Patent Application
20080269177
Certain exemplary embodiments relate to, without limitation, novel pesticidal compositions and methods for using same for the control of pests.
Pests are annoying to humans for several reasons. Pests include pathogenic organisms which infest mammals and plants; some pests can spread disease as disease vectors. The pathogenic organisms that infest plants and cause economic loss of plant crops include fungi, insects, arachnids, gastropods, nematodes and the like. The pathogenic organisms that infest animals include ticks, mites, fleas, and mosquitoes. Other pests include cockroaches, termites and ants. These and other pests have annually cost humans billions of dollars in crop losses in the case of agricultural pests and in the expense of keeping them under control. For example, the losses caused by pests in agricultural environments include decreased crop yield, reduced crop quality, and increased harvesting costs. In household scenarios, insect pests may act as vectors for diseases and allergic matter.
Insecticides are pesticides designed primarily to kill insects, although the word “insecticide” is typically used to identify pesticides that control non-insect arthropods such as mites, ticks, and spiders. Most insecticides kill by damaging the insect's nervous system. Many are toxic to people and animals and can damage the environment if not used properly. The ideal insecticide has the following characteristics: low toxicity to non-target organisms; low cost; ready availability; a stable shelf life; nonflammability; easy preparation, nonstaining; noncorrosive; low odor and rapid breakdown to nontoxic by-products.
The following are ingredients that may be included in any pesticidal composition:
Toxicant or Active Ingredient. This is the basic ingredient that has a toxic action and kills or repels the pest. It's normally shown on a pesticide label as the active ingredient or technical material. Some pesticides, especially those labeled for general use, may contain more than one active ingredient. If so, all active ingredients are listed on the label.
Carrier. The pesticide carrier is mixed with the toxicant to make a finished or semi-finished pesticide product. It normally has no pesticidal action itself and will be listed under inert ingredients on the statement of formula. However, there are some carriers, such as most petroleum products, that have some pesticidal action of their own and may be identified on the label (i.e. “Contains petroleum distillates”). For liquid pesticides the carrier is normally water or a petroleum-based product, while for most dry pesticides, the carrier is normally talc, diatomaceous earth or a corn granule. Carriers may contain a solvent to dissolve a toxicant that is not readily soluble in a common carrier, thus enabling the toxicant to be added to the carrier and remain in solution. Some pesticides have a masking agent added to change or cover the odor of a pesticidal formulation. Carriers may also contain a surfactant to increase the emulsifying, dispersing and/or spreading/sticking characteristics of a pesticidal formulation. One of the most common surfactants is called a wetting agent. A wetting agent causes a liquid to cover treated surfaces more thoroughly, and is most commonly used in pesticides applied to vegetation. Emulsifiers are used in liquid pesticides to help suspend one type of liquid (such as an oil-based toxicant) in another (such as water carrier). Essentially, as used herein, “carrier” means an inert or fluid material, which may be inorganic or organic and of synthetic or natural origin, with which the toxicant/active ingredient is mixed or formulated to facilitate its application or storage, transport and/or handling.
Synergist. A synergist is a chemical product added to a pesticide to increase or enhance the effectiveness of a pesticide's active ingredient. Typically, a pesticide product may contain approximately 5-20 times more synergist than active ingredient. A synergist may have active ingredient qualities itself and, if so, may be listed on the label as a secondary active ingredient. When a main active ingredient and synergist are combined, the enhanced effectiveness of the combined product is greater than the cumulative effect that would be achieved if the products were applied separately. Synergists are found in most all household, livestock and pet ready-to-use pesticides to enhance the action of the fast knockdown pesticides, e.g., pyrethrum, allethrin, and resmethrin, against crawling and flying insects. Synergists like piperonyl butoxide (PBO) are required in pesticidal formulations containing pyrethrum, for example, because target insects produce an enzyme (cytochrome P-450) that attacks pyrethrum and breaks it down, thereby making it effective in knocking an insect down, but ineffective for killing in many cases. As such, these synergists act by inhibiting P-450 dependent polysubstrate monooxygenases enzymes (PSMOs) produced by microsomes, which are subcellular units found in the liver of mammals and in some insect tissues that degrade pyrethrum and other pesticidal compounds, such as allethrin, resmethrin, and the like. These synergists act by inhibiting P-450 enzymes and other like compounds that are part of the gene battery that comprise Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes.
However, PBO affects humans by inhibiting important liver enzymes responsible for breakdown of some toxins, including the active ingredients of pesticides. Specifically, it has been shown to inhibit or interfere with hepatic (liver) microsomal oxidase enzymes in laboratory rodents and in humans. Because these enzymes act to detoxify many drugs and other chemicals, a heavy exposure to an insecticidal synergist may make a person temporarily vulnerable to a variety of toxic insults that would normally be easily tolerated. In addition to the symptoms induced by the active ingredients, signs of PBO poisoning include anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, pulmonary hemorrhage and perhaps mild central nervous system depression. Repeated contact with PBO may also cause slight skin irritation. Chronic toxicity studies have shown increased liver weights, even at the lowest doses, 30 mg/kg/day. Animal studies have shown hepatocellular carcinomas, even treatments as low as 1.2%. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers PBO to be a class C possible human carcinogen. As such, the use of PBO as a synergist has become undesirable despite its ability to enhance the efficacy of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids.
Over the years, pesticidal compositions containing synthetic chemical toxicants have provided an effective means of pest control. For example, one approach teaches the use of complex organic insecticides. Other approaches employ absorbent organic polymers for widespread dehydration of the insects. Use of inorganic salts as components of pesticides has also been tried. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the widespread use of synthetic chemical pesticides has caused detrimental environmental effects that are harmful to humans, animals, and other n on-target organisms. For instance, the public has become concerned about the amount of pesticide chemical residue that persists in food, ground water and the environment, and that is toxic, carcinogenic or otherwise incompatible to humans, domestic animals and/or fish. Moreover, some target pests have even shown an ability to develop resistance to many commonly used synthetic chemical pesticides. In recent times, regulatory guidelines have encouraged a search for potentially less dangerous pesticidal compositions via stringent restrictions on the use of certain synthetic pesticides. As a result, elimination of effective pesticides from the market has limited economical and effective options for controlling pests.
As an alternative, botanical pesticides are of great interest because they are natural pesticides, i.e., toxicants derived from plants that are relatively more safe to humans and the environment. Use of food-grade plant essential oils have been tried. However, these plant essential oils when used alone can be expensive, impractical or ineffective under certain circumstances.
Pyrethrum is a natural pesticide extracted from the flowers of a chrysanthemum grown mainly in Kenya and Australia. Pyrethrum acts as an insecticide with phenomenal speed causing immediate paralysis, while at the same time exhibits negligible toxic effects on humans and warm-blooded animals. Use of pyrethrum for industrial or agricultural applications, however, is disadvantageous in that frequent treatments are required because pyrethrum becomes volatile when in contact with water and readily decomposes when exposed to direct sunlight light. Pyrethrum extracts are also undesirably neurotoxic to cold-blooded animals, such as fish, snakes, etc. Moreover, the supply of pyrethrum is limited and substantial processing is required to bring the natural product to market, and large-scale production of pyrethrum is very expensive and unless pyrethrum is formulated with a synergist, most initially paralyzed insects recover to once again become pests.
Because pyrethrum is limited in availability and is very expensive, the industry has turned to synthetic pyrethroids, which are very photostable in sunlight and are generally effective against most agricultural insect pests. Synthetic pyrethroids are not as safe as pyrethrum, however, and disadvantageously persist in the environment for longer periods. Further, many insects disadvantageously develop resistance to pyrethroids.
Many natural products used as insecticides, including plant essential oils, do not provide adequate control of pests in that they either act very slowly or are not very stable and break down quickly, thereby failing to provide quick knockdown of insects or toxic residual properties. Even products such as pyrethrum, although highly toxic to pests on contact when used properly in pesticidal formulations, are not effective pesticides for many applications because they lack residual properties, thereby increasing the frequency and cost of pesticide applications, as well as increased risk and exposure to the environment. In addition, pyrethrum is treated by most regulatory bodies as a conventional pesticide, thereby making it unavailable for many applications without costly and time consuming data requirements.
Accordingly, there is a need for novel synergistic and residual pesticidal compositions containing no level or substantially lower levels of pyrethrum, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo phosphates, carbamates and the like. There is also a need for compounds that act as novel synergists for plant essential oils that are used against invertebrate pests, including insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof. In addition, there is a need for a method of treating a locus to be protected to control (kill and/or repel) invertebrate pests.
The exemplary embodiments provide novel pesticidal compositions for use against pests such as invertebrate insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof. In particular, the exemplary embodiments provide novel pesticidal compositions, and methods for using same to control pests. The exemplary pesticidal compositions contain a pesticidally acceptable carrier, a pesticidally active ingredient comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least one plant essential oil compound; and optionally a synergist.
The pesticidal compositions and methods disclosed herein provide rapid knockdown and kill of pests. The exemplary embodiments further provide a method of treating a locus where pest control (i.e., repellency, knockdown and/or kill) is desired using a relatively safe pesticidal composition and method that will not harm mammals or the environment. The pesticidal compositions of the exemplary embodiments can be applied and used as liquid sprays, crystals, gels, and pellets, impregnating material, such as posts, etc. In addition, under 40 C.F.R. § 25(b)(2), the pesticidal compositions disclosed herein may be exempted registration with the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and may also be allowable for use in organic farming under the Organic Materials Review Institute and the USDA National Organic Program.
As used herein, the term “pest” refers to organisms and microorganisms, including pathogens, that negatively affect plants or animals by colonizing, attacking or infecting them. This includes organisms that spread disease and/or damage the host and/or compete for host nutrients. In addition, plant pests are organisms known to associate with plants and which, as a result of that association, cause a detrimental effect on the plant's health and vigor. Plant pests include but are not limited to fungi, bacteria, insects, mites, and nematodes.
The term “pesticide” as used herein refers to a substance that can be used in the control of agricultural, natural environmental, and domestic/household pests, such as insects, arachnids, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The term “pesticide” is understood to encompass naturally occurring or synthetic chemical insecticides (larvicides, adulticides, ovicides), insect growth regulators, acaricides (miticides), nematicides, ectoparasiticides, bactericides, fungicides, and herbicides (substance which can be used in agriculture to control or modify plant growth).
The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants and parts of plants such as roots, stems, leaves and seed, as well as cells and tissues within the plants or plant parts. Target crops to be protected within the scope of the exemplary embodiments include, without limitation, the following species of plants: cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, sorghum and related crops), beet (sugar beet and fodder beet), forage grasses (orchard grass, fescue, and the like), drupes, pomes and soft fruit (apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries), leguminous plants (beans, lentils, peas, soybeans), oil plants (rape, mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, castor oil plants, cocoa beans, groundnuts), cucumber plants (cucumber, marrows, melons) fiber plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute), citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, grapefruit, mandarins), vegetables (spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages and other Brassicae, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, paprika), lauraceae (avocados, carrots, cinnamon, camphor), deciduous trees and conifers (e.g. linden-trees, yew-trees, oak-trees, alders, poplars, birch-trees, firs, larches, pines), or plants such as maize, tobacco, nuts, coffee, sugar cane, tea, vines, hops, bananas and natural rubber plants, as well as ornamentals (including composites).
The terms “control” or “controlling” used throughout the specification and claims, are meant to include any pesticidal (killing) or pestistatic (inhibiting, maiming or generally interfering) activities of a pesticidal composition against a given pest. Thus, these terms not only include killing, but also include such activities as those of chemisterilants which produce sterility in insects by preventing the production of ova or sperm, by causing death of sperm or ova, or by producing severe injury to the genetic material of sperm or ova, so that the larvae that are produced do not develop into mature progeny. The terms also include repellant activity that protect animals, plants or products from insect attack by making food or living conditions unattractive or offensive to pests. These repellant activities may be the result of repellents that are poisonous, mildly toxic, or non-poisonous to pests, or may act as pheromones in the environment.
As used herein, “inert ingredients” or “inerts” denote chemicals used in pesticide products to make a pesticide, e.g., solvents, surfactants, propellants and carriers, that are pesticidally inactive, i.e., do not possess pesticidal efficacy of their own. Examples of inert ingredients include, but are not limited to, the following types of ingredients: solvents such as alcohols and hydrocarbons; surfactants such as polyoxyethylene polymers and fatty acids; carriers such as clay and diatomaceous earth; thickeners such as carrageenan and modified cellulose; wetting, spreading, and dispersing agents; propellants in aerosol dispensers; microencapsulating agents; emulsifiers; etc.
The exemplary embodiments may be used in the control of agricultural, natural environmental, and domestic/household pests, such as invertebrate insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof, as well as against fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
In one aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to pesticidal compositions containing at least one plant essential oil compound and methods for using same against household pests (flying and crawling) including but not limited to cockroaches, ants, flies and spiders; plant pests, including but not limited to mites, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, loopers, worms, beetles, leafrollers, moths and weevils; and invertebrates such as insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to the pesticidal compositions disclosed herein as a repellent against invertebrate pests.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to the pesticidal compositions disclosed herein that provide rapid knockdown/kill of pests.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to the pesticidal compositions that are made of food grade materials.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to the pesticidal compositions that are exempt from US EPA registration.
The exemplary embodiments further relate to various optimum ratios between and among the constituents of each proprietary blend and the proper delivery system for each blend. The ratio of inert carrier to active ingredient is the ratio wherein a pesticidal effect is achieved and usually, for example, anywhere from approximately: 100:1 to 1:100 parts by weight; 75:1 to 1:75 parts by weight; 65:1 to 1:65 parts by weight; 55:1 to 1:55 parts by weight; 50:1 to 1:50 parts by weight; 40:1 to 1:40 parts by weight; 20:1 to 1:20 parts by weight; 10:1 to 1:10 parts by weight; or 5:1 to 1:5 parts by weight (and all subranges therebetween). Optimally, the amount of plant essential oil compound present is approximately 0.1% to 50% of the total pesticidal composition (and all subranges therebetween).
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to a method for controlling (e.g., knocking down, killing, or repelling) invertebrates such as insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof, including but not limited to cockroaches, ants, flies, spiders, mites, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, loopers, worms, beetles, leafrollers, moths and weevils, by the application of pesticidally effective amounts of the pesticidal compositions disclosed herein to a location where invertebrate pest control is desired.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments relate to pesticidal compositions that have a non-offensive, pleasant odor and do not smell like chemicals.
The pesticidal composition of the exemplary embodiments may have one or more of the following desirable characteristics:
The above or other technical effects, objects and/or advantages may be realized and attained by means of the compositions and methods exemplified herein and particularly recited in this written description. Additional objects and attendant advantages of the exemplary embodiments will be set forth, in part, in the description that follows, or may be learned or realized from practicing or using the exemplary embodiments. It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not to be viewed as being restrictive of the claims.
All patents, patent applications and literatures cited in this description are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The pesticidal compositions described herein have a broad spectrum of activity and are particularly effective against, but not limited to, insects and arachnids having a cuticle or proteinaceous exoskeleton or the like. Furthermore, the composition comprises additional natural or essential oils as additional components and is therefore particularly advantageous in terms of its relative non-toxicity.
The exemplary embodiments provide very efficacious pesticides that, in a preferred aspect, may be designated as biopesticides in that they comprise a chemical substance of natural origin. The exemplary embodiments have a fast knockdown coupled with a lethal effect on pest targets. Unlike the bulk of currently available pesticides on the market, the preferred pesticidal compositions have active ingredients that are food grade materials and have been proven to be substantially non-toxic to man and domestic animals and which have minimal adverse effects on wildlife and the environment. As a result, these preferred embodiments are exempt from EPA registration due to their minimal risk to mankind and the environment.
The exemplary embodiments are advantageous in that they can typically control pests at average or lower than average dosage rates. Such pesticidal compositions are also advantageous in that they can provide extended protection to a locus/location. Further, such pesticidal compositions are also advantageous because they control pests without introducing a notable amount of harm to the surrounding environment of which the provided pesticidal composition is being utilized.
The pesticidal compositions have pesticidal activity against one or more pests. However, it is understood that certain pesticidal compositions may be more effective on some pests than others, and may even be ineffective against some pests. However, that does not in any way detract from their value as pesticides since the exemplary embodiments contemplate use as broad, general acting pesticides, while others have utility as specific or selective pesticides. The non-limiting Examples set forth below illustrate methods by which the broad-acting or selectivity of pesticidal activity may be readily ascertained by routine experimentation.
The pesticidal compositions of the exemplary embodiments may offer several advantages over currently used pesticides. First, the preferred essential oils used in the composition are food grade, naturally occurring compounds, and as such are relatively nontoxic to humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Consequently, when used for treating plant pests, food crops can be treated using the composition up to and immediately before the harvesting period, a practice that generally is avoided when using conventional methods of pest control. The exemplary pesticidal compositions also can be used to control the growth of pest organisms on harvested crops. The harvested food can be used directly as food for animals or humans with little fear of (residual toxicity) or phytotoxicity. By using the exemplary pesticidal compositions, the environmental and health hazards involved in pest control are minimized. Because of the versatility and broad spectrum of the present composition, when necessary, the composition can be used as a preventative on a repeated basis and, thus, can be integrated into integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The composition can be applied to skin or to objects such as clothing, fur, feathers, or hair that come into contact with skin when used to treat pests that infest animals. The essential oils, i.e., the active ingredients, of the pesticidal compositions of the exemplary embodiments are believed to be biorational chemicals that may qualify for the US EPA Biopesticide Program registration, exemption from US EPA registration, or other exemptions that may be provided for under other jurisdictions.
Another advantage of the pesticidal compositions of the exemplary embodiments is that they have not previously been used against insect pests or microorganisms, and therefore, insects, arachnids, fungal and bacterial pathogens and other pest organisms have not developed resistance to them. Disease resistance to chemicals other than the heavy metals occurs commonly in pests such as insects, mites, fungi and on rare occasions in bacterial plant disease pests. A new pesticide often becomes noticeably less effective against a particular disease after several growing seasons. As pesticides become more specific for insects and diseases, the pests become resistant. This can be attributed to the singular mode of action of a particular pesticide, which disrupts only one genetically controlled process in the metabolism of the pest organism. The result is that resistant populations appear suddenly, either by selection of resistant individuals in a population or by a single gene mutation. Generally, the more specific the site and mode of a pesticidal action, the greater the likelihood for a pest organism to develop a tolerance to that chemical. A new composition will solve the insect and disease resistance problem. To avoid developing future resistance in pests, blends of essential oils should be utilized, and different essential oils should be alternated within the blends for treatment with the exemplary methods.
Methods of using the pesticidal compositions of the exemplary embodiments offer several advantages over existing methods of pest control. The formulations provide for effective control of insects, mites, fungi and microorganisms In particular situations, such as where an insect damages a plant part or tissue and a secondary fungal disease develops, this aspect may be particularly advantageous. The pesticidal compositions have very good fungicidal properties and can be employed for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, such as, without limitation, plasmodiophoromycetes, oomycetes, chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, etc. Fungal phytopathogens particularly associated with crop plants and included within the scope of the exemplary embodiments include, without limitation, the following: Miscellaneous Fungal Diseases (e.g., Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum); Gibberella ear mold (e.g., e.g., Gibberella zeae, G. saubinetti); Aspergillus ear rot (e.g., Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus); Diplodia ear rot (e.g., Diplodia maydis, D. macrospora); Fusarium ear rot (e.g., Fusarium moniliforme, F. monilif. var. subglutinans); Pythium stalk rot (e.g., Pythium aphanidermata); Anthracnose stalk rot (e.g., Colletotrichum graminicola, C. tucumanensis, Glomerella graminicola); Diplodia stalk rot (e.g., Diplodia maydis, D. zeae-maydis, Stenocarpella maydis, Macrodiplodia zeae, Sphaeria maydis, S. zeae, D. macrospora); Fusarium stalk rot (e.g., Fusarium moniliforme); Gibberella stalk rot (e.g., G. zeae, G. saubinetti); Stewart's wilt & leaf blight (e.g., Erwinia stewartii); Northern corn leaf blight (e.g., Exserohilum turcicum); Southern corn leaf blight (e.g., Bipolaris maydis); Gray leaf spot (e.g., Cercospora zeae-maydis, C. sorghi var. maydis); Anthracnose leaf blight (e.g., Colletotrichum graminicola); Common rust (e.g., Puccinia sorghi, P. maydis); Southern rust (e.g., Puccinia polysora, Dicaeoma polysorum); Head smut (e.g., Sphacelotheca reiliana); Common smut (e.g., Ustilago maydis); Carbonum leaf spot (e.g., Helminthosporium carbonum); Eye spot (e.g., Kabatiella zeae); Sorghum downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora sorghi); Brown stripe downy mildew (e.g., Sclerophthora rayssiae); Sugarcane downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora sacchari); Phillipine downy mildew (e.g., Peronoscler. Philippinensis); Java downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora maydis); Spontaneum downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora spantanea); Rajasthan downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora heteropogoni); Graminicola downy mildew (e.g., Sclerospora graminicola); Rusts (e.g., Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis); Smuts (e.g., Tilletia tritici, Tilletia controversa, Tilletia indica, Ustilago tritici, Urocystis tritici); Root rots, Foot rots and Blights (e.g., Gaeumannomyces graminis, Pythium spp., Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminaerum, Fusarium avenaceum, Drechslere tritici-repentis, Rhizoctonia spp., Colletotrichum graminicola, Helminthosporium spp., Microdochium nivale, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides); Mildews (e.g., Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, Sclerophthora macrospora), and the like.
The long term control of pests results in plants with an improved quality and yields of produce by host plants as compared with untreated plants. The low concentration and single dose of anti-pest agents decreases the likelihood of damage to the plant and/or its crop, and decreases the likelihood of adverse side effects to workers applying the pesticide, or to animals, fish or fowl which ingest the tissues or parts of treated plants. The methods of use of the pesticidal compositions will depend at least in part upon the pest to be treated and its feeding habits, as well as breeding and nesting habits. While very minor dosage rates of the novel compositions will have an adverse effect on pests, adequate control usually involves the application of a sufficient amount to either eliminate pests entirely or significantly deter their growth and/or rate of proliferation. Dosage rates required to accomplish these effects, of course, vary depending on the target pest, size, and maturity, i.e., stage of growth. More mature pests may be more resistant to pesticides and require higher dosage rates for a comparable level of control. Insects and arachnids with a sclerotized cuticle (i.e. ants, roaches, ticks) typically require higher dosage rates to penetrate the exoskeleton and deliver the active ingredient. Dose response experiments using different dilutions (for example, about 1:1000, 1:100, 1:10, 1:3, 1:2, etc., and all subranges therebetween) of the exemplary embodiments on target organisms and on plants are performed to determine the optimal concentration of the active essential oil compound(s) that show(s) pesticidal activity without phytotoxicity or dermal sensitivity. For instance, when the pesticidal composition of the exemplary embodiments is utilized for agricultural purposes, an amount from about 0.1 to 2,000 g/ha (and all subranges therebetween) of the active ingredients is employed onto the soil, plants, or directly onto the harmful pests, preferably as an emulsifiable concentrate or emulsion usually at a rate from 1 to 2000 ppm (and all subranges therebetween).
In preferred embodiment, the exemplary embodiments are useful for treating (e.g., preventing, controlling, impeding, killing and the like) infectious or pathogenic bacterial, viral, microbial, and other diseases causing pests, which includes applying an effective amount of the pesticidal composition to a locus in need thereof for controlling, treating, managing, preventing, or the like, the spread of diseases caused by germs, bacteria, or viruses such as Escherichia coli, salmonella, staphylococci, streptococci, influenza, pneumonia, various blood and urine bacterial pathogens, and the like. The invention further encompasses treatment of the following: gram-positive cocci that cause staphylococcal infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, enterocolitis, and the like; streptococci that cause infections such as hemolytic, viridans, enterococci, lactic, and the like; pneumococci that cause infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis, Meningitis, and the like; gram-negative cocci such as meningococcus, gonococcus, and the like; gram-positive bacilli that cause infections such as erysipelothricosis, listeriosis, anthrax, nocardiosis, and the like; gram-negative bacilli that cause infections such as enterobacteriaceac salmonella, shigellosis, hemophilus, tularemia, plaque, melioidosis, bartonellosis, campylobacter, and noncholera vibrio, and the like; anaerobic bacilli that cause infections such as clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetany, clostridia of gas gangrene bacteroides, mixed anaerobic, actinomycosis, and the like; mycobacteria that cause infections such as tuberculosis and leprosy, and the like; and spirochetes that cause diseases such as leptospirosis, lyme disease, and endemic treponematoses. Further, the exemplary pesticidal compositions may be useful for treating surfaces containing infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, A, B, and C, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, rhonoviruses (common cold), mumps virus, adenoviruses, reoviruses, and epstein-Barr virus, infants and adult syncytial virus, primary atypical pneumonia, polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and high numbered viruses, epidemic gastroenteritis viruses, rubeola virus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex, human herpes virus type 6, human parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis viruses types A, B, C, D, human Papillomavirus, molluscum contagiosum virus, arboviruses, togaviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, orbivirus, rabies virus, herpesvirus simiae, arenaviruses, filoviruses, and the like.
Specific exemplary embodiments of the pesticidal composition include:
In another embodiment, the exemplary embodiments can be formulated with any suitable carrier and optionally with a suitable surface active agent, with and without one or more additional essential oil compounds and derivatives thereof, natural or synthetic, including racemic mixtures, enantiomers, diastereomers, esters, hydrates, salts, solvates and metabolites, etc.
As the above constituents are known and used for other purposes, they may be prepared by a skilled artisan by employing known methods or purchased from numerous sources.
It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the exemplary pesticidal compositions unexpectedly exhibit excellent pesticidal efficacy in lieu of conventional pesticides which are not safe for use in households and other sensitive areas, or in lieu of pesticidal compositions containing individual plant essential oils. It will also be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the exemplary pesticidal compositions provide affordable pesticidal formulations that are aesthetically or aromatically acceptable. It will also be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the exemplary pesticidal compositions unexpectedly exhibit excellent pesticidal activities, specifically knockdown and mortality, using water-based emulsions in both pressurized (e.g. an aerosol) and non-pressurized systems in lieu of oil based solvent systems.
Without being bound by any of the following theories, it is believed that plant essential oils attack a pest's nervous system or may act as Phase I and/or Phase II drug metabolizing enzyme inhibitors. In the presence of a synergist, it is believed that the exoskeleton and/or waxy cuticle of a pest is/are more easily penetrated by the pesticidally active plant essential oil(s) such that less amounts of active material are required to achieve knockdown and kill, thereby reducing exposure levels. Alternatively, the exemplary pesticidal compositions may act via an alternative mode of action, as agonists or antagonists against the nerve receptor systems that are distinct to invertebrates, e.g., the octopamine receptor system. As octopamine agonists or antagonists, the exemplary pesticidal compositions act by binding to a receptor that activates adenylate cyclase which, in turn, produces secondary messenger cyclic AMP. The cyclic AMP acts by binding to a cyclic AMP receptor generating hormonal-type activity. The exemplary pesticidal compositions are highly active and are believed to have activities unexpectedly greater than octopamine alone. The term “octopamine affector” is meant to indicate a compound that mimics at least some of the effects of octopamine by interaction with the octopamine receptor. For example, an octopamine affector, like endogenous octopamine, may affect many areas of insect physiology, including carbohydrate metabolism, lipid mobilization, hematocyte function, heart rate, peripheral muscle tension and excitability, and behavior. Thus, over activation of the octopamine system in certain pests by an octopamine agonist may lead to behavioral and physiological abnormalities that have pestistatic and pesticidal consequences. As octopamine affectors, the exemplary pesticidal compositions act as highly selective pest control agents since vertebrate species—as opposed to invertebrate, e.g., insect species—lack octopamine receptors. As a result, any octopamine-receptor containing pest is treatable or controllable by the exemplary pesticidal compositions.
Target pests include all invertebrate pests (e.g., flying and crawling types), including, but not limited to, round worms (e.g., hookworm, trichina, ascaris); flatworms (e.g., liver flukes and tapeworms); jointed worms (e.g., leeches); molluscs (e.g., parasitic snails); and arthropods (insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (e.g., barnacles)). In particular, included among the arthropods are ticks; mites (both plant and animal); lepidoptera (butterflies and moths and their larvae); hemiptera (bugs); homoptera (aphids, scales); and coleoptera (beetles). Also included are spiders; anoplura (lice); diptera (flies and mosquitoes); trichoptera; orthoptera (e.g., roaches); odonta; thysanura (e.g., silverfish); collembola (e.g., fleas); dermaptera (earwigs); isoptera (termites); ephemerids (mayflies); plecoptera; mallophaga (biting lice); thysanoptera; and siphonaptera (fleas); dictyoptera (roaches); psocoptera (e.g., booklice); and certain hymenoptera (e.g., those whose larva feed on leaves). In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling pests by treating said pests with an exemplary pesticidal composition in an amount effective to provide pest control, by either pesticidal or pestistatic activity.
In one aspect, the pesticidal compositions may use surfactants as part of the delivery or carrier system. The presence of nonionic, cationic or anionic surfactants, such as, sodium lauryl sulfate, nonyl phenoxypolyoxyethylene and hydrogenated tallow dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, can be used as adjuvants. Adjuvants are believed to confer the broad spectrum pesticidal activity on the composition by acting as a wetting, dispersing and/or emulsifying agent that facilitates or aids in the spreading of the active essential oils across an insect or larva, providing for a more uniform and rapid penetration of the oils through the exoskeleton (if present), thus permitting the oils to exert their pesticidal activity on the internal organs and/or nervous system of the insect or larva. Non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants such as salts of fatty acids, alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether sulphonates and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Other examples of preferred surfactants include sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid, alcohol ethoxylate, olefin sulfonate, and modified phthalic glycerol alkyd resins such as Latron B1956.
In another aspect, the exemplary pesticidal compositions may act as solvents against the waxy cuticle protecting invertebrate pests, thereby penetrating the cuticle and causing fast knockdown and mortality. The plant essential oils may penetrate the cuticle and contact the nerve endings in the invertebrate pest's trachea, and cause neurotoxic activity. In any event, the net effect of the toxicity and action of the inventive compositions disclosed herein is heretofore unknown and unexpected.
Use of the exemplary pesticidal compositions generally results in fast knockdown and 100% mortality on contact. As such, they are advantageously employed as pesticidal agents in uses such as, without limitation, households, lawn and garden applications, agriculture, organic farming, greenhouse/nursery applications, stored product applications, professional pest control, pet bedding, foliage application, underwater or submerged application, solid treatment, soil incorporation application, seedling box treatment, stalk injection and planting treatment, ornamentals, termites, mosquitoes, fire ants, head lice, dust mites, etc. Use of the exemplary pesticidal compositions generally provides repellency to pests, and as such are advantageously employed as plant protectants and/or barrier sprays.
With respect to soil, the pesticidal compositions resist weathering which includes wash-off caused by rain, decomposition by ultra-violet light, oxidation, or hydrolysis in the presence of moisture or, at least such decomposition, oxidation and hydrolysis as would materially decrease the desirable pesticidal characteristic of the pesticidal compositions or impart undesirable characteristics to the pesticidal compositions. The pesticidal compositions are so chemically inert that they are compatible with substantially any other constituents of pest control, and they may be used in the soil, upon the seeds, or the roots of plants without injuring either the seeds or roots of plants. They may also be used in combination with other pesticidally active compounds.
The exemplary pesticidal compositions may combined with other materials to make usable formulations that are capable of controlling, knocking down and killing pests readily without causing undue hazards to non-target organisms when applied correctly. As described in further detail below, the exemplary pesticidal compositions may be applied as technical grade pesticides in ultra low volume (ULV) applications; as dry formulations such as dusts; as wettable powders that may be mixed with water to form suspensions of a desired concentration; and as liquid formulations that may sold as a concentrated solution that end users can dilute with solvent oils to prepare a field-strength solution or an emulsifiable concentrate that can be combined with water to prepare an emulsion.
The pesticidal compositions of the instant invention also typically comprise an inert carrier, in an amount in which the inert carrier can assist the instant active ingredient to be carried through a process or method of controlling pests. As such an amount of the inert carrier, the inventive pesticidal compositions preferably comprise the inert carrier in an amount of from about 5.0 to about 99.9% and all subranges therebetween, provided that such a carrier is a solid, liquid or gas carrier, or a combination thereof. In such a case, examples of the solid carriers that may be in the pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include clays such as kaolin, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, fubasami clay and terra alba, synthetic hydrated silicon oxides, talc, ceramics, other inorganic minerals which are useful in producing formulated compositions such as sericite, quartz, sulfur, active carbons and calcium carbonate, chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium chloride, and the like, as well as powders thereof, granules thereof, and a mixture thereof; examples of the liquid carriers that may be in the pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include water, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and alkyl naphthalenes, non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane, kerosene, isoparaffinic and normal paraffinic solvents and light oils, esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, nitrites such as acetonitrile and isobutylonitrile, ethers such as diisopropyl ether and dioxane, amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride, dimethylsulfoxide, botanical oils such as soy oil and cotton seed oil, and the like, and a mixture thereof; and examples of the gas carriers that may be in the aerosol form of pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include propellants such as butane gas, propane gas, liquid petroleum gas, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and the like, and/or a mixture thereof.
In general, any of the materials customarily employed in formulating pesticides, (insecticides, miticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) are suitable. The inventive pesticidal compositions may be employed alone or in the form of mixtures with such solid and/or liquid dispersible carrier vehicles and/or other known compatible active agents such as other insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, bactericides, rodenticides, herbicides, fertilizers, growth-regulating agents, etc., if desired, or in the form of particular dosage preparations for specific application made therefrom, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, pastes, and granules which are thus ready for use. The exemplary pesticidal compositions can be formulated or mixed with, if desired, conventional inert pesticide diluents or extenders of the type usable in conventional pesticide formulations or compositions, e.g. conventional pesticide dispersible carrier vehicles such as gases, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, spray powders, pastes, soluble powders, dusting agents, granules, foams, pastes, tablets, aerosols, natural and synthetic materials impregnated with active compounds, microcapsules, coating compositions for use on seeds, and formulations used with burning equipment, such as fumigating cartridges, fumigating cans and fumigating coils, as well as ULV cold mist and warm mist formulations, etc. In addition, mineral oil, canola oil, and/or the essential oils disclosed herein may also serve as diluents or carriers in the exemplary pesticidal compositions.
Formulations containing the exemplary pesticidal compositions may be prepared in any known manner, for instance by extending the pesticidal compositions with conventional liquid carriers and/or dispersible solid carriers optionally with the use of carrier vehicle assistants, e.g. conventional pesticide surface-active agents, including emulsifying agents and/or dispersing agents, whereby, for example, in the case where water is used as a diluent, organic solvents may be added as auxiliary solvents. Suitable liquid diluents or carriers include water, petroleum distillates, or other liquid carriers with or without surface active agents. The choice of dispersing and emulsifying agents and the amount employed is dictated by the nature of the composition, the target pest, and the ability of the agent to facilitate the dispersion of the exemplary pesticidal compositions. Non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric, or cationic dispersing and emulsifying agents may be employed, for example, the condensation products of alkylene oxides with phenol and organic acids, alkyl aryl sulfonates, complex ether alcohols, quarternary ammonium compounds, and the like.
Liquid concentrates may be prepared by dissolving an exemplary pesticidal composition with a solvent and dispersing the exemplary pesticidal compositions in water with suitable surface active emulsifying and dispersing agents. Examples of conventional carrier vehicles for this purpose include, but are not limited to, aerosol organic solvents, such as aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene, alkyl naphthalenes, etc.), halogenated especially chlorinated, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. chloro-benzenes, etc.), cycloalkanes, (e.g. cyclohexane, etc.). paraffins (e.g. petroleum or mineral oil fractions), chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. methylene chloride, chloroethylenes, etc.), alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, glycol, etc.) as well as ethers and esters thereof (e.g. glycol monomethyl ether, etc.), amines (e.g. ethanolamine, etc.), amides (e.g. dimethyl formamide etc.) sulfoxides (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.), acetonitrile, ketones (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.), and water.
Surface-active agents, i.e., conventional carrier vehicle assistants, that may be employed with the exemplary pesticidal compositions include, without limitation, emulsifying agents, such as non-ionic and/or anionic emulsifying agents (e.g. polyethylene oxide esters of fatty acids, polyethylene oxide ethers of fatty alcohols, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, albumin hydrolyzates, etc. and especially alkyl arylpolyglycol ethers. In the preparation of wettable powders, dust or granulated formulations, the active ingredient is dispersed in and on an appropriately divided carrier. In the formulation of the wettable powders the aforementioned dispersing agents as well as lignosulfonates can be included. Dusts are admixtures of the compositions with finely divided solids such as talc, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, pyrophyllite, chalk, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, calcium phosphates, calcium and magnesium carbonates, sulfur, flours, and other organic and inorganic solids which act as carriers for the pesticide. These finely divided solids preferably have an average particle size of less than about 50 microns. A typical dust formulation useful for controlling insects contains 5 parts of pesticidal composition and 95 parts of diatomaceous earth or vermiculite. Granules may comprise porous or nonporous particles. The granule particles are relatively large, a diameter of about 400-2500 microns typically. The particles are either impregnated or coated with the inventive pesticidal compositions from solution. Granules generally contain about 0.05 to about 25%, preferably about 0.5 to about 15%, active ingredient (and all subranges therebetween) as the pesticidally-effective amount. Thus, the contemplated formulations with solid carriers or diluents include inerts such as bentonite, fullers earth, ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, and ground synthetic minerals, such as highly-dispersed silicic acid, alumina and silicates, crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, as well as synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic materials such as sawdust, peanuts, apple pomace, recycled paper, coconut shells, corn cobs and tobacco stalks. Adhesives, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, natural and synthetic polymers, (such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate), and the like, may also be used in the formulations in the form of powders, granules or emulsifiable concentrations.
Further, the pesticidal compositions of the instant invention may additionally contain a coloring agent, a formulation auxiliary, or a combination thereof. As such, examples of such coloring agents that may be utilized in the pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include inorganic pigments such as metal oxides, titanium oxides and Prussian blue, organic dyes such as alizarine dyes, azo dyes and metallic phthalocyanine dyes, iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, zinc and salts thereof, and the like, or a mixture thereof; and examples of such formulation auxiliaries that may be utilized in the pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include attaching and/or dispersing agents, surfactants, stabilizers, and the like, or a mixture thereof.
If desired, colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example, iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace elements, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc may be used.
In commercial applications, the inventive pesticidal composition encompasses carrier composition mixtures in which at least one plant essential oil, as active ingredient, is present in an amount substantially between about 0.01-100% by weight, and preferably 0.5-90% by weight, of the mixture (and all subranges therebetween), whereas carrier composition mixtures suitable for direct application or field application generally contemplate those in which the active compound is present in an amount substantially between about 0.0001-10%, preferably 0.01-2%, by weight of the mixture (and all subranges therebetween). Thus, the invention contemplates over-all formulations that comprise mixtures of a conventional dispersible carrier vehicle such as (1) a dispersible inert finely divided carrier solid, and/or (2) a dispersible carrier liquid such as an inert organic solvent and/or water, preferably including a surface-active effective amount of a carrier vehicle assistant, e.g. a surface-active agent, such as an emulsifying agent and/or a dispersing agent, and an amount of the active ingredient which is effective for the purpose in question and which is generally between about 0.0001-100%, and preferably 0.01-95%, by weight of the mixture (and all subranges therebetween).
The pesticidal compositions can also be used in accordance with so-called ultra-low-volume process, i.e. by applying such compounds or by applying a liquid composition containing the same, via very effective atomizing equipment, in finely divided form, e.g. average particle diameter of from 50-100 microns, or even less, i.e. mist form, for example by airplane crop spraying techniques. In this process it is possible to use highly concentrated liquid compositions with said liquid carrier vehicles containing from about 20 to about 95% by weight of the pesticidal compositions or even the 100% active substances alone, e.g. about 20 to about 100% by weight of the pesticidal compositions. The concentration in the liquid concentrate will usually vary from about 10% to about 95% by weight. Furthermore, the inventive pesticidal composition encompasses methods for killing, combating or controlling invertebrate pests, which comprises applying to at least one of correspondingly (a) such invertebrate pests and (b) the corresponding habitat thereof, i.e. the locus to be protected, e.g. to the household, a correspondingly combative, a pesticidally effective amount, or toxic amount of the particular pesticidal compositions of the invention alone or together with a carrier as noted above. The instant formulations or compositions may be applied in any suitable usual manner, for instance by spraying, atomizing, vaporizing, scattering, dusting, watering, squirting, sprinkling, pouring, fumigating, and the like. The method for controlling invertebrate pests such as cockroaches and ants comprises applying the inventive composition, ordinarily in a formulation of one of the aforementioned types, to a locus or area to be protected from the cockroaches and/or ants, such as the household. The compound, of course, is applied in an amount sufficient to effect the desired action. This dosage is dependent upon many factors, including the targeted pest, the carrier employed, the method and conditions of the application, whether the formulation is present at the locus in the form of an aerosol, or as a film, or as discrete particles, the thickness of film or size of particles, and the like. Proper consideration and resolution of these factors to provide the necessary dosage of the active compound at the locus to be protected are within the skill of those versed in the art. In general, however, the effective dosage of the compound of this invention at the locus to be protected, i.e., the dosage with which the pest comes in contact-is of the order of about 0.001 to about 5.0% based on the total weight of the formulation, though under some circumstances the effective concentration will be as little as 0.0001% or as much as 20%, on the same basis.
The pesticidal compositions and methods for using same are effective in the control of different species of invertebrate pests and it will be understood that the pests exemplified and evaluated in the working Examples herein is representative of such a wider variety. By way of example, but not limitation, the exemplary pesticidal compositions are also useful for control of pests such as fleas, flies, mosquitoes, noseeums, bees (such as yellow jackets), hornets and wasps, cockroaches including the American and German cockroach, termites, houseflies and silverleaf whiteflies (Besimsai argentifolii), leaf hoppers such as the grape or potato leafhoppers (Cicidellidae), cabbage looper (Lepidoptera), ants such as the pharaoh ant, argentine ant, carpenter ant and fire ant, stink or lygus bugs, leafminers (Liriomyza trifollii), western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and sucking or chewing insects such as thrips and aphids such as melon aphids (Aphis gossypii), black bean aphids (Aphis fabae); arachnids such as spiders, ticks and plant mites, including two-spotted spider mites (Tetronmychua urticae), McDaniel mites, Pacific mites and European mites; gastropods such as slugs and snails; fungi such as powdery mildew including cladosporium, strawberry powdery mildew, rusts, botrytis, ergots, blight, downy mildew, eutypa, leaf spot, smut, Chytridimycota, Zygomycota, Asomycota, ringworm, rhizopus, rhizoctonia, pythium and erwinia; nematodes; and bacteria. Further targeted pests controlled by the pesticidal composition are, for example, the pillbugs and Isopoda (sowbugs) such as Oniscus asellus, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille pillbug) and Porcellio scarber, Pieris rapae crucivora (common cabbageworm), Spodoptera litura (tobaccocutworm), Thrips palmi (melon thrips), Empoasca onukii (tea green leafhopper), Phyllonorycter ringoniella (appleleafminer), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (rice water weevil), Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle), Phyllotreta (striped flea beetle), Tetranychus kanzawai (Kanzawa spidermite), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mite); Diplopoda such as Blanilus guttulatus (millepede); Chilopoda such as Geophilus carpophagus, Scutigera spp., Scolopendra subspini and Thereunema spp.; Symphyla such as Scutigerella immaculata; Thysanura (bristletails) such as Ctenolepisma villosa (oriental silverfish) and Lepisma saccharina (silverfish); Psocoptera such as Trogium pulsatorium (larger pale booklice); Collembola (snowfleas) such as Onichiurus armatus; Isoptera (termites) such as Mastotermitidae, Termopsidae (e.g. Zootermopsis, Archotermopsis, Hodotermopsis, Porotemes), Kalotermitidae (e.g. Kalotermes, Neotermes, Cryptotermes, Incisitermes, Glyptotermes), Hodotermitidae (e.g. Hodotermes, Microhodotermes, Anacanthotermes), Rhinotermitidae (e.g. Reticulitermes, Heterotermes, Coptotermes, Schedolinotermes), Serritermitidae and Termitidae (e.g. Anitermes, Drepanotermes, Hopitalitermes, Trinervitermes, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermes, Nasutitermes, Pericapritermes, Anoplotermes); Dictyoptera (cockroaches) such as Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach), Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Periplaneta fuliginosa (smokybrown cockroach), Leucophaea maderae and Blattella germanica (German cockroach); Orthoptera such as Gryllotapa spp. (mole cricket), Acheta domesticus, Teleogryllus emma (field cricket), Locusta migratoria (asiatic locust/oriental migratory locust), Melanoplus differentialis and Schistocera gregaria; Dermaptera (earwigs) such as Labidura riparia and Forficula auricularia; Anoplura such as Phthirus pubis, Pediculus humanus, Haematopinus sulus, Linognathus spp. and Solenopotes spp.; Mallophaga such as Trichodectes spp., Tromenopon spp., Bovicola spp. and Felicola spp.; Thysanoptera (thrips) such as Frankiniella intonsa (flower thrips), onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (cotton seedling thrips) and Thrips palmi; Heteroptera such as Nezara spp., Eurygaster spp., Dysdercus intermedius, Cimex lectularius (i.e., bed bugs), Triatoma spp., Rhodnius prolixus, Nezara antennata (green stink bug) and Cletus puncttiger; Homoptera such as Aleurocanthus spiniferus (citrus spiny whitefly), Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly), cotton asphid, Aphis gossypii (melon aphid), Brtevicoryne brassicae (cabbage asphid), Cryptomyzus ribis, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Phorodon humuli, Empoasca spp., Nephootettix cincticeps (green rice leafhopper), Lecanium corni (brown scale), Saissetia oleae (black scale), Laodelphax striatellus (small brown plant hopper), Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice planthopper), Aonidiella aurantii (red scale), Aspidiotus hederae (ivy scale), Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp. and Phylloxera vastrix; Lepidoptera such as Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Lithocolletis blancardella, Plutella xyloste (diamondback moth), Malacosoma neustria (tent catapillar), Euproctis subflava (oriental tussock moth), Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Bucculatrix pyrivorella (pear leafminer), Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leafminer), Agrotis spp., Euxoa spp., Earias insulana, Heliothis spp., Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm), Spodoptera litura (common cutworm), Spodoptera spp., Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm), Trichoplusia ni, Carpocapsa pomonella, Pieris spp., Chilo spp., Pyrausta nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth), Tineola bisselliella (webbing clothes moth), Tenea translucens, oriental tea tortrix (Homona magnanima) and Totrix viridana; Coleoptera (beetles) such as Anobium punctatum, Rhizopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Acanthoscelides obectus (bean weevil), Agelastica alni, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phaedon cochleariae, Diabrotica spp., Psylliodes angusticollis (solanum flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Epilachna spp., Atomaria spp., Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle), Anthonomus spp., sitophilus spp., Otriorhynchus sulcatus (black vine weevil), Cosmopolites sordidus (banana weevil borer), Ceuthorhyncidius albosuturalis, Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil), Dermestes spp., Trogoderma spp., Attagenus unicolor (black carpet beetle), Lyctus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Ptinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Tribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm), Agriotes spp., Melolontha mololontha, Scolytidae (e.g. Xyleborus and Scolytoplatypus), Cerambycidae (e.g. Monochamus, Hylotrupes, Hesperophanus, Chlorophorus, Palaeocallidium, Semanotus, Purpuricenus, Stromatium), Platypodidae (e.g. Crossotarsus, Platypus), Bostrychidae (e.g. Dinoderus, Bostrychus, Sinoderus), Anobiidae (e.g. Ernobius, Anobium, Xyletinus, Xestobium, Ptilinus, Nicobium, Ptilneurus) and Buprestidae; Hymenoptera such as Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Formica japonica, Vespa spp., and Siricidae (e.g. Urocerus, Sirex); Diptera such as Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Musca domestica (housefly), Fannia spp., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., Chrysomya spp., Cuterebra spp., Gastrophilus spp., Stomoxys spp., Oestrus spp., Hypoderma spp., Tabanus spp., Bibio hortulanus, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Ceratitus capitata, Dacus dorsalis (oriental fruit fly), Tipula paludosa, Simulium spp., Eusimulium spp., Phlebotomus spp., Culicoides spp., Chrysops spp., Haematopota spp., Braula spp., Morellia spp., Glossina spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Sarcophaga spp., Lipoptena spp., Melophagus spp. and Muscina spp.; Siphonaptera such as Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus spp., Pulex spp. (human flea) and Ctenocephalides spp. (cat flea/dog flea); Arachnida such as Scorpio maurus, Latrodectus mactans and Chiracanthium spp.; mites such as Otodectus spp., Acarus siro (grain mite), Argas spp., Ornithodoros spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Dermanyssus spp., Eriophyes spp., Chelacaropsis moorei, Dermatophagoides spp., Psoroptes equi, Chorioptes spp., Saracoptes spp., Tarsonemus spp., clover mite (Bryobia praetiosa), Panonychus spp., Tetranychus spp. (spider mites), Raillietas spp., Pneumonyssus spp., Sternostorma spp., Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Cytodides spp., Laminosioptes spp.; and the like.
While the invention disclosed herein has excellent pesticidal activities against various species of pests, it shows particularly favorable efficacy for control of vector or nuisance pests including cockroaches such as German cockroach (Blattella germanica), smokybrown cockroach (Periplaneta fuliqinosa), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea) and oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis), house mites such as mold mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), American house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and Cheyletid mites (Chelacaropsis), fleas such as cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), mosquitos such as brown house mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens) and Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), and flies such as housefly (Musca domestica), and wood pests including termites such as Formosan substerranean termite (Copptotermes formosanus), Japanese subterranean termite (Reticulitermes speratus), American common dry-wood termite (Incistermes minor), Daikoku dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes domesticus), Odontotermes formosanus, Coptotermes formosanus, Reticulitermes speratus, R. flavipes, R. hesperus, R. virqinicus, R. tibialis, Incisitermes minor, Cryptotermes domesticus, Odontotermes formosanus, and Heterotermes aureus, termite species of the families (and pest genera) Mastotermitidae (Mastotermes species), Hodotermididae (Anacanthotermes, Zootermopsis species), Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes, Heterotermes, Reticulitermes, Psammotermes, Prorhinotermes, Schedorhinotermes species), Kalotermitidae (Glyoptotermes, Neotermes, Cryptotermes, Incisitermes, Kalotermes, Marqinitermes species), Serritermitidae, and Termitidae (Pericapritermes, Allodontermes, Microtermes, Odontotermes, Nasutitermes, Termes, Amitermes, Globitermes, Microcerotermes species), Termopsidae (Hodotermopsis, Zootermopsis species), and other pest species of termites, raw logvermin such as bark beetles (Scolytidae), longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae), weevils (Curculionidae), pinhole borers (Platypodidae) and horntails (Siricidae), and dry wood vermin such as powderpost beetle (Lyctus brunneus), false powderpost beetles (Bostrychidae), deathwatch and drugstore beetles (Anobiidae), dry-wooden longicorn bettle (Stromatium longicorne), and/or bed bugs (Cimex lectularius).
An exemplary method for controlling pests comprises applying (such as by spraying) to a pest or site of pest infestation, a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition in an amount sufficient to prevent infestation of the host and the composition does not damage the host's tissue. Of particular interest is use of the pesticide compositions of the invention in treating fungal infestations of fruit bearing plants such as strawberry plants. By treatment of a diseased plant with the composition of the invention in an amount sufficient to treat such a fungal infestation, pests such as powdery mildew can be controlled or eliminated, thus restoring the plant to a healthy state. Also of particular interest is use of the pesticide compositions of the invention in controlling arthropod infestations of ornamental plants such as roses. By treatment of a diseased plant with the composition of the invention in an amount sufficient to treat such a arthropod infestation, pests such as aphids and spider mites can be controlled or eliminated, thus restoring the plant to a healthy state.
As mentioned above, in the United States, use of pesticides is regulated by the EPA under authority of FIFRA. Tolerance for residues of pesticides in agricultural commodities are established by the (USDA) and enforced by the EPA and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). This regulatory environment leads to another aspect of this invention, which is an article of manufacture. In this aspect a pesticidally active composition of the exemplary embodiments are sold in a container that will be suitable for storing the composition for its shelf life. Associated with the container is printed instructions and/or a printed label indicating that the subject composition can be used to control pests, i.e., used as a pesticide and providing instructions for using the composition for pesticidal purposes in accordance with the treatment method set forth herein. The container may have associated with it a delivery device that allows the composition to be applied to the pest population or to the area to be treated. For liquid compositions this is generally a hand-operated, motorized or pressurized pressure-driven sprayer. The container may be made of any suitable material such as a polymer, glass, metal, or the like. Usually, the labeling is associated with the container by being adhered to the container, or accompanying the container in a package sold to the user. Such label may indicate that the composition is approved for use as a pesticide. The instructions will spell out the type of pests for which the pesticidal composition is to be used, the application method, the rate of application, dilution requirements, use precautions, and the like.
The efficacy of the exemplary pesticidal compositions may be monitored by determining the mortality of or damage to the pest population, i.e., by determining its adverse effect upon treated pests. This includes damage to the pests, inhibition or modulation of pest growth and/or behavior, inhibition of pest reproduction by slowing or arresting its proliferation, or complete destruction/death of the pest, all of which are encompassed by the term “controlling”. The term “pesticidally effective amount” is an amount of the compound of the invention, or a composition containing the compound, that has an adverse affect on at least 25% of the pests treated, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 70% or greater and all subranges therebetween. Preferably, an “effective pest-inhibiting amount” is an amount of the compound of the invention, or a composition containing the compound, where 25% or greater mortality against pests is achieved, preferably 50% or greater, more preferably 70% or greater mortality. Similarly, an “effective pest-growth modulating amount” is preferably one where 25% or greater pest-growth modulation is achieved, preferably 50% or greater, more preferably 70% of greater. The term “amount sufficient to prevent infestation” is also used herein and is intended to mean an amount that is sufficient to deter all but an insignificant sized pest population so that a disease or infected state is prevented. The actual value of a pesticidally effective amount for a given compound is preferably determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and efficacy, such as are well known by those skilled in the art and as are described in the Examples. It is expected that compounds of the invention having a higher level of pesticidal activity can be used in smaller amounts and concentrations, while those having a lower level of activity may require larger amounts or concentrations in order to achieve the same pesticidal effect. Efficacy is also monitored by phytotoxicity to the plants that are infested with the pest population, tissue damage to the host infected with the pest population and any adverse effects that might be experienced by a human user who is applying the composition to an infested plant or animal. Accordingly, the amount of composition or active compound used in the methods of the invention, meets the mortality, modulation or prevention criteria above, and preferably has minimal or no adverse effect on ornamental and agricultural plants (such as phytotoxicity), wildlife and humans that may come into contact with such compound.
The exemplary compositions and method for using same will be further illustrated in the following, non-limiting Examples. The Examples are illustrative of various exemplary embodiments only and do not limit the claimed invention regarding the materials, conditions, weight ratios, process parameters and the like recited herein.
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Wasps were collected from wild populations in Ames, Iowa prior to testing. Exemplary formulations designated above as DR-F-039 and DR-G-004 were compared with and water as a control. One individual wasp was placed in a screen cube and then sprayed with one pump of the aerosol spray bottle (nozzle held down for 2 seconds) at a distance of about 5 feet. Mortality was recorded immediately following application and up to 10 minutes following application. Experimental design for both trials included three replications of spray treatment. Results are shown in Table 11 below. It is noted that this exemplified formulation is also pesticidally effective against hornets.
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
The above examples and data demonstrate the pesticidal efficacy of the exemplified embodiments of the invention in terms of both knockdown and mortality compared to conventional treatments or water as a control.
As can be seen from the above discussion, the inventive pesticidal compositions are believed to be markedly and unexpectedly superior to known pesticidal agents/active compounds conventionally used for control of invertebrate pests, including, without limitation, fungus, bacteria, insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof due to its safety profile and other characteristics not seen in prior pesticidal formulations. The exemplary pesticidal composition are useful in methods for controlling (e.g., repelling, knocking down and/or killing) pests, including insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof, comprising applying to a locus where control is desired a pesticidally-effective amount of the pesticidal composition.
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments are not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention described herein.
This application is related to and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/914,941, filed Apr. 30, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60914941 | Apr 2007 | US |
