Patent Application
20120320886
Many computers today have radios to support wireless communication. Wireless communication is used, for example, to connect to an access point of a network. By associating with the access point, a wireless computer can access devices on the network or to other networks reachable through that network, such as the Internet. As a result, the wireless computer can exchange data with many other devices, enabling many useful functions.
To enable computers to be configured for association with an access point, it is common for access points to operate according to a standard. A common standard for devices that connect to access points is called Wi-Fi. This standard was promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance, and is widely used in portable computers. There are multiple versions of this standard, but any of them can be used to support connections through access points.
A connection through an access point is sometimes called an “infrastructure” connection, because an infrastructure, including the access point, needs to be in place for the connection to be formed. Wireless communications may also be used to form connections directly to other devices without using an access point. These connections are sometimes called “peer-to-peer” connections and may be used, for example, to allow a computer to connect to a mouse or keyboard wirelessly. Wireless communications for these direct connections also have been standardized. A common standard for such wireless communications is called BLUETOOTH®.
In some instances, a wireless computer may concurrently connect to other devices through an access point and as part of a group engaging in peer-to-peer communications. To support such concurrent communication, some computers have multiple radios. More recently a standard has been proposed, called Wi-Fi Direct, that enables both an infrastructure connection and communication as part of a peer-to-peer group with similar wireless communications that can be processed with a single radio. This standard, also published by the Wi-Fi Alliance, extends the popular Wi-Fi communications standard for infrastructure-based communications to support direct connections.
Such direct connections may be formed among groups of devices. In accordance with the Wi-Fi Direct standard, devices that wish to communicate may exchange messages, formatted as action frames, to form a group. Initially forming a group may require user input, such as to enter a PIN or other information that serves to authorize devices to connect with one another. This process of forming an initial connection is sometimes called “pairing.”
Part of forming a group according to the Wi-Fi Direct standard may be selecting a device to operate as a Group Owner. The Group Owner acts as a controller for the group. The Group Owner, for example, may control which devices are admitted to the group. The Group Owner may also provide services to devices in the group. For example, if the Group Owner has a connection to the Internet, it may provide an Internet Connection Service such that other devices in the group can access the Internet through the Group Owner.
The experience of a user of wireless devices may be enhanced by configuring a wireless device that can support peer-to-peer communications and a connection to a wide area network (WAN) to change its operating mode in response to a request received over a peer-to-peer connection. The wireless device, for example, may receive a command to enter a mode in which it configures itself as an access point to the WAN.
The WAN may be a cellular network through which Internet connectivity may be obtained. In this way, a wireless device, such as a smartphone, that can access the Internet may provide an Internet connection service. Though, the device may operate for limited periods of time in this mode so as to avoid draining the battery of the device.
The foregoing is a non-limiting summary of the invention, which is defined by the attached claims.
The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
The inventors have recognized and appreciated that, though peer-to-peer protocols that can provide Internet connectivity are desirable in some circumstances, for some users these protocols will result in unacceptable drain on the batteries of their devices or an inability to communicate in some scenarios. The inventors have further recognized and appreciated that greater utility and increased battery life may be obtained by using peer-to-peer communication to trigger a device, capable of both supporting peer-to-peer communication and of supporting a connection to a WAN, to enter a mode in which it provides a service based on a connection over the WAN.
By triggering the WAN-enabled device to enter a mode in which it supports a connection based on a received peer-to-peer communication the WAN-enabled device can operate in a lower power mode when other wireless devices are not accessing the connection service. The WAN-enabled device, for example, need not send beacons when other wireless devices are not actively seeking to use the connection service. Alternatively or additionally, the communication, triggering a mode change, may be sent over a separate communication channel than that used by the WAN, which may also facilitate lower power operation or other advantages in a particular scenario. Moreover, this capability is achieved without requiring a user to configure the WAN-enabled device.
These capabilities may be supplied by a wireless device operating according to the Wi-Fi Direct standard. In some embodiments, the WAN-enabled device may join a peer-to-peer group as a client. As a client, the WAN-enabled device may receive a request to configure itself as a Wi-Fi access point to the WAN and may then associate with and provide a connection service to the wireless device. Depending on the capabilities of the WAN-enabled device, when it changes its operating mode, it may stay connected in the peer-to-peer group formed according to the Wi-Fi Direct standard or may drop out of the peer-to-peer group, possibly rejoining at a later time.
Joining the peer-to-peer group as a client may provide lower power operation than if the WAN-enabled device were the Group Owner and may provide performance that matches user expectations in at least some scenarios. Though the WAN-enabled device could join a peer-to-peer group as a Group Owner to support an Internet Connection Service as defined by the Wi-Fi Direct standard, having the WAN-enabled device assume the role of a Group Owner may provide a user with an undesirable experience, at least in some scenarios. As a Group Owner, for example, a WAN-enabled device may expend more energy on communicating within the group than when configured as a client. This expenditure of energy, for example, may come about because of additional communications sent by a Group Owner than by a client and because of greater restrictions on the times when the Group Owner can enter a power saving mode. Further, if the WAN-enabled device is more mobile that other devices in the peer-to-peer group or not moved along with other devices in the peer-to-peer group, making the WAN-enabled device the Group Owner simply to support a connection service may result in other operations of the peer-to-peer group being disrupted when the WAN-enabled device is separated from the other devices in the group.
In some embodiments, the WAN-enabled device may be a cell phone, and the WAN may be a cellular network. The WAN-enabled device may also include a Wi-Fi radio that can be configured to support peer-to-peer communication in accordance with the Wi-Fi Direct standard and/or to support communication as a Wi-Fi access point. The WAN-enabled device may also include a connection service such that wireless devices associating with the access point can access the cellular network, and, for example, may access the Internet using the cellular network.
The forgoing techniques may be used alone or together in any suitable combination in any suitable environment.
In the example of
In this example,
Camera 130, printer 134 and computing device 110 may communicate over wireless connections 132 and 136 using a peer-to-peer protocol that supports persistent groups. In this example, camera 130, printer 134 and computing device 110 may form a persistent group according to a peer-to-peer protocol. Though, in alternative embodiments, computing device 110 may form a first group with camera 130 and a second group with printer 134. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that a group may be made up of any suitable number of devices, including only two devices.
Wireless connections 132 and 136 may be formed according to any suitable peer-to-peer protocol. In this example, connections 132 and 136 are formed using an extension of the Wi-Fi protocol, referred to as Wi-Fi Direct. Connections 132 and 136 may be formed as persistent connections, in accordance with that protocol. As a result, each of the devices that forms a group with another device may store group profile information representing groups of two or more devices that have performed pairing in order to establish a connection. The group profile information may be stored during initial pairing of the devices to form a group and later may be used to reestablish a connection if it is disrupted.
In this example, computing device 110 also has a wireless connection through access point 120 to network 124. Wireless connection 122 through access point 120 is an example of an infrastructure type connection. Any suitable technique may be used to form wireless connection 122, including techniques that employ known infrastructure type protocols. As one example, wireless connection 122 may be formed using a protocol sometimes called “Wi-Fi.” Though, the specific protocol used is not critical to the invention.
In the example illustrated, computing device 110 has the role of a station in wireless connection 122. The role of the computing device 110 indicates the specific steps of the wireless protocol performed by computing device 110 in order to exchange information with access point 120. Network 124 may be a home network, an enterprise network, the Internet or any other suitable network. In the embodiment illustrated, network 124 may be the Internet, allowing computing device 110 to access computing devices, such as server 140, from anywhere in the world the Internet can be accessed.
Having a group of devices may allow a user of a computing device that is a member of the group to access functionality of other devices in the group. For example, user 112, through computing device 110, may copy digital data representing pictures from camera 130 such that those pictures may be presented on a display of computing device 110. Similarly, user 112, through interactions with computing device 110, may send digital data representing an item to print to printer 134. Having both camera 130 and 134 in a group with computing device 110 allows user 112 to interact with both camera 130 and printer 134. Having these devices in a group may also allow data to be conveyed from camera 130 to printer 134 such that a user of camera 130 may cause pictures to be printed at printer 134.
As illustrated in
Though the scenario illustrated in
In the scenario illustrated in
To facilitate this service, a peer-to-peer group may be formed that includes computing device 110 and smartphone 154. This group may be formed in any suitable way. In the embodiment illustrated, it may be formed according to the Wi-Fi Direct protocol. In some scenarios, this group may be initiated by a user of computing device 110 using techniques as are known in the art. The user, for example, may request that computing device 110 search for and pair with smartphone 154. Such a request may be an express request or may be implied from other user input. For example, a user may supply input requesting in general that an Internet connection be established, or, as another example, the user may access an application that operates using an Internet connection. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a group including computing device 110 and smartphone 154 may be defined as a persistent group or such pairing otherwise may occur without express user input.
In the scenario illustrated, computing device 110 is designated as the Group Owner for the peer-to-peer group. Accordingly, smartphone 154 may be a client in the group. The designation of a Group Owner and a client may be arrived at based on any of a number of factors, such as the functions each device plays or remaining battery life of each device. Though not illustrated in
In this scenario, smartphone 154 may have a connection 172 to the Internet 124. Connection 172 may be a WAN connection. In this specific example, connection 172 may be over a cellular network to base station 152. Such a connection may be formed using technology as is known on the art. Though, such a connection may be supported using any other suitable technology. In this example, the connection 172 may be formed in a different channel than connections 162 and 182. Accordingly, these connections in different channels may be formed using different radios. Though, it is not a requirement of the invention either that these connections be formed in different channels or with different radios.
Despite the fact that smartphone 154 has a connection to the Internet, in a conventional peer-to-peer protocol, that connection may not be available to computing device 110, even though computing device 110 and smartphone 154 are connected in a peer-to-peer group. In the illustrated scenario, that connection is not available because, as a client, smartphone 154 may not support an Internet connection service in accordance with the protocol of the peer-to-peer group.
Nonetheless, because computing device 110 is connected in a peer-to-peer group with smartphone 154, the devices may communicate over link 162. Accordingly, computing device 110 may send a communication over link 162 that serves as a request for smartphone 154 to change its operating mode. In response to such a request, smartphone 154 may then change its operating mode to enable computing device 110 to take advantage of a connection that smartphone 154 may form over the WAN to which it can connect. In this example, smartphone 154 may provide an Internet connection service. In other embodiments, smartphone 154 may provide different or additional WAN-based services to computing device 110, such as supplying functionality accessed as a result of a connection to server 140.
In response to such a request, smartphone 154 may change its mode to an operating mode supporting provision of a service to computing device 110. In the illustrated example, smartphone 154 changes to a mode in which it operates as a Wi-Fi access point. A computing device—though not constructed as a hardwired access point—that nonetheless operates as a Wi-Fi access point is sometimes said to operate as a “soft” access point, or “soft AP”. In this scenario, smartphone 154 may be configured with technology as is known in the art to implement a “soft AP”. In this mode, smartphone 154 can then provide connectivity to Internet 124 or other suitable service.
Computing device 110 may then form a connection 182 to smartphone 154 acting as a soft AP to obtain Internet connectivity. Such a connection may be formed using the same functionality that it would use to connect to the Internet through hardwired access point 120 (
Wireless devices, such as computing device 110 and smartphone 154 may be constructed in any suitable way. An exemplary embodiment, which may represent either or both of computing device 110 and smartphone 154, is provided in
In this example, radio 250 has a media access control (MAC) address 252. The MAC address may be a unique identifier associated with radio 250 such that it may be used to distinguish radio 250 from radio 254 and also from radios in any other devices with which computing device 210 may communicate. Accordingly, the MAC address 252 may be included in packets sent by radio 250 to indicate that the frame was sent by radio 250 or may be included in packets directed to radio 250 to indicate that a frame is intended for radio 250.
MAC address 252 may be assigned to radio 250 in any suitable way. It maybe assigned, for example, by the manufacturer of radio 250. Though, in some embodiments, MAC address 252 may be assigned by operating system 230 or another component of computing device 210 or by some other component in a system in which computing device 210 is operating.
Radio 250 may be controlled through software, represented as driver 240 in
Interface 242 may support a number of commands in a format that does not depend on the construction of radio 250. Rather, driver 240 may translate the commands, in the standardized format of interface 242, into specific control signals that are applied to radio 250. Additionally, driver 240 may be programmed to perform certain low level functions associated with a wireless connection. For example, upon receipt of a packet, driver 240 may check that the packet is properly formatted. If the packet is properly formatted, driver 240 may control radio 250 to generate an acknowledgement. Conversely, if the packet is not properly formatted, driver 240 may control radio 250 to transmit a negative acknowledgement.
Though driver 240, and in some instances radio 250, may automatically perform low level functions associated with establishing and maintaining a wireless connection, higher level functions may be performed under control of operating system 230 or applications 220. In some embodiments, an application 220 or operating system 230 may provide a user interface such that ultimate control of wireless communication is provided by a user of computing device 210.
In the embodiment illustrated in
Radio 254 is incorporated into computing device 210 with generally the same architecture as radio 250. Radio 254 is associated with a driver 244 that provides a mechanism for operating system 230 to control radio 254. Driver 244 has an interface 246 through which operating system 230 may send commands to driver 244 and driver 244 may provide status to operating system 230. Interface 246, like interface 242, may be a standardized interface such that operating system 230 may communicate with driver 244 using a similar set of commands as are used to control driver 240. Though, because radio 254 is used to implement peer-to-peer connections, driver 244 may respond to different or additional commands than driver 240 in order to implement functions associated with peer-to-peer communications that do not exist for infrastructure based communications.
As an additional difference between radios 250 and 254, radio 254 is illustrated as having multiple MAC addresses. In contrast, radio 250 includes a single MAC address 252. Here, MAC addresses 256A, 256B and 256C are illustrated. Multiple MAC addresses, for example, may be assigned by a manufacturer of radio 254 or the MAC addresses may be assigned in any suitable way, including as described above in connection MAC address 252. Alternatively, one or more of the MAC addresses may be assigned based on an identifier of the user of computing device 210.
Having multiple MAC addresses allows radio 254 to appear to devices external to computing device 210 as multiple entities, each with a separate MAC address. As an example, if computing device 210 is separately communicating as a Group Owner in a first peer-to-peer group and as a client in a second peer-to-peer group, separate entities may be established for the Group Owner and the client. Devices external to computing device 210 may address packets intended to be processed by computing device 210 as a Group Owner in the first group with a first MAC address. Packets intended to be processed as a client in the second group may be addressed with a second MAC address. Similarly, computing device 210 may insert the first MAC address in packets coming from the Group Owner; packets from the client may include the second MAC address.
To allow operating system 230 to associate its interactions with driver 244 with a specific one of those entities, internal to computing device 210, each of the entities may be represented as a port. Accordingly, operating system 230 may send commands to or receive status information from each such entity through a port associated with that entity.
Each of the ports may be configured to perform functions appropriate for the type of entity the port represents. An embodiment in which computing device 210 operates according to a Wi-Fi Direct, which is used herein as an example of a peer-to-peer protocol, a device that is part of a peer-to-peer group may take on a role of a Group Owner or a client. A Group Owner may be required in accordance with a wireless protocol to send certain types of action frames and respond to other types of action frames in specified ways. A device configured as a client may send different action frames and responses or may send the same action frames and responses in different contexts.
Though, it should be appreciated that a Group Owner and a client are just two examples of the roles that radio 254 and driver 244 may be configured to perform. As another example, an entity may be configured as neither a Group Owner nor a client. Rather, an entity may be assigned a role as a controller that manages interactions with other devices to form a group and determine the role of computing device 210 in that group.
In some scenarios, radios 250 and 254 may be used independently. In other scenarios, the radios may be used together. As one example, one of the radios may be used to support a WAN connection, such as connection 172. Another radio may be used to support a Wi-Fi connection and/or peer-to-peer connection, such as connections 162 and 182. In embodiments in which computing device 210 is configurable as a soft AP, a control component 280 providing soft AP functionality may be included.
Control component 280 may be implemented using technology as is known in the art. It may be implemented in hardware or software. Though, in embodiments described herein, control component 280 is implemented in software. As illustrated, control component 280 interacts with both radio 250 and radio 254, allowing data communicated over the WAN connection to be transmitted over the Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa.
Though
In this example, the five MAC addresses may be used to provide five ports 382, 384, 386, 388 and 390, each configured to perform a different role. In the scenario illustrated, a group 380A of these ports has been configured to implement entities used for infrastructure based communications. Group 380B contains ports configured for peer-to-peer communications.
In the example illustrated in
In conjunction with a command to create a port, operating system 320 may specify a role associated with that port. Driver 344 may respond to such a command by creating a port configured for a designated role, which may be associated with infrastructure-based communications or with peer-to-peer communications. In infrastructure mode, the role may be that of an access point or a station in an infrastructure network. For a peer-to-peer group, the role may be that of a Group Owner or a client. In some embodiments, a further role may be a controller to determine whether a port for a Group Owner or client is to be created. Though operating system 230 may specify a role, the role specified may be determined in any suitable way. For example, when forming a peer-to-peer group, operating system 320 may determine the role by controlling computing device 310 to wirelessly exchange messages with other devices in the group to collectively negotiate a role for each device. As another example, as described herein, a WAN-enabled device may receive a request to operate as a soft AP. Such a request may be processed by a component of operating system 320 or other component that provides information to operating system 320. Regardless of how such a request is processed, processing of such a request may result in a command to configure a port for the role of access point.
Though any suitable mechanism may be used to implement a capability to assign a role to computing device 310,
Though radio 354 can process packets for multiple ports, other than supporting multiple MAC addresses, radio 354, in some embodiments, need not be specially configured for supporting ports. Radio 354 may be implemented using techniques as are known in the art. In this example, transmitter/receiver section 358 may be a hardware component as is known in the art and used for wireless communications. In this example in which radio 354 is being used to support communications in accordance with the Wi-Fi infrastructure-mode protocol and the Wi-Fi direct protocol for peer-to-peer communications, transmitter/receiver section 358 may support communications in multiple subchannels over a frequency range defined by the Wi-Fi specification. Though, the specific operating characteristics of transmitter/receiver section 358 may vary depending on the specific protocol implemented for communication and are not critical to the invention. Likewise, controller 360 may be a hardware component as is known in the art of wireless radio design. Similarly, configuration register 370 may be a hardware component as is known in the art of wireless radio design. The components indicated as MAC address 356A . . . 356E may also be implemented using techniques as are known in the art. In some embodiments, the MAC addresses supported by radio 354 may be encoded in a read only memory or other component that is a portion of radio 354. Though, it should be appreciated that, in embodiments in which MAC addresses are assigned to radio 354 through driver 344, MAC addresses 356A . . . 356E may be physically implemented in either volatile or non-volatile rewriteable memory such that the pool of MAC addresses to which radio 354 can respond may be dynamically created.
Regardless of the manner in which the components of radio 354 are implemented, radio 354 may contain a hardware interface 346 through which driver 344 may control radio 354. In some embodiments, driver 344 may be computer executable software instructions executing on a processor within computing device 310. Accordingly, hardware interface 346 may be implemented as a bus connection or other suitable interconnection between the processor executing driver 344 and a separate card holding radio 354. Though such hardware interfaces are known in the art, any suitable interface may be used.
To configure radio 354 to support a port, driver 344 may configure radio 354 to process packets for a specific MAC address associated with communications through that port. Driver 344 may write a value into configuration register 370 indicating that a MAC address should be activated such that radio 354 will process received packets identified with that MAC address. In operation, controller 360 may control transmitter/receiver section 358 to respond to any packets identified with a MAC address identified as active by information in configuration register 370. Accordingly, if multiple ports are active, configuration register 370 will contain an indication of each of the active MAC addresses.
In addition to configuring radio 354 to respond to a MAC address for a port, driver 344 may specify communications parameters to be used with that MAC address. These parameters may specify, for example, that a different number of subchannels may be used for communication with different MAC addresses. In this way, communication characteristics of different ports may be controlled based on the role associated with the port. As a specific example, a port configured as a control port may require lower bandwidth than a port for communicating data. Accordingly, radio 354 may be configured to use fewer subchannels or a different encoding scheme for a MAC address that is associated with a control port.
For information to be transmitted, driver 344 and/or radio 354 may be operated such that any frames transmitted containing such information will be identified by the MAC address associated with the port for which the information is being transmitted. Any suitable mechanism may be used to associate MAC addresses with specific frames sent from or received for a specific port. Moreover, this processing may be performed partially or totally within driver 344 and partially or totally within radio 354 because the specific implementation does not impact functioning of the ports.
To implement multiple ports, driver 344 may also be configured. In this example, driver 344 is illustrated to contain computer executable instructions that implement a multiplexer/demultiplexer 392. Multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 operates to route received packets associated with a port to a portion of driver 344 that implements the functionality of the respective port. Conversely, multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 receives packets for transmission from any of the ports and routes those packets to radio 354.
In scenarios in which multiple ports simultaneously have information for transmission, multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 may mediate to establish the order in which radio 354 receives information from the ports. For this purpose, multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 may use any suitable policy. For example, packets carrying action frames may be given priority over packets with data frames. As another example of a policy, transmissions associated with ports operating in infrastructure mode may be given priority over ports operating in peer-to-peer mode. As yet another example, a port configured for the role of Group Owner may be given priority over a port configured for the role of client in a peer-to-peer group. Though, the specific policies applied by multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 are not critical to the invention, and any suitable policies may be employed.
In addition to configuring multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 to route packets, driver 344 may be configured by associating specific functional modules with each of the ports. The specific functional module associated with the port may be based on the role assigned to that port. For example,
Functional modules 394A . . . 394E may be implemented in any suitable way. For example, each of the functional modules may be implemented as a collection of computer executable instructions that are encoded to perform functions for the role associated with the functional module. For example, functional module 394A may be encoded with instructions that control radio 354 to transmit packets as appropriate for a station in an infrastructure network. Additionally, functional module 394A may contain instructions that allow driver 344 to interact with operating system 320 in a way that implements the behaviors of a station in an infrastructure network. As a specific example, functional module 394A may be encoded to automatically generate responses to certain received frames. Additionally, functional module 394A may be encoded to transfer data received in a frame to a location in memory on computing device 310 and then notify operating system 320 that data has been received. Further, functional module 394A may configure radio 354 for the role of that functional module. Such configuration may include setting a number of subchannels or other parameters of the wireless communications used in the specified role. The operations performed by functional module 394 may be similar to those performed in a conventional driver for a wireless network interface card configured only as a station in a Wi-Fi network, and functional module 394 may be encoded using techniques as are known in the art.
Each of the other functional modules may be similarly encoded to interact with the operating system 320 and radio 354 to configure radio 354 and to internally process and generate communications as appropriate for its respective role. Functional module 394B, for example, may be encoded with computer executable instructions that perform operations on or respond to received frames with behaviors as are known in the art for an access point in an infrastructure network. Also, functional module 394B may be encoded to interact with operating system 320 using techniques as are known in the art.
Functional module 394C may be encoded to perform functions associated with establishing a peer-to-peer group. The instructions that implement functional module 394C may likewise be written using techniques that are known in the art. Those instructions may cause radio 354 to transmit packets containing action frames or responses to action frames of the type used in establishing a group for peer-to-peer communication according to a specific protocol and that negotiate or renegotiate roles of devices for such a group. Components within operating system 320 may trigger the sending of those action frames. Though, for some action frames, functional module 394C may be configured to generate a response to an action frame without express action by operating system 320. Table 1 lists examples of action frames that functional module 394C may be commanded to send by operating system 320. These action frames represent action frames appropriate for a Wi-Fi Direct protocol. Additional action frames used in that protocol may be sent without an express command in response to a received action frame or other suitable trigger. Though, it should be appreciated that different or additional action frames may be used for different protocols, and the specific action frames is not a limitation on the invention.
When the operating system 320 submits a request to a control port to send one of the action frames in Table I, functional module 394C within driver 344 may take actions such as:
If the send was for a frame that would receive a reply from the peer device and the transmission was successful, the port may remain available for the peer device to send reply action frames to the miniport. The timeout and mechanism of being available may follow the Wi-Fi Peer-To-Peer Technical Specification.
The specific component within operating system 320 that triggers functional module 394C to send action frames when functional module 394C is associated with a port is not critical to the invention. However,
When a port, such as port 386, is configured to act as a controller for peer-to-peer communication by associating that port with functional module 394C, device manager 330 may interact with port 386 to control various aspects of establishing peer-to-peer communication with one or more devices. For example, device manager 330 may receive user input requesting that computing device 310 be wirelessly connected to a device such as printer 134 (
The transmitted action frames may be those associated with device or service discovery. Device manager 330 may specify the nature of those requests, such as whether functional module 394C should seek to discover any device in the vicinity of computing device 310 or only devices that provide an identified service, such as a printer service. Though, device manager 330 may be configured to send commands in other formats through port 386 to establish communication with one or more devices in a group.
As an example,
In scenarios in which device manager 330 requires information, such as a password or identifier, to establish communication with an external device, device manager 330 may alternatively or additionally interact with a user through a user interface (not expressly shown in
Regardless of the mechanism that triggers a port configured as a control port, such as port 386, to identify a group of devices, the control port may send and receive action frames to identify one or more devices that form a group including computing device 310. The actions initiated through port 386, in addition to identifying the group, may negotiate a role for computing device 310 within that group. In the illustrated example of the Wi-Fi Direct peer-to-peer protocol, a device may have a role in a group as the Group Owner or as a client. Communication with another device or devices in the identified group may be performed through a different port. That port may be configured to support behavior in the role identified for computing device 310.
In the example illustrated in
In operation, as packets are received through radio 354 having MAC addresses associated with ports 388 or 390, multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 will route those packets for processing within the associated port. Packets routed to port 388 may be processed by functional module 394D, which may perform actions associated with the role of a Group Owner. Packets containing data frames may be processed by placing the data in memory and notifying stack 322 that data has been received. Such an interaction with operating system 320 may use stack signaling techniques as are known in the art. Though the specific mechanism by which communication between each port and operating system 320 occurs is not critical to the invention.
When action frames are sent as part of a session established with a group in which computing device 310 is the Group Owner, those action frames may likewise be routed by multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 to port 388. Functional module 394C may be configured to either respond to those action frames or may be configured to report the action frames to operating system 320 depending on whether functional module 394C is programmed to respond to them.
Similarly, if computing device 310 is configured for the role of a client in a group, packets relating to communication with devices in that group will be identified with a MAC address that causes multiplexer/demultiplexer 392 to route those packets to a port configured as a client, such as port 390. Port 390 may be associated with functional module 394E, implementing functionality of a client according to a peer-to-peer protocol. Functional module 394E may be configured to transfer data from data frames in such packets to memory and notify operating system 320 of that data, using techniques as are known in the art. Functional module 394E may respond to packets containing action frames or may notify operating system 320 of those management frames.
Functional modules 394C, 394D and 394E may be coded to implement functions prescribed in accordance with a peer-to-peer protocol, such as Wi-Fi Direct protocol. Additionally, functions performed by a device operating in accordance with the peer-to-peer protocol may include detecting a remote device with which a persistent peer-to-peer group was previously formed. Upon detecting such a remote device, functions performed by the device may include establishing communication with that remote device based on previously stored persistent profile information. These functions may be implemented by appropriately configuring functional module 394C. Though, any suitable implementation may be used.
Though other architectures are possible that may partition the functions differently so that different aspects of communication are controlled by different components, in the example illustrated, radio 354 and driver 344 are configured to respond statelessly to events, such as commands or received packets. To the extent state information is involved in a communication session, that state information may be maintained within operating system 320. For example, stack 322 may maintain state information for communication sessions carried on through any of the ports 382, 384, 386, 388 and 390. The specific state information maintained may depend on the number and types of states within a protocol supported by each of the ports.
In the example of
In addition to maintaining state information that allows communications from separate sessions to be presented appropriately, stack 322 may maintain, as part of the state information maintained for each session, information that allows stack 322 to relate communications that are part of an exchange of communications to perform a function. For example, when a frame, representing a request, is sent, recognizing that a subsequently received frame is a response to that request may facilitate processing of the request and response. Providing a mechanism to relate communications that are part of an exchange may facilitate processing, particularly if multiple sessions are supported on the same port. To enable recognition of communications that are part of an exchange, “dialog tokens” may be used. A communication initiating an exchange may be tagged with such a dialog token. Upon responding to such a communication, the dialog token from the request may be copied to the response. Accordingly, a device sending a request may associate a response, or any other communication that is part of the same exchange, with the request. Accordingly, state information 324A may contain dialog tokens associated with ongoing communications involving any device communicating as part of the session.
Dialog tokens may be generated in any suitable way. They may be generated, for example, within the operating system 320. Alternatively, if a packet beginning a dialog is initiated in a port, the port or other component within driver 344 may generate the token. Similarly, if a reply to a packet is generated within a port, such as port 386, 388 or 390, the token may be inserted in the reply by that port. Conversely, if a reply to a packet is initiated in response to a command generated within operating system 320, a component within operating system 320, such as stack 322 may specify the token for inclusion in the reply. Table I indicates, for the listed action frames, whether the dialog token associated with an action frame is generated in the operating system or, if not, in the driver. Though, it should be appreciated that Table I represents only one example of how the functionality of generating a dialog token for a frame may be partitioned, and any suitable partitioning of that function may be used.
Similar session state information 326A, 326B and 326C is shown in connection with port 390. Session state information 326A, 326B and 326C may represent state maintained for each of three sessions, with each session being associated with a group in which computing device 310 is a member with the role of client. As with session state information 324A, 324B and 324C a unique dialog token may be associated with each of the sessions, allowing stack 322 to separate received packets associated with each of the sessions. Likewise, computing device 310 may cause a dialog token to be associated with packets transmitted from computing device 310. The dialog tokens may be used to allow stack 322, or similar processing components on remote devices that receive packets from computing device 310, to associate packets that are part of a multi-packet exchange of information. For example, a second packet sent in reply to a first packet may include the token from the first packet. As a result, when the sender of the first packet receives the second packet, it can associate the first packet and second packet with the same dialog.
With the architecture illustrated in
Regardless of how a computing device is architected, the device may implement functions defined in an infrastructure mode protocol and/or a peer-to-peer protocol. The functions defined in an infrastructure mode protocol may include operating as an access point or as a station. Functions performed by a device operating in accordance with a peer-to-peer protocol may include forming a group of two or more devices for peer-to-peer communication. One aspect of forming a group may include selecting a device of the group to perform functions associated with control of the group. Such functions, for example, may include determining which devices are allowed to join the group, providing an identifier for the group and providing addresses for devices within the group. In the example embodiment described herein, such a device may be a Group Owner. Other devices that are part of the group may be clients of the Group Owner.
Accordingly, the components illustrated in
Process 400 may begin at any suitable time. However, in the embodiment illustrated, process 400 begins at a time when the WAN-enabled device has joined a peer-to-peer group as a client. Accordingly, the WAN-enabled device may enter a sleep state or other low powered operating mode appropriate for a client in a peer-to-peer group. Nonetheless, the WAN-enabled device may operate according to a protocol such that it periodically is able to receive communications over a peer-to-peer connection.
At block 410, the WAN-enabled device receives such a communication at block 410. In the illustrated scenario, the received communication may be from a device operating as a Group Owner of the peer-to-peer group. In the example of
The request received at block 410 may be formatted in any suitable way. For example, the request may be a communication formatted with a code indicating the nature of the request. In some embodiments, the request may include an identification of the wireless device making the request. Other information about the nature of the service requested may alternatively or additionally be included in the communication received at block 410. For example, information in the request may specify a network or specific device on a network to which a connection is requested. The request may also specify parameters of a requested connection, such as a length of time the connection is to be active.
In some embodiments, the request may contain more than one packet. Such an embodiment may allow the request to be provided interactively. For example, the WAN-enabled device may, in response to an initial request provide a challenge message or take other security related actions to identify or validate either a person or device initiating the request.
Regardless of the nature of the request received at block 410, process 400 may proceed to decision block 412. At decision block 412, the process may branch, depending on whether the WAN-enabled device will grant the request. Processing at decision block 412 may be performed in any suitable way. In some embodiments, the processing may entail applying a policy programmed into the WAN-enabled device. The policy may be based on any one or more types of parameters. For example, the policy may be based on parameters relating to the operating state of the WAN-enabled device. A specific example of one such parameter is battery state of the WAN-enabled device. A policy may be in place, for example, to preclude the WAN-enabled device from granting a request to provide a connection service when its battery is below some threshold charge level. Alternatively or additionally, a parameter of the policy may include operations actively being performed by the WAN-enabled device such that a request for a connection service may be denied when the WAN-enabled device is otherwise using its WAN connection for data transfer operations. As yet another example, the policy may depend on a cost state of a subscription to a data service accessed over the WAN connection. For example, some cellular data services impose a charge when usage over a time period (such as a month) exceeds a threshold. If the data usage through the WAN-enabled device is near or has exceeded that threshold in the relevant time period, the policy may prescribe denying the request. Other types of parameters may also be reflected in the policy applied at decision block 412. For example, the nature or operator of the device that has requested the connection service or a priority attached to the request may be a parameter of the policy applied at decision block 412. As a specific example, a connection request may be granted only to specified devices or users. Those devices or users may be identified based on a password or other information supplied with the request.
Regardless of the parameters of the policy applied at decision block 412, if application of the policy results in denial of the request, process 400 may branch from decision block 412 to its end. If process 400 branches to its end, the connection request received at block 410 does not result in the WAN-enabled device changing operating modes. The device may remain in its prior operating mode, such as, as a client in a peer-to-peer group.
Conversely, if application of the policy at decision block 412 results in a determination that the connection request should be granted, process 400 may branch from decision block 412 to block 420. At block 420, the WAN-enabled device implementing process 400 may configure itself as an access point. Configuring as an access point may entail activating a control component, such as control component 280 (
As a result of configuring as an access point at block 420, the WAN-enabled device may establish a connection to the Internet. Such a connection may be established through a base station, such as base station 152 (
Once the WAN-enabled device is configured as an access point, process 400 may proceed to block 422. At block 422, the WAN-enabled device may wait for an association request. The WAN-enabled device may wait for an association request that has any suitable format. In embodiments in which the WAN-enabled device is operating as an access point in accordance with a Wi-Fi protocol, the association request may be formatted in accordance with a Wi-Fi protocol. Though, it should be appreciated that the specific format of the association request is not critical to the invention.
At decision block 430, process 400 may branch depending on whether the association request has been received. In some embodiments, the WAN-enabled device may respond in the same fashion to any association request. In such an embodiment, any device, whether or not the device issued the request received at block 410, may connect through the WAN-enabled device operating as an access point. In other embodiments, limits may be placed on the devices with which an association will be formed. For example, processing at decision block 430 may recognize only an association request from the device that transmitted the request at block 410. Alternatively or additionally, security techniques as are known in the art may limit access to the WAN to only authorized devices.
Regardless of the criteria used to determine whether a received communication is an acceptable association request, when such an association request is received, process 400 may branch from decision block 430 to block 432. At block 432, the WAN-enabled device may associate with the remote wireless device that transmitted the association request.
Once an association is formed, the WAN-enabled device may provide connectivity to the remote wireless device. Such connectivity may allow the remote wireless device to access the Internet or other service over the WAN connection supported by the WAN-enabled device. Accordingly, process 400 may proceed to block 434 where the WAN-enabled device, in its role as an access point, communicates with the remote wireless device.
Process 400 then may proceed to decision block 436. The process may branch at decision block 436 depending on whether the connection to the remote wireless device should be disconnected. Processing at decision block 436 may entail application of any one or more policies of the WAN-enabled device. If, as a result of application of those policies, the connection is to be maintained, processing loops back from decision block 436 to block 434 such that the remote wireless device may continue to have network connectivity through the WAN-enabled device operating as an access point. Conversely, if as a result of processing at decision block 436 it is determined that the connection should not continue, the process may branch from decision block 436 to block 442. At block 442, the WAN-enabled device may again change its operating mode. In this case, though, the WAN-enabled device deactivates the access point functionality established at block 420. As noted above, operating as an access point may increase power consumption of the WAN-enabled device. Accordingly, deactivating the access point functionality may conserve power of the WAN-enabled device.
Accordingly, processing at decision block 436 to determine whether to end a connection may depend on factors including a power state of the WAN-enabled device. As a specific example, if the remaining battery power drops below a threshold, processing may branch from decision block 436 to block 442. Though, it should be appreciated that other criteria may alternatively or additionally be applied at decision block 436. Those criteria may include whether the remote wireless device has disconnected or is otherwise not communicating above a threshold rate through the access point that, in accordance with a policy warrants keeping the access point functionality active. Though, it should be recognized that any suitable parameters may alternatively or additionally be applied in making a determination at decision block 436. These parameters may include a charge state of a device, whether the connection has been active for an amount of time exceeding a preset limit, transmission of an amount of data that exceeded a threshold or has incurred data usage charges over the WAN that exceeds a limit. Regardless of the criteria used, when a determination is made to disconnect, processing may proceed to block 442, following which the WAN-enabled device may return to its operating mode at the beginning of process 400.
Returning to decision block 430, if a suitable association request has not been received, process 400 may branch to decision block 440. At decision block 440, the process may again branch based on an amount of time that has elapsed since the WAN-enabled device was configured as an access point at block 420. The time threshold applied at block 440 is not critical to the invention. However, the time threshold may be chosen to reflect the fact that operation as an access point consumes additional power. The selected limit may also reflect the expectation that the device sending the request received at block 410 will promptly seek to obtain network conductivity through the WAN-enabled device operating as an access point. Accordingly, the time threshold applied at decision block 440 may be relatively short, such as thirty seconds or less. Though, in other scenarios, a longer threshold may be applied.
Regardless of the specific value of the threshold applied at decision block 440, if the threshold has not been exceeded, process 400 may loop back to block 422 where the WAN-enabled device may continue to wait for an association request. Conversely, if the time threshold has been exceeded, process 400 may branch from decision block 440 to block 442. As described above, if processing reaches block 442, the WAN-enabled device may deactivate its access point functionality and return to a lower power operating state.
Turning to
Process 500 may begin at any suitable time in response to any suitable event. For example, process 500 may begin in response to user input indicating a desire to access the Internet or other network service. The user input may be express user input, or may be implied from a user action. For example, accessing an application or clicking on a link to an Internet URL may service as an implied user input indicating a desire to access the Internet. Such input may be provided through a component of an operating system of the wireless device or in any other suitable way.
Process 500 is shown beginning with a subprocess 510. In subprocess 510, the wireless device pairs with a WAN-enabled device. Though not expressly illustrated in
Subprocess 510 may be performed in any suitable way, including using techniques as are known in the art. For example, subprocess 510 may be performed in accordance with the Wi-Fi Direct peer-to-peer protocol. Regardless of the specific protocol used, as a result of the pairing performed in subprocess 510, the wireless device executing process 500 may become a Group Owner of a peer-to-peer group that includes a WAN-enabled device.
Accordingly, at block 520, the wireless device may send over the peer-to-peer connection a request to the WAN-enabled device. The request may indicate that the wireless device is seeking connectivity services, such as an Internet connection. The request may further signal a request to obtain the requested service by associating with the WAN-enabled device using a Wi-Fi protocol. Such a request may be in the format described above in connection with block 410 (
Regardless of the format of the request, processing may proceed to decision block 530. At decision block 530, process 500 may branch, depending on whether the request is granted. The wireless device executing process 500 may use any suitable processing to determine whether the request has been granted. In some embodiments, an express acknowledgement or other communication may be received indicating whether a request was granted. In other embodiment, detecting that the WAN-enabled device that was the target of the request transmitted at block 520 has begun beaconing as an access point may be used as an indication that the request was granted. Conversely, passage of a sufficient amount of time without detecting that the WAN-enabled device is beaconing may be taken as an indication that the request was denied.
Regardless of the mechanism by which the wireless device determines at decision block 530 whether the request is granted, process 500 may branch to its end if the request is not granted.
Conversely, if the request is granted, processing proceeds from decision block 530 to block 532. At block 532, the wireless device associates with the access point provided by the WAN-enabled device. Associating at block 532 may be performed in any suitable way. For example, processing may entail transmitting messages in accordance with the aspects of a Wi-Fi protocol applicable to a station.
Regardless of the specific form of the messages sent at block 532, as a result of associating with the access point provided by the WAN-enabled device, the wireless device may connect to the Internet through that access point at block 534. Processing at block 534 may be performed in accordance with the Wi-Fi protocol or in any other suitable way. Once a connection is established through the access point, a user of the wireless device or applications or other components executing on the wireless device may access the Internet or other services made available through the WAN-enabled device.
Processing then may proceed to block 536. At block 536, the wireless device may disconnect from the access point. Any suitable processing may determine when the connection to the Internet or other service formed at block 534 is no longer required such that the process should proceed to block 536. In some embodiments, express user input may be provided. Though, other criteria may alternatively or additionally be applied. For example, the passage of time or amount of data transmitted may be used as criteria in a decision to disconnect from the access point at block 536. Express user input indicating completion of operations using Internet connectivity may also serve as a trigger for disconnecting from the access point at block 536. This user input may be express user input, such as through a connection manager executing on the wireless device. Though, the user input may also be implied. For example, user input instructing the wireless device to close an application that is accessing the Internet may also serve as a user command to disconnect from the access point. Regardless of the specific event that triggers disconnection from the access point at block 536, once disconnected, process 500 may end.
As can be seen though in
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The computing environment may execute computer-executable instructions, such as program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 610 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 610 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 610. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 630 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 631 and random access memory (RAM) 632. A basic input/output system 633 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 610, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 631. RAM 632 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 620. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 610 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 610 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 680. The remote computer 680 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 610, although only a memory storage device 681 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 610 is connected to the LAN 671 through a network interface or adapter 670. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 610 typically includes a modem 672 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 673, such as the Internet. The modem 672, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 621 via the user input interface 660, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 610, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art.
Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers. Such processors may be implemented as integrated circuits, with one or more processors in an integrated circuit component. Though, a processor may be implemented using circuitry in any suitable format.
Further, it should be appreciated that a computer may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smartphone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device.
Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format.
Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including as a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks.
Also, the various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine.
In this respect, the invention may be embodied as a computer readable storage medium (or multiple computer readable media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs (CD), optical discs, digital video disks (DVD), magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other tangible computer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments of the invention discussed above. As is apparent from the foregoing examples, a computer readable storage medium may retain information for a sufficient time to provide computer-executable instructions in a non-transitory form. Such a computer readable storage medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. As used herein, the term “computer-readable storage medium” encompasses only a computer-readable medium that can be considered to be a manufacture (i.e., article of manufacture) or a machine. Alternatively or additionally, the invention may be embodied as a computer readable medium other than a computer-readable storage medium, such as a propagating signal.
The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect of this embodiment, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present invention need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present invention.
Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that conveys relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements.
Various aspects of the present invention may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments.
Also, the invention may be embodied as a method, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
