Patent Grant
8367119
The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, the use of the pharmaceutical composition to treat a brain tumor, manufacturing processes, and a kit of parts containing the pharmaceutical composition.
Annually around 7000 cases of serious brain tumor occur in Germany, which include astrocytoma with malignancy grades II and III as well as grade IV glioblastoma and multiforme glioblastoma. Brain tumors are often diagnosed as a secondary result. They often occur in patients with bleeding in the cervical and skull regions, which can be associated with loss of consciousness and/or severe pain. Thus, the admission of patients into a hospital is typically necessary.
Brain tumor treatment is presently very cumbersome. Particularly due to the emergence of glioblastoma, often the prognosis is not positive for patients. The symptoms can be alleviated by removing the tumor with surgery, but the duration of the patient's life can generally be extended for only a few months. Long term recovery is very rare.
Current therapies against tumors, the most dangerous and most feared disease of our era, attempt to combat tumors in a very radical way that is frequently not very patient-friendly. In this regard, we present a few simple keywords: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. This means that once that the tumor, if reasonably accessible, is in principle removed with the scalpel, destroyed by a wide range of radiation, or by so-called chemotherapy, which through aggressive cytostatic actions can also affect healthy cells. Both with normal treatment and with surgery as well as with radiation, spatial delimitation of the treatment area is not possible. These treatments inevitably also destroy healthy cells of the body. The adverse side effects of chemotherapy are well known, as are the disadvantages of radiotherapy.
In particular, the surgical removal brain tumors, however, has more side effects. Often a second operation on the patient is required. During the first operation and the removal of the brain tumor a large stigmatic surface is produced. In addition to healthy glial cells, diseased glial cells can also be deposited, i.e., malignant glial cells. These are often cells derived from the tumor and generate metastases. Thus a diffuse recurrence is inevitable. This cannot be treated by conventional methods. Therefore, they are often fatal to the patients.
After the surgery, usually radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy follows. In chemotherapy, typically Cisplatin is used in various combinations. Since the beginning of 2002 a medicine for oral administration with the name Temozolomid (Essex Company) is used. Temozolomid has the trade name TEMODAL®. And GLEEVEC® is another cytostatic that can be used. In addition to the known side effects such as vomiting, malaise, and depression caused by cancer chemotherapy and nervous disorders, a problem with the above-mentioned treatments is that in order to treat a brain tumor they must cross the blood-brain barrier. Typically, active compounds cross the blood-brain barrier with an efficiency of only about 0.4 to 5%. The composition and functioning of the blood-brain barrier are still only preliminarily understood. This barrier is intended to protect the brain from harmful substances, but on the other hand, it allows a limited input power.
Our body is composed of individual organic systems and organs, which require for their operation different but constant conditions, such as nutrients, hormones, and electrolytes. All the organs are linked by the blood circulation. Because all the components needed for the nourishment are found in the blood, but also for the detoxification of the body, the filtering systems are careful to allow only the passage of substances necessary to certain organic systems. In this connection are designated inter alia the blood barrier of the tissues, also called the blood barrier of the parenchyma, the blood barrier of the liver, the blood barrier of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the blood-brain barrier, the CSF barrier of the brain, the blood barrier of the nerves, the blood barrier of the retina, and the barrier of the placenta.
By these filtering mechanisms, through the so-called barrier effect, the passage of certain substances in the blood stream is restricted to prevent the passage to the organs system in cases in which the components are not necessary or are required in a small amount for these organs systems.
These “barriers” are not independent organs, but are composed of a series of cells and spaces between the cells, and allow the passage of the blood, of nutrient substances, and of certain chemicals, or retain them as endothelial macromolecules. They may have the effect of a lipid membrane in the wall of the vessels for the passage of substances which do not dissolve in lipids, or may have a selective effect on the active process of transportation in the capillaries. The brain and the nervous tissue are protected by two systems of filtration, the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-brain barrier.
The existence and the functioning of the so-called blood-brain barrier has been known for more than 100 years and has been demonstrated through experiments by Paul Ehrlich in 1885. In the central nervous system the spaces between the neurons are almost totally filled by glial cells and their processes. The entire metabolism of the nerve cells is carried out by these glial and endothelial cells. They contribute to the formation of the nerves cells and of the nerves fibers as well as to their alimentation and isolation. A form of the glial cells are the astrocytes. They have many extensions with which they are held to the wall of the capillaries and constitute an endothelial surface without descents surrounding all sides. These endothelial cells are linked by connecting elements, “tight junctions”, and equipped with a selective filter for passage of substances, allowing the passage of particles with a diameter of less than 20 nm. In this way, general metabolism is conducted through this endothelial netting, which allows, like a biological filter, the passage of the substances in the blood according to need, but retains substances that are dangerous for the functioning of the brain at a distance from the nervous system.
The endothelial knitting and the endothelial cells that surround the capillaries like a basal membrane are referred to as the blood-brain barrier. Acidic substances, carbon dioxide, D-glucose, D-hexose, certain L-amino acids, and substances necessary for the nutrition of the brain are allowed to pass without restriction. In the same way, decomposition products are returned to the blood. The final processes of the astrocytes constitute a barrier for certain hormones, substances which do not dissolve in lipids, substances which dissolve in water, and chemicals, such as proteins, and ensure in this way the maintenance of a constant environment for the nervous system neurons.
The astrocytes' cell structure is so ordered that it constitutes an obstacle to high molecular weight substances and organisms. However, under normal conditions it is not fully sealed, so certain particles can always pass through this barrier. In the case of infection, trauma, inflammation, poisoning, hypoxia, fever, and in the range of tumors, the close links of the tight junctions between the endothelial cells are dilated by the inflammation of the astrocytes and become significantly more permeable to other substances. The modification of the distance is the consequence of the swelling and of the deflation of the endothelial cells. Also the basal membrane of the capillaries is not a closed layer. Depending on the density of the fiber mesh, pores are constituted in the membrane which participate actively in the exchange of substances.
Long before the possibility of treatment with antibiotics, the capacity of crossing the blood-brain barrier has been increased by artificially producing fever, similar to an infection process, for the therapy of syphilis of the central nervous system, and for shock therapy in psychiatry, and the possibility of administration of medicines directly to the brain has arisen. After the cessation of conditions that influence the blood-brain barrier, the temporary permeability of the blood-brain barrier is reformed.
For chemotherapy of the patients with brain metastasis of solid tumors, treatment with Termozolomid (TERMODAL®), a lipophilic alkylating agent, has been clinically researched. It weakens the blood-brain barrier and increases the sensitivity of the tumor to radiation in case of simultaneous radiotherapy.
In contrast to this, the possibility of conducting brain therapy in a more subtle way, based on natural products, has also been researched.
In this respect, among others, many substances extracted from poisonous organisms with increased effects in therapeutic doses can be used.
The use of these biological poisons began early in human history. For safe use of these poisons, however, it was initially necessary for basic knowledge regarding the treatments and their effects was required. Further research relating to deciphering the chemical composition of these biological poisons thereafter led by targeted investigations of certain active substances to a proper use of the substances, which has led to the observed effects.
A powerful boost in separation technology, which is a path to ascertain the active substances to fight against diseases, was made by the discovery of the chromatographic process in the middle of the 20th Century. Starting from the division between a mobile phase and a stationary liquid, the absorption, the sieve effect of the molecules, the change of ions, affinity (especially of proteins) to defined chemical relations (e.g., enzymes substrate) and the mobility of the molecules in the electric field, a variety of new separation techniques have been developed.
Just recently, many active pharmaceutical substances have been developed from biological toxins.
From PCT/EP00/19202 is known an active pharmaceutical substance, for which it has been found that certain components of the venom of spiders can be used. A peptide toxin extracted from the poison of this species of spiders, a substance extracted from the poison with antagonistic effect, and/or a combination of these components can be used medically. The use of the peptide toxin for example from species of the genus Sicarius is recommended for treating breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, liver carcinoma, as well as melanoma. The possibility of treating brain tumors, such as astrocytoma and the glioblastoma, is not mentioned. Consequently, the problem of passing through the blood-brain barrier is not discussed.
The active substances described in PCT/EP00/19202 may be used to treat disease with tumors, as well as in parallel or as a support in treatments of tumors and tissue debris from tumors. In therapy, genetically modified cells from the body (tumor cells) can be destroyed, whereas the active substance recognizes the modified structure of the surface of these cells and it eliminates them without complications. The complete venom of these species of spiders, a so-called cocktail of different substances, cannot be used from a pharmaceutical point of view because of it can be fatal, even in small doses.
However, this known active substance does not have an effect in vivo on brain tumor, and especially on a special type of brain tumor, such as a oligodendroglioma or oligodendrocytoma. It is necessary for successful therapy for this active substance to pass the blood-brain barrier in a large amounts.
Another combination of poisonous substances is disclosed in PCT/EP2006/063281. The published combination of the various poisonous substances partially neutralized each other, however, and the destructive effect on the tumor cells was unsatisfactory.
It was surprisingly found that the peptide toxin from Loxosceles unbinds the peptide toxin of the Latrodectus, so that the peptide toxin from Loxosceles passes in an insignificant quantity through the blood-brain barrier. After mixing of the peptide toxin of the Latrodectus and of the Loxosceles, no distinct bands were observed: merely a smear caused by the fragments of the peptide digest of Latrodectus peptide toxins. The spiders of the genus Loxoceles belong, as well as those of the genus Sicarius, to the family Sicariidae. Based on the tight relationship between the two spider species, any effect of the mixture of the peptide toxin of the Sicarius species with the one of the Latrodectus species cannot be expected.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is the production of a composition that, by passing the blood-brain barrier as effectively as possible, results in the destruction of cancer cells in the body without giving rise to complications, in particular in the area of the brain, especially with respect to the rare brain tumor, oligodendroglioma.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for treating a brain tumor.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a combination of active substances that facilitate effective treatment of brain tumors.
These objects are achieved by the features of the independent claims. Preferred improvements and embodiments of the invention are found in the dependent claims.
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating the brain tumor that contains in a pharmaceutically effective amount:
The peptide toxin of the spiders from the genus Sicarius and/or the saliva of the vipers of the genus Elaphe are able to destroy the cells of a tumor. By combination with the poison of the spiders of the genus Latrodectus, the poison that destroys the tumor is transported through the blood-brain barrier into the brain, and there it that can fight against the tumor. The venom of the spiders of the genus Latrodectus has an effect on substances that pass through the blood-brain barrier. For the first time this combination makes it possible to destroy the cells of tumors in the brain. Unexpectedly, the peptide toxins from Latrodectus were not degraded by the peptide toxins from Sicarius, so the peptide toxins from Latrodectus acted as transfer substances for the other toxins that are tumor cell destroyers and have passed the blood-brain barrier, and then by contact with the peptide toxins from Sicarius and/or Elaphe could destroy the tumors in the area of the brain, for example oligodendrocytes.
Subsequently, it was surprisingly found that the peptide toxins from Elaphe are also able, in contact with the peptide toxins from Latrodectus, to pass the blood-brain barrier, and to kill the astrocytoma cells as glioblastomatic cells. In this case, the peptide toxins were extracted from the saliva of the genus Elaphe. A combination of the peptide toxins of the genus Elaphe with the peptide toxins from the Loxosceles, on the other hand, was unsuccessful. The peptide toxins of the genus Elaphe, extracted from the saliva of one of the members of the genus Elaphe, destroyed the peptide particles from the active substance of the Loxoceles venom, so an effect was no longer observable. But the combination of the peptide toxins from Sicarius and Elaphe spp. had an effect and could pass, with the help of the peptide toxins from Latrodectus, through the blood-brain barrier.
The extraction of peptide toxins can be achieved by known methods. Reference is made to the disclosure of PCT/EP00/12902. Through various chromatographic procedures, for example HPLC techniques, certain mixtures of poisons can be completely divided into individual fractions and then the fractions can be studied in terms of their effects. The destructive effects on tumor cells of certain fractions of the peptide toxins can be defined in experiments performed with the help of cell culture. The efficacy of the tumor-cell-destroying toxin peptide fractions in connection with the blood-brain barrier penetrating substance from Latrodectus can then be determined in known animal models. Examples in this regard are found in PCT/EP00/12902, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety. As described in PCT/EP00/12902, through the peptide toxins from Sicarius, the expert can isolate the particles with effect from the peptide toxins of the Elaphe saliva and the total venom cocktail of the spiders of the genus Latrodectus and test them in the way presented above. Here reference is made to PCT/EP2006/063281, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety. This application shows the use of the peptide toxins from Latrodectus which can pass through the blood-brain barrier and simultaneously shows the ability to let also other peptide toxins pass through the blood-brain barrier, namely those of Sicarius and Elaphe.
Alternatively, the whole venom of a spider of the genus Latrodectus can be employed rather than the fractions of peptide toxins. In all cases it is very important that the Latrotoxin is largely removed from the venom cocktail, so the pharmaceutical composition, which contains the complete venom or part of the Latrodectus venom, can be used as a means of crossing the blood-brain barrier brain without being a danger to patients. Currently, the Latrotoxins alpha and gamma are known. These must be removed at least to such an extent that toxic side effects can be excluded in the case of accumulation in patients. Preferably, only those fractions from the whole venom cocktail of Latrodectus in the pharmaceutical composition can be used which contain the active ingredients, which are capable of passing the blood-brain barrier or allow the anti-tumor agents from Sicarius and Elaphe, to overcome this barrier
According to a preferred development of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition contains additionally inactive parapoxvirus ovis, in particular of strain D1701. Especially preferred are the commercially available preparations with the name ZYLEXIS® from Pfizer. The inactivated parapoxvirus ovis, of D170 strain, to which additionally poligeline and aqua have been added for injection.
1 ml of resuspended ZYLEXIS® contains:
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the spiders of the genus Sicarius will be selected from the group consisting of the species Sicarius oweni, Sicarius testaceus, Sicarius hahni, Sicarius albospinosus, Sicarius brasiliensis, Sicarius terrosus, and Sicarius terrosus formae.
The spiders of the Latrodectus and Sicarius genera are preferably milked in order to recover total venom cocktails.
The spiders are milked mechanically, without the electrical stimulation of the poison glands, at temperatures between 21 and 27° C. The milking process is accomplished in a sterile space, under a stereo magnifying glass; it is observed through the magnifying glass if the spiders bite in the capillaries, as it is important that they do not tear them, because the digestive enzymes can destroy the peptide toxins. The venom cocktails thus obtained are fractionated into component parts through a basic chromatographic process and/or other generally application techniques.
In example 2 the extraction of the peptide toxins from Sicarius is described in more detail. The specifics of the peptide toxin extraction from Sicarius, which are applicable also to those of Elaphe and Latrodectus, are described in PCT/EP00/12902, so the expert can easily obtain fractions of the spider venom based on the prior art technique.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the peptide toxin of the spiders of the genus Sicarius, is the peptide toxin HT1 and/or HT2. In example 2 the way of obtaining this peptide toxin is described in detail.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition also contains Lachesis D6. Lachesis D6 of DHU (German Homeopathic Union) is preferred as a solvent for the peptide toxin from Sicarius. Lachesis D6 particularly can be preferably used in the production of the composition.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the spiders of the genus Latrodectus are selected from the group consisting of Latrodectus bishopi, Latrodectus curacaviensis, Latrodectus dahli, Latrodectus erythromelas, Latrodectus hasselti, Latrodectus katipo, Latrodectus menavodi, Latrodectus rhodesiensis, Latrodectus revivensis, Latrodectus schuchi, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, Latrodectus variolus, Latrodectus hesperus, Latrodectus corallinus, Latrodectus geometricus, and Latrodectus obscurior.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the species of Latrodectus spiders is preferably selected from the species Latrodectus geometricus and Latrodectus obscurior.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a mixture of the venoms of Sicarius or Latrodectus can be used. The mixture may be of different types of Sicarius or Latrodectus species or also the mixture of different populations of a type.
The second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition, like the one described above, to produce a medicine to treat brain tumor and glioblastoma, particularly to treat an oligodendroglioma.
The inventive combination of venoms or venom fractions of animals of the genus Sicarius or saliva of the genus Elaphe with a venoms or venom fractions of animals of the genus Latrodectus overcome the blood-brain barrier. The venom of Latrodectus animals serves as a penetrant which allows penetration of the barrier.
Another aspect of the present invention, refers to a method for preparing a composition comprising the following steps:
According to a preferred embodiment of this aspect, an additional immunomodulator, preferably parapoxvirus ovis, more preferably of strain D1701, will be added before mixing.
According to a preferred embodiment of this aspect, at least one peptide toxin of Sicarius is dissolved in Lachesis D6 before adding to the solution of NaCl, and preferred both peptide toxins of Sicarius.
According to another preferred embodiment of this aspect, the first toxin of Sicarius peptide is a peptide toxin Sicarius-HT1 and/or the second peptide toxin of Sicarius is a peptide toxin Sicarius-HT2.
Also preferred as passing substances are the pharmaceutical preparations of phospholipase of the types of Sicarius which facilitate the update of the peptide toxin by the tumor cells. The substances of this type and their extraction are described for example in PCT/EP00/12902.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kit of parts for treating brain tumors and glioblastoma, comprising a pharmaceutical composition as described above and an incense extract and/or bamboo leaves.
The main components of the incense are the resins in which boswelia acids and essential oils are found. In addition to the boswelia acids, which belong to the pentacycilic triterpenes group, a tetracyclic triterpene, the acid of tirucal, is also found in the resin.
Preferably, in the present invention the H15 Ayurmedica preparation is used. It relates to tablets which contain a standard level of 400 mg of dry extract of Boswelia cerata. The dosage is adjusted depending on the need. It may vary widely, usually between the values of 3 tablets every week up to 25 tablets daily, preferably being 10 tablets weekly up to 20 tablets daily.
The incense extract is used as an alternative to cortisone in order to prevent brain edema in the case of treatment with the appropriate pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Edema appears in a large number in the case of treatment of brain tumors, especially when they are destroyed very quickly, i.e., where they diminish very quickly.
In the followings the various poisonous substances are explained in detail.
The tumor cells are destroyed by using the peptide toxins which are extracted from the poison of the animals in the genus Sicarius, spiders with six eyes. The species Sicarius oweni, Sicarius testaceus, Sicarius hahni, Sicarius albospinosus, Sicarius argentinensis, Sicarius brasiliensis, Sicarius terrosus and Sicarius terrosus formae are preferred for extracting the poison.
The most preferred peptide toxin is the extracted from the species Sicarius oweni, Sicarius testaceus, Sicarius argentinensis, Sicarius terrosus and Sicarius terrosus formae, with the last two species being the most preferred.
The peptide toxins can be extracted by generally known separation techniques, such as for example by gel electrophoresis or chromatography, especially column chromatography. The extraction of the primary poison cocktail from spiders is described below.
Alternatively or additionally the saliva of the vipers from the genus Elaphe can be used. The saliva are extracted by placing a cotton swab in front of the snake, which eventually the snake may bite. The saliva present on the cotton swab can be extracted from the swab with the help of a dissolution means, such as Lachesis D6 or a solution of 0.9% NaCl. The resulting solution can be concentrated by known procedures.
For passage through the blood-brain barrier, the active substances from the venoms of the spiders of the Latrodectus species (“black widow”) are preferred. These belong to the Family of spheric spiders (Theridiiade). The characteristic of these animals is a large posterior region, reminiscent of a sphere. The anterior region of the body is very small in comparison. Males reach a length of 5 mm without legs, and the females mostly between 10 and 18 mm. These animals have a brownish color to shiny black. Almost always, marks of red, orange, or yellow are found on the posterior of the body. They can be found in the different, and are sometimes are also found in cities. The forest is not generally accepted as a habitat.
Preferably, the following species can be employed:
The last two species are particularly preferred for passage through the blood-brain barrier, especially in cases where the patients who are treated are children.
For the composition according to the present invention, the species Latrodectus geometricus and Latrodectus obscurior are particularly preferred.
The Black Widow, as it is known in homeopathy, is found mainly in America, along the Pacific Coast, to Canada. The homeopathically-prepared venom from the black widow is an important substance for the treatment of Angina pectoris. This spider usually stays away from popular localities and lives near the ground, among stones and brushwood. However, where a spider is found, there usually are several in the immediate vicinity.
Latrodectus bishopi occurs in central and southern Florida.
Latrodectus curacaviensis occurs in the areas of North America and South America, and in the Netherlands Antilles. The females are of shiny black color on the whole body, and on the abdomen have striking marks of red or orange color. The legendary poison is quite dangerous to people, but in rare cases it can also be lethal.
Latrodectus dahli is found in Iran.
Latrodectus erythromelas occurs in Sri Lanka.
Latrodectus hasselti is encountered from India to New Zealand and is often found in basements, garages, barns and exterior toilets. These spiders also can be found under batches of wood or under other construction materials or debris.
Latrodectus katipo is the only poisonous spider in New Zealand. It is found mostly in the artificial environs of New Zealand, except for the extreme South. It is found near the soil, in the grass or cut wood. The bite of the Katipo spider can be deadly, especially as the antidote has its effect in three days.
Latrodectus menavodi is found in Madagascar and the Seychelles.
Latrodectus rhodesiensis lives in southern Africa.
Latrodectus revivensis lives in Israel, especially in the Negev.
Latrodectus schuchi (now known as Latrodectus lilianae) is found in Europe only in Spain, specifically in Aragon.
Latrodectus tredezimguttatus is found in southern Europe, frequently on fields of grain, especially in the Mediterranean, but also in Asia and Africa. The appearance of these spiders is characterized by a body entirely of glossy black, with 13 red spots on the back side. The often irregular net that is woven is often found nearby the soil. Because new weaves and new threads are always woven into this net, it is very stable. The center of the net forms a basket shaped net and often is found under an object, such as a rock, a branch or even the crack of a wall.
Latrodectus variolus is found for example in America in Michigan. Female specimens have a red dot on the inferior part of their posterior. Males do not have this feature, but they have a red and yellow stripe on the back.
The venom of Latrodectus is composed of 6 to 7 proteins, with molecular weights from 5 kDa up to 130 kDa, of which Latrotoxin is a highly effective neurotoxin. The complete poison cocktail or part of the poison of the Latrodectus species referred to in paragraphs a) to n) is used, and in particular of the species Latrodectus geometricus and Latrodectus obscurior. The Latrodectus species referred to in paragraphs m) and n) can be used also for children under the age of about 12 years old.
The substances used according to the invention for the pharmaceutical composition may be obtained naturally from animals. These poisons were originally developed to capture prey and to predigest animal protein. This natural mode of action may be obtained by a function-preserving, careful extraction of the venom components (e.g., by manual milking).
In contrast to the traditional methods of milking from anthropods using an electrical method (see Weickmann D. (1991): The attitude and the poison of the Sicariidaes. Arachronologic Index 16, p. 12-13; Weickamnn D., Burda R (1994): Electrophoresis of scorpion venoms. Electrophoresis Forum 1994, Abstracts, Technical University of Munich), in which the poison is obtained from animals with an electrical impulse that causes the contraction of the venom glands of the animals (animals are here preferably cooled), according to the present invention the cocktail of venom is obtained through a manual method by which the animals are stimulated using their natural behavior of defense to release the poison.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a way of manually milking the spiders is provided. This way genuine, unadulterated venom will be obtained, while in contrast, for example in the electrical milking by electron flow restructured substances or molecules are obtained which can be changed in their modes of action, or substances in the toxins can be present that the animal would not otherwise make. These substances may, but need not necessarily affect the efficiency of the poison cocktail, rendering the medically-active compound inactive. By default, an analysis and/or quality control performed using standard electrophoretic methods.
For manual milking, subadult females from the genera and species mentioned above can preferably be used, these being fixed with a finger of a hand in a position on the back, and are stimulated to release the venom by tapping with a part of the trunk of a sterile cannula positioned on a sterile syringe at the maxillaries. The room temperature is usually between 21 and 27 degrees, air moisture of 50% up to 70%. The day time does not matter.
It is preferred that the stimulation time must not last more than 90 seconds, otherwise the animal will be exposed to unnecessary stress. After the appearance of the poison drop on the poison fangs, the venom is brought into the syringe through the cannula. Subsequently, the cannula will be closed with a cannula protector. The closed syringe, together with the collected venom, will at the end be brought directly into a desiccator.
It is also possible that the active substances described herein, which are found in various animal venoms, can be chemically synthesized or produced by molecular biological methods in recombinant form. As is usual in the case of chemical substances, the present invention includes also derivatives and salts of the inventive substances. For example, the peptide toxin may contain one or more substitutions and/or deletions of amino acids, wherein the inventive medical effect has been maintained. The extraction of the described active substances takes place by the traditional methods of chemical process engineering.
The active substances of the present invention are preferably used in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in which they are mixed with carriers or carrier materials in doses, so that the disease is treated or at least mitigated. Such a composition can contain (in addition to the active materials and the carriers), diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers and other materials which are well known in the art. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is defined as a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient or active ingredient. The selection of the carrier depends on the route of administration.
The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise other materials that increase the activity of the active substance or complement its activity or its use in the treatment. Such complementary factors and/or means may be contained in the pharmaceutical composition, which can achieve a synergistic effect and can minimize side effects or undesirable effects.
The formulation techniques, respectively for preparation and administration of the compounds of the present registration, can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition. An effective dose from a pharmaceutical point of view relates to an amount of a compound that is enough to achieve an improvement in symptoms, for example the treatment, cure, prevention, or improvement of certain conditions. The appropriate modalities of administration may include for example oral administration, rectal and transmucosal or intestinal and parental administration, including also the administration by intramuscular injections, subcutaneous, intramedullary, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal or intranasal injection. Subcutaneous or intramuscular administration will be considered to be preferable for patients.
Administrated will be 1-5 ml, preferably 2-4 ml of composition every 1-4 days. The amount of a composition administered may be adjusted by a specialist. This match may be modified during the treatment.
In the case of the traditional treatment methods, both in the case of primary tumors as well as in the case of the secondary or of relapse tumors, edema can be formed, causing severe pain upon pressure. Cortisone is used to prevent formation of edema, often even in very high doses. Cortisone, however, can still cause tumors. Also, cortisone can create a strong dependence, so that the withdrawal will be gradual, slow, with partial reduced doses.
The inventors of the present invention have ascertained that the compositions corresponding to the invention are disturbed at their passage into the brain by the cortisone. The inventors surprisingly found that the extract of incense and/or bamboo can be used as an absolute substitute against the formation of the edema.
As mentioned above, especially the preparations of H15 as incense extracts are taken into consideration. And the extract of bamboo is in particular the extract from the leaves of bamboo. Directly dry leafs of incense and/or bamboo leaves in the form of capsules can be used in combination with the pharmaceutical composition that can be administered according to the present invention.
In the following the production and the effect of the inventive pharmaceutical composition will be presented through examples. These examples are only exemplary and will not in any way limit the invention.
For the production of a pharmaceutical composition in the form of an injectable solution, 1 ml of saturated solution of peptide toxin HT1 of Sicarius in Lachesis D6 DHU (German Homeopathic Union) is introduced into 30 ml a solution of 0.9% NaCl. Finally, 1 ml of saturated solution of the peptide toxin HT2 of Sicarius in Lachesis D6 DHU is added. It is preferred that both phases are carried out at room temperature.
This cocktail mixture is completed by addition of a substance of Latrodectus geometricus and/or Latrodectus obscurior. In addition to this the venom of different populations of Latrodectus geometricus and/or Latrodectus obscurior can be used.
1 ml of ZYLEXIS® from the company Pfizer can be added as immunomodulator.
Finally, the resulting mixture can be mixed 10 times towards the center of the earth.
The resulting composition can be stored at approximately 7° C., in darkness, for 9 months. The loss of effect, established experimentally (electrophoretically) after a period of 9 months is 10%.
In a cell culture flask (1250 ml) the effect of the different extracts of venom were defined through the number of cells after 24, 48 and 100 hours, as it appears in Table 1 below. Here it is seen that the population of cells decreases in an insignificant number. The decrease of the population of cells in vitro corresponds to the decrease of a tumor in vivo.
Androctonus
bicolor
Latrodectus bishopi
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus
Sicarius sp./
curacaviensis
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus dahli
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus erythromelas
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus hasselti
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus katipo
Latrodectus menavodi
Latrodectus rhodesiensis
Latrodectus revivensis
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus schuchi
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
tredecimguttatus
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus variolus
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus hesperus
Sicarius sp./
Varanus sp.
Latrodectus corallinus
Similarly to Comparative Example 1 above, the compositions of the present invention have been searched, as follows in Table 2:
bicolor
Sicarius oweni
Latrodectus geometricus
Sicarius testaceus
Sicarius hahni
Sicarius albospinosus
Sicarius argentinensis
Sicarius brasiliensis
Sicarius terrosus
Sicarius terrosus formae
Sicarius oweni
Latrodectus obscurior
Sicarius testaceus
Sicarius argentinensis
Sicarius terrosus
Sicarius terrosus formae
Sicarius oweni
Latrodectus geometricus
Sicarius testaceus
Sicarius argentinensis
Sicarius terrosus
Sicarius terrosus formae
It is shown here that after increased incubation of the cells the growth of the cells does not take place anymore. Usually the toxin from the Sicarius kills the tumor cells in an increased way. Phospholipase from Sicarius argentinensis is used as a passing enzyme. This crossing substance is available in sufficient quantity, and it enables the diffusion of the peptide toxins, as for example of Sicarius toxins, in the tissues and in the cells.
For the therapy of the brain tumors a subcutaneous injection of 2-4 ml of the composition according to the invention are administrated to the patient every two or three days, according to the severity of the patient's disease. The course of therapy is monitored by positron emission tomography (PET) and the tumor marker LSA (sialinic acids with lipids). Accordingly, the therapy can be adjusted if necessary.
In addition up to 20 tablets of H15 or 3 capsules of incense leaves are administrated daily in order to prevent the formation of an edema, which can also result in faster tumor destruction.
The capsules containing extracts of incense leaves also comprise dry extracts of Bamboo ventricosa.
Conduct of the treatment through various examples of patients:
To separate the fractions of effective peptide toxins from the total venom cocktail from the spiders of genus Latrodectus and Sicarius, as well as from the vipers of the genus Elaphe, procedures of basic chromatographic separation are preferred. Of course, the specialist may also apply other procedures for separating the mixture of peptides. The individual fractions, resulting from the separation process, are verified in terms of their capacity, or by cell culture or by animal experiments. The use of the individual fractions of the Latrodectus total cocktail as a crossing agent through the blood-brain barrier comes mainly from probing animal models.
General representation of a procedure for basic chromatographic separation
For the separation in individual particles/fractions, the total venom will be added to 5 ml of protein solvent solution, for column chromatography, which is composed of 0.25 M Tris/HCL, pH 6.5 up to 7.3, 1.92 M glycine and deionized water. With the total cocktail of venom, a saturated solution will be produced in a TEFLON® vessel. For homogeneous mixing, the total cocktail with the protein solvent solution is shaken for 60 seconds on a Vortex, avoiding the formation of foam.
After homogenization, the solution will be passed through an acrylic glass funnel in a column of transparent acrylic glass, with the interior circumference of 1 cm, the wall thickness of 2 mm and the height of 50 cm, and at the bottom it has a conical shape on the distance of 1.5 mm, but it is open. In the column are 15 mL Gel (ACA 34; Matrix 3%, Acrylamide 4% Agarose; field of fractioning (MW): proteins from 20-350 kDa, exclusion limit 750 kDa, circumference of the balls: 60-140 μm). The introduced venom solution flows through the infiltration in the gel, the solution plugging in the gel. After the total infiltration of the venomous solution in the gel 165 ml of solvent solution (0.25 M Tris/HCl, pH 6.5-7.3, 1.92 M glycine) will be inserted in portions (without allowing the gel to dry) in the column. This solvent solution flows by passage of the venomous solution in the gel. The first 15 mL which will trickle down from the column are the remains of the buffer in the gel and will be discarded. At the end, 40 fractions of 4 mL will be collected.
Through the chemical and physical characteristics of this separation system 4 mL for the individual fractions will result. If in the fractions a single component is found, this fact will be verified through SDS-PAGE. Only one band for each fraction.
For SDS-PAGE, for the protection of the correlations of peptides and proteins, Roti Load 1+2 (Carl Loth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe: SDS-, Glycerol, bromophenol blue, phosphate buffer, Roti Load 1 with mercaptoethanol, Roti Load 2 without mercaptoethanol) will be used as extraction buffers of the fraction in the gel.
After the separation, the individual fractions will be retained in clean TEFLON® containers that are previously sterilized and can be sealed.
Sicarius spiders are milked, as described in detail above, to extract the total venom cocktail. The complete venom is then extracted by a method of chromatographic separation using a column, for example by HPLC. Fractions 4, 8, 11, and 14 contain substances that destroy tumor cells from the species Sicarius oweni, Sicarius testaceus, Sicarius hahni, Sicarius albospinosus. Fractions 5 and 10 contain substances that destroy the tumor cells in the South American species Sicarius argentinensis, Sicarius brasiliensis, Sicarius terrosus and Sicarius terrosus formae.
In the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis results, by the apparent mass of blue color, the following molecular weights (average means) of the frozen-dried substances are obtained:
African Sicarius:
South American Sicarius:
Fraction 4 corresponds to peptide toxin HT1, and fraction 10 corresponds to peptide toxin HT2.
Peptide toxins of Latrodectus and Elaphe were tested as HT1 and HT2 to the venal-glioblastoma standard and cell cultures of astrocytes and also showed the expected effect.
The phospholipase in the total venomous cocktail from Sicarius argentinensis was extracted and defined in the same way as the peptide toxins. The molecular weight is 38,000, by which it is distinguished from other substances from Sicarius. The order on the type of phospholipase could be demonstrated by enzyme kinetic checks.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2006 060 344 | Dec 2006 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2007/064355 | 12/20/2007 | WO | 00 | 5/14/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008/074872 | 6/26/2008 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6998389 | Weickmann | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO2005004887 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006134166 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Khvotchev et al. EMBO Journal (2000) 19(13): 3250-3262). |
| Fry et al. Rapid Comm. Mass Spec. (2003) 17: 2047-2062. |
| Binford et al. Comparative Biochem. Physiol. part B (2003) 135: 25-33. |
| Yang et al. Dongwu Xuebao (2007) 53(4): 682-688 (abstract; downloaded from STN on Mar. 10, 2012). |
| Machine translation for CN 1682981 (published Oct. 19, 2005) downloaded from the SIPO website Oct. 14, 2012. |
| Machine translation for DE 102005027665 (publsihed Dec. 21, 2006) downloaded from the EPO Oct. 12, 2012. |
| STN abstract for CN 1682981, downloaded from CAPLUS Oct. 14, 2012. |
| Bettini, S., On the mode of action of Latrodectus spp. venom. Annali Dell Instituto Superiore Di Sanita. vol. 7, No. 1 pp. 1-7 (1971). |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2007/064355 dated Mar. 10, 2008. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110038846 A1 | Feb 2011 | US |
