Patent Grant
9012427
1. Field
The present application relates to the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. More particularly, disclosed herein are a thiophosphoroamidate nucleotide analog for use in combination therapy with one or more other agents. Also disclosed herein are methods of treating diseases and/or conditions with a thiophosphoroamidate nucleotide analog in combination with one or more agents.
2. Description
Nucleoside analogs are a class of compounds that have been shown to exert antiviral and anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo, and thus, have been the subject of widespread research for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. Nucleoside analogs are usually therapeutically inactive compounds that are converted by host or viral enzymes to their respective active metabolites, which, in turn, may inhibit polymerases involved in viral or cell proliferation. The activation occurs by a variety of mechanisms, such as the addition of one or more phosphate groups and, or in combination with, other metabolic processes.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection) that can include administering to a subject suffering from the viral infection an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection). Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection).
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus (such as the hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of one or more compounds described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus (such as the hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of one or more compounds described herein, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, a hepatitis C viral infection) by contacting a cell infected with the virus (such as the hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of inhibiting replication of a virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus (for example, a hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of one or more compounds described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a virus (for example, a hepatitis C virus) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of one or more compound described herein, that can be used for inhibiting replication of a virus (for example, a hepatitis C virus) by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds of Formula (C), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates of the aforementioned compounds.
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting a polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase of a hepatitis C virus) that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of a combination of one or more compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting a polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase of a hepatitis C virus) that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for inhibiting a polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase of a hepatitis C virus) can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus) that with an effective amount of said combination of compounds.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety unless stated otherwise. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.
As used herein, any “R” group(s) such as, without limitation, R, R1, R2, R3a, R3b, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R1A, R2A, R3A, R3B, R4A, R5A, R6A, R7A, R8A and R″ represent substituents that can be attached to the indicated atom. An R group may be substituted or unsubstituted. If two “R” groups are described as being “taken together” the R groups and the atoms they are attached to can form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. For example, without limitation, if Ra and Rb of an NRaRb group are indicated to be “taken together,” it means that they are covalently bonded to one another to form a ring:
In addition, if two “R” groups are described as being “taken together” with the atom(s) to which they are attached to form a ring as an alternative, the R groups are not limited to the variables or substituents defined previously.
Whenever a group is described as being “optionally substituted” that group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the indicated substituents. Likewise, when a group is described as being “unsubstituted or substituted” if substituted, the substituent(s) may be selected from one or more the indicated substituents. If no substituents are indicated, it is meant that the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, protected hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, protected C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono-substituted amino group and a di-substituted amino group, and protected derivatives thereof.
As used herein, “Ca to Cb” in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group. That is, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring of the cycloalkyl, ring of the cycloalkenyl, ring of the cycloalkynyl, ring of the aryl, ring of the heteroaryl or ring of the heteroalicyclyl can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms. Thus, for example, a “C1 to C4 alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, (CH3)2CH—, CH3CH2CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CH(CH3)— and (CH3)3C—. If no “a” and “b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.
As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C1-C4 alkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C1-C4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl. The alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
As used herein, “cycloalkynyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more triple bonds in at least one ring. If there is more than one triple bond, the triple bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
As used herein, “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. The number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary. For example, the aryl group can be a C6-C14 aryl group, a C6-C10 aryl group, or a C6 aryl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene. An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary. For example, the heteroaryl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). Furthermore, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as at least one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least two heteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, furan, furazan, thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole, indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, pteridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, and triazine. A heteroaryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “heterocyclyl” or “heteroalicyclyl” refers to a three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, up to 18-membered monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5 heteroatoms constitute said ring system. A heterocycle may optionally contain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however, that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughout all the rings. The heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbon including, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. A heterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonyl functionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems and thio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimides and cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Additionally, any nitrogens in a heteroalicyclic may be quaternized. Heterocyclyl or heteroalicyclic groups may be unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of such “heterocyclyl” or “heteroalicyclyl” groups include but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiin, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-oxazine, maleimide, succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine, hydantoin, dihydrouracil, trioxane, hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, oxazoline, oxazolidine, oxazolidinone, thiazoline, thiazolidine, morpholine, oxirane, piperidine N-Oxide, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone, pyrrolidione, 4-piperidone, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, 2-oxopyrrolidine, tetrahydropyran, 4H-pyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiamorpholine, thiamorpholine sulfoxide, thiamorpholine sulfone, and their benzo-fused analogs (e.g., benzimidazolidinone, tetrahydroquinoline, and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl).
As used herein, “aralkyl” and “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and aryl group of an aralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2-phenylalkyl, 3-phenylalkyl, and naphthylalkyl.
As used herein, “heteroaralkyl” and “heteroaryl(alkyl)” refer to a heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heteroaryl group of heteroaralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienylalkyl, 3-thienylalkyl, furylalkyl, thienylalkyl, pyrrolylalkyl, pyridylalkyl, isoxazolylalkyl, and imidazolylalkyl, and their benzo-fused analogs.
A “(heteroalicyclyl)alkyl” and “(heterocyclyl)alkyl” refer to a heterocyclic or a heteroalicyclylic group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heterocyclyl of a (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (piperidin-4-yl)ethyl, (piperidin-4-yl)propyl, (tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)methyl, and (1,3-thiazinan-4-yl)methyl.
“Lower alkylene groups” are straight-chained —CH2— tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (—CH2—), ethylene (—CH2CH2—), propylene (—CH2CH2CH2—), and butylene (—CH2CH2CH2CH2—). A lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of “substituted.”
As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl as defined herein. A non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, phenoxy and benzoxy. An alkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “acyl” refers to a hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl. A hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-chloro-2-fluoromethyl, and 2-fluoroisobutyl. A haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1-chloro-2-fluoromethoxy, and 2-fluoroisobutoxy. A haloalkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
As used herein, “arylthio” refers to RS—, in which R is an aryl, such as but not limited to phenyl. An arylthio may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “sulfenyl” group refers to an “—SR” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. A sulfenyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “sulfinyl” group refers to an “—S(═O)—R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfinyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “sulfonyl” group refers to an “SO2R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “O-carboxy” group refers to a “RC(═O)O—” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl, as defined herein. An O-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
The terms “ester” and “C-carboxy” refer to a “—C(═O)OR” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. An ester and C-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “thiocarbonyl” group refers to a “—C(═S)R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. A thiocarbonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an “X3CSO2-” group wherein X is a halogen.
A “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to an “X3CS(O)2N(RA)—” group wherein each X is a halogen and RA hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl.
The term “amino” as used herein refers to a —NH2 group.
As used herein, the term “hydroxy” refers to a —OH group.
A “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.
The term “azido” as used herein refers to a —N3 group.
An “isocyanato” group refers to a “—NCO” group.
A “thiocyanato” group refers to a “—CNS” group.
An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “—NCS” group.
A “mercapto” group refers to an “—SH” group.
A “carbonyl” group refers to a C═O group.
An “S-sulfonamido” group refers to a “—SO2N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An S-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “N-sulfonamido” group refers to a “RSO2N(RA)—” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An N-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “O-carbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═O)N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An O-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “N-carbamyl” group refers to an “ROC(═O)N(RA)—” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An N-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═S)—N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An O-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “N-thiocarbamyl” group refers to an “ROC(═S)N(RA)—” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An N-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
A “C-amido” group refers to a “—C(═O)N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. A C-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
An “N-amido” group refers to a “RC(═O)N(RA)—” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, or (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl. An N-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
The term “halogen atom” or “halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Where the numbers of substituents is not specified (e.g. haloalkyl), there may be one or more substituents present. For example “haloalkyl” may include one or more of the same or different halogens. As another example, “C1-C3 alkoxyphenyl” may include one or more of the same or different alkoxy groups containing one, two or three atoms.
As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (See, Biochem. 11:942-944 (1972)).
The term “nucleoside” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and refers to a compound composed of an optionally substituted pentose moiety or modified pentose moiety attached to a heterocyclic base or tautomer thereof via a N-glycosidic bond, such as attached via the 9-position of a purine-base or the 1-position of a pyrimidine-base. Examples include, but are not limited to, a ribonucleoside comprising a ribose moiety and a deoxyribonucleoside comprising a deoxyribose moiety. A modified pentose moiety is a pentose moiety in which an oxygen atom has been replaced with a carbon and/or a carbon has been replaced with a sulfur or an oxygen atom. A “nucleoside” is a monomer that can have a substituted base and/or sugar moiety. Additionally, a nucleoside can be incorporated into larger DNA and/or RNA polymers and oligomers. In some instances, the nucleoside can be a nucleoside analog drug.
The term “nucleotide” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and refers to a nucleoside having a phosphate ester bound to the pentose moiety, for example, at the 5′-position.
As used herein, the term “heterocyclic base” refers to an optionally substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl that can be attached to an optionally substituted pentose moiety or modified pentose moiety. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic base can be selected from an optionally substituted purine-base, an optionally substituted pyrimidine-base and an optionally substituted triazole-base (for example, a 1,2,4-triazole). The term “purine-base” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its tautomers. Similarly, the term “pyrimidine-base” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its tautomers. A non-limiting list of optionally substituted purine-bases includes purine, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, alloxanthine, 7-alkylguanine (e.g., 7-methylguanine), theobromine, caffeine, uric acid and isoguanine Examples of pyrimidine-bases include, but are not limited to, cytosine, thymine, uracil, 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5-alkylcytosine (e.g., 5-methylcytosine). An example of an optionally substituted triazole-base is 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Other non-limiting examples of heterocyclic bases include diaminopurine, 8-oxo-N6-alkyladenine (e.g., 8-oxo-N6-methyladenine), 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, 7-deazaadenine, N4,N4-ethanocytosin, N6,N6-ethano-2,6-diaminopurine, 5-halouracil (e.g., 5-fluorouracil and 5-bromouracil), pseudoisocytosine, isocytosine, isoguanine, and other heterocyclic bases described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,432,272 and 7,125,855, which are incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing additional heterocyclic bases. In some embodiments, a heterocyclic base can be optionally substituted with an amine or an enol protecting group(s).
The term “—N-linked amino acid” refers to an amino acid that is attached to the indicated moiety via a main-chain amino or mono-substituted amino group. When the amino acid is attached in an —N-linked amino acid, one of the hydrogens that is part of the main-chain amino or mono-substituted amino group is not present and the amino acid is attached via the nitrogen. As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to any amino acid (both standard and non-standard amino acids), including, but not limited to, α-amino acids, β-amino acids, γ-amino acids and δ-amino acids. Examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine. N-linked amino acids can be substituted or unsubstituted.
The term “—N-linked amino acid ester derivative” refers to an amino acid in which a main-chain carboxylic acid group has been converted to an ester group. In some embodiments, the ester group has a formula selected from alkyl-O—C(═O)—, cycloalkyl-O—C(═O)—, aryl-O—C(═O)— and aryl(alkyl)-O—C(═O)—. A non-limiting list of ester groups include substituted and unsubstituted versions of the following: methyl-O—C(═O)—, ethyl-O—C(═O)—, n-propyl-O—C(═O)—, isopropyl-O—C(═O)—, n-butyl-O—C(═O)—, isobutyl-O—C(═O)—, tert-butyl-O—C(═O)—, neopentyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclopropyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclobutyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclopentyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclohexyl-O—C(═O)—, phenyl-O—C(═O)—, benzyl-O—C(═O)— and naphthyl-O—C(═O)—. N-linked amino acid ester derivatives can be substituted or unsubstituted.
The terms “phosphorothioate” and “phosphothioate” refer to a compound of the general formula
its protonated forms (for example,
and its tautomers (such as
As used herein, the term “phosphate” is used in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its protonated forms (for example,
As used herein, the terms “monophosphate,” “diphosphate,” and “triphosphate” are used in their ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and include protonated forms.
The terms “protecting group” and “protecting groups” as used herein refer to any atom or group of atoms that is added to a molecule in order to prevent existing groups in the molecule from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions. Examples of protecting group moieties are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Plenum Press, 1973, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing suitable protecting groups. The protecting group moiety may be chosen in such a way, that they are stable to certain reaction conditions and readily removed at a convenient stage using methodology known from the art. A non-limiting list of protecting groups include benzyl; substituted benzyl; alkylcarbonyls and alkoxycarbonyls (e.g., t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), acetyl, or isobutyryl); arylalkylcarbonyls and arylalkoxycarbonyls (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl); substituted methyl ether (e.g., methoxymethyl ether); substituted ethyl ether; a substituted benzyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ether; silyls (e.g., trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl); esters (e.g., benzoate ester); carbonates (e.g., methoxymethylcarbonate); sulfonates (e.g. tosylate or mesylate); acyclic ketal (e.g., dimethyl acetal); cyclic ketals (e.g., 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolanes, and those described herein); acyclic acetal; cyclic acetal (e.g., those described herein); acyclic hemiacetal; cyclic hemiacetal; cyclic dithioketals (e.g., 1,3-dithiane or 1,3-dithiolane); orthoesters (e.g., those described herein) and triarylmethyl groups (e.g., trityl; monomethoxytrityl (MMTr); 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr); 4,4′,4″-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr); and those described herein).
“Leaving group” as used herein refers to any atom or moiety that is capable of being displaced by another atom or moiety in a chemical reaction. More specifically, in some embodiments, “leaving group” refers to the atom or moiety that is displaced in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In some embodiments, “leaving groups” are any atoms or moieties that are conjugate bases of strong acids. Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, tosylates and halogens. Non-limiting characteristics and examples of leaving groups can be found, for example in Organic Chemistry, 2d ed., Francis Carey (1992), pages 328-331; Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 2d ed., Andrew Streitwieser and Clayton Heathcock (1981), pages 169-171; and Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., John McMurry (2000), pages 398 and 408; all of which are incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing characteristics and examples of leaving groups.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluensulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C1-C7 alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof, especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term ‘including’ should be read to mean ‘including, without limitation,’ ‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; the term ‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with ‘including,’ ‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term ‘having’ should be interpreted as ‘having at least;’ the term ‘includes’ should be interpreted as ‘includes but is not limited to;’ the term ‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; and use of terms like ‘preferably,’ ‘preferred,’ ‘desired,’ or ‘desirable,’ and words of similar meaning should not be understood as implying that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function, but instead as merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment. In addition, the term “comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”. When used in the context of a process, the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps. When used in the context of a compound, composition or device, the term “comprising” means that the compound, composition or device includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components. Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. The indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
It is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more chiral centers, if an absolute stereochemistry is not expressly indicated, then each center may independently be of R-configuration or S-configuration or a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture. In addition it is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more double bond(s) generating geometrical isomers that can be defined as E or Z, each double bond may independently be E or Z a mixture thereof.
Likewise, it is understood that, in any compound described, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. For example all tautomers of a phosphate and a thiophosphate are intended to be included. Examples of tautomers of a phosphorothioate include the following:
Furthermore, all tautomers of heterocyclic bases known in the art are intended to be included, including tautomers of natural and non-natural purine-bases and pyrimidine-bases.
It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein have unfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
It is understood that the compounds described herein can be labeled isotopically. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in a compound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
It is understood that the methods and combinations described herein include crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates, and hydrates. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.
Compound of Formula (A)
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (A) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
wherein: B1 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; R1 can be selected from O−, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R2 can be selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl and
wherein R19, R20 and R21 can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n can be 0 or 1; provided that when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 is
R3a and R3b can be independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-6 haloalkyl and aryl(C1-6 alkyl); or R3a and R3b can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl; R4 can be selected from hydrogen, azido, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl and an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl; R5 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR10 and —OC(═O)R11; R6 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR12 and —OC(═O)R13; R7 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR14 and —OC(═O)R15; or R6 and R7 can be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group; R8 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR16 and —OC(═O)R17; R9 can be selected from hydrogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR18; R10, R12, R14, R16 and R18 can be independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; and R11, R13, R15 and R17 can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that when R3a, R3b, R4, R5, R7, R8 and R9 are all hydrogen, then R6 cannot be azido.
With respect to R2, in some embodiments, R2 can be an optionally substituted heteroaryl. In other embodiments, R2 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In still other embodiments, R2 can be an optionally substituted aryl. For example, R2 can be an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted naphthyl. If R2 is a substituted phenyl or a substituted naphthyl, the phenyl ring and the naphthyl ring(s) can be substituted one or more times. Suitable substituents that can be present on optionally substituted phenyl and an optionally substituted naphthyl include electron-donating groups and electron-withdrawing groups. In some embodiments, R2 can be a para-substituted phenyl. In other embodiment, R2 can be an unsubstituted phenyl or an unsubstituted naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R2 can be
wherein R19, R20 and R21 can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n can be 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n can be 0. In other embodiments, n can be 1. Those skilled in the art understand when n is 0, R2 can be an α-thiodiphosphate. Similarly, those skilled in the art understand when n is 1, R2 can be an α-thiotriphosphate. In some embodiments, at least one of R19, R20 and R21 can be absent. In other embodiments, at least one of R19, R20 and R21 can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R20 and R21 can be absent. In other embodiments, R20 and R21 can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R19, R20 and R21 can be absent. In some embodiments, R19, R20 and R21 can be hydrogen. Those skilled in the art understand that when any of R19, R20 and R21 are absent the oxygen atom to which R19, R20 and R21 are associated with can have a negative charge. For example, when R20 is absent, the oxygen atom to which R20 is associated with can be O−. Depending upon the substituents attached to each phosphorus atoms, one or more the phosphorus atoms can be a chiral center. For example, when n is 1, the alpha-phosphorus (the phosphorus nearest to the pentose ring) can be a chiral center. In some embodiments, the alpha-phosphorus can be a (R)-stereocenter. In other embodiments, the alpha-phosphorus can be a (S)-stereocenter.
In some embodiments, R1 can be absent. In other embodiments, R1 can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, R1 can be an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid. In yet still other embodiments, R1 can be an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid ester derivative. Various amino acids and amino acid ester derivatives can be used, including those described herein. Suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and beta-alanine Examples of an N-linked amino acid ester derivatives include, but are not limited to, an ester derivatives of any of the following amino acids: alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of N-linked amino acid ester derivatives include, but are not limited to, an ester derivative of any of the following amino acids: alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and beta-alanine.
In an embodiment, R1 can be an ester derivative of alanine. In an embodiment, R1 can be selected from alanine methyl ester, alanine ethyl ester, alanine isopropyl ester, alanine cyclohexyl ester, alanine neopentyl ester, valine isopropyl ester and leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, the optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or the optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative can be in the L-configuration. In other embodiments, the optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or the optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative can be in the D-configuration.
In some embodiments, when R1 is an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid ester derivative, then R2 can be selected from optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, when R1 is an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid ester derivative, then R2 can be an optionally substituted aryl. In other embodiments, when R1 is an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid ester derivative, then R2 can be an optionally substituted heteroaryl. In still other embodiments, when R1 is an optionally substituted N-linked α-amino acid ester derivative, then R2 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
In some embodiments, R1 can have the structure
wherein R22 can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-6-alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C1-6 alkyl) and an optionally substituted C1-6 haloalkyl; and R23 can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C6 aryl, an optionally substituted C10 aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C1-6 alkyl); and R24 can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4-alkyl; or R23 and R24 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.
When R1 has the structure shown above, R23 can be an optionally substituted C1-6-alkyl. Examples of suitable optionally substituted C1-6-alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). When R23 is substituted, R23 can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy, and amino. In some embodiment, R23 can be an unsubstituted C1-6-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In an embodiment, R23 can be methyl.
As to R22, in some embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C1-6-alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R22 can be methyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R22 can be ethyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In an embodiment, R22 can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted aryl(C1-6 alkyl). In some embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R22 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 haloalkyl, for example, CF3.
In some embodiments, R24 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R24 can be an optionally substituted C1-4-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In an embodiment, R24 can be methyl. In some embodiments, R23 and R24 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R23 and R24, the carbon to which R23 and R24 are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R23 and R24 are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R23 and R24 are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.
Examples of a suitable
groups include the following:
The substituents attached to the 5′-position of a compound of Formula (A) can vary. In some embodiments, R3a and R3b can be the same. In other embodiments, R3a and R3b can be different. In some embodiments, R3a and R3b can be both hydrogen. In some embodiments, at least one of R3a and R3b can be an optionally substituted C1-6-alkyl; and the other of R3a and R3b can be hydrogen. Examples of suitable optionally substituted C1-6 alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In an embodiment, at least one of R3a and R3b can be methyl, and the other of R3a and R3b can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R3a and R3b can be an optionally substituted C1-6-haloalkyl, and the other of R3a and R3b can be hydrogen. One example of a suitable optionally substituted C1-6-haloalkyl is CF3. In other still embodiments, R3a and R3b can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. When the substituents attached to the 5′-carbon make the 5′-carbon chiral, in some embodiments, the 5′-carbon can be a (R)-stereocenter. In other embodiments, the 5′-carbon can be an (S)-stereocenter.
The substituents attached to the 4′-carbon can vary. In some embodiments, R4 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R4 can be azido. In still other embodiments, R4 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, such as optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R4 can be an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4 can be an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl.
The substituents attached to the 2′-carbon and the 3′-carbon can also vary. In some embodiments, R5 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R5 can be halogen. In still other embodiments, R5 can be azido. In yet still other embodiments, R5 can be cyano. In some embodiments, R5 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, such as optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In other embodiments, R5 can be —OR10, wherein R10 can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, R5 can be —OR10, wherein R10 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In yet still other embodiments, R5 can be —OC(═O)R11, wherein RH can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl or an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of suitable C1-6 alkyls and C3-6 cycloalkyls are described herein.
In some embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R6 can be halogen. In still other embodiments, R6 can be azido. In yet still other embodiments, R6 can be cyano. In some embodiments, R6 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R6 can be —OR12, wherein R12 can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, R6 can be —OR12, wherein R12 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. A non-limiting list of examples of R6 being —OR12, wherein R12 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert-butoxy, pentoxy (straight-chained or branched) and hexoxy (straight-chained or branched). In yet still other embodiments, R6 can be —OC(═O)R13, wherein R13 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl or an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of suitable optionally substituted C1-6 alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). Examples of suitable optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
In some embodiments, R7 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R7 can be halogen. In still other embodiments, R7 can be azido. In yet still other embodiments, R7 can be cyano. In some embodiments, R7 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R7 can be —OR14. In an embodiment, when R14 is hydrogen, R7 can be a hydroxy group. In still other embodiments, when R14 is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, R7 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy. Examples, of R7 being —OR14, wherein R14 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl include, but are not limited to, are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy (straight-chained or branched) and hexoxy (straight-chained or branched). In yet still other embodiments, R7 can be —OC(═O)R15, wherein R15 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, such as optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R7 can be —OC(═O)R15, wherein R15 can be an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl
In some embodiments, R8 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R8 can be halogen. In still other embodiments, R8 can be azido. In yet still other embodiments, R8 can be cyano. In some embodiments, R8 can be −OR16. When R16 is hydrogen, R8 can be hydroxy. Alternatively, when R16 is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy. Suitable alkoxy groups are described herein. In other embodiments, R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In still other embodiments, R8 can be —OC(═O)R17 in which R17 is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In yet still other embodiments, R8 can be —OC(═O)R17 in which R17 is an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of suitable C1-6 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl groups are described herein.
In some embodiments, R6 and R7 can both be hydroxy. In still other embodiments, R6 and R7 can both be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group, for example, —O—C(═O)—O—. In some embodiments, at least one of R7 and R8 can be a halogen. In some embodiments, R7 and R8 can both be a halogen. In other embodiments, R7 can be a halogen and R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, such as those described herein. In other embodiments, R7 can be hydrogen and R8 can be a halogen. In still other embodiments, at least one of R6 and R7 can be a hydroxy and R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In yet still other embodiments, R6 can be hydroxy, R7 can be hydroxy, H or halogen, and R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3a, R3b, R4, R5 and R9 can be hydrogen in any of the embodiments described in this paragraph. In some embodiments, B1 can be an optionally substituted adenine, an optionally substituted guanine, and optionally substituted thymine, optionally substituted cytosine, or an optionally substituted uracil in any of the embodiments described in this paragraph.
In some embodiments, R9 can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R9 can be azido. In still other embodiments, R9 can be cyano. In yet still other embodiments, R9 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R9 can be —OR18. In some embodiments, when R9 is —OR18, R9 can be a hydroxy group. In other embodiments, when R9 is —OR18, R9 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy. Examples of optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy include the following: methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy (branched and straight-chained), and hexoxy (branched and straight-chained).
Various optionally substituted heterocyclic bases can be attached to the pentose ring. In some embodiments, one or more of the amine and/or amino groups may be protected with a suitable protecting group. For example, an amino group may be protected by transforming the amine and/or amino group to an amide or a carbamate. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with one or more protected amino groups can have one of the following structures:
wherein: RA2 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen and NHRJ2, wherein RJ2 can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)RK2 and —C(═O)ORL2; RB2 can be halogen or NHRW2, wherein RW2 is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, —C(═O)RM2 and —C(═O)ORN2; RC2 can be hydrogen or NHRO2, wherein RO2 can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)RP2 and —C(═O)ORQ2; RD2 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl and an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl; RE2 can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, —C(═O)RR2 and —C(═O)ORS2; RF2 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl and an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl; Y2 can be N (nitrogen) or CRI2, wherein RI2 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6-alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6-alkenyl and an optionally substituted C2-6-alkynyl; RG2 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; RH2 can be hydrogen or NHRT2, wherein RT2 can be independently selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)RU2 and —C(═O)ORV2, and RK2, RL2; RM2, RN2, RP2, RQ2, RR2, RS2, RU2 and RV2 can be independently selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkenyl, C3-6 cycloalkynyl, C6-10 aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aryl(C1-6 alkyl), heteroaryl(C1-6 alkyl) and heteroalicyclyl(C1-6 alkyl). In some embodiments, the structures shown above can be modified by replacing one or more hydrogens with substituents selected from the list of substituents provided for the definition of “substituted.” Suitable optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl groups that can be present on an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with one or more protected amino groups are described herein, and include, optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained).
In some embodiments, B1 can be selected from adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil. In some embodiments, RB2 can be NH2. In other embodiments, RE2 can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, B1 can be
In other embodiments, B1 can be
In some embodiments, B1 can be
In some embodiments, B1 can be
In still other embodiments, B1 can be
In yet still other embodiments, B1 can be
In some embodiments, B1 can be
In some embodiments, when R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, then R1 cannot be
In other embodiments, when R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, then R1 cannot be
In still other embodiments, when R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and R1 is
then at least one of R5 and R6 cannot be hydroxy.
In some embodiments, when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 cannot be
In some embodiments, at least one of R3a and R3b cannot be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4 is not azido. In some embodiments, when R4 is not azido, then R7 and R8 are not both halogen. In some embodiments, when R4 is azido, then B1 is not an optionally substituted uracil, optionally substituted uracil with one or more protected amino groups, an optionally substituted cytosine or optionally substituted cytosine with one or more protected amino groups. In some embodiments, R6 cannot be azido. In some embodiments, when R1 is a methyl ester of glycine, alanine, valine, or phenylalanine; R2 is p-chlorophenyl or p-nitrophenyl; B1 is thymine; and R3a, R3b, R4, R5, R7, R8, and R9 are all hydrogen; then R6 cannot be azido. In some embodiments, at least one of R6 and R7 cannot be hydroxy. For example, R6 cannot be hydroxy, R7 cannot be hydroxy, or both of R6 and R7 cannot be hydroxy.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (A) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: B1 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base as described above; R1 can be selected from O−, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative: R2 can be selected from an optionally substituted aryl and
wherein R19, R20 and R21 can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n can be 0 or 1; provided that when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 is
R3a and R3b can be hydrogen; R4 can be hydrogen; R5 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR10; R6 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR12 and —OC(═O)R13; R7 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR14 and —OC(═O)R15; or R6 and R7 can be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group; R8 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR16; R9 can be hydrogen; R10, R12, R14 and R16 can be independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; and R13 and R15 can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (A) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: B1 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group selected from
R1 can be selected from O−, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R2 can be selected from an optionally substituted aryl and
wherein R19, R20 and R21 can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n can be 0 or 1; provided that when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 is
R3a and R3b can be hydrogen; R4 can be hydrogen; R5 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR10; R6 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR12 and —OC(═O)R13; R7 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR14 and —OC(═O)R15; or R6 and R7 can be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group; R8 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR16; R9 can be hydrogen; R10, R12, R14 and R16 can be independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; and R13 and R15 can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.
In some embodiments, Formula (A) can be a compound of Formula (Iα), wherein: B1 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group selected from cytosine, uridine, thymidine, guanine and adenine; R1 can be selected from O−, OH, and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative of alanine, valine, or leucine; R2 can be selected from an optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted naphthyl, an optionally substituted pyridyl, an optionally substituted quinolyl, and
wherein R19, R20 and R21 independently can be hydrogen or absent, and n can be 0 or 1; provided that when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 is
R3a and R3b can be hydrogen; R4 can be hydrogen; R5 can be hydrogen; R6 can be —OR12 or —OC(═O)R13; R7 can be selected from halogen, —OR14 and —OC(═O)R15; R8 can be an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; R9 can be hydrogen; R12 and R14 can be independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; and R13 and R15 can be independently an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl.
Some embodiments relate to a compound of Formula (A) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: B1 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; R1 can be selected from O−, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R2 can be selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl and
wherein R19, R20 and R21 can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n can be 0 or 1; provided that when R1 is O− or OH, then R2 is
R3a and R3b can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-6 haloalkyl and aryl(C1-6 alkyl); or R3a and R3b can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl; R4 can be selected from hydrogen, azido, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl and an optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl; R5 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR10 and —OC(═O)R11; R6 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR12 and —OC(═O)R13; R7 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR14 and —OC(═O)R15; or R6 and R7 can be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group; R8 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, —OR16 and —OC(═O)R17; R9 can be selected from hydrogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and —OR18; R10, R12, R14, R16 and R18 can be independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; and R11, R13, R15 and R17 can be independently an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl and an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.
In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (A) can be a single diastereomer. In other embodiments, a compound of Formula (A) can be a mixture of diastereomers. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (A) can be a 1:1 mixture of two diastereomers. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (A) can be diasteriometrically enriched (for example, one diastereomer can be present at a concentration of >55%, ≧75%, ≧80%, ≧90%, ≧95%, ≧98%, or ≧99% as compared to the total concentration of the other diastereomers).
Examples of compounds of Formula (A) are provided in
Compounds of Formula (C)
Compounds of Formula (C) are therapeutic compounds that include HCV protease inhibitors, nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and other antivirals. Examples of compounds of Formula (C) are provided in
Pharmaceutical Activity
In some embodiments, a composition comprising a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, can act as a chain terminator of HCV replication. For example, incorporation of compound of Formula (A) containing a moiety at the 2′-carbon position can terminate further elongation of the RNA chain of HCV. For example, a compound of Formula (A) can contain a 2′-carbon modification when R8 of Formula (A) is a non-hydrogen group selected from halogen or an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, can have increased metabolic and/or plasma stability. In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate of the aforementioned compounds. A non-limiting list of example properties include, but are not limited to, increased biological half life, increased bioavailability, increase potency, a sustained in vivo response, increased dosing intervals, decreased dosing amounts, decreased cytotoxicity, reduction in required amounts for treating disease conditions, reduction in viral load, reduction in time to seroreversion (i.e., the virus becomes undetectable in patient serum), increased sustained viral response, a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, increased subject compliance, decreased liver conditions (such as liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and/or liver cancer), and compatibility with other medications. In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, can have a biological half life of greater than 24 hours, e.g., a biological half life in the range of about 40 to 46 hours for some compounds of Formula (A). In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, can have more potent antiviral activity (for example, a lower IC50 in an HCV replicon assay) as compared to the current standard of care.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition can include a single diastereomer of a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, (for example, a single diastereomer is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of greater than 99% compared to the total concentration of the other diastereomers). In other embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition can include a mixture of diastereomers of a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For example, the pharmaceutical composition can include a concentration of one diastereomer of >50%, ≧60%, ≧70%, ≧80%, ≧90%, ≧95%, or ≧98%, as compared to the total concentration of the other diastereomers. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition includes a 1:1 mixture of two diastereomers of a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more compounds disclosed herein with one or more chemical components, such as diluents or carriers. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and salicylic acid. Pharmaceutical compositions will generally be tailored to the specific intended route of administration.
The term “physiologically acceptable” defines a carrier, diluent or excipient that does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
As used herein, a “carrier” refers to a compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues. For example, without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly utilized carrier that facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into cells or tissues of a subject.
As used herein, a “diluent” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition that lacks pharmacological activity but may be pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. For example, a diluent may be used to increase the bulk of a potent drug whose mass is too small for manufacture and/or administration. It may also be a liquid for the dissolution of a drug to be administered by injection, ingestion or inhalation. A common form of diluent in the art is a buffered aqueous solution such as, without limitation, phosphate buffered saline that mimics the composition of human blood.
As used herein, an “excipient” refers to an inert substance that is added to a pharmaceutical composition to provide, without limitation, bulk, consistency, stability, binding ability, lubrication, disintegrating ability etc., to the composition. A “diluent” is a type of excipient.
The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered to a human patient per se, or in pharmaceutical compositions where they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or carriers, diluents, excipients or combinations thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds described herein are known to those skilled in the art.
Combination therapies contemplated include use of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Combination therapies also contemplated include use of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
The pharmaceutically active ingredients of the combination therapy can be contained in a single unit dosage form, in two unit dosage forms, or in three unit dosage forms.
In some embodiments, a single unit dosage form can be provided containing a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
In some embodiments, two unit dosage forms can be provided, with one containing a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
In some embodiments, three unit dosage forms can be provided, with one unit dosage form containing a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tableting processes. Additionally, the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. Many of the compounds used in the pharmaceutical combinations disclosed herein may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.
Multiple techniques of administering a compound or a composition exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections.
One may also administer the compound or composition in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound or composition directly into the infected area, often in a depot or sustained release formulation. Furthermore, one may administer the compound or composition in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with a tissue-specific antibody. The liposomes can be targeted to and taken up selectively by the organ.
The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The pack or dispenser may also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, may be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or the approved product insert. Compositions that can include one or more compounds described herein formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
Methods of Use
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating and/or ameliorating a disease or condition that can include administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. In some embodiments, such methods include administering an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A), and one or more compounds of Formula (C) selected from those listed in
Other embodiments disclosed herein relates to a method of ameliorating or treating a viral infection that can include administering an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, an HCV infection) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, an HCV infection) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said combination of compounds described herein. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a viral infection (for example, an HCV infection) by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said combination of compounds described herein. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of inhibiting replication of a virus (such as a hepatitis C virus) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a virus (such as a hepatitis C virus) that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for inhibiting replication of a virus (such as a hepatitis C virus) by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting an RNA dependent RNA polymerase can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting an RNA dependent RNA polymerase that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for inhibiting an RNA dependent RNA polymerase that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting an HCV polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase) can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting an HCV polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase) that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for inhibiting an HCV polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase) that can include contacting a cell (for example, a cell infected with HCV) with an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating HCV infection in a subject suffering from an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating HCV infection in a subject suffering from an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating HCV infection in a subject suffering from an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a condition selected from liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer in a subject suffering from one or more of the aforementioned liver conditions that can include administering an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a condition selected from liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer in a subject suffering from one or more of the aforementioned liver conditions that can include administering an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a condition selected from liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer in a subject suffering from one or more of the aforementioned liver conditions that can include administering an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, the one or more conditions selected from liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer can be the result of an HCV infection. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
A cause of liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and/or liver cancer can be an HCV infection. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of increasing liver function in a subject having an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for increasing liver function in a subject having an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for increasing liver function in a subject having an HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Also contemplated is a method for reducing or eliminating further virus-caused liver damage in a subject having an HCV infection by administering an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a combination of compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing or eliminating further virus-caused liver damage in a subject having an HCV infection by administering an effective amount of said combination of compounds. Still other embodiments described herein relate to a combination of compounds described herein that can be used for reducing or eliminating further virus-caused liver damage in a subject having an HCV infection by administering an effective amount of said combination of compounds. In some embodiments, including those of this paragraph, the combination can include an effective amount of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
There are a variety of genotypes of HCV, and a variety of subtypes within each genotype. For example, at present it is known that there are eleven (numbered 1 through 11) main genotypes of HCV, although others have classified the genotypes as 6 main genotypes. Each of these genotypes is further subdivided into subtypes (1a-1c; 2a-2c; 3a-3b; 4a-4-e; 5a; 6a; 7a-7b; 8a-8b; 9a; 10a; and 11a). In some embodiments, a combination therapy as described herein can be effective to treat at least one genotype of HCV. In some embodiments, a combination therapy described herein (e.g., a combination therapy including a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
Various indicators for determining the effectiveness of a method for treating an HCV infection are known to those skilled in the art. Example of suitable indicators include, but are not limited to, a reduction in viral load, a reduction in viral replication, a reduction in time to seroconversion (virus undetectable in patient serum), an increase in the rate of sustained viral response to therapy, a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, a reduction in the rate of liver function decrease, stasis in liver function, improvement in liver function, reduction in one or more markers of liver dysfunction, including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and/or other indicator of disease response. Similarly, successful therapy with a combination therapy described herein (e.g., a combination therapy including a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
In some embodiments, an amount of a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
In some embodiments, a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
In some embodiments, an amount of a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
In some embodiments, an amount of a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
Subjects who are clinically diagnosed with HCV infection include “naïve” subjects (e.g., subjects not previously treated for HCV, particularly those who have not previously received IFN-alpha-based and/or ribavirin-based therapy) and individuals who have failed prior treatment for HCV (“treatment failure” subjects). Treatment failure subjects include “non-responders” (i.e., subjects in whom the HCV titer was not significantly or sufficiently reduced by a previous treatment for HCV (≦0.5 log IU/mL), for example, a previous IFN-alpha monotherapy, a previous IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, or a previous pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy); and “relapsers” (i.e., subjects who were previously treated for HCV, for example, who received a previous IFN-alpha monotherapy, a previous IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, or a previous pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, whose HCV titer decreased, and subsequently increased).
In some embodiments, a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
After a period of time, infectious agents can develop resistance to one or more therapeutic compounds. The term “resistance” as used herein refers to a viral strain displaying a delayed, lessened and/or null response to a therapeutic compound(s). For example, after treatment with an antiviral agent, the viral load of a subject infected with a resistant virus may be reduced to a lesser degree compared to the amount in viral load reduction exhibited by a subject infected with a non-resistant strain. In some embodiments, a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
In some embodiments, an effective amount of a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
Some subjects being treated for HCV experience a viral load rebound. The term “viral load rebound” as used herein refers to a sustained ≧0.5 log IU/mL increase of viral load above nadir before the end of treatment, where nadir is a ≧0.5 log IU/mL decrease from baseline. In some embodiments, a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
The standard of care for treating HCV has been associated with several side effects (adverse events). In some embodiments, a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
Table A provides some embodiments of a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
As used herein, a “subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Animal” includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans. In some embodiments, the subject is human.
As used herein, the terms “treating,” “treatment,” “therapeutic,” or “therapy” do not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy. Furthermore, treatment may include acts that may worsen the patient's overall feeling of well-being or appearance.
The term “effective amount” is used to indicate an amount of an active compound, or pharmaceutical agent, that elicits the biological or medicinal response indicated. For example, an effective amount of compound can be the amount needed to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. This response may occur in a tissue, system, animal or human and includes alleviation of the signs or symptoms of the disease being treated. Determination of an effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, in view of the disclosure provided herein. The effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein required as a dose will depend on the route of administration, the type of animal, including human, being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. The dose can be tailored to achieve a desired effect, but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize.
As will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the useful in vivo dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon the age, weight, the severity of the affliction, and mammalian species treated, the particular compounds employed, and the specific use for which these compounds are employed. The determination of effective dosage levels, that is the dosage levels necessary to achieve the desired result, can be accomplished by one skilled in the art using routine methods, for example, human clinical trials and in vitro studies.
The dosage may range broadly, depending upon the desired effects and the therapeutic indication. Alternatively dosages may be based and calculated upon the surface area of the patient, as understood by those of skill in the art. Although the exact dosage will be determined on a drug-by-drug basis, in most cases, some generalizations regarding the dosage can be made. The daily dosage regimen for an adult human patient may be, for example, an oral dose of between 0.01 mg and 3000 mg of each active ingredient, preferably between 1 mg and 700 mg, e.g. 5 to 200 mg. The dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the subject. In some embodiments, the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years. In some embodiments, a combination therapy including a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those of
In instances where human dosages for compounds have been established for at least some condition, those same dosages may be used, or dosages that are between about 0.1% and 500%, more preferably between about 25% and 250% of the established human dosage. Where no human dosage is established, as will be the case for newly-discovered pharmaceutical compositions, a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED50 or ID50 values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.
In cases of administration of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, dosages may be calculated as the free base. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, in certain situations it may be necessary to administer the compounds disclosed herein in amounts that exceed, or even far exceed, the above-stated, preferred dosage range in order to effectively and aggressively treat particularly aggressive diseases or infections.
Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations. Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value. Compositions should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.
It should be noted that the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration due to toxicity or organ dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not adequate (precluding toxicity). The magnitude of an administrated dose in the management of the disorder of interest will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and the route of administration. The severity of the condition may, for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic evaluation methods. Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. A program comparable to that discussed above may be used in veterinary medicine.
Compounds disclosed herein can be evaluated for efficacy and toxicity using known methods. For example, the toxicology of a particular compound, or of a subset of the compounds, sharing certain chemical moieties, may be established by determining in vitro toxicity towards a cell line, such as a mammalian, and preferably human, cell line. The results of such studies are often predictive of toxicity in animals, such as mammals, or more specifically, humans. Alternatively, the toxicity of particular compounds in an animal model, such as mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys, may be determined using known methods. The efficacy of a particular compound may be established using several recognized methods, such as in vitro methods, animal models, or human clinical trials. When selecting a model to determine efficacy, the skilled artisan can be guided by the state of the art to choose an appropriate model, dose, route of administration and/or regime.
Combination Therapies
Some embodiments relate to combination therapies that can include an effective amount of a combination of compounds described herein (e.g., a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those listed in
Combination therapies contemplated include use of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those listed in
The dosing amount(s) and dosing schedule(s) when using a combination as described herein of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more compounds selected from those listed in
The order of administration of a combination of a compound of Formula (A) and one or more agent(s) (such as those listed in
In some embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formula (A) with one or more compounds selected from
As used herein, the term “antagonistic” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is less compared to the sum of the activities of the compounds in combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually (i.e., as a single compound). As used herein, the term “synergistic effect” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is greater than the sum of the individual activities of the compounds in the combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually. As used herein, the term “additive effect” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is about equal to the sum of the individual activities of the compounds in the combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually.
A potential advantage of utilizing a combination of a compound of Formula (A) with one or more compounds selected from
Additional advantages of utilizing a combination as described herein of a combination of a compound Formula (A) with one or more compounds selected from
A non-limiting list of example combinations of a compound of Formula (A) selected from those of
Compound 1002 encompasses a mixture of diastereomers including Compound 1003 and Compound 1004, each of which are depicted below.
Each numbered compound in Tables B and C has a corresponding name and/or structure provided in
(compound 1001, as shown in
Additional examples of compounds that can be used in combination with a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) include those described in the following: WO 99/07733 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 99/07734 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 00/09558 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 00/09543 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 00/59929 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 02/060926 (BMS), WO 2006/039488 (Vertex), WO 2005/077969 (Vertex), WO 2005/035525 (Vertex), WO 2005/028502 (Vertex), WO 2005/007681 (Vertex), WO 2004/092162 (Vertex), WO 2004/092161 (Vertex), WO 2003/035060 (Vertex), WO 03/087092 (Vertex), WO 02/18369 (Vertex), WO 98/17679 (Vertex), WO 03/010140 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 03/026587 (Bristol Myers Squibb), WO 02/100846 A1, WO 02/100851 A2, WO 01/85172 AI (GSK), WO 02/098424 A1 (GSK), WO 00/06529 (Merck), WO 02/06246 A1 (Merck), WO 01/47883 (Japan Tobacco), WO 03/000254 (Japan Tobacco), EP 1 256 628 A2 (Agouron), WO 01/90121 A2 (Idenix), WO 02/069903 A2 (Biocryst Pharmaceuticals Inc.), WO 02/057287 A2 (Merck/Isis), WO 02/057425 A2 (Merck/lsis), WO 2010/117635, WO 2010/117977, WO 2010/117704, WO 2010/1200621, WO 2010/096302, WO 2010/017401, WO 2009/102633, WO 2009/102568, WO 2009/102325, WO 2009/102318, WO 2009/020828, WO 2009/020825, WO 2008/144380, WO 2008/021936, WO 2008/021928, WO 2008/021927, WO 2006/133326, WO 2004/014852, WO 2004/014313, WO 2010/096777, WO 2010/065681, WO 2010/065668, WO 2010/065674, WO 2010/062821, WO 2010/099527, WO 2010/096462, WO 2010/091413, WO 2010/094077, WO 2010/111483, WO 2010/120935, WO 2010/126967, WO 2010/132538, WO 2010/122162 and WO 2006/019831 (PTC therapeutics), wherein all the aforementioned are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of the chemical structures and chemical compounds disclosed therein.
Further examples of compounds that can be used in combination with a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) include the following: a NS3/4A inhibitor, a viral serine protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, an immunomodulating agent, an antioxidant agent, an antibacterial agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a hepatoprotectant agent, an antisense agent, an inhibitor of HCV NS2/3 protease and an inhibitor of internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Examples of the aforementioned compounds along with other compounds that can be used in combination with a compound of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include, but are not limited to, the following: R1626, R1479 (Roche), MK-0608 (Merck), R1656, (Roche-Pharmasset), Valopicitabine (Idenix), JTK-002/003, JTK-109 (Japan Tobacco), GS-7977(Gilead), EDP-239 (Enanta), PPI-1301 (Presido Pharmaceuticals), (Gao M. et al. Nature, 465, 96-100 (2010)), INX-189 (Inhibitex), JTK-853 (Japan Tobacco), RO-5303253 Hoffmann-La Roche), IDX-184 (Idenix Pharmaceuticals), class I interferons (such as alpha-interferons, beta-interferons, delta-interferons, omega-interferons, tau-inteferons, x-interferons, consensus interferons and asialo-interferons), class II interferons (such as gamma-interferons), pegylated interferons, interferon alpha 1A, interferon alpha 1B, interferon alpha 2A, and interferon alpha 2B, thalidomide, IL-2; hematopoietins, IMPDH inhibitors (for example, Merimepodib (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.)), natural interferon (such as OMNIFERON, Viragen and SUMIFERON, Sumitomo, and a blend of natural interferons), natural interferon alpha (ALFERON, Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc.), interferon alpha n1 from lymphblastoid cells (WELLFERON, Glaxo Wellcome), oral alpha interferon, Peg-interferon, Peg-interferon alpha 2a (PEGASYS, Roche), recombinant interferon alpha 2a (ROFERON, Roche), inhaled interferon alpha 2b (AERX, Aradigm), Peg-interferon alpha 2b (ALBUFERON, Human Genome Sciences/Novartis, PEGINTRON, Schering), recombinant interferon alpha 2b (INTRON A, Schering), pegylated interferon alpha 2b (PEG-INTRON, Schering, VIRAFERONPEG, Schering), interferon beta-1a (REBIF, Serono, Inc. and Pfizer), consensus interferon alpha (INFERGEN, Valeant Pharmaceutical), interferon gamma-1b (ACTIMMUNE, Intermune, Inc.), synthetic thymosin alpha 1 (ZADAXIN, SciClone Pharmaceuticals Inc.), an antisense agent (for example, ISIS-14803), SCH-6, ITMN-B (InterMune), GS9132 (Gilead), ISIS-14803 (ISIS Pharmaceuticals), ribavirin, amantadine, merimepodib, Levovirin, Viramidine, maxamine, silybum marianum, interleukine-12, amantadine, ribozyme, thymosin, N-acetyl cysteine and cyclosporin.
Additional embodiments are disclosed in further detail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the claims.
Materials
Macrocyclic NS3-4A protease inhibitor, Compound 3013, was purchased from Acme Bioscience Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.). Compound 1004 and NS5A inhibitor, Compound 3043, were synthesized at Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Cambridge, Mass.). DMEM (cat number 10313-021), 200 mM L-glutamine (catalog number 25030-081), 100× non-essential amino acids (catalog number 11140-050), and PenStrep (catalog number 15140) were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, Calif.). Fetal bovine serume (catalog number F4135) and DMSO (catalog number D2650) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St Louis, Mo.). Cell Titer Glo® luminescent cell viability assay reagent (catalog number G7573) and luciferase assay kit (catalog number E4550) were purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, Wis.). Ingenio electroporation solution (catalog number 50117) was purchased from Minis Bio LLC (Madison, Wis.).
Compound Handling
All compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to a stock concentration of 10 mM and stored at −20° C. Serial 2-fold or 3-fold dilution series of compounds were prepared in 100% DMSO at 400-fold of the final concentration to be used in cell culture experiments that would result in a final DMSO concentration of 0.25% in growth medium.
In Vitro Combination Assay
Drug combination studies were carried out using the transient replicon system. On day one, in vitro transcribed RNA of a genotype 1b replicon carrying the firefly luciferase reporter was transfected into Huh-7-ET-cured cells using Minis transfection reagent. (Lohmann V et al., “Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line” Science (1999) 285(5424):110-113, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) Ten thousand transfected cells were cultured in complete DMEM medium [DMEM medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 1× non-essential amino acids, 10% heat inactivated FBS and PenStrep (100 units/mL penicillin and 100 ug/mL streptomycin)] in the central 60 wells of 96-well, flat bottom, tissue culture treated plates and cultured at 37° C./5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h. The next day, compounds were serially diluted (2× or 3× dilution series) in 100% DMSO, mixed together in a checkerboard fashion and added to cells, and the plates were returned to the incubator for an additional 72 h. Each concentration combination of two compounds was tested in 4 replicates for effect on HCV replicon replication. The highest concentration of compounds tested was ˜10 to 20-fold the replicon IC50 value such that the IC50 concentration appeared in the middle of the dilution series. At the end of the incubation, cells from one set of the plates were lysed and the luciferase activity was measured using a luciferase assay kit. In experiments involving three compounds combinations, the two compound combination experiments were conducted at different constant concentrations of the third compound.
Data Analysis
The effects of dual combinations were evaluated using the Bliss independence model. (Greco et al., “The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective” Pharmacol. Rev. (1995) 47(2):331-385, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) The experimental data (RLU) was analyzed by using MacSynergy, a three-dimensional analytical method developed by Prichard and Shipman. (Prichard et al., “A three-dimensional model to analyze drug-drug interactions” Antiviral Res. (1990) 14(4-5):181-205, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) In this model, the theoretical additive effect is calculated from the dose-response curves of individual compounds by the equation Z=X+Y(1−X), where X and Y represent the inhibition produced by drug 1 alone and drug 2 alone, respectively, and Z represents the effect produced by the combination of drug 1 and drug 2. The theoretical additive surface is subtracted from the actual experimental surface, resulting in a surface that would appear as a horizontal plane at 0% inhibition if the combination is merely additive. Any peak above this plane would indicate synergy, whereas any depression below it would indicate antagonism. The 95% confidence intervals for the experimental dose-response surface are used to evaluate the data statistically. The volume of the peak or depression is calculated to quantify the overall synergy or antagonism produced.
A separate set of plates (3 replicates) was set up concurrently to determine the effect of combinations of varying concentrations of the two compounds on cell viability using the Cell Titer Glo® luminescent reagent from Promega that measures cellular ATP as a function of cell viability.
Combination Therapies
The effect of drug combinations on HCV replication was evaluated in a genotype 1b transient replicon system using the MacSynergy program as described herein. Independent experiments were conducted and the number of experiments for each combination is indicated in Table 1A by “n.” A dual combination of Compound 1004 with Compound 3013 or Compound 3043 showed minor synergy, and a dual combination of Compound 3013 with Compound 3043 showed minor synergy. In the triple combination of Compound 1004, Compound 3013 and Compound 3043, an interaction ranging from additive to moderate synergy was observed. No significant cytotoxicity was observed at the concentrations tested in these studies.
aIndividual IC50 values: Compound 1004 = 357 nM, n = 3; Compound 3013 = 2.1 nM, n = 3 and Compound 3043 = 0.0114 nM, n = 3.
bWhere multiple experiments were performed each individual determination is listed.
Materials
HCV inhibitor Compound 1002 provided by Alios BioPharma, Inc. (San Francisco, Calif. 94080, USA). Compound 3001 (TVR), and Compound 3028 were synthesized at Vertex (Cambridge, USA). DMEM (cat number 10313-021), 200 mM L-glutamine (catalog number 25030-081), 100× non-essential amino acids (catalog number 11140-050), PenStrep (catalog number 15140) and G418 (catalog number 11811-023) were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, Calif.). Fetal bovine serum (catalog number F4135) and DMSO (catalog number D2650) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St Louis, Mo.). Cell Titer Glo® luminescent cell viability assay reagent (catalog number G7573) and luciferase assay kit (catalog number E4550) were purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, Wis.).
Compound Handling
For in vitro virological assays, Compound 1002, was dissolved in 100% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to a stock concentration of 10 mM and stored at −20° C. Serial 2-fold or 3-fold dilution series of compounds were prepared in 100% DMSO at 100 to 200-fold the final concentration to be used in cell culture experiments that would result in a final DMSO concentration of ≦0.5% in growth medium.
Cell Viability Assays
Cytotoxicity of compounds against HCV replicon cells (transient or stable replicons cells) was evaluated in separate assays that were run concurrently with the 3-day or 2-day replicon assays and the effect of compounds on cell viability was determined using the Cell Titer Glo® luminescence reagent that measures cellular ATP as a function of cell viability. The resulting RLU values were analyzed applying the 4-parametric curve fitting method using the SoftMaxPro software (Molecular Devices, Inc., Sunnyvale Calif.) to derive CC50 values (concentration of compound that results in a 2-fold reduction in cell viability). Each compound concentration was tested at least in duplicates and the average value of replicates was used for curve fitting.
In Vitro Combination Assays
Drug combination studies were carried out using the transient replicon system described above. On day one, in vitro transcribed RNA of GT 1b WT replicon carrying the firefly luciferase reporter was transfected into Huh-7-ET-cured cells using the Mirus transfection reagent. Approximately, ten thousand transfected cells were cultured in complete DMEM medium [DMEM medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 1× non-essential amino acids, 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and PenStrep (100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin)] in central 60 wells of 96-well, flat bottom, tissue culture treated plates and cultured at 37° C./5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h. The next day, compounds were serially diluted (2× or 3× dilution series) in 100% DMSO, mixed together in a checkerboard fashion and added to cells, and the plates were returned to the incubator for an additional 72 h. Each concentration combination of two compounds was tested in 4 replicates for effect on HCV replicon replication. The highest concentration of compounds tested was ˜10 to 20-fold the replicon IC50 value such that the IC50 concentration appeared in the middle of the dilution series. At the end of the incubation period, the cells from one set of plates were lysed and the luciferase activity was measured using a luciferase assay kit.
The effects of drug-drug combinations were evaluated using the Bliss independence model (Greco W R, Bravo G, Parsons J C. The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev. 1995. 47(2): 331-385). The experimental data (RLU) were analyzed by using MacSynergy, a three-dimensional analytical method developed by Prichard and Shipman (Prichard M N and Shipman C Jr.). A three-dimensional model to analyze drug-drug interactions. Antiviral Res 1990. 14(4-5): 181-205). In this model, the theoretical additive effect is calculated from the dose-response curves of individual compounds by the equation Z=X+Y(1−X), where X and Y represent the inhibition produced by drug 1 alone and drug 2 alone, respectively and Z represents the effect produced by the combination of drug 1 and drug 2. The theoretical additive surface is subtracted from the actual experimental surface, resulting in a surface that would appear as a horizontal plane at 0% inhibition if the combination is merely additive. Any peak above this plane would indicate synergy, whereas any depression below it would indicate antagonism. The 95% confidence intervals for the experimental dose-response surface are used to evaluate the data statistically. The volume of the peak or depression is calculated to quantify the overall synergy or antagonism produced.
A separate set of plates (3 replicates) were set up concurrently to determine the effect of combinations of varying concentrations of the two compounds on cell viability using the Cell Titer Glo® luminescent reagent from Promega that measures cellular ATP as a function of cell viability.
Combination Therapies
The effect of combinations of Compound 1002, Compound 3001, and Compound 3028 on HCV replication was evaluated in five independent experiments. The combination was found to have an additive effect (Table 1B). No significant cytotoxicity or antagonism was observed at the concentrations tested in these studies.
aCombination result is defined based on the MacSynergy volume: <25 → additive, 25-50 → minor synergy, 50-100 → moderate synergy, >100 → strong synergy
Furthermore, although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms disclosed herein are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but rather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit of the invention.
Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57, and include U.S. provisional application Nos. 61/614,494, filed Mar. 22, 2012 and 61/613,854, filed Apr. 19, 2012.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130252920 A1 | Sep 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61613854 | Apr 2012 | US | |
| 61614494 | Mar 2012 | US |
