Patent Application
20130172375
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of a drug. In the composition, the drug is in substantially amorphous form.
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion comprising a compound of formula (I),
or a compound according to formula (II),
a polymer that is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or copovidone, and, optionally, a surfactant and/or HPMC-AS.
The present invention also relates to a method of treating or ameliorating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the present invention.
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion comprising a Drug (as defined below) and a polymer.
As used herein, the term “substantially in amorphous form” means that greater than 50%, or greater than 55%, or greater than 60%, or greater than 65%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 75%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 85%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 95% of the Drug is present in amorphous form.
As used herein, the term “solid dispersion” means any solid composition having at least two components, for example a Drug and a polymer.
As used herein, the term “molecularly dispersed” refers to the random distribution of a Drug with a polymer.
As used herein, the term “solid molecular complex” refers to a solid dispersion that includes a Drug molecularly dispersed within a matrix formed by a polymer (hereafter, a “polymer matrix”).
As used herein, the term “immobilized”, with reference to the immobilization of a Drug within a polymer matrix, means that the molecules of a Drug interact with the molecules of the polymer in such a way that the molecules of the Drug are held in the aforementioned matrix and prevented from crystal nucleation due to lack of mobility. For example, the polymer may prevent intramolecular hydrogen bonding or weak dispersion forces between two or more Drug molecules.
As used herein, “Drug” refers to either Compound I or Compound II (both defined below). Both Compound I and Compound II are Raf kinase inhibitors. As such, they are useful in treating or ameliorating cancer.
“Compound I”, as used herein, refers to propane-1-sulfonic acid {3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonyl]-2,4-difluoro-phenyl}-amide. This drug has the following structure.
“Compound II”, as used herein, refers to propane-1-sulfonic acid {2,4-difluoro-3-[5-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonyl]-phenyl-amide. This drug has the following structure.
Applicants have found that choice of polymer has a significant effect on AUC and Cmax achieved in vivo (see Example 8).
In an embodiment, the polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or copovidone. In a particular embodiment, the polymer is PVP. In another particular embodiment, the polymer is copovidone.
Copovidone (available from BASF and ISP) is a hydrophilic copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate in the mass proportion of 6:4. Copovidone is capable of forming a stable solid dispersion with the Drug which retains the Drug in amorphous form for up to eight hours in the physiological relevant fluid, thus improving its bioavailability upon administration. In addition to the above, copovidone is a non-ionic polymer that has pH independent solubility in the physiological pH range (1.5-7.5). As a result, a solid dispersion formed using copovidone is capable of releasing the Drug throughout the GI tract, thus allowing for improved absorption of the Drug.
In an embodiment, the Drug is molecularly dispersed in the aforementioned polymer.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion is a solid molecular complex of Compound I or Compound II and said polymer.
In an embodiment, the Drug is immobilized within a matrix formed by said polymer.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion wherein the Drug is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 50%, from about 1% to about 40%, or from about 1% to about 30% by weight of the solid dispersion.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion has a single glass transition temperature higher than about 50° C., preferably above 100° C.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising a polymer wherein the polymer is present in an amount of from about 50% to about 98.8%, from about 60% to about 98.8%, or from about 70% to about 98.8% by weight of the solid dispersion.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion is prepared using a hot melt extrusion process (see, e.g., Ghebre-Sellassie, I. and C. Martin, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, Marcel Dekker, 2003). In such a process, the components of the solid dispersion are blended and extruded at high temperature.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises Compound I molecularly dispersed in copovidone.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion is a solid molecular complex of Compound I and copovidone.
In an embodiment, Compound I is immobilized within a matrix formed by copovidone.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion wherein Compound I is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the solid dispersion and copovidone is present in an amount of from about 60% to about 98.8% by weight of the solid dispersion.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion wherein Compound I is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the solid dispersion and copovidone is present in an amount of from about 60% to about 98.8% by weight of the solid dispersion.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion comprising Compound I and copovidone is prepared using a hot melt extrusion process (see, e.g., Ghebre-Sellassie, I. and C. Martin, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, Marcel Dekker, 2003).
In an embodiment, the composition comprises Compound II molecularly dispersed in copovidone.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion is a solid molecular complex of Compound II and copovidone.
In an embodiment, Compound II is immobilized within a matrix formed by said copovidone.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion wherein Compound II is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the solid dispersion and copovidone is present in an amount of from about 50% to about 98.8% by weight of the solid dispersion.
In an embodiment, the solid dispersion comprising Compound II and copovidone is prepared using a hot melt extrusion process (see, e.g., Ghebre-Sellassie, I. and C. Martin, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, Marcel Dekker, 2003).
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition further comprises a flow enhancer. In a particular embodiment, the flow enhancer is colloidal silicon dioxide. The flow enhancer may, for example, be present in the composition in an amount of up to about 5% by weight of the composition, or up to about 3% by weight of the composition. Applicants have found that compositions comprising colloidal silicon dioxide exhibit improved stability and improved AUC and Cmax as compared with the composition that did not contain colloidal silicon dioxide (see Example 6).
Melt extrusion formulations exhibit the advantages of good bioavailability and solid state stability. In addition, there are manufacturing advantages to using melt extrusion formulations. It is desirable to develop melt extrusion formulations that also have the advantages of lower dose to achieve sufficient therapeutic effect, low bulk density, high surface area, enhanced drug loading with lower polymer loading, good solubility and excellent physico-chemical properties.
For patient compliance, development of a higher strength dosage form such as a tablet is desirable. Solid dispersion formulations known in the art require a high usage of polymer which may impart undesirable binder effects on tablets, thus slowing tablet disintegration. While disintegrants may be added, the addition of additional excipients may have a negative effect on tablet compaction. It is advantageous to develop other solid dispersion formulation tablets with fast disintegration and good tablet compaction.
Applicants have found that, in embodiments comprising Compound I as the Drug, the addition of a surfactant as a component of certain solid dispersion allows for improved dissolution of Compound I from a solid dispersion. Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprising a solid dispersion which comprises Compound I, a polymer that is PVP or copovidone, and a surfactant. In an embodiment of the present invention, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), glycerol monostearate, dioctyl sodium succinate (DOSS), and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the surfactant is SLS. In another embodiment, the surfactant is glycerol monostearate. In yet another embodiment, the surfactant is DOSS. In certain embodiments, the surfactant is present in an amount of up to about 10% by weight of the solid dispersion, or up to about 5% by weight of the solid dispersion, or from about 1% to about 2% by weight of the solid dispersion. In a particular embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion which comprises Compound I, copovidone and DOSS. In a more particular embodiment, DOSS is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 2% by weight of the solid dispersion.
Applicants have found that, in embodiments of the present invention wherein the Drug is Compound II and the polymer is copovidone, the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) in the solid dispersion allows for improved disintegrating properties for the resulting dosage form. HPMC-AS of various grades may be used, including HPMC-AS, LF; HPMC-AS, M; HPMC-AS, HF; and HPMC-AS, HG. An embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprising a solid dispersion which comprises Compound II, copovidone and HPMC-AS. In another embodiment, the solid dispersion comprises Compound II, copovidone and HPMC-AS, LF. In another embodiment, the solid dispersion comprises Compound II, copovidone and HPMC-AS, HF. In yet another embodiment, the solid dispersion comprises Compound II, copovidone and HPMC-AS, HG. In such embodiments, applicants have found that the ratio of the copovidone to HPMC-AS used in the solid dispersion is of critical importance. In an embodiment, the ratio is from about 15:85 to about 50:50. In another embodiment, the ratio is from about 15:85 to about 40:60. In a particular embodiment, the ratio is about 35:65. In another particular embodiment, the ratio is about 20:80.
In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion comprising a Drug, a polymer that is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or copovidone, and, optionally, a surfactant and/or HPMC-AS.
In addition to the above, the present invention contemplates to use of additional components in the present composition. Plasticizers, for example PEG-400 and poloxamer (which also serves as a surfactant), may be used. In addition, disintegrants, for example sodium starch glycolate, Polypasdone XL, and croscarmellose sodium may be used. Further lubricants such as magnesium stearate may be used.
In addition to the above, the present invention relates to a method of treating or ameliorating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the present invention. In a particular embodiment, the cancer is melanoma.
This example describes a formulation of the present invention comprising Compound I. The contents of the formulation were as follows.
The formulation was prepared using the HME process (Ghebre-Sellassie, I. and C. Martin, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, Marcel Dekker, 2003). Compound I, PVP and PEG 400 were mixed and the blend was extruded at 160° C. The resulting extrudates were milled by hand. Poloxamer, sodium starch glycolate and colloidal silicon dioxide were added externally to the milled extrudate and blended together to achieve a homogeneous blend.
The blend was filled into hard gelatin capsules.
For comparison, a formulation containing Compound I in stable crystalline form was prepared.
This formulation was prepared by a dry blending method (Lachman et al., The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea & Febiger, 1986). All the components were blended for a suitable time and the resulting dry blend was filled into hard gelatin capsules.
Also for comparison, a formulation containing Compound I in stable crystalline form dissolved in a lipid-based vehicle (the Lipid Formulation) was also prepared.
This formulation was prepared by dispersing Compound I with Labrosol® (Gattefosse), Gelucire® (Gattefosse) and Vitamin E-TPGS in a mortar and pestle. The resulting lipid suspension was then filled into hard gelatin capsules.
A single dose oral PK study using the formulations of Examples 2 and 3 and the solid dispersion formulation of Example 1 was conducted in Female Beagle Dogs using cross over design. All the formulations were dosed at 50 mg/kg dose level.
Applicants have found that, when Compound I was administered as a solid dispersion (the Example 1 formulation), it exhibited significantly higher bioavailability compared to when Compound I was administered in either the formulations of Examples 2 or 3 wherein Compound I was in crystalline form.
The miscibility of Compound I in various polymers at constant temperature was analyzed.
Compound I and polymer were mixed to produce a blend that was 10% by weight Compound I and 90% by weight polymer. The homogeneous blend was extruded using a Haake® MiniLab bench-top extruder. The feed rate was constant between 1-2 g/min and screw speed was set at 100 RPM. The blends were extruded at two different temperatures: 160 and 200° C. respectively. The extrudates were classified as miscible, partially immiscible, immiscible as per PXRD patterns and visual observations.
Applicants have found that Compound I has higher solubility/miscibility in copovidone compared to other polymers when melt extruded at 160° C. (Table 2).
Two formulations, one with colloidal silicon dioxide and one without (Examples 6a and 6b, respectively) were produced as follows.
The formulations were processed using Leistriz® Micro 18 lab scale extruder at a constant feed rate of 10-15 g/min, screw speed of 150 rpm and processing temperature in the range of 160-185° C. Upon extrusion, the extrudates were milled into fine powder and filled into hard gelatin capsule for testing and evaluation purpose. Both formulations showed glass transition temperature in the range of 110-120° C. and amorphous PXRD pattern. Both formulations provided similar in vitro release profile.
The formulation containing colloidal silicon dioxide was found to be stable for up to 4 hours under normal conditions and also had improved AUC and Cmax as compared with the formulation that did not contain colloidal silicon dioxide (see Table 3).
The following evaluation showed that the addition of glyceryl monostearate improved the processability of the formulation (Table 5).
Applicants have also found that choice of surfactant and polymer also have significant effect on AUC and Cmax. The solid dispersion formulation below containing copovidone and sodium lauryl sulfate provided higher AUC and Cmax compared to the solid dispersion formulation containing povidone and glycerol monostearate (see Table 6).
Compared to solubilizers such as SLS that also provided higher bioavailability from melt extrudates, tablets containing DOSS provided a better in vitro release, suggesting DOSS surprisingly functions as release modifier.
The method of addition of solubilizers in the solid dispersion formulation has significant effect on dissolution rate and drug recovery. Intragranular addition of docusate sodium 85% (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate containing 15% sodium benzoate) provided higher dissolution rate and recovery.
1 These four ingredients were the components of the powder mixture which was processed (extruded) through the Leistritz extruder.
2 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate containing 15% sodium benzoate
3 Complete coating system
Compound I, copovidone, docusate sodium 85% and colloidal silicon dioxide were blended and extruded using Leistriz Micro 18 lab scale extruder. The feed rate was constant between 10-15 g/min and screw speed was set at 150 RPM. The processing temperature was set in between 160-185° C. The extrudates were milled and external components—colloidal silicon dioxide and glycerol behenate—were added and blended for 15 min using suitable powder blender. The blend was compressed into tablet with hardness in the rage of 110 to 180 N hardness. The tablets were coated with Opadry II pink complete coating system.
This example describes a formulation of the present invention comprising Compound II. The contents of the formulation were as follows.
The formulation was prepared using the HME process (Ghebre-Sellassie, I. and C. Martin, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, Marcel Dekker, 2003). Compound II, copovidone and HPMC-AS were mixed and the blend was extruded at 160° C. The resulting extrudates were milled by hand. Colloidal sodium dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, Polyplasdone XL, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate were added externally to the milled extrudate and blended together to achieve a homogeneous blend.
The following are additional compositions comprising Compound II wherein Compound II is contained in amorphous form. The amounts are expressed in wt % of the composition.
The following are additional compositions comprising Compound II wherein Compound II is contained in amorphous form. The amounts are expressed in wt % of the composition. With the exception of Example 43, each composition was loaded into tablets which were 75.5% by weight of tablet was the composition. The tablets formed using the composition of Examples 36 and 41 showed no disintegration. The tablets formed using the compositions of example 32b to 35, 37 to 40, 42, and 44 to 47 showed disintegration. For Example 43, tablets containing the composition at 60% to 75% by weight showed no disintegration.
This example describes formulations of the present invention utilizing different grades of HPMCAS and polymeric ratios prepared by hot melt extrusion. The compositions of the formulations are presented in Table 11. Formulation 48A was prepared by tumble blending of drug and colloidal silicon dioxide, followed by delumping using a rotary impeller mill with a 0.055″ screen and final blending with polymeric excipients. Melt extrusion was conducted using a Leistritz 18-mm twin screw co-rotating extruder in a 20:1 configuration with 3 mm die at a processing temperature of 175° C. Formulations 48B and 48C were manufactured by tumble blending drug and polymeric excipients prior to melt extrusion. Melt extrusion was conducted using a Haake Minilab conical twin screw extruder maintained at a temperature of 175° C.
Following extrusion, all dispersions were milled, screened to a fine powder having a size approximately less than 250 microns and tested for dissolution performance under non-sink conditions applying a 2-stage dissolution test. Dissolution profiles for each formulation, tested as powder containing 250 mg equivalent of Compound II, were monitored using a fiber-optic probe and USP apparatus II 6-vessel dissolution assembly implementing a pH change methodology. First stage media was pH 2 simulated gastric fluid without enzyme at a total volume of approximately 500 ml. The second stage media was a biorelevant FaSSIF media at pH 6.5, obtained by adding concentrate to the acidic volume of the first stage to achieve a total volume of approximately 1000 ml. Profiles for each formulation, presented in
Melt extruded solid dispersions of Formulation A and Formulation C were also administered to beagle dogs (n=6) as a 75 mg/ml total solids oral suspension in a pH 4.0 2.0% hydroxypropyl cellulose vehicle at a dose of 75 mg API/kg. The pharmacokinetic measurements of Compound II are presented in Table 12.
This example describes formulations of the present invention utilizing differing Copovidone:HPMCAS-HF ratios to increase the amount of Compound II contained within the dispersion in a substantially amorphous state when prepared by hot melt extrusion at 175° C. The compositions of each formulation are presented in 13 along with critical product and process attributes. Formulations 49A, 49B, 49C and 49D were manufactured by tumble blending drug and polymeric excipients prior to melt extrusion. Melt extrusion was conducted using a Haake Minilab conical twin screw extruder maintained at a temperature of 175° C. and screw speed of 360 rpm. The appearance of a transparent amber glass from the die exit was used to identify amorphous materials which were confirmed by x-ray diffraction testing performed on milled powder samples of solid dispersion. Representative diffraction patterns for Formulation 49A and Formulation 49C are shown in
This application is entitled to the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/569,863 filed Dec. 13, 2011.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61569863 | Dec 2011 | US |
