Patent Grant
10954491
This application is a national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/EP2015/080400 filed on Dec. 18, 2015, which claims priority to EP 14199430.1, filed on Dec. 19, 2014. The content of PCT/EP2015/080400 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a novel pestivirus, to proteins of the virus and to vaccines based upon the virus and proteins thereof. The invention also relates to DNA fragments comprising a gene of the virus and to DNA vaccines based upon genes of the virus. Furthermore the invention relates to antibodies that are reactive with the novel virus and to diagnostic tests for the detection of the virus or antibodies against the virus.
Over the last decades, world-wide a strong increase is seen in the consumption of pig meat. As a consequence, an increase is seen in the number and the size of farms, in order to meet the increasing needs of the market. As is known from animal husbandry in general, large numbers of animals living closely together are vulnerable to known diseases and to diseases hardly known or seen or even unknown before the days of large-scale commercial farming.
One disease for which the causative agent awaits identification is known to exist already since the early 20th century, when “dancing pigs” were mentioned by Kinsley in Veterinary Medicine 1922; 17. Over the course of nearly a century several articles have been published that describe the same symptoms under varying names, including “shaking pig disease”, tremor in pigs, Myoclonia Congenita(1) or congenital tremor (CT)(2). The disease will further be referred to as CT. Symptoms of CT are tremors of the head and legs of newborn pigs that vary in severity but are absent during sleep. These tremors can be aggravated by excitement and cold. They last for several weeks to months but decrease as the pigs grow older. Although the shaking itself does not directly cause death the tremors can prevent the piglets from finding a teat to suckle. This can then result in death by starvation. The disease is widespread and occurs regularly in pig farms all over the world.
Several conditions are known to cause CT, and currently these conditions are classified in two groups; A and B. Group A consists of the cases with visible histological lesions, whereas the cases of Group B display no apparent lesions. Group A is further divided into five subgroups, based on the different causes of CT. Group A-I cases of CT are known to be caused by Classical Swine Fever (CSF) virus. The cause of Group A-III CT is a genetic (sex-linked) defect existing only in the Landrace breed, while a recessive genetic (autosomal-linked) defect in the Saddleback breed is the cause of type A-IV. Group A-V cases are caused by trichlorfon toxicosis, an intoxication which is often linked to organophosphorus treated food(3, 4).
Group A-II cases have been, and still are, the most puzzling cases. They are suspected to be caused by an unknown infectious agent.
Although Group A-II CT has been associated with PCV infection in the past(5), various studies have now demonstrated the opposite. For example, PCV is absent in neuronal tissue of pigs with CT(6) and only a small, insignificant, amount of PCV was found in non-neuronal tissue(4). All in all no conclusive evidence exists so far for the cause of Group A-II CT. There is sufficient reason to believe, however, that Group A-II CT is caused by an infectious agent. Most of the Group A-II shaking piglets are born into the litters of gilts (i.e. female pigs in the period between fertilisation and their first litter) that have recently been introduced into a new environment. Remarkably, after a first litter with shaking piglets subsequent litters of the same sow hardly ever show signs of CT. This is an indication that some kind of immunity develops in the sow, protecting against the agent that causes CT. Some 40 years ago, Patterson et al. (50) managed to induce Group A-II CT in piglets through experimental infection of pregnant sows with an emulsion of spinal cord, brains and spleens of clinically affected pigs.
But as indicated above, no causative infectious agent has ever been isolated from CT piglets nor from pregnant sows.
It is an objective of the present invention to provide a new infectious agent that is the causative agent of Group A-II CT, as well as vaccines aiming at combating the disease. Moreover, it is an objective of the present invention to provide means to detect and identify the disease-associated infectious agent.
In order to finally detect and isolate the causative agent of Group A-II CT, sera and in many cases additional biological material of piglets suffering from Group A-II CT were obtained from September of 2012 until early 2014, on 8 different farms in the Netherlands. These 8 farms had a history of CT-piglets (Typically in one out of four litters, piglets are found suffering from CT during an epidemic peak on one specific farm).
A pig farm in the Netherlands was diagnosed with an outbreak of congenital tremor type A-II in early 2012. Piglets born from gilt, first parity animals, were primarily affected but also higher parity sows were occasionally affected. Diagnosis was based on clinical observations and subsequent exclusion of congenital tremor types A-I, A-III, A-IV and A-V as the possible cause for disease. Clinically affected piglets showed tremor in different grades, due to excessive muscle contractions during activity. The symptoms diminished when sleeping. Piglet loss was a secondary effect caused by the inability of affected animals to feed themselves, especially during the first week after birth. Histologically, the brain and the spinal cord were characterized by hypomyelinization. (Histological abnormalities are however not always seen in affected piglets. In the literature, the extent of hypomyelinization is also described as being variable). As further described below, not all affected pigs survived. In those that survived, the tremor diminished and finally disappeared as pigs grew older. In the first 20 weeks of the year 2012, a total of 48 litters with symptoms of congenital tremor were born from gilts, out of 231 μlitters born from gilts in total. This equals 21% of all litters born from gilts. At the peak of infection, 8 weeks after the initial outbreak, 85% of the gilt litters showed piglets with congenital tremor type A-II. The percentage piglet loss (piglet death) till weaning was 26% in affected litters, compared to 11% in non-affected litters. In affected litters, 60% of piglet death was attributable to congenital tremor. The total number of piglets born per litter was not affected. Congenital tremor affected both newborn male and female piglets, and prevalence within the litter varied between <10%-100%.
Problems with outbreaks of congenital tremor have continued on this farm since 2012, and affected piglets were obtained in 2013 and 2014 (see below). However, the incidence rate decreased.
Blood plasma samples were obtained in March 2012 (6 samples, all piglets with symptoms of CT where non-A-II causes could be excluded) and April 2012 (5 samples, all piglets with symptoms of CT where non-A-II causes could be excluded). A new virus, temporarily called “Michael” (M) was detected in 11/11 samples.
More blood plasma samples were obtained from the same farm in July 2012. A total of 16 serum samples from piglets born from 2 sows and 1 gilt were analyzed. None of these piglets showed congenital tremor. Michael 1 was found in 1/16 samples.
A new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in January 2013. Four newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained for necropsy, all showed symptoms of CT where non-A-II causes could be excluded. The new virus was named Michael 1A because, although it originated from the same farm, significant time had elapsed between the original outbreak and the occurrence of new clinical problems. The new virus Michael 1A was detected in 4/4 piglets.
Again a new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in March 2013. Three newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained for necropsy, all showed symptoms of CT where non-A-II causes could be excluded. This virus was named Michael 1B (M1B). The new virus Michael 1B was detected in 3/3 samples. Brains and spinal cord showed signs of demyelinization (see
A new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in January 2014. Four newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained, all showing symptoms of CT where non-A-II causes could be excluded. This virus was named Michael 1C (M1C). The new virus Michael 1C was detected in 4/4 samples. Necropsy on an additional 3 piglets was performed in February 2014, again all 3 piglets showed Group A-II CT, and Michael was detected in 3/3 samples.
Post mortem examination was performed on piglets from outbreaks in January 2013, March 2013 and February 2014. Brains and spinal cord showed signs of demyelinization.
A total of 7 sera obtained from newborn pre-colostral piglets from a farm with no history of congenital tremor type A-II was used as negative control for PCR and for post mortem examination. All plasma samples were negative for Michael virus, and no pathological abnormalities were observed in these piglets.
Comparable analysis of Group A-II CT outbreaks was done on 7 other farms in the Netherlands. Samples of CT-litters were analysed and the novel virus was found in 100% of the CT-piglets from which pre-colostral material was taken (material taken before the first ingestion of colostrum or mother milk).
The novel virus according to the invention is not yet officially classified, but for the moment the virus is best referred to as “Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus”. The virus will also be referred to as CTAPV below.
The sequence of the viral genome was analysed and revealed that the novel virus unexpectedly bears some albeit a relatively low level of resemblance to the family of Flaviviridae, more specifically to the genus Pestivirus within this family. Known members of the genus Pestivirus are Classical Swine Fever virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus and Border Disease virus.
Pestivirus virions are about 50 nm in diameter, spherical and enveloped, and they comprise a single stranded positive-sense RNA which is around 12 kilobases (kb) long.
The full length DNA sequence of a representative of the new virus is presented in SEQ ID NO: 19.
The genetic organization of the novel virus closely follows that of the known pestiviruses (see
The structural protein Erns, also known as E0 or gp44/48 is an envelope protein with the unique property of having RNase activity (12). It is secreted from infected cells in a relatively large amount (13). However, an even larger amount remains membrane bound (14). One of the roles of Erns appears to be in interfering with the host immune system by inhibiting the interferon response using its RNase activity (15). Such a role in virulence is further supported by the fact that viral strains that are missing Erns become attenuated (16). E1 and E2, previously known as gp33 and gp55 (and previously confusingly also as E1), respectively, are the other two envelope glycoproteins. The structural protein E2 forms homodimers and heterodimers with E1 (17, 18). Especially heterodimers of E1 and E2 protein are important for pestiviruses to enter their host, whereas Erns does not seem to be required for virus entry (19, 20). Neutralizing antibodies primarily target Erns and E2, and to a lesser extend to E1 (17, 21).
The gene encoding the envelope protein Erns consisting of 216 amino acids is found at position 1258-1899 of SEQ ID NO: 19 and the gene encoding the envelope protein E2 consisting of 211 amino acids is found at position 2479-3111 of SEQ ID NO: 19. The gene encoding the envelope protein E1 consisting of 193 amino acids is found at position 1900-2478 of SEQ ID NO: 19.
An example of the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the envelope protein Erns is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. SEQ ID NO: 2 represents the amino acid sequence of the Erns protein.
An example of the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the envelope protein E2 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3. SEQ ID NO: 4 represents the amino acid sequence of the E2 protein.
An example of the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the envelope protein E1 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5. SEQ ID NO: 6 represents the amino acid sequence of the E1 protein.
The full sequences of the novel virus was used to make phylogenetic trees based on the Maximum Likelihood method, the Poisson correction model and bootstrap analysis (500 replicates).
These trees were made using the program MEGA, version 5, using standard settings. (MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Koichiro Tamura, Daniel Peterson, Nicholas Peterson, Glen Stecher, Masatoshi Nei and Sudhir Kumar. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(10): 2731-2739. 2011 doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121 Advance Access publication May 4, 2011).
The phylogenetic tree based upon the whole sequence of the novel pestivirus is presented in
It is clear from
In
It can be seen that the isolates M1, M1A, M1B and M1C (SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 21, 22), isolated on the same farm, but over three years, are the most closely related to each other. Isolates from other farms show a somewhat greater variation. M2, M4 and M9 (SEQ ID NO: 23, 25, 29) are more related to each other than to the M1 group. The same is true for both M3, M6 and M8 (SEQ ID NO: 24, 26, 28). M7 (SEQ ID NO: 27) is not included. This indicates that there are small genetic changes between isolates. This is to be expected for RNA viruses, and this observation is in line with what is seen for other pestiviruses.
SEQ ID NO: 1, 3 and 5 show typical examples of the nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding Erns, E2 and E1 of a virus according to the invention respectively.
SEQ ID NO: 2, 4 and 6 show typical examples of the amino acid sequence of an Erns, E2 and E1 protein of a virus according to the invention respectively.
It will be understood that for these proteins natural variations can exist between individual representatives of the Group A-II congenital tremors-associated virus. Genetic variations leading to minor changes in e.g. the Erns, E2 and E1 amino acid sequence do exist. First of all, there is the so-called “wobble in the second and third base” explaining that nucleotide changes may occur that remain unnoticed in the amino acid sequence they encode: e.g. triplets TTA, TTG, TCA, TCT, TCG and TCC all encode Leucine. In addition, minor variations between representatives of the novel porcine pestivirus according to the invention may be seen in amino acid sequence. These variations can be reflected by (an) amino acid difference(s) in the overall sequence or by deletions, substitutions, insertions, inversions or additions of (an) amino acid(s) in said sequence. Amino acid substitutions which do not essentially alter biological and immunological activities, have been described, e.g. by Neurath et al in “The Proteins” Academic Press New York (1979). Amino acid replacements between related amino acids or replacements which have occurred frequently in evolution are, inter alia, Ser/Ala, Ser/Gly, Asp/Gly, Asp/Asn, Ile/Val (see Dayhof, M. D., Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Nat. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington D.C., 1978, vol. 5, suppl. 3). Other amino acid substitutions include Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Thr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val and Ala/Glu. Based on this information, Lipman and Pearson developed a method for rapid and sensitive protein comparison (Science 227, 1435-1441, 1985) and determining the functional similarity between homologous proteins. Such amino acid substitutions of the exemplary embodiments of this invention, as well as variations having deletions and/or insertions are within the scope of the invention.
This explains why Erns, E2 and E1, when isolated from different representatives of a porcine pestivirus according to the invention, may have homology levels that are significantly below 100%, while still representing the Erns, E2 and E1 of the novel pestivirus according to the invention.
This is clearly reflected e.g. in the phylogenetic tree for the pestiviral gene Npro in Becher, P. et al.(49), where it is shown that highly related pestiviruses nevertheless have significantly different overall genomic nucleotide sequences as well as significantly different Npro gene nucleotide sequences.
Thus, a first embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated virus which is a member of the pestiviruses, wherein the virus is characterized in that
a) the virus is the causative agent of Group A-II congenital tremors in pigs and
b) the virus has a viral genome comprising a gene encoding an envelope protein Erns, a gene encoding an envelope protein E2 and a gene encoding an envelope protein E1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the Erns gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3 and/or the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5.
For the purpose of this invention, a level of identity is to be understood as the percentage of identity between e.g. the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the corresponding region encoding the Erns of a pestivirus of which the level of identity is to be determined.
A suitable program for the determination of a level of identity is the nucleotide blast program (blastn) of NCBI's Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, using the “Align two or more sequences” option and standard settings (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
For the purpose of this invention, isolated means: set free from tissue with which the virus is associated in nature. An example of an isolated virus is the virus as present in cell culture.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a virus that has an Erns gene that has a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the Erns as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1.
Another preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a virus that has an E2 gene that has a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3.
Again another preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a virus that has an E1 gene that has a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5.
A more preferred form of this embodiment relates to an isolated virus which is a member of the pestiviruses, said virus being characterized in that
a) the virus is the causative agent of Group A-II congenital tremors in pigs and
b) the virus has a viral genome comprising a gene encoding an envelope protein Erns, a gene encoding an envelope protein E2 and a gene encoding an envelope protein E1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the Erns gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5.
Another, alternative, way to characterize the virus according to the invention depends on a PCR-test using primer sets that are specific for the NS5B gene sequence or the 5′UTR sequence of a virus according to the invention.
An overview of the various primers and the size of the PCR products made using these primers are represented in table a and b.
Four different primer sets of which the sequence is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7-8, SEQ ID NO: 9-10, SEQ ID NO: 11-12 and SEQ ID NO: 13-14 were elected for their specificity for the NS5B region of the virus. The PCR-tests using the first primer set (SEQ ID NO: 7-8), the second primer set (SEQ ID NO: 9-10), and the combination of the forward and reverse primers that specifically reacts with the NS5B gene of the virus, use the following two primer pairs F1-R1, F2-R2, F1-R2 and F2-R1 respectively.
The primer sets SEQ ID NO: 11-12 (PAN-FW and PAN-REV) and SEQ ID NO: 13-14 (PANdeg-FW and PANdeg-REV) also specifically react with NS5B. The set with degenerate primers SEQ ID NO: 13-14 was designed to increase the chance of finding CTAPV variants with slightly altered RNA sequences.
The PCR-test using primer set (SEQ ID NO: 15-16) specifically reacts with the 5′ UTR of the virus and uses the two primers F3-R3.
The PCR-test using primer set (SEQ ID NO: 17-18) also specifically reacts with the 5′ UTR of the virus and uses the two primers F4-R4
The tests, which are described in more detail in the Examples section, are standard PCR tests on cDNA. (It goes without saying that, since the virus has an RNA genome, the viral RNA was first transcribed into cDNA in a reverse transcriptase reaction. The cDNA was used for the PCR reactions).
If a virus is characterised using the primer sets described above, the following can be said: if an analysis of the PCR-product of e.g. the F1-R1 primer set reveals a PCR product of approximately 156 base pairs or if analysis of the PCR-product of e.g. the primer F2-R2 set reveals a PCR product of approximately 335 base pairs, this unequivocally demonstrates that the analysed virus belongs to the virus according to the invention.
Merely as an example: a PCR product of approximately 156 base pairs is a PCR product with a length of between 156+10 and 156-10 base pairs. A PCR product of approximately 335 base pairs is a PCR product with a length of between 335+10 and 335-10 base pairs.
Thus another form of this embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated virus which is a member of the Pestiviruses, characterized in that:
a) the virus is the causative agent of Group A-II congenital tremors in pigs and
b) the cDNA reverse-transcribed from the viral RNA genome reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 to give a PCR product of 156+/−10 base pairs and/or reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10 to give a PCR product of 335+/−10 base pairs and/or reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 11 and 12 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and/or reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13 and 14 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and/or reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs and/or reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to a virus according to the invention wherein the cDNA reverse-transcribed from the viral RNA genome reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 to give a PCR product of 156+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10 to give a PCR product of 335+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 11 and 12 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13 and 14 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs.
A more preferred form of this embodiment relates to a virus according to the invention wherein the virus has a viral genome comprising a gene encoding an Erns, a gene encoding an E2 and a gene encoding E1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the Erns gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5 and wherein the cDNA of the viral genome reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 to give a PCR product of 156+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10 to give a PCR product of 335+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 11 and 12 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13 and 14 to give a PCR product of 896+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs and reacts in a PCR reaction with a primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18 to give a PCR product of 182+/−10 base pairs.
The virus according to the invention can be in a live, a live attenuated or an inactivated form.
As indicated above, the DNA sequences of the genes encoding the Erns, the E2 and the E1 protein of the virus have now been characterized. The identification of these genes is highly useful, since they can now be used i.a. as a basis for DNA-vaccines, for use in the preparation of subunit vaccines on the basis of these proteins or for diagnostic purposes, as will extensively be explained below.
Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to a gene encoding an Erns protein characterized in that the nucleotide sequence of that gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence of the Erns gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a gene having a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the Erns gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1.
Again another embodiment of the present invention relates to a gene encoding an E2 protein characterized in that the nucleotide sequence of that gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a gene having a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3.
And again another embodiment of the present invention relates to a gene encoding an E1 protein characterized in that the nucleotide sequence of that gene has a level of identity of at least 80% to the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to such a gene having a level of identity of at least 82%, more preferably 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%, in that order of preference, to the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to an Erns protein characterized in that this Erns protein is encoded by an Erns gene according to the invention.
Such Erns proteins of the virus according to the invention are highly suitable because they are i.a. suitable for use in vaccines, more specifically in subunit vaccines, they can be used to raise antibodies and they make diagnostic tests possible, as explained below.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to an Erns having the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2.
Again another embodiment of the present invention relates to an E2 protein, characterized in that that E2 protein is encoded by an E2 gene according to the invention.
Such E2's of the virus according to the invention are highly suitable because they are i.a. suitable for use in vaccines, more specifically in subunit vaccines, they can be used to raise antibodies and they make diagnostic tests possible, as explained below.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to an E2 protein having the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 4.
And again another embodiment of the present invention relates to an E1 protein, characterized in that that E1 protein is encoded by an E1 gene according to the invention.
Such E1 proteins of the virus according to the invention are highly suitable because they are i.a. suitable for use in vaccines, more specifically in pseudo-particles and vaccine comprising such pseudo-particles, as explained below.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to an E1 protein having the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6.
It is one of the merits of the present invention that it is now for the first time possible to follow the course of viral infection and to analyse the presence or absence of the novel virus in the various organs and body fluids of pigs suspected of being infected with the novel virus according to the invention.
It is described in the Examples section that many tissues and organs from pigs suffering from Group A-II congenital tremor could now be tested for the presence or absence and the amount of the novel virus.
It was found that serum, plasma, PBLs, heart, small and large intestine, brain, thoracic spinal cord, lumbar spinal cord, liver, inguinal lymph node, lung, gall bladder, bladder, kidney, tonsil and spleen isolated from pigs suffering from Group A-II congenital tremor contain the novel virus.
This helped to gain more insight in the development of the disease.
It is another merit of the present invention that it is now possible to infect healthy pigs with the novel virus and to examine the route of viral infection. It is described in the Examples how, with this aim, organ material from Group A-II congenital tremors-animals was isolated and purified. This material was subsequently injected in healthy post-weaning piglets to study replication of the virus in vivo following methods applied by Patterson (10-20% (w/v) homogenates injected via various routes of administration, oral, nasal, intramuscular, subcutaneous).
It is again another merit of the present invention that it is now possible to infect pregnant gilts with the novel virus with the aim of showing that the virus is capable of causing Group A-II congenital tremors in the piglets of these gilts. The results of these experiments are described in the Examples.
In addition this material has been used as challenge material in vaccination/challenge tests as described below.
It is also one of the merits of the present invention that, because the novel porcine pestivirus has now been isolated, the virus and/or protective subunits of the virus can be used as the starting material for vaccination purposes.
Merely as an example: the Examples section i.a. described the preparation of vaccines comprising baculo-expressed E2 protein, the administration of whole cell vaccines and purified E2-vaccines and a subsequent challenge with the virulent challenge material described above.
Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to vaccines for combating Group A-II CT in pigs, wherein such vaccines comprise an immunogenically effective amount of virus according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Combating in this respect should be interpreted in a broad sense: combating Group A-II CT in pigs is considered to comprise vaccination in order to prevent the signs of the disease as well as vaccination to diminish the signs of the disease as outlined above.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that are suitable for use in a vaccine according to the invention are sterile water, saline, aqueous buffers such as PBS and the like. In addition a vaccine according to the invention may comprise other additives such as adjuvants, stabilizers, anti-oxidants and others, as described below.
A vaccine according to the invention may i.a. comprise the virus according to the invention in attenuated live or inactivated form.
Attenuated live virus vaccines, i.e. vaccines comprising the virus according to the invention in a live attenuated form, have the advantage over inactivated vaccines that they best mimic the natural way of infection. In addition, their replicating abilities allow vaccination with low amounts of viruses; their number will automatically increase until it reaches the trigger level of the immune system. From that moment on, the immune system will be triggered and will finally eliminate the viruses.
A live attenuated virus is a virus that has a decreased level of virulence when compared to virus isolated from the field. A virus having a decreased level of virulence is considered a virus that induces protection against Group A-II CT or at least diminishes the symptoms of CT, compared to the symptoms of CT caused by a wild-type pestivirus according to the invention.
Therefore, one preferred form of this embodiment of the invention relates to a vaccine comprising a virus according to the invention wherein said virus is in a live attenuated form.
Attenuated viruses can be obtained in various ways known in the art. They can e.g. be obtained by growing a virus according to the invention in the presence of a mutagenic agent, followed by selection of virus that shows a decrease in progeny level and/or in replication speed. Many such mutagenic agents are known in the art.
Another often used method is serial in vitro passage on a susceptible cell line. Viruses then get adapted to the cell line used for the serial passage, so that they behave attenuated when transferred to the natural host again as a vaccine.
Still another way of obtaining attenuated viruses is subjecting viruses to growth under temperatures deviating from the temperature of their natural habitat. Selection methods for temperature sensitive mutants (Ts-mutants) are well-known in the art. Such methods comprise growing viruses, usually in the presence of a mutagen, followed by growth at both a sub-optimal temperature and at the optimal temperature, titration of progeny virus on cell layers and visual selection of those plaques that grow slower at the optimal temperature. Such small plaques comprise slow-growing and thus desired live attenuated viruses.
An alternative way to obtain a live attenuated pestivirus according to the invention relates to the deliberate modification of the genome of the pestivirus. This approach has the advantage over classical attenuation techniques as described above, that the nature of the attenuation is known. For pestiviruses, many live attenuated virus strains of e.g. the pestiviruses Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus and Classical Swine Fever virus have been described from which e.g. the E2 gene, the Erns gene or the Npro gene is either deleted or modified.
Examples of live attenuated pestiviruses, more specifically the porcine pestivirus Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFV), having an Npro-deletion are described i.a. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,455 and in Mayer, D. et al(19).
Examples of live attenuated pestiviruses, more specifically Classical Swine Fever virus, having both an Erns-modification and an Npro-deletion are described i.a. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,455.
Examples of live attenuated pestiviruses, more specifically Classical Swine Fever virus, having a modification in the E2-gene are i.a. described by Risatti, G. R. et al.(22) and by Risatti, G. R. et al.(23).
Pestiviral infections in general are a problem in many countries where pigs, ruminants or sheep are raised. At present, different approaches to deal with pestiviral infections in general are applied in the various countries where pestiviruses cause economic damage. Some countries use stamping-out methods to remove the virus, whereas other countries prefer a vaccination approach. The fact that these different approaches are used in parallel however causes problems. Merely as an example: e.g. porcine pestiviruses circulate in farmed pigs but also in wildlife animals such as wild boars, and these thus form a reservoir from which virus can spill into domestic animals. Animals that have been vaccinated with a classical vaccine cannot easily be discriminated from field-infected cattle, because in both cases antibodies against the virus will be present. Thus it is largely unknown if pestiviral antibody-positive animals are antibody-positive due to infection (in which case they may carry the virus) or due to vaccination. As a consequence, such animals will not be allowed to be transported to countries that have chosen a stamping-out approach for that pestivirus.
Since the novel pestivirus causing Group A-II CT has now been identified, the same may apply in the future for this novel pestivirus.
This problem can be solved through the use of so-called marker or DIVA vaccines (DIVA=Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals). Such vaccines lack one or more of the immunogenic viral proteins or at least one of the immunogenic epitopes, as a result of which marker-vaccinated animals will not produce antibodies against all immunogenic viral proteins/epitopes. The differences in antibody-palette between vaccinated and infected animals can be demonstrated by diagnostic tests designed for this purpose. Such tests thus allow to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals.
Since the genes encoding the Erns, the Npro, the E1 and the E2 protein of the novel pestivirus according to the invention are now known, the known marker vaccine techniques as described for e.g. the porcine pestivirus CSFV can now be applied on the new virus. Examples of live attenuated CSFV vaccines that also suitable as marker vaccines are e.g. described by Van Gennip, H. G. P. et al(7), Reimann, I. et al(8), Beer, M. et al(9), Wehrle, F. et al(10), by Dong, X. N. and Chen, Y. H.(11), and by de Smit, A. J. et al.(24). In most cases chimeric viruses are reported in which the E2 or Erns gene was exchanged for the respective gene of a heterologous virus strain or another pestivirus.
A possible disadvantage of the use of live attenuated viruses however might be that inherently there is a certain level of virulence left. This is not a real disadvantage as long as the level of virulence is acceptable, i.e. as long as the vaccine at least prevents the pigs from dying. Of course, the lower the rest virulence of the live attenuated vaccine is, the less influence the vaccination has on weight gain during/after vaccination.
An alternative for the use of live attenuated viruses is the use of non-transmissible viruses. In such viruses an essential gene is deleted, and complemented in trans in a cell line that is used to grow the virus. As a consequence, the progeny virus is a virus that, although capable of infecting a host cell, cannot replicate in that host cell. Such a non-transmissible virus closely mimics the natural infection and at the same time the virus cannot spread. A vaccine comprising such a non-transmissible virus is very safe and in addition it is very suitable as a marker vaccine. Such vaccines have been described for e.g. the porcine pestivirus CSFV i.a. by Widjojoatmodjo, M. N. et al.(25), and by Van Gennip, H. G. et al.(26).
Inactivated vaccines are, in contrast to their live attenuated counterparts, inherently safe, because there is no rest virulence left. In spite of the fact that they usually comprise a somewhat higher dose of viruses compared to live attenuated vaccines, they may e.g. be the preferred form of vaccine in pigs that are suffering already from other diseases. Pigs that are kept under sub-optimal conditions, such as incomplete nutrition or sub-optimal housing would also benefit from inactivated vaccines.
Therefore, another preferred form of this embodiment relates to a vaccine comprising a virus according to the invention wherein said virus is in an inactivated form.
Such inactivated whole virus vaccines can be made for the novel porcine pestivirus according to the invention. As is the case for known porcine pestivirus vaccines, the production basically comprises the steps of growing the novel porcine pestivirus on susceptible porcine cells, harvesting the virus, inactivating the virus and mixing the inactivated virus with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The standard way of inactivation is a classical treatment with formaldehyde. Other methods well-known in the art for inactivation are UV-radiation, gamma-radiation, treatment with binary ethylene-imine, thimerosal and the like. The skilled person knows how to apply these methods. Preferably the virus is inactivated with β-propiolactone, glutaraldehyde, ethylene-imine or formaldehyde. It goes without saying that other ways of inactivating the virus are also embodied in the present invention.
As indicated above, a virus according to the invention can be grown in cell culture on susceptible porcine cells or cell lines.
Thus, another embodiment of the invention relates to a cell culture comprising a pestivirus according to the present invention. An example of such a cell line is SK6.
Although whole inactivated porcine pestiviruses according to the invention and non-transmissible porcine pestivirus viruses according to then invention provide a good basis for inactivated vaccines, their production may be expensive, depending i.a. upon the type of host cells used, the substrate and the cell culture medium used.
In the specific case of pestiviruses, an attractive alternative for the use of whole inactivated viruses or non-transmissible porcine pestivirus viruses according to the invention is the use of porcine pestivirus subunits, especially of Erns and E2 protein.
The expression of such subunits, especially of Erns and E2 protein is known in the art and is extensively described for the porcine pestivirus CSFV both in baculovirus expression systems and in mammalian cells, by Hulst, M. M. et al.(27), Bouma, A. et al.(28), Van Rijn, P. A. et al.(29), Moorman, R. J. M. et al.(30), Donofrio, G. et al.,(31), Lutticken D. et al.(32), and Floegel-Niesmann et al.(33).
High yield expression of Erns and E2 in baculovirus expression systems is e.g. described in EP1049788.
Furthermore, baculovirus expression systems and baculovirus expression vectors in general have been described extensively in textbooks such as by O'Reilly at al.(34) and Murhammer(35).
Baculovirus-based expression systems are also commercially available, e.g. from Invitrogen Corporation, 1600 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, Calif. 92008, USA.
An alternative for Baculovirus-based expression systems are yeast-based expression systems. Yeast expression systems are e.g. described by Gellissen et al.(36).
Donofrio, G. et al.,(31) describe the expression of BVDV E2 in a mammalian cell line.
Ready-to-use expression systems are i.a. commercially available from Research Corp. Technologies, 5210 East Williams Circle, Suite 240, Tucson, Ariz. 85711-4410 USA. Yeast and insect cell expression systems are also e.g. commercially available from Clontech Laboratories, Inc. 4030 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4607, USA.
Expression of the Erns and E2 proteins in mammalian cell based expression systems as described by Donofrio, G. et al(31) although very suitable, would most likely be more expensive to use when compared to the baculovirus-based expression systems.
Thus another form of this embodiment relates to a vaccine for combating Group A-II CT in pigs, characterized in that said vaccine comprises an immunogenically effective amount of an Erns and/or E2 and/or E1 protein according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
More preferably, such subunits are in the form of so-called pestivirus pseudo-particles.
Such pseudo-particles are basically virus-like particles that comprise the Erns, E1 and E2 proteins.
However they differ from the wild-type virus in that they do not comprise the whole pestiviral genome and therefore they are not capable of replicating in the host. As a consequence, pestivirus pseudo-particles do not have to be inactivated before use in a vaccine, and therefore they have the additional advantage that they are intrinsically safe.
Pestivirus pseudo-particles can be obtained by expression of the Erns, E1 and E2 proteins in a suitable expression system. Examples of pestivirus pseudo-particles and how to produce such pseudo-particles are described i.a. in EP1454981 and EP1170367.
Thus again another embodiment relates to pseudo-particles characterized in that they comprise an Erns protein according to the invention, an E2 protein according to the invention and an E1 protein according to the invention.
The amount of pseudo-particles in a vaccine and the route of administration would be comparable with that of inactivated whole virus particles, since in terms of immunogenicity and similarity of the capsid they are comparable to inactivated whole virus particles.
Usually, an amount of between 1 and 100 μg of the novel porcine pestivirus pseudo-particles would be very suitable as a vaccine dose. From a point of view of costs, a preferred amount would be in the range of 1-50 μg of pseudo-particles, more preferred in the range of 1-25 μg.
A vaccine according to the invention, more specifically a vaccine on the basis of inactivated whole virus, subunits such as Erns and E2 protein or pseudo-particles, preferably comprises an adjuvant. Conventional adjuvants, well-known in the art are e.g. Freund's Complete and Incomplete adjuvant, vitamin E, non-ionic block polymers, muramyl dipeptides, Quill A®, mineral oil e.g. Bayol® or Markol®, vegetable oil, and Carbopol® (a homopolymer), or Diluvac® Forte. The vaccine may also comprise a so-called “vehicle”. A vehicle is a compound to which the polypeptide adheres, without being covalently bound to it. Often used vehicle compounds are e.g. aluminum hydroxide, -phosphate or -oxide, silica, Kaolin, and Bentonite.
In principle it may suffice to administer a vaccine according to the invention just once. However, especially in the case of inactivated vaccines, be it whole virus vaccines, sub-unit vaccines or pseudo-particle vaccines, preferably also a first and possibly a second booster vaccination is given. A first booster would usually be given at least two weeks after the first vaccination. A very suitable moment for a booster vaccination is between 3 and 16 weeks after the first vaccination. A second booster, if necessary, would usually be given between 4 and 50 weeks after the first booster.
An alternative to the inactivated whole virus, subunits such as Erns, E2 and E1 protein or pseudo-particles approach is the use of live recombinant vector viruses that have pigs as their host animal, as carriers of the novel porcine pestiviral Erns, E2 or E1 gene.
Amongst the suitable recombinant vector viruses that have pigs as their host animal, several vector viruses are especially suitable as carriers: Pseudorabies virus (PRV), Porcine Adeno virus (PAV), Swine Pox virus (SPV) and Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFV). In addition, vaccinia virus has been described as a suitable vector virus.
The use of such recombinant vector viruses in vaccines has the additional advantage that the vaccinated animals become at the same time vaccinated against both the vector virus and the novel pestivirus according to the invention.
The use of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a live recombinant vector virus for the porcine pestivirus CSFV E2 gene is described by van Zijl et al.(38) and by Peeters et al.(39) for a replication defective PRV recombinant vector virus.
A live recombinant porcine adenovirus (PAV) vector virus as a vector virus for the porcine pestivirus CSFV E2 gene is described by Hammond et al.(40,41).
A live recombinant Swine Pox virus (SPV) vector virus as a vector virus for the porcine pestivirus CSFV E2 gene is described by Hahn et al.(42)
In addition, vaccinia virus has been described as a suitable vector virus by Ruemenapf et al.,(37) who describes the expression of all four structural proteins, and i.a. the induction of protective immunity in pigs vaccinated with vaccinia virus recombinant vectors expressing E2.
Live attenuated CSFV virus is also very suitable as live recombinant vector virus. Merely as an example; live attenuated CSFV from which the Npro gene has been deleted, has been described by Mayer et al.(19)Such a live attenuated virus allows, i.a. at the site of the deletion of the Npro gene, for the insertion of the gene encoding the Erns or E2 gene. Thus, such a live recombinant CSFV virus equally forms a very suitable vector virus for the novel porcine pestiviral Erns or E2 gene.
Very suitable amounts of such live recombinant vector virus would be in the range of 105 TCID50 to 5×109 TCID50 of vector virus per vaccine dose, depending on the level of attenuation of the virus.
The expression of the novel porcine pestiviral Erns, E2 or E1 gene can be brought under the control of any suitable heterologous promoter that is functional in a mammalian cell (see below). A heterologous promoter is a promoter that is not the promoter responsible for the transcription of the novel porcine pestiviral Erns, E2 or E1 gene in the wild-type form of the novel porcine pestivirus according to the invention.
Therefore, another embodiment of the present invention relates to a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding the novel porcine pestiviral Erns, E2 or E1 gene according to the invention, characterized in that said gene is under the control of a functional heterologous promoter.
A promoter that is functional in a mammalian cell is a promoter that is capable of driving the transcription of a gene that is located downstream of the promoter in a mammalian cell.
Examples of suitable promoters that are functional in a mammalian cell include classic promoters such as the CAG promoter (Niwa, H. et al., Gene 108: 193-199 (1991), the (human) cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (Seed, B. et al., Nature 329, 840-842, 1987; Fynan, E. F. et al., PNAS 90, 11478-11482, 1993; Ulmer, J. B. et al., Science 259, 1745-1748, 1993), Rous sarcoma virus LTR (RSV, Gorman, C. M. et al., PNAS 79, 6777-6781, 1982; Fynan et al., supra; Ulmer et al., supra), the MPSV LTR (Stacey et al., J. Virology 50, 725-732, 1984), SV40 immediate early promoter (Sprague J. et al., J. Virology 45, 773, 1983), the SV-40 promoter (Berman, P. W. et al., Science, 222, 524-527, 1983), the metallothionein promoter (Brinster, R. L. et al., Nature 296, 39-42, 1982), the heat shock promoter (Voellmy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 4949-53, 1985), the major late promoter of Ad2 and the β-actin promoter (Tang et al., Nature 356, 152-154, 1992). The regulatory sequences may also include terminator and poly-adenylation sequences. Amongst the sequences that can be used are the well-known bovine growth hormone poly-adenylation sequence, the SV40 poly-adenylation sequence, the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) terminator and poly-adenylation sequences.
Thus the present invention also relates to a live recombinant vector virus comprising a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding an Erns and/or E2 and/or E1 protein according to the invention under the control of a functional promoter.
Another form of the embodiment of the present invention that relates to vaccines, relates to a vaccine for combating Group A-II CT in pigs, characterized in that said vaccine comprises a live recombinant vector virus comprising a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding an Erns and/or E2 and/or E1 protein according to the invention under the control of a functional promoter and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
It goes without saying that the live recombinant vector virus should be expressing an immunogenically effective amount of the Erns and/or E2 and/or E1 and/or E.
An alternative for vaccination with an inactivated whole virus vaccine, a pseudo-particle vaccine or a live recombinant vector virus, is the use of DNA vaccination.
Such DNA vaccination is based upon the introduction of a DNA fragment carrying the gene encoding the Erns, E2 or E1 protein under the control of a suitable promoter, into the host animal. Once the DNA is taken up by the host's cells, the gene encoding the Erns, E2 or E1 protein is transcribed and the transcript is translated into Erns, E2 or E1 protein in the host's cells. This closely mimics the natural infection process of the porcine pestivirus.
Suitable promoters are promoters that are functional in mammalian cells, as exemplified above.
A DNA fragment carrying the gene encoding the Erns, E2 or E1 protein under the control of a suitable promoter could e.g. be a plasmid. This plasmid may be in a circular or linear form.
An example of successful DNA vaccination of pigs is the successful vaccination against Classical Swine Fever virus as described by Tian, D. Y. et al.(45), by Sun, Y. et al.(46), and by Sun, Y. et al.(47).
Other examples of successful DNA vaccination of pigs are i.a. the successful vaccination against Aujeszky's disease as described in Gerdts et al.(43) They describe a DNA vaccine wherein a DNA fragment is used that carries glycoprotein C under the control of the major immediate early promoter of human cytomegalovirus. Vaccination was done four times with two weeks intervals with an amount of 50 μg of DNA. Vaccinated animals developed serum antibodies that recognized the respective antigen in an immunoblot and that exhibited neutralizing activity.
Another example of successful DNA vaccination of pigs is given by Gorres et al.(44) They described successful DNA vaccination of pigs against both pandemic and classical swine H1N1 influenza. They vaccinated with a prime vaccination and 2 homologous boosts at 3 and 6 weeks post priming, of a DNA vaccine comprising the HA gene of influenza H1N1 under the control of a functional promoter.
Since the E2 protein of the novel pestivirus according to the invention is the most immunogenic protein, this is the preferred protein for use in DNA vaccines. Still, it may be necessary to use the methods described above ((45),(46),(47)) or to rely on additional measures as described in(9) in order to enhance the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine.
Thus, again another form of this embodiment relates to a vaccine for combating Group A-II CT in pigs, characterized in that said vaccine comprises a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding an Erns, E2 or E1 protein according to the present invention under the control of a functional promoter, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
It goes without saying that the DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding an Erns, E2 or E1 protein should be expressing an immunogenically effective amount of Erns, E2 or E1 protein.
What constitutes an “immunogenically effective amount” for a vaccine according to the invention that is based upon a whole porcine pestivirus according to the invention, a pseudo-particle according to the invention, a live recombinant vector or a DNA vaccine according to the invention depends on the desired effect and on the target organism.
The term “immunogenically effective amount” as used herein relates to the amount of CTAPV, pseudo-particle, live recombinant vector or DNA vaccine that is necessary to induce an immune response in pigs to the extent that it decreases the pathological effects caused by infection with a wild-type Group A-II CT pestivirus, when compared to the pathological effects caused by infection with a wild-type Group A-II CT pestivirus in non-immunized pigs.
It is well within the capacity of the skilled person to determine whether a treatment is “immunogenically effective”, for instance by administering an experimental challenge infection to vaccinated animals and next determining a target animal's clinical signs of disease, serological parameters or by measuring re-isolation of the pathogen, followed by comparison of these findings with those observed in field-infected pigs.
The amount of virus administered will depend on the route of administration, the presence of an adjuvant and the moment of administration. This is exemplified below and, in addition, the literature quoted above and below relating to vaccines for other pestivirus vaccines provides further guidance.
A preferred amount of a live vaccine comprising virus according to the invention is expressed for instance as Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50). For instance for a live virus a dose range between 10 and 109 TCID50 per animal dose may advantageously be used, depending on the rest virulence of the virus.
Preferably a range between 102 and 106 TCID50 is used.
Many ways of administration can be applied, all known in the art. Vaccines according to the invention are preferably administered to the animal via injection (intramuscular or via the intraperitoneal route) or per os.
The protocol for the administration can be optimized in accordance with standard vaccination practice. In all cases, administration through an intradermal injector (IDAL) is a preferred way of administration.
If a vaccine comprises inactivated virus or pseudo-particles according to the invention, the dose would also be expressed as the number of virus particles to be administered. The dose would usually be somewhat higher when compared to the administration of live virus particles, because live virus particles replicate to a certain extent in the target animal, before they are removed by the immune system. For vaccines on the basis of inactivated virus, an amount of virus particles in the range of about 104 to 109 particles would usually be suitable, depending on the adjuvant used.
If a vaccine comprises subunits, e.g. an Erns, E2 or E1 protein according to the invention, the dose could also be expressed in micrograms of protein. For vaccines on the basis of subunits, a suitable dose would usually be in the range between 5 and 500 micrograms of protein, again depending on the adjuvant used.
If a vaccine comprises a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding an Erns, E2 or E1 protein, the dose would be expressed in micrograms of DNA. For vaccines on the basis of subunits, a suitable dose would usually be in the range between 5 and 500 micrograms of DNA, i.a. depending on the efficiency of the expression plasmid used. In many cases an amount of between 20 and 50 micrograms of plasmid per animal would be sufficient for an effective vaccination.
A vaccine according to the invention may take any form that is suitable for administration in the context of pig farming, and that matches the desired route of application and desired effect. Preparation of a vaccine according to the invention is carried out by means conventional to the person skilled in the art of making pestiviral vaccines.
Oral routes are preferred when it comes to ease of administration of the vaccine.
For oral administration the vaccine is preferably mixed with a suitable carrier for oral administration i.e. cellulose, food or a metabolisable substance such as alpha-cellulose or different oils of vegetable or animal origin.
In practice, swine are vaccinated against a number of different pathogenic viruses or micro-organisms. Therefore it is highly attractive, both for practical and economic reasons, to combine a vaccine according to the invention for pigs with e.g. an additional immunogen of a virus or micro-organism pathogenic to pigs, or genetic information encoding an immunogen of said virus or micro-organism.
Thus, a preferred form of this embodiment relates to a vaccine according to the invention, wherein that vaccine comprises at least one other pig-pathogenic microorganism or pig-pathogenic virus and/or at least one other immunogenic component and/or genetic material encoding said other immunogenic component, of said pig-pathogenic microorganism or pig-pathogenic virus. An immunogen or immunogenic component is a compound that induces an immune response in an animal. It can e.g. be a whole virus or bacterium, or a protein or a sugar moiety of that virus or bacterium.
The most common pathogenic viruses and micro-organisms that are pathogenic for swine are Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, African Swine Fever virus, Nipah virus, Porcine Circovirus, Porcine Torque Teno virus, Pseudorabies virus, Porcine influenza virus, Porcine parvovirus, Porcine respiratory and Reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV), Foot and Mouth disease virus, Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus, Rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Erysipelo rhusiopathiae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella cholerasuis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
Therefore, a more preferred form of the invention relates to a vaccine according to the invention, wherein the virus or micro-organism pathogenic to swine is selected from the group of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, African Swine Fever virus, Nipah virus, Porcine Circovirus, Porcine Torque Teno virus, Pseudorabies virus, Porcine influenza virus, Porcine parvovirus, Porcine respiratory and Reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV), Foot and Mouth disease virus, Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus, Rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Erysipelo rhusiopathiae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella cholerasuis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
Still another embodiment relates to a method for the preparation of a vaccine according to the invention wherein the method comprises the mixing of a virus according to the invention and/or an Erns protein according to the invention and/or an E2 protein according to the invention and/or an E1 protein according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a live recombinant vector virus according to the invention and/or a pseudo-particle according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Again another embodiment of the present invention relates to a virus according to the invention and/or an Erns protein according to the invention and/or an E2 protein according to the invention and/or an E1 protein according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a DNA fragment according to the invention and/or a live recombinant vector virus according to the invention and/or a pseudo-particle according to the invention, for use in a vaccine for combating Group A-II CT in pigs.
As mentioned above, A-II CT is frequently found, which means that it is important to know if the novel pestivirus according to the invention is present on a farm or in a certain pig-population well before the first clinical signs become manifest. Thus, for efficient protection against disease, a quick and correct detection of the presence of the novel pestivirus according to the invention is important.
Therefore it is another objective of this invention to provide diagnostic tools suitable for the detection of novel pestivirus according to the invention.
These tools partially rely on the availability of antibodies against the virus. Such antibodies can e.g. be used in diagnostic tests for novel pestivirus according to the invention.
Antibodies or antiserum comprising antibodies against the novel pestivirus according to the invention can quickly and easily be obtained through vaccination of e.g. pigs, poultry or e.g. rabbits with the virus according to the invention followed, after about four weeks, by bleeding, centrifugation of the coagulated blood and decanting of the sera. Such methods are well-known in the art.
Other methods for the preparation of antibodies raised against the novel pestivirus according to the invention, which may be polyclonal, monospecific or monoclonal (or derivatives thereof) are also well-known in the art. If polyclonal antibodies are desired, techniques for producing and processing polyclonal sera are well-known in the art for decades, see e.g. Mayer and Walter(35).
Monoclonal antibodies, reactive against the virus according to the invention can be prepared by immunizing inbred mice by techniques also long known in the art, see e.g. Kohler and Milstein(36).
Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to antibodies or antisera that are reactive with a virus according to the invention.
A diagnostic test kit based upon the detection of CTAPV may e.g. comprise a standard ELISA test. In one example of such a test the walls of the wells of an ELISA plate are coated with antibodies directed against the virus. After incubation with the material to be tested, labeled antibodies reactive with the virus are added to the wells. If the material to be tested would indeed comprise the novel pestivirus according to the invention, this virus would bind to the antibodies coated to the wells of the ELISA. Labeled antibodies reactive with the virus that would subsequently be added to the wells would in turn bind to the virus and a color reaction would then reveal the presence of antigenic material of the virus.
Therefore, still another embodiment of the present invention relates to diagnostic test kits for the detection of Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus, that comprise antibodies reactive with a virus according to the invention or with antigenic material thereof. Antigenic material of the virus is to be interpreted in a broad sense. It can be e.g. the virus in a disintegrated form, or viral envelope material comprising viral outer membrane proteins. As long as the material of the virus reacts with antiserum raised against the virus, the material is considered to be antigenic material.
A diagnostic test kit based upon the detection in serum of antibodies reactive with Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus may also e.g. comprise a standard ELISA test. In such a test the walls of the wells of an ELISA plate can e.g. be coated with the virus according to the invention or antigenic material thereof. After incubation with the material to be tested, e.g. serum of an animal suspected from being infected with the novel pestivirus according to the invention, labeled antibodies reactive with the virus according to the invention are added to the wells. If anti-novel pestivirus according to the invention antibodies would be present in the tested serum, these antibodies will bind to the viruses coated to the wells of the ELISA. As a consequence the later added labeled antibodies reactive with the virus would not bind and no color reaction would be found. A lack of color reaction would thus reveal the presence of antibodies reactive with the virus according to the invention.
Therefore, still another embodiment of the present invention relates to diagnostic test kits for the detection of antibodies reactive with Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus that comprise the virus according to the invention or antigenic material thereof.
The design of the immunoassay may vary. For example, the immunoassay may be based upon competition or direct reaction. Furthermore, protocols may use solid supports or may use cellular material. The detection of the antibody-antigen complex may involve the use of labeled antibodies; the labels may be, for example, enzymes, fluorescent-, chemoluminescent-, radio-active- or dye molecules.
Suitable methods for the detection of antibodies reactive with a virus according to the present invention in the sample include, in addition to the ELISA mentioned above, immunofluorescence test (IFT) and Western blot analysis.
An alternative but quick and easy diagnostic test for diagnosing the presence or absence of a Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus is a PCR test as referred to above, comprising a PCR primer set specifically reactive with the genome of novel pestivirus according to the invention. Specific in this context means unique for e.g. the genome of novel pestivirus according to the invention, i.e. not with the genome of other pestiviruses.
It goes without saying, that more primers can be used than the primers identified above. The present invention provides for the first time the unique sequence of the genome of the novel pestivirus according to the invention. This allows the skilled person to select without any additional efforts, other selective primers. By simple computer-analysis of the genome of novel pestivirus according to the invention gene sequence provided by the present invention with the, known, genome of other pestiviruses, the skilled person is able to develop other specific PCR-primers for diagnostic tests for the detection of a novel pestivirus according to the invention and/or for distinguishing between an novel pestivirus according to the invention and other viral (porcine) pathogens.
PCR-primers that specifically react with the genome of novel pestivirus according to the invention are understood to be those primers that react only with the genome of novel pestivirus according to the invention and not with the genome of another (porcine) pathogenic virus, or group of (porcine) pathogenic viruses.
Thus, another embodiment relates to a diagnostic test kit for the detection of Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus, characterised in that said test kit comprises a PCR primer set that is specifically reactive with the genome of the novel pestivirus according to the invention.
A preferred form of this embodiment relates to a diagnostic test kit for the detection of Group A-II congenital tremor associated porcine pestivirus, wherein said test comprises the primer set as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 15-16.
A special form of a diagnostic test is provided by the qRT-PCR test described in more detail in Example 10. This test is very suitable for the quantification of the amount of virus present in various samples such as serum samples, sperm samples and tissue samples. Such tests allow, in addition to the detection of viral RNA, for a quick and reliable quantification of the number of RNA copies present in such samples.
In Example 10, it is described how RNA was isolated and subjected to RT-reactions, whereafter oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify the 5′ UTR genome of the CTAPV genome. This part of the viral genome was chosen based on conserved nucleotide sequence between CTAPV variants 1-9 (based on alignment of the nucleotide sequences). The primer sequences used in Example 10 were as follows: CTAPV-PAN2-F3-B: CGTGCCCAAAGAGAAATCGG (SEQ ID NO: 35) and CTAPV-PAN2-R3-B (SEQ ID NO: 36): CCGGCACTCTATCAAGCAGT.
The skilled person would however realise that any part of the viral genome that shows a conserved nucleotide sequence between CTAPV variants can be used for the selection of suitable primers.
Example 10 shows how the qRT-PCR reaction according to the invention was successfully used for the detection of viral RNA in e.g. the sperm of boars.
In Example 11 it is shown, using this diagnostic technique, that CTAPV-free gilts can become infected with CTAPV through the sperm of CTAPV-infected boars.
The subject sequence in
Sequence ID NO: 21 is a partial genome sequence of CTAPV 1B (also called M1B in the application) in which includes the nucleotide sequences of Ems, E1 and E2. The Query amino acid sequence of
Sequence ID NO: 21 is a partial genome sequence of CTAPV_1B (also called M1B in the application) in which includes the nucleotide sequences of Ems, E1 and E2. The Query amino acid sequence of
Sequence ID NO:28 is a partial genome sequence of CTAPV_8 (also called M8 in the application) in which includes the nucleotide sequences of Ems, E1 and E2. The Subject amino acid sequence of
Discovery of New Virus, CTAPV 1, on a Pig Farm in the Netherlands.
On a pig farm located in the Netherlands, an outbreak of congenital tremor type A-II was diagnosed in early 2012. Piglets born from gilt, first parity animals, were primarily affected but also higher parity sows were occasionally affected. Diagnosis was based on clinical observations and subsequent exclusion of congenital tremor types A-I, A-III, A-IV and A-V as the possible cause for disease. Clinically, affected piglets showed tremor in different grades, due to excessive muscle contractions during activity. The symptoms diminished when sleeping. Piglet loss was a secondary effect caused by the inability of affected animals to feed themselves, especially during the first week after birth. Histologically, the brain and the spinal cord were characterized by hypomyelinization. As further described below, not all affected pigs survived. In those that survived, the tremor diminished and finally disappeared as pigs grew older.
Based on the outbreak information, an infectious origin of the disease was suspected. In the first 20 weeks of the year 2012, a total of 48 μlitters with symptoms of congenital tremor were born from gilts, out of 231 litters born from gilts in total. This equals 21% of all litters born from gilts. At the peak of infection, 8 weeks after the initial outbreak, 85% of the gilt litters showed piglets with congenital tremor type A-II. The percentage piglet loss (piglet death) till weaning was 26% in affected litters, compared to 11% in non-affected litters. In affected litters, 60% of piglet death was attributable to congenital tremor. The total number of piglets born per litter was not affected. Congenital tremor affected both sexes, and prevalence within the litter varied between <10%-100%.
Prior to the outbreak in 2012, congenital tremor was observed in a few litters in November 2009 and December 2010.
Problems with outbreaks of congenital tremor have continued on this farm since 2012, and affected piglets were obtained in 2013 and 2014 (see below). However, the incidence rate decreased.
Blood plasma samples were obtained in March 2012 (6 samples, all piglets with symptoms of CT type A-II) and April 2012 (5 samples, all piglets with symptoms of CT type A-II). The new virus CTAPV 1 was detected in 11/11 samples.
More blood plasma samples were obtained from the same farm in July 2012. A total of 16 serum samples from piglets born from 2 sows and 1 gilt were analyzed. None of these piglets showed congenital tremor. CTAPV was found in 1/16 samples.
A new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in January 2013. Four newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained for necropsy, all showed CT type A-II. This virus was named CTAPV 1A because it originated from the same farm, but significant time had elapsed between the original outbreak and the occurrence of new clinical problems. The new virus CTAPV 1A was detected in 4/4 piglets.
A new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in March 2013. Three newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained for necropsy, all showed CT type A-II. This virus was named CTAPV 1B. The new virus CTAPV 1 was detected in 3/3 samples.
A new outbreak of the disease was diagnosed in January 2014. Four newborn pre-colostral piglets were obtained (rectal swabs), all showed CT type A-II. This virus was named CTAPV 1C. The new virus CTAPV 1 was detected in 4/4 samples. Necropsy on an additional 3 piglets was performed in February 2014, again all 3 piglets showed CT type A-II, and CTAPV was detected in 3/3 samples.
Post mortem examination was performed on piglets from outbreaks in January 2013, March 2013 and February 2014. Brains and spinal cord showed signs of demyelinization (see Example 2).
Seven piglets (6 pre-partus, last week of gestation; 1 newborn) from a farm with no history of congenital tremor type A-II were used as negative control for PCR and for post mortem examination. All plasma samples were negative for CTAPV virus, and no histological abnormalities were observed in these piglets.
Collection of Serum and Feces Samples
Feces and serum samples were obtained at farms in the Netherlands that have problems with CT type A-II in newborn pigs. Blood was collected in a tube (type: Vacuolette 8 ml Sep Clot Activator ref: 455071) and serum was isolated by centrifuging 20 minutes at 3000×g at 4° C. Feces were collected using a dry cotton-swab and put in a sterile tube containing 2 ml Phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Then cotton swabs with feces were stirred strongly and discarded. Both serum and feces samples were stored at −70° C. until analysis.
Viral RNA Isolation with Optional DNAse Treatment
For viral RNA isolation, the QIAamp Viral RNA mini Kit (Qiagen) was used in combination with RNase free DNase kit (Qiagen).
In short, 1% solution of carrier-RNA/AVE in AVL buffer was prepared. 560 μl carrier-RNA/AVE in AVL was mixed with 140 μl sample and incubated 10 minutes at room temperature. Then 560 μl ethanol (>99%) was added and samples were transferred to a QIAamp mini spin column. Columns were centrifuged for 1 minute at 6000×g. Columns were washed by adding 250 μl AW1 and spinning the columns 30 seconds at 6000×g. DNase-mix was prepared by mixing 10 μL DNase with 70 μl RDD buffer per sample. 80 μl DNase-mix was incubated on the membrane during 15 minutes at room temperature. Washing was continued by putting 250 μl AW1 on the column and spinning it 30 seconds at 6000×g, followed by adding 500 μl AW2 to the columns and centrifuging 3 minutes at 13000×g. Collection tubes were replaced and columns were centrifuged for another minute. Spin columns were transferred into a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube, where 65 μl AVE buffer was added on membranes and centrifuged 1 minute at 6000×g. The RNA samples were preceded to the Reverse Transcriptase-reaction immediately.
Reverse Transcriptase-Reaction
RNA was transcribed into cDNA using SuperScript® III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen). The manufacturer's protocol was followed with some minor modifications. In summary, 1 μl random hexamers and 1 μl 10 mM dNTPs were mixed with 8 μl RNA. This was first incubated 5 minutes at 65° C., then chilled on ice. Then 10 μl cDNA synthesis mix, consisting of 2 μl 10×RT buffer, 4 μl MgCL2, 2 μl DTT, 1 μl RNaseOUT and 1 μl Superscript®III RT, was added to the samples. The samples were first incubated 10 minutes at 25° C., then 50 minutes at 50° C., followed by 5 minutes at 85° C. and finally chilled on ice. 1 μl RNase H was added to the samples and this was incubated 20 minutes at 37° C. The obtained cDNA samples were stored at −20° C. until use.
PCR
A. Primer combination CTAPV-PAN2-F1R1, -F2R1, -F1R2, -F2R2, Table 1,2
Each PCR reaction contained 27 μl WFI, 1 μl Super Taq Plus 5 μl 10× Super Taq PCR buffer, 5 μl dNTPs, 5 μl forward primer and 5 μl reverse primer. Overview of used primers is depicted in Table 1. The PCR program used to detect CTAPV consisted of a 4 minute initialization-phase, at 95° C. This was followed by 35 cycles of sequentially denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at the appropriate annealing temperature for the primer pair (see Table 1) and extension for 30 seconds at 72° C. A final extension at 72° C. was maintained for 10 minutes. All PCR products were analyzed with 1.5% agarose-gel electrophoresis. See
B. Primer combination CTAPV-PAN-FW-RV, PANdeg-FW-PANdeg-REV, Table 1,2
Each PCR reaction contained 27 μl WFI, 1 μl Super Taq Plus 5 μl 10× Super Taq PCR buffer, 5 μl dNTPs, 5 μl forward primer and 5 μl reverse primer. Overview of used primers is depicted in Table 2. The PCR program used to detect CTAPV consisted of a 4 minute initialization-phase, at 95° C. This was followed by 40 cycles of sequentially denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at the appropriate annealing temperature for the primer pair (see Table 2) and extension for 60 seconds at 72° C. A final extension at 72° C. was maintained for 10 minutes. All PCR products were analyzed with 1.5% agarose-gel electrophoresis.
C. Primer combination CTAPV-PAN2-F3R3, -F4R4, Table 1,2
Each PCR reaction contained 27 μl WFI, 1 μl Super Taq Plus 5 μl 10× Super Taq PCR buffer, 5 μl dNTPs, 5 μl forward primer and 5 μl reverse primer. Overview of used primers is depicted in Table 1. The PCR program used to detect CTAPV consisted of a 4 minute initialization-phase, at 95° C. This was followed by 35 cycles of sequentially denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at the appropriate annealing temperature for the primer pair (see Table 1) and extension for 30 seconds at 72° C. A final extension at 72° C. was maintained for 10 minutes. All PCR products were analyzed with 1.5% agarose-gel electrophoresis.
D. SYBR Green Quantitative PCR
Standard Line for Quantification of qPCR Results
To obtain a standard for qPCR, a 155 bp PCR product of the CTAPV sequence containing the qPCR target sequence was cloned into a TOPO4 plasmid vector (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 155 bp CTAPV PCR product for cloning was obtained by performing a PCR with CTAPV-PAN2-F1 and CTAPV-PAN2-R1 primers, see Table 3. Subsequently, the PCR-product was electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose-gel. The 155 bp band was cut out and DNA was extracted from the agarose-gel prior to cloning in the TOPO4 vector.
The TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen) was used to ligate the PCR product into a pCR 4-TOPO4 vector and to transform this into One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. Coli. In summary, 4 μl of DNA was mixed with 1 μl salt solution and 1 μl of TOPO vector. This ligation was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature and then placed on ice. 2 μl ligation mix was added to One Shot® TOP10 Chemically Competent E. Coli. After 30 minutes incubation on ice, the mixture was heat shocked in a 42° C. water bath during 30 seconds and placed back on ice. Now 250 μl warm SOC medium was added and the mixture was incubated 1 hour at 37° C. in a shaking incubator, after which 100 μl mixture was spread out over an agar-LB+100 μg/ml ampicillin plate. The plate was incubated overnight in a 37° C. incubator.
Correctly cloned colonies were identified using colony-PCR using M13 Primers (see Table 3 below; (SEQ ID NO: 30 and 31)) in standard PCR assays, followed by gel electrophoresis. The correct colonies were grown in LBACF medium (MSD AH Media Production lot. No. 318781; Luria-Bertani medium, animal component free) with ampicillin, from which plasmid DNA was isolated using a QIAGEN® Plasmid Midi kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's protocol. To check for mutations, the plasmid DNA was sequenced using M13 primers.
Standard dilutions of the target sequence were calculated by measuring plasmid DNA concentrations of the vector. The formula for calculating plasmid copies/μl is depicted below (Formula 1). The DNA concentration (ng/μl) was measured using spectrophotometry. A, G, T and C are counts of the homonymous nucleotides in the plasmid. 6.02*1023 is the number of Avogadro. The multiplication by 2 converts ssDNA concentration into dsDNA concentration, and the multiplication by 109 converts gram into nanogram. For qPCR reactions, eight dilutions were made containing 108-101 copies/2 μl.
qPCR
A SYBR green based qPCR was developed. Each reaction contained 10 μl KAPA SYBR Fast qPCR master mix, 0.4 μl 10M forward primer, 0.4 μl 10M reverse primer, 7.2 μl WFI and 2 μl template. Primers CTAPV-PAN-F1 and CTAPV-PAN-R1 were used (See Table 4). The following program was used: 3 minutes at 95° C., followed by 39 cycles of sequentially 10 seconds at 95° C., 10 seconds at 60° C. and plate read in a Biorad CFX system. Results were analyzed using Biorad CFX software. Results were compared with a standard line as described above; a 10-fold dilution series of the 155 bp CTAPV product, cloned into a TOPO4 plasmid. A melting curve analysis between 65° C.→95° C.; per 0.5° C. 0.05 seconds was included in the qPCR program.
Specificity of the qPCR reaction was validated by gel electrophoresis of the amplified PCR product. The calibration curve slope and y-intercept were calculated by the CFX software. The r2 was >0.99. The PCR efficiency calculated from the slope was between 95-105%.
Nucleotide Sequencing
Sanger sequencing was performed according to methods described in literature. Sequences were analyzed using Sequencer 5.0 and Clone Manager 9.
Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic analysis was performed to categorize CTAPV 1 as a pestivirus.
The amino acid sequences of the entire gene of the novel virus were used to make phylogenetic trees based on the Neighbor-Joining Maximum Likelyhood method, the Poisson correction model and bootstrap analysis (500 replicates).
These trees were made using the program MEGA, version 5, using standard settings. (MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Koichiro Tamura, Daniel Peterson, Nicholas Peterson, Glen Stecher, Masatoshi Nei and Sudhir Kumar. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(10): 2731-2739. 2011 doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121 Advance Access publication May 4, 2011).
Virus CTAPV can be Found in Organs and PBLs; Histology Indicative for Demyelination in Brain and Spinal Cord
PCR analysis of the following organs of the necropsied pre-colostral new-born piglets (CTAPV 1A/1B, 2013) with congenital tremor type A-II indicated presence of CTAPV virus.
CTAPV could be detected in blood, serum, plasma, and PBLs (peripheral blood leukocytes), heart, small intestine, large intestine, brain, thoracic spinal cord, lumbar spinal cord, liver, inguinal lymph node, lung, gall bladder, bladder, kidney, tonsil and spleen. Highest quantities were detected in serum and tonsils.
The same organs were samples from pre-partus (last week of gestation) control piglets from a farm with no history of CT type A-II. All organs were negative in the PCR.
Brains and spinal cords of control and CTAPV-infected piglets were necropsied, formalin fixed and hematoxyline-eosine stained. Histological examination revealed indications for demyelination exclusively in CTAPV-infected piglets (
CTAPV Variants from Farms at Different Geographical Locations.
CTAPV variants 2-9 were obtained from pig farms in the Netherlands from outbreaks in 2013 and onwards.
Table 5 shows the number of piglets tested on each farm, and the number of CTAPV PCR positive piglets (serum/rectal swabs).
The disease association is 100% for piglets showing CT type A-II. CTAPV virus was detected in all piglets with congenital tremor type II, and not in control samples taken on a farm with no history of CT type A-II.
CTAPV 1 was found in one piglet that did not show congenital tremor. This piglet originated from Farm 1, a farm with history of CT type A-II.
CTAPV 4 was found in piglets that did not show congenital tremor. CTAPV 4 was found at the same farm where CTAPV 3 was found (Farm 3). Thus, CTAPV 4 was present on a farm with history of CT type A-II.
A total of 12 variants from 8 geographical different locations were found.
Table 6 shows reactivity of primer pairs.
All variants can be detected using PCR primer pair F3R3
All variants can be detected using one of the PCR primer combinations F1R1, F1R2, F2R1, F2R2, however, Variant CTAPV 9 was not tested.
Genome Sequencing
The complete genome sequence of CTAPV 1 was obtained by Sanger sequencing.
Of other variants, CTAPV 1A, 1B, 1C, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9, the first 5000 bp including the coding sequences for Erns, E1 and E2 were obtained.
Only a limited nucleotide sequence of 1073 nt is available for M7
Based on genome sequencing, it was concluded that CTAPV 5=CTAPV 8
Phylogenetic Analysis of CTAPV and CTAPV Variants
The phylogenetic tree of the CTAPV 1 and other known pestiviruses is presented in
The phylogenetic tree of 10 of the CTAPV variants described in this patent application is presented in
CTAPV 7 was not included because only 1073 nt are available for M7.
CTAPV 5 is not included, because CTAPV 5=CTAPV 8
Analysis of the Predicted E2 Protein/Nucleotide Sequence Shows that CTAPV 1B E2 Protein=CTAPV 1 E2 Protein. CTAPV 8 Protein Shows 14 Amino Acid Substitutions Compared to CTAPV 1.
Necropsied organs that could serve as starting material for infection experiments were available for CTAPV 1B, but not for CTAPV 1. We analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the Erns-E1-E2 genes/proteins of CTAPV 1 and 1B. The amino acid sequence is 100% identical (
Necropsied organs that could serve as starting material for infection experiments were also available for CTAPV 8. We analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the Erns-E1-2 genes/proteins of CTAPV 1B and 8 (amino acid comparison in
Preparation of Challenge Material
Challenge material was obtained from necropsied organs (field material) of piglets affected by CTAPV 1B (2013) and CTAPV 8 (2014). Necropsied organs were stored at −70° C. until use.
CTAPV 1B
Brains of 3 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization.
Spinal cord of 3 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Spleens of 3 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Tonsils of 3 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
CTAPV 8
Brains of 4 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Spinal cord of 4 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Spleens of 4 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Tonsils of 4 piglets of the affected litter were pooled prior to homogenization
Pooled tissues were weighted after thawing. Subsequently, 9 times tissue-weight PBS (CTAPV 1B) or M6B8 medium with 1 μM HEPES (Sigma H3375-250G, CTAPV 8) was added to the tissue material. The tissue was homogenized using a blender, followed by shaking with small glass beads for 5 minutes. During homogenizing organ-pulp was kept on ice. The organ-pulp was centrifuged 1 hour at 3200×g. Supernatant was first passed over a 0.45 μm filter, and subsequently over a 0.22 μm filter. The filtered homogenate was stored at −70° C. until use.
Infection Experiment in Weaner Aged Piglets to Obtain Infectious Material:
Challenge experiments with CTAPV 1B and CTAPV 8 organ homogenates originating from field isolates were conducted in 4 to 8 week old weaning-aged SPF/high health piglets of a commercial finisher pig breed.
At the time of placing in the test facility, CPDA (citrate phosphate dextrose adenine) blood samples, rectal swabs, oropharynx swabs and nasal swabs were obtained from the animals. Animals were housed in two separate experiment rooms: group A 8 animals and group B 8 animals. There was no physical contact or indirect contact via animal caretakers between the rooms.
In group A, six pigs were inoculated with CTAPV 1B homogenates via the intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intranasal (N) and oral (OR) routes.
Two pigs received inoculum from mixed spleen+spinal cord+brain homogenate
Two pigs received inoculum from mixed spleen+tonsil+brain homogenate
Two pigs received inoculum from mixed brain+spinal cord homogenate
Two pigs served as contact sentinels
IM, SC and N volumes were 1.0 ml per dose, left and right. OR volume was 4 ml. Nasal dose was sprayed. Challenge doses are given in Table 7.
After inoculation, all pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, but the animals remained asymptomatic during the course of the experiment.
CPDA-blood, nose swabs, oropharynx swabs and rectal swabs were taken on day 0, day 3, day 7, day 10 and day 14 after inoculation to monitor infection and excretion of CTAPV 1B via qPCR analysis. Plasma was obtained from CPDA blood using the Leucosep® kit (Greiner Mat. no. 163 288). The results of qPCR analysis on plasma samples are presented in Table 7.
All inoculated animals showed a positive CTAPV qPCR result in blood plasma at day 10. Based on excretion of virus, animals were sacrificed at different time points to obtain fresh infectious material for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies.
At the time of necropsy, brain, spinal cord, spleen, tonsils, and blood were taken from the animals.
In group B, six pigs were inoculated with CTAPV 8 homogenates via the intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), Intranasal (N) and oral (OR) routes.
Two pigs received inoculum from spleen+tonsil+brain+spinal cord homogenate
Two pigs received inoculum from spleen+tonsil homogenate
Two pigs received inoculum from brain+spinal cord homogenate
Two pigs served as contact sentinels.
IM, SC and N volumes were 2.0 ml per dose, left and right. OR volume was 3 or 4 ml. Nasal dose was sprayed. Challenge doses are given in Table 8.
After inoculation, all pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, but the animals remained asymptomatic during the course of the experiment.
CPDA-blood, nose swabs, oropharynx swabs and rectal swabs were taken on day 0, day 3, day 7 and day 14 after inoculation to monitor infection and excretion of CTAPV-8 via qPCR analysis. Plasma was obtained from CPDA blood using the Leucosep® kit (Greiner Mat. no. 163 288). The results of qPCR analysis on plasma samples are presented in Table 8.
All inoculated animals showed a positive CTAPV qPCR result in blood plasma at day 3 and/or day 7. Based on excretion of virus, animals were sacrificed at different time points to obtain fresh infectious material for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies.
At the time of necropsy, brain, spinal cord, spleen, tonsils, and blood were taken from the animals.
The organ materials were used as challenge material in the vaccination-challenge study as described in Example 8/9
Preparation of Challenge Material for Vaccination-Challenge Experiment
Challenge material was obtained from Example 6.
CTAPV 1B
Brains, spinal cord, spleen and tonsils of 1 necropsied animal of example 6, group A
CTAPV 8
Brains, spinal cord, spleen and tonsils of 1 necropsied animal of example 6, group B Pooled tissues were weighted after thawing. Subsequently, 9 times tissue-weight M6B8 medium with 10 μM HEPES (Sigma H3375-250G) was added to the tissue material. The tissue was homogenized using a blender, followed by shaking with small glass beads for 5 minutes. During homogenizing organ-pulp was kept on ice. The organ-pulp was centrifuged 1 hour at 3200×g. Supernatant was first passed over a 0.45 μm filter, and subsequently trough a 0.22 μm filter with exception of the material for oral administration. The filtered homogenate was stored at −70° C. until use.
Vaccination-Challenge Experiment
Vaccine Design: Expression of E2 Protein:
The amino acids sequence of CTAPV 1 virus was analyzed. The start and stop of the E2 gene were determined using an alignment of the CTAPV virus genome with Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF) E2 protein (Genbank: AAS 20412.1) and Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein (Genbank: AGN03787.1), and predicted cleavage sites of the E2 protein were determined using SignalP4.1 software (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)
The predicted amino acid sequence of CTAPV 1 E2 (SEQ ID NO: 32):
Subsequently, the CTAPV E2 nucleotide sequence for expression of CTAPV E2 protein in the Baculovirus expression system in insect cells was optimized using the Genscript OptimumGene™ algorithm (www.genscript.com) (SEQ ID NO: 33).
The restriction sites BamHI and EcoRI are underlined. The start codon is indicated in Italic and the stop codon is indicated in bold.
Transformation and Expression:
The E2 gene of CTAPV was synthesized at Genscript and directly cloned in a plasmid vector (pFastbac1) using the BamHI and EcoRI restriction sites. The plasmid was transformed to E. coli using standard transformation techniques, and subsequently plasmid DNA was purified and used for transfection of SF9 insect cells. The transfection was carried out as follows:
2 ml cell suspension of 5*105 cells/ml was added to each well of a 6 well plate. The cells were allowed to attach to the plate for 1 hour at 27° C. The following transfection solution (200 μl medium without antibiotics, 5 μl miniprep DNA and 6 μl cellfectin (Invitrogen)) was prepared and incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes. After 45 minutes 0.8 ml medium was added to the transfection solution and this was added to the attached cells. The transfected cells were incubated for 4 hours at 27° C. After 5 hours another 1 ml of medium (supplemented with gentamycin and natamycin) was added to the cells. Cells were grown for 3 days at 27° C. The supernatant was stored at −70° C. as P1 virus stock.
The expression of the CTAPV E2 protein in the SF9 cultures was checked by SDS-page gel electrophoresis. The obtained samples from the SF9 cultures were diluted 1:1 with Bio-Rad Laemmli sample buffer with 5% P3-mercaptoethanol, and subsequently samples were heated to 99° C. for 10 minutes. All samples and a Precision Plus Protein™ All Blue (Bio-Rad) marker were loaded into a Bio-Rad CriterionMTGX™ precast gel (any kD™) and electrophoresed at 200 V for 42 minutes. The electrophoresis buffer used was 1× Tris/Glycine/SDS. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained for 1 hour in InstantBlue™ (Expedeon) protein staining buffer.
Purification:
After expression in SF9 cells, the E2 protein was purified in two different ways. The first purification method was by making a whole cell lysate. A SF9 culture expressing E2 of CTAPV was pelleted, resuspended in PBS and sonicated using a Branson sonifier (2 times 30 pulses, output 5, duty cycle 55%). After sonication the lysate was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 8,000 rpm. The pellet containing the overexpressed E2 was resuspended in PBS. Another way of purifying the E2 protein was by a purification method using IMAC and anionic detergents. This method is described in BMC Biotechnology 2012, 12:95. (BMC Biotechnology 2012, 12:95; Use of anionic denaturing detergents to purify insoluble proteins after overexpression; Benjamin Schlager, Anna Straessle and Ernst Hafen). A lysis buffer containing an anionic denaturing detergent (SDS) was used to lyse the overexpressed E2 culture. The excess of detergent was removed by cooling and purification, prior to affinity purification.
E2 proteins expressed in SF9 cells and purified as describe above were run on SDS-page gel together with Bovine Serum Albumin standards with known protein concentration. Protein concentration was estimated by comparison of band intensities using Genetools software (Syngene version 3.08.07).
Formulation
The final vaccine was formulated in a water-in-oil emulsion based on mineral oil. The water: oil ratio based on weight was 45:55. Droplet size of the emulsion was mainly smaller than 1 m and viscosity was about 80-150 mPa·sec.
Vaccine 1: water phase consisted of purified E2 protein (estimated E2 concentration 60 μg/ml)
Vaccine 2: water phase consisted of whole cell lysate (estimated E2 concentration 62 μg/ml)
Vaccination-Booster
For this experiment, 48 weaner-aged piglets at 5 weeks of age were available. 3×8 animals per group were housed in stable 1, and 3×8 animals per group were housed in stable 2. No contact between animals was possible between stables.
Per group of 8 animals, 6 piglets receive a primo vaccination with vaccine 1, the other 2 piglets were not vaccinated at the beginning of the study.
At t=21 days, 5 out of 6 primo-vaccinated animals in each of the groups received a booster vaccination with vaccine 2.
Blood samples were collected prior to primo vaccination, at day 21 after infection prior to booster vaccination, and at day 39, prior to challenge
Of each group, 4 animals that received primo and booster vaccination, plus 2 non-vaccinated animals were moved to the challenge facilities prior to challenge.
Of each group, 1 animal that received only primo vaccination, and 1 animal that received both primo and booster vaccination were monitored for an additional two weeks.
Challenge
The 36 animals for this experiment were housed in stable 3, 3×6 animals per group, group 1-3, and in stable 4, 3×6 animals per group, group 4-6, were housed. The animals in stable 3 originated form stable 1, the animals in stable 4 originated from stable 2.
No contact between animals was possible between stables. No physical contact was possible between animals of different groups within a stable, but air-contact was possible.
Animals were challenged with live virus material on day 39 after primo vaccination.
In stable 3, 3×6 piglets (group 1-3) were challenged with CTAPV 1 challenge material (see above).
Group 1: 10.0 ml oral and 2×2.0 ml nasal
Group 2: 2×1.0 ml IM
Group 3: 2×1.0 ml IM
In stable 4 3×6 piglets (group 4-6) were challenged with CTAPV 8 challenge material (see above).
Group 1: 10.0 ml oral and 2×2.0 ml nasal
Group 2: 2×1.0 ml IM
Group 3: 2×1.0 ml IM
Serum blood samples and nasal, rectal and oropharynx swabs were collected prior to challenge, and at 3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 20, 23 and 27 days post challenge to monitor infection and excretion of CTAPV viruses via qPCR analysis. Three animals (two vaccinated, one non-vaccinated) per group were necropsied at day 13 post challenge, the other 3 animals (two vaccinated, one non-vaccinated) were necropsied at day 27 post challenge. Inguinal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and tonsils were sampled at the time of necropsy.
Antibodies to CTAPV E2 Protein
Expression of E2 Protein in E. Coli:
The amino acids sequence of CTAPV 1 virus was analyzed. The start and stop of the E2 gene were determined using an alignment of the CTAPV virus genome with Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF) E2 protein (Genbank: AAS 20412.1) and Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein (Genbank: AGN03787.1), and predicted cleavage sites of the E2 protein were determined using SignalP4.1 software (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)
The predicted amino acid sequence of CTAPV 1 E2 (SEQ ID NO: 32):
Protein Sequence for Expression in E. Coli (Includes a HIS-Tag)
Subsequently, the CTAPV E2 nucleotide sequence for expression of CTAPV E2 protein in E. Coli was optimized using the Genscript OptimumGene™ algorithm (www.genscript.com) (SEQ ID NO: 34).
CATATGTCGTGTCACAAACGCCAAGATTATTATTCTATTCAACTGGTCGT
Restriction sites added (in bold) are NdeI and XhoI.
Transformation and Expression:
The E2 gene of CTAPV was synthesized at Genscript and directly cloned in a plasmid vector (pET22b) using the NdeI and XhoI restriction sites. The plasmid was transformed to E. coli BL21star+pLysS using standard transformation techniques, and expression was induced.
Expression was achieved by growing the expression strains in autoinducing media for 18 hours at 37° C.
Expression was verified by running SDS-page gel electrophoresis.
E2 was found to be in the insoluble fraction. The E2 protein was purified by applying a purification method using IMAC and anionic detergents. This method is described in BMC Biotechnology 2012, 12:95. (BMC Biotechnology 2012, 12:95; Use of anionic denaturing detergents to purify insoluble proteins after overexpression; Benjamin Schlager, Anna Straessle and Ernst Hafen). A lysis buffer containing an anionic denaturing detergent (SDS) was used to lyse the overexpressed E2 culture. The excess of detergent was removed by cooling and purification, prior to affinity purification.
The purified protein was checked on SDS-page as described in Example 8. The purified protein was formulated in GNE and used for injection of rabbits to generate antibodies. The estimated concentration of the protein in the water phase was 0.5 mg/ml.
SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR
Animal Samples
Swine serum and spleen samples were collected from experimentally infected and control pigs. Blood was collected (Vacuolette 8 ml Sep Clot Activator ref: 455071; Greiner Bio-one) and serum was obtained by centrifugation 20 minutes at 3,000×g at 4° C. Sperm samples were obtained from a commercial breeding company and tested without pretreatment.
10% Tissue homogenates were prepared in PBS on ice. Homogenization was performed in Gentle Macs M tubes with the Gentle Macs Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec). This homogenized material was then centrifuged twice, first at 3,200×g for 30 minutes and subsequently at 10,000×g for 10 minutes. Subsequently a DNase treatment was done: 24 μl 10× Turbo DNase buffer and 20 μl Turbo DNase (AMbion) was added to 250 μl supernatant and this mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes.
RNA Extraction
RNA was extracted from these samples with the Magnapure 96 instrument (Roche) with external lysis. This system purifies DNA, RNA, and viral nucleic acids using magnetic glass particle technology. 200 μl sample was mixed with 250 μl magnapure total nucleic acid isolation kit lysis/binding buffer and the extraction was performed in the Magnapure instrument using the external lysis protocol. RNA samples were stored at −70° C. until further use.
SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR
Specific Primer Design
Oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify the 5′ UTR genome of the CTAPV genome. This part of the viral genome was chosen based on conserved nucleotide sequence between CTAPV variants 1-9 (based on alignment of the nucleotide sequences). The primer sequences were as follows: CTAPV-PAN2-F3-B: CGTGCCCAAAGAGAAATCGG (SEQ ID NO: 35) and CTAPV-PAN2-R3-B (SEQ ID NO: 36): CCGGCACTCTATCAAGCAGT.
qRT-PCR Protocol
A SYBR green based one step qRT-PCR was developed using the Superscript III Platinum SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR kit (ThermoFisher). Each reaction contained 25 μl 2×SYBR Green Reaction Mix, 1 μl Superscript III RT/Platinum Taq Mix, 1 μl 10 μM CTAPV-PAN2-F3-B primer, 1 μl 10 μM CTAPV-PAN2-R3-B primer, 17 μl RNAse free water and 5 μl RNA template. All reaction were performed on a BioRad CFX96 with the following cycling parameters; a RT reaction at 55° C. for 3 min, Pre-denaturation at 95° C. for 5 min and then 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 sec, 60° C. for 30 sec followed by a melting curve program from 60° C. until 95° C. with 0.5° C./5 sec.
Standard Line Creation
For quantification of the detected RNA in the SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR a standard line was constructed containing the q-PCR target sequence of which standard dilutions can be calculated. A 177 base pairs long sequence from the 5′UTR part (162-338) of the CTAPV genome was synthesized (Genscript) and ligated in a pUC57 vector that was subsequently transfected in E. coli. Plasmid DNA was isolated by midiprep.
The formula for calculating plasmids copies/μl is:
Plasmid copies/μl=DNA concentration(ng/μl)/((A×328.4+G×344.24+T×303.22+C×304.16)/(6.02×1023))×2×109).
The DNA concentration of the plasmid was 100 ng/l. Eight dilutions were made containing 108 until 101 copies/2 μl.
Results
Validation of the qRT-PCR.
A standard line with eight dilutions containing 108 until 101 copies/5 μl and a negative control sample were included in an experiment to validate the qRT-PCR.
These data show that the developed qRT-PCR meets the requirements for the detection and quantification of CTAPV. The qRT-PCR was subsequently used for sample analysis of suspected CTAPV positive samples and control samples. Interpretation of the data was based on the RFU per cycle plus the characteristics of the melting curve. Aberrant melting curves would be indicative for non-specificity of the amplicon.
Detection and Quantification of CTAPV RNA in Serum, Spleen and Sperm Samples.
Serum and spleen from experimentally infected and from control gilts were tested in duplicate for CTAPV RNA presence. Also, sperm samples were tested. The (average) results are presented in Table 9. In the assays performed, the standard lines were confirmed to be within the quality range for an accurate qPCR (
CTAPV Positive Sperm Infects Gilts and Offspring
Animals
Six gilts were obtained from an SPF/High Health farm. Sperm from a CTAPV-positive boar was used for artificial insemination of the gilts.
Methods
Blood was collected from gilts and offspring (Vacuolette 5/8 ml Sep Clot Activator ref: 455071; Greiner Bio-one) and serum was obtained by centrifugation 20 minutes at 3,000×g at 4° C. Sperm samples were tested without pretreatment.
RNA extraction and qRT-PCR were performed as described in the section “SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR” of Example 10.
Results
Tested gilts were serum-negative for CTAPV prior to insemination (qRT-PCR). Boar sperm was positive for CTAPV as analysed by qRT-PCR. At t=+4 weeks after insemination, gilts 4 and 5 contained detectable levels of CTAPV in serum. At the day of farrowing, gilts 1, 2 and 6 contained detectable levels of CTAPV in serum. Piglets with detectable levels of CTAPV in serum were born out of 5 of 6 gilts (see Table 10 for results). Piglets were healthy and showed no clinical tremor or increased incidence of other clinical symptoms related to congenital tremor type AII such as splay legs.
Infection of Pregnant Gilts with CTAPV Variant 1B Obtained from “Shaking Piglets” and Effect on Newborn Piglets: CTAPV Positive Sperm
Animals
Six gilts were obtained from a SPF/high health farm. Gilts were inseminated via artificial insemination with CTAPV positive sperm. Pregnancy was confirmed at day 28 of gestation using ultrasound. All gilts gave birth to a litter of piglets on day 115 or day 116 of gestation.
Infection
Three of the gilts were infected on day 32 after insemination with a CTAPV1B inoculum consisting of organ homogenates of spleen and brain obtained from necropsied pig 371 at t=11 days after infection with CTAPV1B infected material. This experiment was described in Example 6/Table 7. The homogenate was prepared as follows. To 14 grams of spleen and 8 grams of brain, 9 times tissue-weight M6B8 medium (MSD AH) with 10 μM HEPES (Sigma H3375-250G) was added. The tissue was homogenized using a blender, followed by shaking with small glass beads for 5 minutes. During homogenizing and subsequent processing, organ-pulp was kept on ice. The organ-pulp was centrifuged 1 hour at 3200×g at 4° C. Supernatant was passed over a 0.22 μm filter. The filtered homogenate was stored at −70° C. until use. These three gilts received an intramuscular injection of 5 mL inoculum (two injections of 2.5 mL each in the left and right neck).
The other three gilts were infected with an inoculum of serum obtained from the same pig at the time of necropsy. The serum was filtered over a 0.22 μm filter prior to injection. These three gilts received an intramuscular injection of 5 mL inoculum (two injections of 2.5 mL each in the left and right neck).
The quantitative amount of CTAPV in the inoculums was determined by qRT-PCR as described in Example 10.
Serum Collection
Serum was collected prior to infection of the gilts, and at t=10 days after insemination. Serum was also collected from newborn piglets within hours after birth. Blood was collected (Vacuolette 5/8 ml Sep Clot Activator ref: 455071; Greiner Bio-one) and serum was obtained by centrifugation 20 minutes at 3,000×g at 4° C. RNA extraction and qRT-PCR were performed as described in the section “SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR”, Example 10.
Results
The mixed homogenate of spleen and brain used for infection of the first three gilts contained 4.5 E+02 genomes copies per 5 μl of the extracted RNA. This equals 2.3 E+04 genome copies per mL in the homogenate that was used for infection of the gilts.
The serum inoculum used for infection of the other three gilts contained 1.2 E+04 genomes per 5 μl of the extracted RNA, which equals 6.0E+05 genome copies per mL that was used for infection of gilts. Table 11 presents the quantitative amount (genomes per mL serum) at day 10 post infection as determined by qRT-PCR results. Five out of six gilts gave birth to piglets with severe congenital tremor type A-II. One gilt, the gilt with a relatively low virus quantity in the serum at t=10 days after infection, gave birth to a relatively healthy litter where only 2 piglets with mild symptoms were observed. Litter information scored after farrowing is presented in Table 11. An increased incidence of splay legs was associated with clinical tremor, as described by M. White (www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/congenital-tremor.aspx?altTemplate=PDF).
Presence of CTAPV in three piglets per litter (those with severe clinical tremor, except those piglets born from gilt 44 which showed no clinical tremor) was tested by the qRT-PCR test described in Example 10. The number of CTAPV positive piglets is depicted in Table 11
Infection of Pregnant Gilts with CTAPV Variant 1B Obtained from “Shaking Piglets” and Effect on Newborn Piglets: CTAPV Negative Sperm
Animals
Three gilts were obtained from a SPF/high health farm. Gilts were inseminated via artificial insemination with CTAPV negativeregnancy was confirmed at day 28 of gestation using ultrasound. All gilts gave birth to a litter of piglets on day 114 or day 115 of gestation.
Infection
The three gilts were infected with an inoculum of serum obtained from pig 371 at the time of necropsy (see example 12). The serum was filtered over a 0.22 μm filter prior to injection. Three gilts received an intramuscular injection of 5 mL inoculum (two injections of 2.5 mL each in the left and right neck) at 32 days of gestation.
The quantitative amount of CTAPV in the inoculum was determined by qRT-PCR as described in Examples 10 and 12.
Serum Collection
Serum was collected prior to infection of the gilts, and at t=10 days after insemination. Serum was also collected from newborn piglets within hours after birth. Blood was collected (Vacuolette 5/8 ml Sep Clot Activator ref: 455071; Greiner Bio-one) and serum was obtained by centrifugation 20 minutes at 3,000×g at 4° C. RNA extraction and qRT-PCR were performed as described in the section “SYBR Green One-Step qRT-PCR”, Example 10.
Results
Table 12 presents the quantitative amount (genomes per mL serum) at day 10 post infection as determined by qRT-PCR results. Two of three gilts gave birth to piglets with mild congenital tremor type A-II. One gilt, the gilt with a relatively low virus quantity in the serum at t=10 days after infection, gave birth to a healthy litter. Litter information scored after farrowing is presented in Table 11.
Presence of CTAPV in piglets with CT type A-II was confirmed by the qRT-PCR test described in Example 10. The number of CTAPV positive piglets is depicted in Table 12. An increased incidence of splay legs was associated with clinical tremor.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14199430 | Dec 2014 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/080400 | 12/18/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016/097245 | 6/23/2016 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170342387 | de Groof | Nov 2017 | A1 |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170342387 A1 | Nov 2017 | US |
