insects that walk across the material.
Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can deliver an insect control composition to a desired area. The control composition can be incorporated into an appropriate material. In certain embodiments, the composition-containing material can be a material that is capable of controlling the release rate of the control composition, i.e., controlled-release material, allowing the control composition to be released into the atmosphere at a desired rate that can be adjusted by providing controlled-release material having appropriate specifications. The controlled-release material can be constructed from an appropriate polymer. In other embodiments the composition-containing material does not allow the control composition to be released into the atmosphere, but rather retains the control composition. An optional casing that is impermeable to the insect control composition can be provided to hold the composition-containing material until the system is ready for use. When the system is ready for use, the casing can be peeled away, exposing the composition-containing material. The composition-containing material can be placed in a desired location to deliver control composition to crawling insects that walk across the material, or to deliver the control composition to the atmosphere when a controlled-release material is used, e.g., control flying insects.
In certain embodiments, the composition-containing material can have a substantially planar design, appropriate for positioning adjacent a mattress for controlling bed bugs, e.g., Cimex lectularius. A substantially planar design can also be used, for example, as or with a picnic table cloth. In certain embodiments, the composition-containing material can be used as ground cover for a garden bed or adjacent crop plants to control weeds. In certain embodiments, the composition-containing material can take the shape of a bag, and could be used for trash collection, while controlling insect commonly attracted to household garbage or other trash.
Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can be a substantially dry sheet containing the control composition, which control composition can be applied to a desired location upon exposing the cloth to water or an aqueous liquid, e.g., perspiration. In certain embodiments, the dry sheet containing the control composition can dissolve into a cream or gel when exposed to water or an aqueous liquid, which can then be applied to a desired area. For example, a desired area can be an animal, such as a human, a domestic animal, or another animal.
The following references are incorporated herein by this reference: U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,254 to Furner et al., issued Aug. 26, 2003, entitled “Dual Function Dispenser,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,360,477 to Flashinski et al., issued Mar. 26, 2002, entitled “Insect Control Pouch,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,931 to Fowler et al., issued Nov. 9, 1999, entitled “Cleansing Products Having a Substantially Dry Substrate,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,113 to Kydonieus, issued Mar. 16, 1982, entitled “Process for Controlling Cockroaches and Other Crawling Insects,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,435 to Baker et al., issued Jul. 24, 1990, entitled “Prolonged Activity Nicotine Patch,” United States Patent Publication No. 2004/0185080 to Hojo, et al, entitled “Sustained Release Dispenser Comprising Two or More Sex Pheromone Substances and a Pest Control Method,” PCT Publication No. WO/2006/061803 to Firmenich, et al, entitled “A Device for Dispensing a Volatile Liquid and Method for its Activation,” and PCT Publication No. WO/2004/006968 to Firmenich, et al., entitled “A Device for Dispensing Active Volatile Liquid.”
Treatment can include, for example, use of a oil-based formulation, a water-based formulation, a residual formulation, and the like. In some embodiments, combinations of formulations can be employed to achieve the benefits of different formulation types.
Embodiments of the invention can result in agricultural improvements, such as, for example, increased crop yield, reduced frequency of application of pest control product, reduced phytotoxicity associated with the pesticide, reduced cost or increased value associated with at least one environmental factor, and the like.
In embodiments of the invention that can reduce the cost of, or increase the value associated with at least one environmental factor, the environmental factor can include, for example, air quality, water quality, soil quality, detectable pesticide residue, safety or comfort of workers, collateral effect on a non-target organism, and the like.
Embodiments of the present invention can be used to control pests by either treating a host directly, or treating an area where the host will be located. For purposes of this application, host is defined as a plant, human or other animal. The host can be treated, for example, directly by using a cream or spray formulation, that can be applied externally or topically, when appropriate in light of the specific composition being used, e.g., to the skin of a human. A composition can be applied to the host, for example, in the case of a human, using formulations of a variety of personal products or cosmetics for use on the skin or hair. For example, any of the following can be used, when appropriate in light of the specific composition being used: fragrances, colorants, pigments, dyes, colognes, skin creams, skin lotions, deodorants, talcs, bath oils, soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners and styling agents.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Test compositions are provided, including: a pest control chemical (selected, for example from Table 1), an insect control product (selected, for example, from Table 3), and a blend selected from Table 9 (below).
The effect of compositions, and their individual ingredients, on the mortality of insects is tested. Multiple plexiglass chambers are used. A treatment chamber is provided for each composition and ingredient that is tested, and the chambers are sprayed (aerosol spray) evenly on all surfaces with the composition or ingredient being tested. A control chamber is provided that is not treated.
Southern house mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, are obtained as test organisms. Multiple laboratory-cultured, sucrose-fed female mosquitoes aged about 2-5 days are released into the glass chambers prior to the spraying of aerosol. The discharge rate (gm/second) of each can of aerosol to be tested is predetermined. Based on the dosage required, an estimated time of spray of aerosol is discharged into the glass chamber.
Knockdown of mosquitoes is observed at indicated intervals up to about 20 minutes. After about 20 minutes, all mosquitoes are collected and placed in cylindrical polyethylene containers with 10% sucrose pads. Mortality is observed 4 hours post-treatment. The mortality value is based on a combination of dead and moriband mosquitoes over the total number of mosquitoes initially released.
The data from an exemplary study is shown in Table 10. The study tested: (1) a composition comprising Pyrethrum and Blend 9; (2) Pyrethrum; (3) BSO; and (4) LFO (IFF Inc., Hazlet, N.J.). The percent mortality of the mosquitoes treated with the composition was 100%, compared to 60% for BSO alone, 80% for LFO alone, 90% for Pyrethrum alone, and 0% for the non-treated control.
The repellency of exemplary compositions of the present invention are compared to the repellency of their individual ingredients, and to a non-treated control. Southern house mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, are obtained as test organisms. Multiple human evaluators test each treatment in a replicated experiment. Experimentation is conducted in a laboratory using multiple-chambered, plexiglass modules, each chamber stocked with about 2-10 day-old colony-reared female mosquitoes. The modules are equipped with sliding doors to expose the mosquitoes to the legs of three volunteers. Treatments are applied at about 28.6 μl to 12 cm2 rectangular sections of skin located directly beneath the chamber openings. Each volunteer conducts 2-minute biting counts for each treatment at five time intervals: 0, 1, 2, 4 & 6 hours post-treatment. New mosquitoes are stocked into the chamber for each time interval. Ambient temperature and humidity data is recorded with a HOBO datalogger. Percent repellency is determined according to the following formula: Control−Treatment/Control X 100.
The data from an exemplary study is shown in Table 11. The study tested: (1) a composition comprising 5% DEET and 95% Blend 9; (2) BSO; and (3) LFO (IFF Inc., Hazlet, N.J.). The percent repellency for the composition was 100%, as compared to the individual ingredients, that exhibited lower initial percent repellency, and no repellency after about 6 hours.
As indicated by the data above, the composition has a synergistic effect as compared to the individual ingredients of the composition. A coefficient of synergy can be calculated for the blend, relative to each individual ingredient, i.e., comparison composition. Such synergy coefficients for the composition including Pyrethrum, BSO, and LFO are set forth in Table 12. Such synergy coefficients for the composition including DEET, BSO, and LFO are set forth in Table 13.
The synergy coefficients and other data presented in Tables 12 and 13 are calculated as follows. An activity ratio (A) can be calculated by dividing the effect of the blend (EB) by the effect of the comparison composition (EC), as follows:
A=E
B
/E
C Formula 1
A concentration adjustment factor (F) can be calculated based on the concentration (X) of the comparison composition in the blend, as follows:
F=1/X Formula 2
The synergy coefficient (S) can then be calculated by multiplying the activity ratio (A) and the concentration adjustment factor (F), as follows:
S=(A)(F) Formula 3
As such, the synergy coefficient (S) can also by calculated, as follows:
S=[E
B
/E
C
]/X Formula 4
For example, with reference to Table 12, the activity ratio for BSO is 1.67 because the effect of the composition is a cure rate of 100%, while the effect of BSO alone is 60% [(1.00)/(0.60)=1.67]. The concentration adjustment factor for BSO is 5.29 because the blend contains 95% of a blend that includes 19.91% BSO [19.91(0.95)=18.91], as compared to the 100% p-cymene tested alone [(1.00)/(0.1891)=5.29]. The synergy coefficient of the blend, relative to BSO (SBSO) is therefore 8.83. With further reference to Table 12, the synergy coefficients for the blend are as follows: Spyrethrum=22.2; SLFO=1.64; SBSO=8.83.
In some embodiments, synergy or synergistic effect associated with a composition can be determined using calculations similar to those described in Colby, S. R., “Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations,” Weeds (1967) 15:1, pp. 20-22, which is incorporated herein by this reference. In this regard, the following formula can be used to express an expected percent effect (E) of a composition including two compounds, Compound X and Compound Y:
E=X+Y−(X*Y/100) Formula 5
In Formula 5, X is the measured actual percent effect of Compound X in the composition, and Y is the measured actual percent effect of Compound Y of the composition. The expected percent effect (E) of the composition is then compared to a measured actual percent effect (A) of the composition. If the actual percent effect (A) that is measured differs from the expected percent effect (E) as calculated by the formula, then the difference is due to an interaction of the compounds. Thus, the composition has synergy (a positive interaction of the compounds) when A>E. Further, there is a negative interaction (antagonism) when A<E.
Formula 5 can be extended to account for any number of compounds in a composition; however it becomes more complex as it is expanded, as is illustrated by the following formula for a composition including three compounds, Compound X, Compound Y, and Compound Z:
E=X+Y+Z−((XY+XZ+YZ)/100)+(X*Y*Z/10000) Formula 6
An easy-to-use formula that accommodates compositions with any number of compounds can be provided by modifying Formulas 5 and 6. Such a modification of the formula will now be described. When using Formulas 5 and 6, an untreated control value (untreated with composition or compound) is set at 100%, e.g., if the effect being measured is the amount of target insects killed, the control value would be set at 100% survival of target insect. In this regard, if treatment with Compound A results in 80% killing of a target insect, then the treatment with Compound A can be said to result in a 20% survival, or 20% of the control value. The relationship between values expressed as a percent effect and values expressed as a percent-of-control are set forth in the following formulas, where E′ is the expected percent of control of the composition, Xn is the measured actual percent effect of an individual compound (Compound Xn-) of the composition, Xn′ is the percent of control of an individual compound of the composition, and A′ is the actual measured percent of control of the of the composition.
E=100−E′ Formula 7
Xn=100=Xn′ Formula 8
A=100−A′ Formula 9
By substituting the percent-of-control values for the percent effect values of Formulas 5 and 6, and making modifications to accommodate any number (n) of compounds, the following formula is provided for calculating the expected percent of control (E′) of the composition:
According to Formula 10, the expected percent of control (E′) for the composition is calculated by dividing the product of the measured actual percent of control values (Xn′) for each compound of the composition by 100n-1. The expected percent of control (E′) of the composition is then compared to the measured actual percent of control (A′) of the composition. If the actual percent of control (A′) that is measured differs from the expected percent of control (E′) as calculated by the Formula 10, then the difference is due to an interaction of the compounds. Thus, the composition has synergy (a positive interaction of the compounds) when A′<E′. Further, there is a negative interaction (antagonism) when A′>E′.
When the chemical(s) and compound(s) are combined to provide the compositions of the present invention, there is a synergistic effect. The efficacy for insect control and the synergistic effect of compositions can be predicted and demonstrated in a variety of manners, for example, a competition binding assay can be used. With reference to Table 14, the percent TyrR binding inhibition affected by the following agents was determined using a competition binding assay: the natural ligand, Tyramine(TA); Blend 5; Blend 12; DM; Pyrethrum; 90:1 Blend 5+DM; 9:1 Blend 5+Pyrethrum; 90:1 Blend 12+DM; and 9:1 Blend 12+Pyrethrum.
One example of an synergistic effect shown by this study is as follows: the insect control chemical, Pyrethrum, only has a 5% TyrR binding inhibition, and Blend 5 only has a 30% TyrR binding inhibition; however, when Pyrethrum and Blend 5 are combined, the TyrR binding inhibition increases to 60%, approaching that of the natural ligand.
With reference to Table 15, the pesticidal effect against Blattella germanica (German cockroaches) was determined for DM, Blend 12, and the composition including DM and Blend 12. Treatment with DM alone resulted in an average knock down (KD) of the insects in 120 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 15 minutes. Treatment with Blend 12 alone resulted in an average KD of the insects in 20 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 5 minutes. A synergistic effect was shown for the combination treatment that resulted in an average KD of the insects in 5 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 55 seconds. The composition including Blend 12 and DM was shown to be effective and was shown to have a synergistic effect. Additionally, the above-described methods, including competition receptor binding assays, assessments of changes in cAMP, and assessments of changes in Ca2+, are confirmed to be effective at predicting and demonstrating the synergistic effect of and the efficacy of the composition.
With reference to
Similarly, with reference to
Similarly, with reference to
Similarly, with reference to
With reference to
Similarly, with reference to Table 16, the pesticidal effect against German cockroaches was determined for DM, Blend 5, and the composition including DM and Blend 5. Treatment with DM alone resulted in an average KD of the insects in 140 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 12 minutes. Treatment with Blend 5 alone resulted in an average KD of the insects in 10 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 45 seconds. A synergistic effect was shown for the combination treatment that results in an average KD of the insects in 5 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 17 seconds. The composition including Blend 5 and DM was shown to be effective and was shown to have a synergistic effect. The above-described methods, including competition receptor binding assays, assessments of changes in cAMP, and assessments of changes in Ca2+, were confirmed to be effective at predicting and demonstrating the synergistic effect of and the efficacy of the composition.
With reference to Table 17, the pesticidal effect against Darkling Beetles was determined for Pyrethrum, Blend 12, and the composition including Pyrethrum and Blend 12.
The synergistic effect can be altered by changing the specific combinations of ingredients or changing the specific ratios of ingredients.
With reference to
With reference to
Turning now to
With reference to Table 18, the pesticidal effect against several insects was determined for Imidacloprid (a commercial pesticide rated as “moderately toxic” by the EPA, and requiring a “Warning” or “Caution” label), DM, Blend 2, Blend 5, and the composition including DM and Blend 2. Treatment with DM alone resulted in an average KD of the insects in 120 sec, and 100% killing of the insects in 15 minutes. The composition including Blend 2 and DM was shown to be effective and was shown to have a synergistic effect.
Adult insects are randomly selected for testing the repellent effect of test compositions. 5 insects per replicate are used. 3 replicates are used for each treatment. Untreated control tests are included with only solvent application to an equal-sized population/replications, held under identical conditions. Filter paper (about 80 cm2) is treated with the test composition (about 100 mg in 300 ml acetone). After about 3 minutes of air drying, the filter paper is placed in a dish and insect repellency is evaluated. Insects are released to the dish, one insect at a time at the far end of the dish. Using one or more stopwatches, the time spent on either the filter paper or the untreated surface of the dish is recorded up to about 300 seconds. Repellency ratio (RR) is calculated as follows: RR=[(time on control surface−time on treated surface)/total time of test]. If RR>0 the composition is considered to have a repellant effect, that is to say, an effect, wherein more insects are repelled away from treated surface than the control surface; if RR<0 the composition is considered to not have a repellant effect.
Approximately 250 female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are introduced into a chamber containing 5 wells, each covered by a Baudruche membrane. Wells are filled with bovine blood, containing sodium citrate (to prevent clotting) and ATP (72 mg ATP disodium salt per 26 ml of blood), and heated to 37 C. A volume of 25 ul of isopropyl alcohol, containing test compositions is applied to each membrane.
After 5 min, 4 day-old female mosquitoes are added to the chamber. The number of mosquitoes probing the membranes for each treatment is recorded at 2 min intervals over 20 min.
Filter paper having a diameter of 80 mm is placed in a cylindrical cup made of acrylic resin having a diameter of 80 mm and a height of 60 mm (i.e. a cup having a hole with a diameter of 10 mm formed in the bottom and having hard plaster (Dental Stone) set at the bottom in a thickness of 10 mm), and 1 ml of a test composition containing a sample compound in a predetermined concentration, is dropped thereon. Nine Coptotermes formosanus (termite) workers and one termite soldier are released thereon. The cup is placed in a container having wet cotton laid over the bottom, and the container is maintained at room temperature of 25 C for 7 days, whereupon the mortality of termites in the cup is examined.
A solution containing a test compound in a predetermined concentration is coated by a paint brush in an amount of 110 mg+/−10 mg on a rectangular wood block of Japanese red pine (20 mm×10 mm×10 mm). The treated wood block is naturally dried in a dark room of 25 C for 14 days. The treated wood block and a non-treated wood block are dried at a temperature of 60 C for 72 hours, their weights (W.sub.1) are measured, and they are used as test specimens. A test specimen is put into a cylindrical cup made of acrylic resin (i.e. a cup having a hole with a diameter of 10 mm formed in the bottom and having hard plaster (Dental Stone) set at the bottom in a thickness of 10 mm), and 150 termite workers and 10 termite soldiers (Reticulitermes speratus) are released thereon. The cup is placed in a container having wet cotton laid over the bottom, and the container is maintained at room temperature of 25 C for 24 days, whereupon the mortality of termites in the cup is examined. Further, the test specimen is taken out from the cup, and the deposited substance is removed from the surface of the test specimen. After drying at a temperature of 60 C for 72 hours, it is weighed (W.sub.2), whereupon the mean weight loss is calculated.
Two acetonic solutions (about 1% and 10%) of a test composition are prepared. Test concentrations in acetone are then added to the inside of glass vials (about 5 ml) that are marked to about 3 cm above the bottom. The vials are rotated such that the inner surfaces of the vials, except the area between the marks to the neck, are left with a film of test composition. All vials are aerated for about 10 seconds to ensure complete evaporation of acetone before introducing Drosophila to the treated vials. After complete evaporation of acetone, about 10 adult sex mixed flies are added to each vial and the vials are stoppered with cotton plugs. Mortality is observed about 24 hours after exposure.
1 g of powdered skim milk is treated with 1 ml of test composition at a pre-determined concentration. Then, this composition is put into a cup together with wet cotton, and 15 ants (Lasius japonicus) are released. 4 days later, the mortality is examined.
The repellent effect of various test compositions is tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as described above. Oils are tested alone and are mixed with pesticidal compounds or products to form compositions that are then tested.
For purposes of comparing the repellent effect of various test compositions, the repellency of the commercial repellent 29% DEET, that can be purchased under the name, REPELS (Wisconsin Pharmacal Company, Inc, Jackson, Wyo.), is measured against Carpenter ants by treating a filter paper with the 29% DEET. After five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as described above.
Live adult Pediculus humanus capitus (head lice) are collected from female and male children between the age of about 4 and 11. The insects are collected using fine-toothed louse detector comb and pooled together. The collected lice are kept in dishes and used in the studies within about 30 minutes of their collection.
Various concentrations of the compositions being tested are prepared in water. To allow the pesticidal effect of these compositions to be compared to that of a commercially available lice-killing agent, ivermectin, is dissolved in water. About 1 ml of each concentration of the compositions is applied to a dish, about 1 ml of the ivermectin solution is applied to a dish, and about 1 ml of water is applied to a control dish. 10 adult head lice are introduced to each dish.
Treated and control dishes are kept under continuous observation and LT100 is observed. LT refers to the time required to kill a given percentage of insects; thus, LT100 refers to the time required to kill 100% of the lice. Head lice is considered dead if no response to a hard object is found.
Four small ponds are used for test locations and floating boom dividers are used to further subdivide the ponds into five test areas. An initial survey of the test areas is conducted for both aquatic insects and vegetation. Insects are sampled using dip nets within two meters of the shore within the emergent vegetation, which produces ideal mosquito habitat. 96% of the mosquito larvae were present within one meter of the shore. Plots are sampled and large numbers of larvae are observed.
Test plots are treated with compositions comprising the blends listed in Table 7 and commercial pesticide products. After 24 hours the plots are sampled again.
0.7 grams of each test composition is applied to the forearms of three male subjects. The subjects then insert their forearms into 25 cm×25 cm×40 cm cheesecloth-covered wire cages containing approximately 500 seven-to-ten-day-old mixed sex Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Assessments are conducted for three minutes per arm commencing immediately after the application of the formulation thereto, and every hour thereafter until a confirmed bite is recorded. A confirmed bite is defined as more than one bite in a given exposure period or one bite in each of two consecutive exposure periods. A 15 second pre-treatment exposure of an untreated forearm is conducted for each subject at the beginning of each day of testing.
The data are analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with treatment means separated using least significant difference techniques.
To determine the efficacy of test compounds as a tick repellent, a test subject's hands are treated with a test composition while the fingers of the hand are left untreated. As a positive control, Ultrathon™ (3M, Minneapolis, Minn.) is applied to the hand and the fingers are left untreated. An untreated hand is used as a negative control. Unfed nymphal Western Black-legged ticks are placed on the fingers of the hands and observed as they climbed toward the treated or untreated skin of the hand. Ticks crossing onto the treated skin are scored as “crossing.” Those not crossing were scored as “repelled.” Ticks are removed after a single score is recorded. Repellency is calculated as the proportion of all trials in which a tick is repelled. For example, 8 repels in 10 trials provides a repellency of 80%. In this study, each subject tests a tick at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours and 15 minutes.
To determine if test compositions would enhance the mosquito repelling effect of DEET, the repellent activity of test compositions alone and compositions comprising test compositions and DEET were compared to a positive control, Ultrathon™ (3M, Minneapolis, Minn., approximately 31% DEET).
In the first study, three subjects receive applications of test compositions, to one subject is applied Ultrathon™, and two subjects serve as negative controls. Composition applications are evenly divided among leg and arm surfaces. The total area of treated surfaces are calculated for each subject in advance of the application.
Test subjects count and record bites in a series of 10 minute periods. Counts are recorded on data sheets. In this test, the testing period was two hours, with 12 consecutive 10 minute recording periods.
Ambient biting rates are measured throughout the study by the subjects with untreated control limbs. Total bites are recorded.
To determine the efficacy of test compositions as biting insect repellents, eight human subjects take part in an experiment wherein three subjects are treated with a test composition. Three other subjects serve as negative controls (untreated skin), while two positive control subjects are treated with two commercially available insect repellents, Ultrathon™, a DEET-based repellent, and Treo™, a plant-based repellent. Testing is conducted at various sites.
The test materials are applied either to the lower arm or lower leg skin of the study subjects. The areas of treated skin surfaces are calculated for each subject in advance of the application. Applications of the test materials are made at various concentrations. Positive control subjects are treated with Ultrathon™ and Treo™ at the recommended concentrations.
Each test subject records the number of bites received by ceratopogonid biting flies on treated or control surfaces during sequential sampling periods that begin every 10 minutes, with the overall test duration being approximately 1 hour.
Tests are conducted in the outdoors in an area where the predominant species of mosquito is Aedes vexans, an aggressive biting insect. Tests are performed in the summer months in the early afternoon (1430-1630 hours, Test 1) and in the late afternoon/early evening (1515-1915 hours, Test 2). In two separate tests, four subjects in total apply a test composition to one lower arm. The other lower arm of each subject is untreated and serves as a control. Total mosquito bites are counted and the resulting data is analyzed.
A study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of candles (designated as “A”, “B” and “C”) containing test compositions in repelling house flies.
Candle “A” contains 95% Paraffin Wax and 5% of a test composition.
Candle “B” contains 90% Paraffin Wax and 10% of a test composition.
Candle “C” contains only Paraffin Wax.
The evaluation is conducted in a 28.3 cubic meter chamber with airing ports. A screened cage measuring 15 cm×15 cm×47.5 cm is attached inside an upper airing port, and a screened repellency observation cage measuring 15 cm×15 cm×32.5 cm is attached outside the upper airing port. The two cages are held together by a Masonite plate that fits firmly in the airing port. A 4 cm hole located in the center of each Masonite plate provides an escape for the test insects. A barrier is used to close the hole.
A caged mouse is used as an attractant and is placed inside the chamber in the larger section of the repellency cage. Musca domestica L. (adult house flies) are used as test insects.
The candles are allowed to burn for 20 minutes and the number of house flies and mosquitoes repelled is recorded for the next 60 minutes with the following equipment and procedure.
For each replicate, 75 to 100 adult house flies are removed from the rearing cage by means of a vacuum aspirator, and transferred by carbon dioxide anesthesia to the inner cage containing the mouse. The assembled cage is placed in one of the upper ventilation ports of the chamber. For each experimental situation the test insects are transferred to a clean cage containing the mouse. A house fly candle is placed centrally on the chamber floor and burned for 20 minutes before initiating the repellency counts. The maximum period for the repellency counts is 60 minutes. The first repellency count is made at 10 minutes after the burning ends, and subsequent counts are taken at 5-minute intervals thereafter. The number of house flies repelled are those escaping to the outside cage. For the control, counts are made in a similar manner, but no candle is burned.
The same three candles are used for all four replicates. Between replicates the chamber is exhausted, the Kraft paper flooring for the chamber is replaced, and the two screened repellency cages are submerged in hot detergent water, rinsed and dried.
Test compositions are provided at appropriate concentrations. Compositions are sprayed onto rice plants cultivated in polyethylene cups at a rate of 20 ml per every 2 pots on a turning table. After air-drying, the plants are infested with about ten 3rd instar nymphs of Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice planthopper). After 10 days, the number of normal adults is counted to obtain an emergence inhibitory rate.
Test compositions are provided at appropriate concentrations. Compositions are sprayed onto rice plants (about 20 cm in height) cultivated in plastic pots at a rate of 40 ml per every 2 pots on a turning table. After air-drying, the pots are covered with wire cages, and 10 male and 10 female adults of Nephotettix cincticeps (green rice leafhopper) are released in each of the cages. After 3 weeks, the number of nymphs is counted to obtain a reproduction inhibitory rate.
Test compositions are provided at appropriate concentrations. Compositions are sprayed onto rice plants (about 20 cm in height) cultivated in plastic pots at a rate of 40 ml per every 2 pots on a turning table. After air-drying, the pots are covered with wire cages, and each 5 female and male adults of brown rice planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) are released in each of the cages. After 3 weeks, the number of nymphae are counted to obtain a reproduction inhibitory rate.
The tendency of mosquitoes to rest upon cloth surfaces when not feeding is used to evaluate the insect repellency of test compounds. Lab-bred mosquito pupae are transferred to test chambers prepared from cardboard boxes (45 cm×30 cm×30 cm). To permit observation and allow for ventilation, the top of box is removed and covered with mosquito netting. Access to the interior of the chamber is provided by two holes (10 cm diameter) cut into the front face of the box and covered with mosquito netting. The inner surface of the chambers is lined with muslin cloth that serves as the resting surface for the mosquitoes.
To measure the repellency of the test compounds and mixture thereof, two opposing walls of the experimental chambers are treated with solvent and the remaining two walls are treated with test compounds or DEET, either alone or as a mixture. The test compounds are applied uniformly over the cardboard surface. After drying for four hours, 100 mosquitoes are introduced into the test chamber. An observer notes at appropriate times the location of the resting mosquitoes. Repellent effect is defined as the length of time before mosquitoes began resting on the repellent treated surface (i.e., days of 100% repellency).
To measure the efficacy of the test compositions as fly repellents, vinyl floor tiles (25 cm2) are treated uniformly with either 2 ml solvent or 2 ml test composition or mixtures of MNDA or DEET dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to yield a final concentration of 2%. The tiles are placed onto a glass plate located inside test chambers identical to those used to measure mosquito repellency. A food source in a small dish is placed on top of each tile. The experiment is initiated by introducing 100 flies into the test chamber. An observer notes at appropriate times the feeding location of the flies. Repellent effect is defined as the length of time the flies stay away from the tile treated with the repellent compound(s).
Cotton plants are sprayed with appropriate concentrations of a test compound. After drying of the coating, larvae of the species Spodoptera littoralis (L3 stage), Dysdercus fasciatus (L4) and Heliothis virescens (L3), respectively, are settled on the plants. Two plants are used for each test compound and for each test species, and an assessment of the destruction of larvae is made 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours after commencement of the test. The tests are carried out at 24 C with 60% relative humidity. Total insect mortality is recorded.
Plants (Vicia fabae) grown in water are each infested, before the commencement of the test, with about 200 individuals of the species Myzus persicae. Three days later, the plants treated in this manner are sprayed from a distance of 30 cm until dripping wet with a solution containing 10 and 1 ppm, respectively, of the compound to be tested. Two plants are used for each test compound and for each concentration, and an evaluation of the attained degree of destruction of the insects is made after a further 24 hours.
Rooted bean plants are transplanted into pots containing 600 cc of soil, and subsequently 50 ml of a solution of the test composition at an appropriate concentration is poured directly onto the soil. After 24 hours, lice of the species Aphis craccivora are settled onto the parts of the plants above the soil, and a plastic cylinder is placed over each plant in order to protect the lice from a possible contact or gas effect of the test composition. Evaluation of the lice viability is made 24 and 48 hours after commencement of the test. Two plants, each in a separate pot, are used for each concentration dose of test composition. The test is carried out at 25 C with 70% relative humidity.
Grasshoppers (Aulocara elliotti (Thomas)) are collected as nymphs and as young adults at a wild population site and divided into groups with three pairs of nymphs maintained per cage until they become adults. The adults are separated, one pair to a cage and are maintained under hot temperatures that fluctuate diurnally from 24 C-29.5 C. The growing host plant, western wheatgrass, is transplanted from a field site onto tables in a greenhouse where it is maintained under hot temperatures that alternate diurnally from 24 C-29.5 C.
Twice each week grasshopper pairs are fed the greenhouse grass that is freshly cut on the morning of the feeding day and then treated with a test composition prepared according to the present invention. The feedings are continued until all grasshoppers are dead. The number of eggs laid and the number of viable eggs are recorded throughout the lifetime of each female grasshopper.
The freshly cut greenhouse grass is treated with the test composition by dipping the grass leaves in the composition and then letting the cut ends stand in the same solution for about 4 hours. Individual feeding vials are assembled by wrapping cut grass with a urethane foam strip about one inch in diameter and then fitting the bundle of cut grass into a plastic pill vial. The cut grass is then watered with the test composition, and as this composition evaporates or is taken up by the grass, the vial is rewatered with distilled water. These conditions are maintained throughout the lifetime of each female grasshopper.
Aerial application platforms (helicopters and fixed wing) are used to apply appropriate concentrations of insect control compositions. Applications are made uniformly over the entire crop, ensuring that the aircraft is utilizing the optimum swath width. Areas that cannot be effectively treated by aircraft are not planted. The optimum application height for the composition is determined by methods known in the art and then utilized; turbine aircraft are generally operated with the spray boom 10-12 feet above the crop canopy. Other release heights may reduce pattern uniformity and increase drift potential.
Spraying during the heat of the day is avoided if possible; as more radiant energy is absorbed into the crop canopy, it becomes more difficult to pass the smaller droplets through the strong micro-inversion layer that forms at the top of the crop.
Appropriate spray nozzles are determined by methods known in the art and then utilized; nozzles that make as few droplets as possible below 200μ (microns) are often preferred. Droplet spectrums should be targeted in the 285-335 VMD (volumetric median diameter—where ½ of the spray volume is that size or larger and ½ of the spray volume is that size or smaller) range. Droplet spectrum is an important aspect of these applications and should be carefully adjusted with nozzle selection, operating pressure and mounting configuration. Software models are available to help determine the expected droplet spectrum.
Almost all applications can be enhanced with wind, particularly application crosswinds, to help mix the material down into the lower portions of the canopy. Turbine powered, faster aircraft, generally have more uniform patterns, though it may be more difficult for faster aircraft to work around some obstructions. Total spray volume per acre will be somewhat dependent on crop canopy structure. The use of adjuvants and surfactants may be beneficial as spreaders and stickers. Care should be taken to avoid major droplet spectrum changes when these products are being utilized. If multiple applications are made, utilize different travel lanes or go in the opposite direction to move droplets into the canopy at different angles.
A formulation containing 0.75% of Blend 24 (also designated B-5001) and 1.4 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (7 ounces of Deltamethrin per planted acre) is prepared (“Combined Formulation A”). Cotton plants of variety DPL555RRBR are planted in an outdoor field in a location suitable for cotton cultivation. The formulation is applied to the plants by spraying, using a backpack system employing TSX-8 cones at a nozzle pressure of 60 psi. Three applications of the formulation are made, at 9, 16, and 23 days post-planting. The temperature during these applications is between 80 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 5 gallons of the formulation are applied per acre. For comparison purposes, three other formulations are applied in a similar manner to cotton plants of the same variety planted at the same location and under the same conditions. The first formulation contains, as its active ingredient, only 0.75% of Blend 24 (“Blend 24 Formulation A”), the second formulation contains only 1.4 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (i.e., 7 ounces of Deltamethrin per acre) (“Deltamethrin Formulation A”), and the third formulation contains 1.24 ounces per gallon of the commercial insecticide Provado® (i.e., 6.2 ounces of Provado® per acre) (“Provado® Formulation A;” active ingredient: imidacloprid, 1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) available from Bayer CropScience (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Furthermore, no formulation is applied to control plants.
The presence of Western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentis) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at, for example, 10 days and 17 days post-planting. Feeding damage is assessed at 10 days post-planting. Tobacco thrips, if also present, are not segregated.
At any of these points, or after one, two, or three applications of each formulation, plants to which Combined Formulation A was applied exhibit an F. occidentis adult or nymph count that is significantly lower than that of plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, or Provado® Formulation A. The feeding damage observed at 10 days after planting is also lower for the plants treated with Combined Formulation A than for those treated with Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, or Provado® Formulation A.
Furthermore, the presence of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) adults or nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at, for example, 17 days and 24 days post-planting.
At either of these points, or after one, two, or three applications of each formulation, the plants treated with Combined Formulation A exhibit an A. gossypii adult or nymph count that is significantly lower than that of plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, or Provado® Formulation A.
Combined Formulation A, Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, and Provado® Formulation A are prepared as described above. Cotton plants of variety DPL555RRBR are planted in an outdoor field in a location suitable for cotton cultivation. The formulations are applied to the plants by spraying, using a backpack system employing TSX-8 cones at a nozzle pressure of 60 psi. Two applications of the formulation are made, at 76 and 84 days post-planting. The temperature during these applications is within a range of 80-100 degrees Fahrenheit. 5 gallons of the formulations are applied per acre.
The presence of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 84, 91, and 98 days post-planting. At any of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, plants to which Combined Formulation A was applied exhibit an A. gossypii adult or nymph count that is significantly lower than that of plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, or Provado® Formulation A.
Furthermore, the presence of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 91 days and 98 days post-planting. At any of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, plants to which Combined Formulation A was applied exhibit an B. tabaci adult or nymph count that is significantly lower than that of plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation A, Deltamethrin Formulation A, or Provado® Formulation A.
A formulation containing 0.75% of Blend 24 (also designated B-5001) and 0.35 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (7 ounces of Deltamethrin per planted acre) is prepared (“Combined Formulation B”). Zucchini plants, variety “Yellow Crook Neck,” are planted in an outdoor field in a location suitable for zucchini cultivation. Four replications are undertaken. The formulation is applied to the plants by spraying, using a backpack system employing XR8002 nozzles at a nozzle pressure of 42 psi. Three applications of the formulation are made, at 17, 24, and 31 days post-planting. The temperature during these applications is within a range of 80-100 degrees Fahrenheit. 20 gallons of the formulation are applied per acre. For comparison purposes, three other formulations are applied in a similar manner to zucchini plants of the same variety planted at the same location and under the same conditions. The first formulation contains, as its active ingredient, only 0.75% of Blend 24 (“Blend 24 Formulation B”), the second formulation contains only 0.35 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (i.e., 7 ounces of Deltamethrin per acre) (“Deltamethrin Formulation B”), and the third formulation contains 0.31 ounces per gallon of the commercial insecticide Provado® (i.e., 6.2 ounces of Provado® per acre) (“Provado® & Formulation B;” active ingredient: imidacloprid, 1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) available from Bayer CropScience (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Furthermore, no formulation is applied to control plants.
None of the formulations show significant phytotoxicity at 24 or 33 days after planting, although formulations containing higher concentrations of either Blend 24 or Blend 5 (1.5% and 3.0%) do show phytotoxicity at these points.
Damage to the plants from leaf miners (Liriomyza sp.) is assessed at 24 days and 32 days post-planting. At either of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, plants treated with Combined Formulation B exhibit significantly less damage from leaf miners than plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation B, Deltamethrin Formulation B, or Provado® Formulation B.
The severity of powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) in the treated plants is assessed at, for example, 24 days after planting. At this point, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, the severity is significantly lower in the plants treated with Combined Formulation B than in plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation B, Deltamethrin Formulation B, or Provado® Formulation B.
The presence of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 24 days and 32 days post-planting. At either of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, the plants treated with Combined Formulation B exhibit a B. tabaci adult or nymph count that is significantly lower than that in the plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation B, Deltamethrin Formulation B, or Provado® Formulation B.
A formulation containing 0.75% of Blend 24 (also designated B-5001) and 0.093 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (7 ounces of Deltamethrin per planted acre) is prepared (“Combined Formulation C”). Tomato plants, variety FL-47, are planted in an outdoor field in a location suitable for tomato cultivation. 4 replications are undertaken. The formulation is applied to the plants by spraying, using a backpack system employing a disk cone at a nozzle pressure of 42 psi. Five applications of the formulation are made, at 2 days pre-planting, and 8, 14, 21, and 28 days post-planting. The temperature during these applications is within a range of 80-100 degrees Fahrenheit. 75 gallons of the formulation are applied per acre. For comparison purposes, three other formulations are applied in a similar manner to tomato plants of the same variety planted at the same location and under the same conditions. The first formulation contains, as its active ingredient, only 0.75% of Blend 24 (“Blend 24 Formulation C”), the second contains only 0.093 ounces of Deltamethrin per gallon (i.e., 7 ounces of Deltamethrin per acre) (“Deltamethrin Formulation C”), and the third contains 0.0826 ounces per gallon of the commercial insecticide Provado® (i.e., 6.2 ounces of Provado® per acre) (“Provado® Formulation C;” active ingredient: imidacloprid, 1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) available from Bayer CropScience (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Furthermore, no formulation is applied to control plants.
The presence of Western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentis) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 28 days and 35 days post-planting. At either of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, the F. occidentis adult or nymph counts are significantly lower in the plants treated with Combined Formulation C than in plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation C, Deltamethrin Formulation C, or Provado® Formulation C.
Furthermore, the presence of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia inconspicua) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 8, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-planting. At one or more of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, the B. inconspicua adult or nymph counts are significantly lower in the plants treated with Combined Formulation C than in plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation C, Deltamethrin Formulation C, or Provado® Formulation C.
Combined Formulation B, Blend 24 Formulation B, Deltamethrin Formulation B, and Provado® Formulation B are prepared as described above. Soybean plants, variety “Pritchard,” are planted in an outdoor field in a location suitable for soybean cultivation. 4 replications are conducted. Each formulation is applied to the plants by spraying, using a backpack system employing XR8002 nozzles at a nozzle pressure of 42 psi. Four applications of the formulations are made, at 83, 90, 97, and 111 days post-planting. The temperature during these applications is between 80 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 20 gallons of the formulation are applied per acre. The presence of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) adults and nymphs on the plant leaves is assessed at 90, 97, 111, 118, and 125 days post-planting. At one or more of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, the A. gossypii adult or nymph counts are significantly lower in the plants treated with Combined Formulation B than in plants treated with Blend 24 Formulation B, Deltamethrin Formulation B, or Provado® Formulation B.
A granular formulation containing 1% of Blend 41 (also designated B-5028) and a standard amount of the commercial insecticide Aloft™ (active ingredients: bifenthrin and clothinanidin, available from Arysta LifeScience, Cary N.C.) is prepared (“Combined Formulation D”). Field tests are conducted on turf growing in an outdoor field. The formulation is applied to the turf either by hand sprinkling or by using a disk cone at 131 gpa and a pressure of 25 psi. Irrigation equivalent to one-half inch rain is immediately incorporated after sprinkling. One application of the formulation is made, at a temperature of 94 degrees Fahrenheit, at 50% relative humidity, and at a soil temperature of 88 degrees Fahrenheit. For comparison purposes, three other formulations are applied in a similar manner to turf of the same variety under the same conditions. The first formulation contains, as its active ingredient, only 1% granular Blend 41 (“Blend 41 Formulation D”), the second contains only the standard amount of Aloft™ (“Aloft™ Formulation D”), and the third contains 21b/acre of the commercial insecticide Merit® & (“Merit® formulation D;” active ingredient: 0.5% imidacloprid, 1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) available from Bayer CropScience (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Furthermore, no formulation is applied to control turf.
The presence of Japanese beetles (Popalli japonica) is assessed at 51 days after application of the formulations. At one or more of these points, or after one or two or more applications of each formulation, turf treated with Combined Formulation D exhibits a P. japonica count that is significantly lower than the count obtained from turf treated with Blend 41 Formulation D, Aloft™ Formulation D, or Merit® Formulation D.
Additionally, single active ingredients such as essential oils may be combined with pest control chemicals such as those listed above to produce synergistic or additive effects, as in the following examples.
A. PCR Amplification and Subcloning Drosophila melanogaster Tyramine Receptor.
Tyramine receptor is amplified from Drosophila melanogaster head cDNA phage library GH that is obtained through the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (Baumann, A., 1999, Drosophila melanogaster mRNA for octopamine receptor, splice variant 1B NCBI direct submission, Accession AJ007617). The nucleic acid sequence and the peptide sequence of TyrR are set forth in
The PCR product is digested with EcoR I and Xba I, subcloned into pCDNA 3 (Invitrogen) and sequenced on both strands by automated DNA sequencing (Vanderbilt Cancer Center). When this open reading frame is translated to protein, it is found to correctly match the published tyramine receptor sequence (Saudou, et al., The EMBO Journal vol 9 no 1, 6-617). For expression in Drosophila Schneider cells, the TyrR ORF is excised from pCDNA3 and inserted into pAC5.1/V5-His(B) [pAc5(B)] using the Eco RI and Xba I restriction sites.
For transfection, Drosophila Schneider cells are stably transfected with pAc5(B)-TyrR ORF using the calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitation protocol as described by Invitrogen Drosophila Expression System (DES) manual. The precipitation protocol is the same for either transient or stable transfection except for the use of an antibiotic resistant plasmid for stable transfection. At least about ten clones of stably transfected cells are selected and separately propagated. Stable clones expressing the receptors are selected by whole cell binding/uptake using 3H-tyramine. For this assay, cells are washed and collected in insect saline (170 mM NaCl, 6 mM KCl, 2 mM NaHCO3, 17 mM glucose, 6 mM NaH2PO4, 2 mM CaCl2, and 4 mM MgCl2). About 3 million cells in about 1 mL insect saline are incubated with about 4 nM 3H-tyramine at about 23° C. for about 5 minutes. Cells are centrifuged for about 30 seconds and the binding solution is aspirated. The cell pellets are washed with about 500 μL insect saline and the cells are resuspended and transferred to scintillation fluid. Nonspecific binding is determined by including about 50 μM unlabeled-tyramine in the reaction. Binding is quantified counting radioactivity using a using a Liquid Scintillation β-counter (Beckman, Model LS1801).
B. Selection of Clones Having the Highest Level of Functionally Active Tyramine Receptor Protein.
Tyramine receptor binding/uptake is performed to determine which of the transfected clones have the highest levels of functionally active tyramine receptor protein. There are about 10 clonal lines for tyramine receptor and about 2 pAc(B) for control. 3H-tyramine (about 4 nM/reaction) is used as a tracer, with and without about 50 μM unlabeled tyramine as a specific competitor. For this assay, cells are grown in plates and are collected in about 3 ml of medium for cell counting and the number of cells is adjusted to about 3×106 cells/ml. About two pAcB clones are used in parallel as controls. About 1 ml cell suspension is used per reaction. Based on specific binding, about 3 clones express a high level of active tyramine receptor protein. The clone having the highest specific tyramine receptor binding (about 90%), is selected for further studies. The selected clone is propagated and stored in liquid nitrogen. Aliquot of the selected clone are grown for whole cell binding and for plasma membrane preparation for kinetic and screening studies. The control pAcB does not demonstrate any specific binding for the tyramine receptor.
C. Efficacy of Schneider Cells Transfected with Tyramine Receptor for Screening Compositions for Tyramine Receptor Interaction.
Cells transfected with the tyramine receptor (about 1×106 cells/ml) are cultured in each well of a multi-well plate. About 24 hours after plating the cells, the medium is withdrawn and replaced with about 1 ml insect saline (about 23 C). Different concentrations of 3H-tyramine (about 0.1-10 nM) are added with and without about 10 μM unlabeled tyramine and incubated at room temperature (RT). After about a 20 minute incubation, the reaction is stopped by rapid aspiration of the saline and at least one wash with about 2 ml insect saline (about 23 C). Cells are solubilized in about 300 μl 0.3M NaOH for about 20 min at RT. Solubilized cells are transferred into about 4 ml Liquid Scintillation Solution (LSS) and vigorously vortexed for about 30 sec before counting the radioactivity using a Liquid Scintillation P-counter (Beckman, Model LS1801) (LSC).
Receptor specific binding data is expressed as fmol specific binding per 1×106 cells and measured as a function of 3H-tyramine concentration. Specific binding values are calculated as the difference between values in the absence of and values in the presence of about 10 μM unlabeled tyramine. The maximum specific binding occurs at about 5 nM 3H-tyramine. Untransfected cells do not respond to tyramine at concentrations as high as about 100 μM.
To study the kinetics of the tyramine receptor in stably transfected cells with pAcB-TyrR, crude membrane fractions are prepared from the transfected cells and used to calculate the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), Maximum Binding Capacity (Bmax), equilibrium inhibitor dissociation constant (Ki) and EC50 (effective concentration at which binding is inhibited by 50%). A preliminary study to determine the optimum concentration of membrane protein for receptor binding activity is performed. In this study, different concentrations of protein (about 10-50 μg/reaction) are incubated in about 1 ml binding buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM ascorbic acid). The reaction is initiated by the addition of about 5 nM 3H-tyramine with and without about 110 M unlabeled tyramine. After about 1 hr incubation at room temperature, reactions are terminated by filtration through GF/C filters (VWR), which have been previously soaked in about 0.3% polyethyleneimine (PEI). The filters are washed one time with about 4 ml ice cold Tris buffer and air dried before the retained radioactivity is measured using LSC. Binding data is analyzed by curve fitting (GraphPad software, Prism). The data demonstrates no differences between about 10, 20, 30 and 50%1 g protein/reaction in tyramine receptor specific binding. Therefore, about 10 μg protein/reaction is used.
To determine Bmax and Kd values for tyramine receptor (TyrR) in membranes expressing TyrR, saturation binding experiments are performed. Briefly, about 10 μg protein is incubated with 3H-tyramine at a range of concentrations (about 0.2-20 nM). Binding data is analyzed by curve fitting (GraphPad software, Prism) and the Kd for tyramine binding to its receptor is determined.
To determine the affinities of several ligands for TyrR, increasing concentration of several compounds are tested for their ability to inhibit binding of about 2 nM 3H-tyramine. For both saturation and inhibition assays total and non-specific binding is determined in the absence and presence of about 10 μM unlabeled-tyramine, respectively. Receptor binding reactions are incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature (RT) in restricted light. Reactions are terminated by filtration through GF/C filters (VWR), which have been previously soaked in about 0.3% polyethyleneimine (PEI). The filters are washed one time with about 4 ml ice cold Tris buffer and air dried before retained radioactivity is measured using LSC. Binding data is analyzed by curve fitting (GraphPad software, Prism).
In a saturation binding curve of 3H-tyramine (3H-TA) to membranes prepared from Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor, 3H-tyramine has a high affinity to tyramine receptor in the stably transfected cells with pAcB-TyrR with Kd determined to be about 1.257 nM and Bmax determined to be about 0.679 μmol/mg protein.
In inhibition binding of 3H-tyramine (3H-TA) to membranes prepared from Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor in the presence and absence of various concentrations of unlabeled tyramine (TA), the EC50 and the Ki for tyramine against its receptor in Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor are about 0.331 μM and 0.127 μM, respectively.
In order to determine the pharmacological profile of tyramine receptor (TyrR), the ability of a number of putative Drosophila neurotransmitters to displace 3H-tyramine (3H-TA) binding from membranes expressing tyramine receptor is tested. In inhibition binding of 3H-Tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor in the presence and absence of different concentrations of unlabeled ligands (including Tyramine (TA), Octopamine (OA), Dopamine (DA), and Serotonin (SE)), tyramine displays the highest affinity (Ki of about 0.127 μM, EC50 of about 0.305 μM) for the Drosophila TyrR. Octopamine, dopamine and serotonin were less efficient than tyramine at displacing 3H-tyramine binding.
With respect to the K1 and EC50 of the ligands, the rank order of potency is as follows: tyramine>octopamine>dopamine>serotonin, showing the likelihood that the stably transfected Schneider cells are expressing a functionally active tyramine receptor.
As such, Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor are effective as a model for studies and screening for compositions that interact with the tyramine receptor.
A Schneider cell line was produced that expressed a cell-surface tyramine receptor of Drosophila melanogaster, as described above. Cells of this line were exposed to three different compositions. The first composition contained imidacloprid at 1 mg/ml. The second solution contained thyme oil at 1 mg/ml. The third composition contained an approximately 50/50 mixture of imidacloprid and thyme oil, with the mixture contained at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results of this screening procedure are shown in
Intracellular calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i) are measured by using the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester of the fluorescent indicator fura-2 (Enan, et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. vol 51, 447-454). Cells expressing the tyramine receptor are grown under standard conditions. A cell suspension is prepared in assay buffer (140 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) and the cell number is adjusted to about 2×106 cells per ml. Briefly, about 1.0 ml cell suspension (about 2×106 cells) is incubated with about 5 μM fura 2/AM for about 30 min at about 28° C. After incubation, the cells are pelleted at about 3700 rpm for about 10 sec at room temperature and then resuspended in about 1.5 ml assay buffer. [Ca2+]i changes are analyzed in a spectrofluorometer in the presence and absence of test chemicals. Excitation wave lengths are about 340 nm (generated by Ca2+-bound fura-2) and about 380 nm (corresponding to Ca2+-free fura-2). The fluorescence intensity is monitored at an emission wave length of about 510 nm. No absorbance of fluorescence artifacts are observed with any of the compounds used. The ratio of about 340/380 nm is calculated and plotted as a function of time.
As shown in
This combination of ingredients, when applied to a pest expressing the tyramine receptor, also acts synergistically to control the pest.
A Schneider cell line was produced that expressed a cell-surface tyramine receptor of Drosophila melanogaster, as described above. Cells of this line were exposed to three different compositions. The first composition contained fluoxastrobin at 1 mg/ml. The second solution contained thyme oil at 1 mg/ml. The third composition contained an approximately 50/50 mixture of fluoxastrobin and thyme oil, with the mixture contained at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results of this screening procedure are shown in
As shown in
This combination of ingredients, when applied to a pest expressing the tyramine receptor, also acts synergistically to control the pest.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the teachings of the invention. This description, and particularly the specific details of the exemplary embodiments disclosed, is provided primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modifications and other embodiments will become evident to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claimed invention.
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/885,214 filed Jan. 16, 2007, 60/885,403 filed Jan. 17, 2007, and 60/889,259 filed Feb. 9, 2007, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60885214 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60885403 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60889259 | Feb 2007 | US |
