Patent Application
20080020935
1 phonon maser
2 resonant cavity
3 superconductive gain medium
4 pumping means
5 support structure
6 highly reflective means
7 partially reflective means
8 void
9 highly polished surface
10 partially polished surface
11 highly reflective material layer
12 partially reflective material layer
13 highly reflective superconductor
14 partially reflective superconductor
15 energy source
16 highly reflective end electrode
17 partially reflective end electrode
18 back-beam shield
19 superconductive gain medium electric motor
20 weakly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state
21 weakly binding phonon
22 first free phonon
23 strongly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state
24 second free phonon
25 strongly binding phonon
26 Cooper pair at the first excited state
27 bundle of two superposed binding phonons
28 bundle of two superposed free phonons
29 Cooper pair at the second excited state
30 bundle of four superposed binding phonons
31 low-temperature superconductor
32 vibration force vector of weakly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state
33 vibration force vector of strongly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state
34 vibration force vector of Cooper pair at the second excited state
35 coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons
36 undistorted cubic unit cell
37 distorted cubic unit cell
38 bundle of superposed guest phonons
39 target
40 initial location
41 desired location
42 spaceship
43 spaceship engine
44 first phonon maser
45 second phonon maser
46 coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest anti-phonons
A phonon maser 1 is comprised of a resonant cavity 2 and a superconductive gain medium 3, the medium 3 disposed in the cavity 2. In the superconductive gain medium 3, quantum mechanical effects, often called stimulated emission, amplify the vibration of unit cells of the crystal lattice of the superconductive material of the medium 3.
In order for the device of this invention to operate, the superconductive gain medium 3 must be pumped by an external energy source, and this pumped energy converted into the energy of lattice vibrations. Pumping means 4 provide the required energy in the form of electromagnetic energy. Unlike an active medium in a conventional maser, the superconductive gain medium 3 in the phonon maser 1 must be pumped dynamically (in rotation). This is why the superconductive gain medium 3 and the pumping means 4 are disposed rotatably to each other.
A support structure 5 supports the superconductive gain medium 3 and the pumping means 4 in a position that provides for their relative rotation. The support structure may be comprised of several elements welded to each other or interconnected by simple fasteners (not shown).
In order to supply the energy needed to create a Fermi sea of electrons in the superconductive gain medium, this sea providing material for the formation of future Cooper pairs, on a preferred embodiment the pumping means 4 are executed as solenoid coils or electromagnets. On the preferred embodiment, energy is pumped into the superconductive gain medium 3 in the form of a high-frequency electromagnetic flux. A skilled in the art may envision the pumping provided by many other forms of energy from various types of energy sources, all within the scope of this invention.
In order to convert the incoming energy into the sought-after lattice vibrations, on the preferred embodiment the superconductive gain medium 3 is executed as a substantially elongated superconductive cylinder cooled to a temperature providing superconductivity in the medium 3. On another embodiment, the superconductive gain medium 3 is a toroidal cylinder with a pivotable cylindrical element (not shown) of the support structure 5 centrally protruding through the medium 3.
A free electron, as it spins while moving through a superconductor, causes a vibration of the crystal lattice that could also be described as an increase in the concentration of positive charges in the lattice around the free electron. This increase in turn attracts another free electron with an opposite spin. Two electrons are then held together with a certain binding energy. A quantum of this energy—a phonon—represents a quantized mode of vibration in the crystal lattice of a superconductor. Phonons bind free electrons into Cooper pairs that float in the Fermi sea of electrons.
In the preferred embodiment, the superconductor material for the superconductive gain medium 3 is selected to produce vibrations, which, upon emission into a vacuum, coincide with the natural vibration of the unit cells comprising the crystal lattice of the vacuum.
It has been observed in lasers that the boundaries between crystallites of the polycrystalline media cause strong scattering losses. Single crystal lasers became the gold standard for high-coherency, energy-efficient radiation. In order to reduce scattering losses, it would be advantageous to execute the superconductive gain medium 3 as a single crystal high-temperature superconductor. In 1997, Y. Shiohara and X. Yao reported growing NDBCO and Y(Sm)BCO single crystals of about 25 mm. Both superconductors perform in the 90K degree range, a temperature that would be easily achievable by using an inexpensive and commercially available nitrogen as a coolant. (“Large REBCO Single Crystals: Growth Processes and Superconductive Qualities”, Superconductive Science Technology, 10, No. 5 May 1997, pp. 249-258). Newer technologies allow welding of the aligned REBCO or YBCO crystals. In the preferred embodiment of the phonon maser 1, the superconductive gain medium 3 is made from welded together large crystals that are pre-aligned to behave as a single crystal.
The length of the superconductive gain medium 3 on the preferred embodiment is 60 centimeters (cm), and the diameter—5 cm. In this embodiment, twenty (20) 2 cm—thick, 5 cm in diameter crystals are fused together.
But some applications require much larger superconductive gain medium sizes. This represents a problem: there is a development gap between the available single crystal superconductors and those required for the phonon maser capable of launching satellites.
Also, the length of time required to grow a large superconductor crystal affects the crystal's cost. This is why, in another embodiment of the phonon maser 1, the superconductive gain medium 3 is made from a high-temperature ceramic superconductor with the well-organized crystallite structure. An example of such a superconductor is YBa2Cu33O7-y, used by Podkletnov in his research.
The superconductive gain medium 3, executed as a single crystal, represents still another embodiment suitable for applications in which a portable configuration of the phonon maser could be used. An example of such an application is wireless communication.
Various materials may be used for different applications, these materials including the YBCO-based ceramics, or even possibly non-ceramics such as Nb—Ti and MgB2. A skilled in the art may still choose another type of material for the superconductive gain medium 3 that allows the formation of Cooper pairs in a Bose regime, all within the scope of this invention.
The pumped energy must be retained in the superconductive gain medium 3 until saturation allows the amplification to take hold. In order to reflect particles on their way out of the superconductive gain medium 3 back into the medium 3, the resonant cavity 2 is comprised of highly reflective means 6 on one end of the medium 3, and partially reflective means 7 on an opposite end of the medium 3. The highly reflective means 6 are specified as “highly” because of their level of particle reflection, which is higher than that of the partially reflective means 7. The actual reflection rate varies depending mainly on the particle size and energy. There is a void 8 disposed between the highly reflective means 6 and the partially reflective means 7. The void 8 fully envelopes the superconductive gain medium 3.
In 1986, Jane Throwe successfully reflected high-frequency phonons off a highly polished wall of a silicone crystal. The reflecting surface was polished ether with 1 (mu) diamond paste, or with a chemi-mechanical silica sol (Syton). (“Phonon Reflection in Silicon”, 1986 Ph.D. in physics dissertation of Jane B. Throwe, Library of Indiana University, Blumington IN 1986, Abstract: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-05, Section: B, page: 2051, 1986).
Cooper pairs in the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), having radii of gyration smaller than the inter-pair spacings, are bosons. Phonons are bosons as well. The experiments done by Throwe and other researchers provide strong evidence that most bosons are reflected by highly-polished crystal surfaces. The shorter is the boson's wavelength, the greater surface polish of the reflector is required. The polished surfaces are also effective in arresting fermions such as electrons. This is why the highly reflective means 6 comprise a highly polished surface 9 of the superconductive gain medium 3 on the end of the medium 3.
The partially reflective means 7 comprise a partially polished surface 10 of the superconductive gain medium 3 on the opposite end of the medium 3. The highly polished surface 9 is specified as “highly” because of its level of surface quality, which is higher than that of the partially polished surface 10. Because the higher reflective quality of the highly polished surface 9 over the partially polished surface 10, phonons and other particles break through the partially reflective means 7 before they could break through the highly reflective means 6.
Many researchers have applied film to the polished surfaces in order to better reflect the particles reaching the polished surfaces of the superconductive gain medium 3 back into the medium 3. For example, Throwe utilized an oxide layer that forms on silicon on contact with air, altering it in basic and acidic peroxide solutions. The oxide layer was also subjected to etching. As material for the reflective film, some researchers used a superconductor with a crystalline lattice, which is most reflective when complimented by cooling to a low temperature. Other researchers used insulator films, which are most effective when complimented by applying voltage.
This is why the highly reflective means 6 may include a highly reflective material layer 11 disposed on the highly polished surface 9 of the superconductive gain medium 3. On the preferred embodiment, the highly reflective material layer 11 may be YBCO film 500 nm thick. The partially reflective means 7 may include a partially reflective material layer 12 disposed on the partially polished surface 10 of the superconductive gain medium 3. On the preferred embodiment, the partially reflective material layer 12 may be an YBCO film 200 nm thick. The highly reflective material layer 11 is specified as “highly” because of its level of particle reflection, which is higher than that of the partially reflective material layer 12.
Furthermore, the highly reflective means 6 may include a highly reflective superconductor 13 disposed next to the highly reflective material layer 11 longitudinally to the superconductive gain medium 3. The partially reflective means 7 may include a partially reflective superconductor 14 disposed next to the partially reflective material layer 12, also longitudinally to the superconductive gain medium 3. The highly reflective superconductor 13 is specified as “highly” because, under proper cooling, its level of particle reflection is higher than that of the partially reflective superconductor 14. The highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 could be executed as substantially elongated cylinders made of high-temperature, crystalline Type II superconductors identical or similar in their chemical composition to that used in the superconductive gain medium 3.
On the preferred embodiment, the highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 do not rotate. On another embodiment, the highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 rotate with the superconductive gain medium 3. On this embodiment, the highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 may be pumped by the pumping means 4 with the electromagnetic energy.
In the preferred embodiment, the highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 assist the particle reflection by providing for the Josephson effect in the highly reflective material layer 11 and the partially reflective material layer 12 (in combination with the applied voltage). In another embodiment, the highly reflective superconductor 13 and the partially reflective superconductor 14 assist in particle reflection by creating particle bottlenecks (in combination with deep cooling). The Josephson effect is well-researched and requires no additional comments. It has been shown that the reflective qualities of the resonant cavity substantially improve if the reflective means are cooled to a temperature in the single digits on the Kelvin scale. The reasons for this improvement are still being debated by the scientists. Let us now review possible reasons for this improvement, starting with fermions, specifically electrons and clusters of electrons.
One reason for improved reflective qualities at low temperatures could be a substantial slowdown of particle movement under conditions of near-zero temperature, and the ability of fermions to pack densely in cold matter. Such low-temperature conditions lead to a bottle-neck effect where electrons form an obstruction. Because of the Pauli exclusion principle, only a finite number of electrons could be absorbed and, because of the Coulomb force, the newly approaching electrons are repelled back into the superconductive gain medium, thus maintaining a dense Fermi sea within the medium.
In the case of bosons (Cooper pairs in BEC and phonons) that don't obey the Pauli exclusion principle, the nature of the “bottlenecks” is yet to be well explained, but numerous experiments indicate the presence of such bottlenecks. Among the existing hypotheses, there is one suggesting that photons and phonons couple on the edges of crystals and in films of superconductive materials, where they form polaritons. The polaritons scatter and, because of their low group velocity at low temperature, create a bottle neck. (“Polariton Effects in Transient Grating Experiments Performed on Antracene Single Crystals”, Todd S. Rose, Vincent J. Newell, Jeffrey S. Meth and M. D. Fayer, Chemical Physics Letters volume 145, number 5, 15 Apr. 1988, pp 475-480).
Let us now review the cooling temperatures, starting with temperatures required to cool the superconductive gain medium 3. Since the preferred material for the superconductive gain medium 3 is a Type II superconductor, which is, usually, a high-temperature superconductor, the temperature may be 40—90 degrees K. The upper range of this temperature may be accomplished using readily available and relatively inexpensive liquid nitrogen.
In order to create a particle bottleneck, on the preferred embodiment the partially reflective means 7 are cooled to another temperature lower than the temperature of the superconductive gain medium 3. The another temperature may be provided by using coolants such as liquid helium or liquid hydrogen.
In order to assure that the partially reflective means 7 open up to the flow of phonons but not the highly reflective means 6, the highly reflective means may be cooled to a still another temperature lower than the another temperature of the partially reflective means. The still another temperature may be in the single degrees Kelvin and could be provided by pouring liquid helium or liquid hydrogen on the highly reflective means 6.
Another method of creating bottlenecks is the use of materials for the highly reflective means 6 and the partially reflective means 7 in which the speed of particle propagation is slower than the speed of particle propagation in the material of the superconductive gain medium 3. The materials for the highly reflective means 6 and the partially reflective means 7 are more effective in creating bottlenecks when used in-combination with the lower temperatures.
In order to assure that the partially reflective means 7 open up to the flow of particles, but the highly reflective means 6 do not, the means 6 may be executed from the material in which the speed of particle propagation is slower than the speed of particle propagation in the material of the means 7.
The method of the current invention requires resonating free phonons in the resonant cavity 2 between the highly reflective means 6 and the partially reflective means 7. Initially, free phonons are resonated individually and, after population inversion, in bundles. In order to better control processes occurring in the superconductive gain medium 3, the resonant cavity 2 may include an energy source 15. In the preferred embodiment, the energy provided by the energy source 15, is in the range of 50 keV.
A highly reflective end electrode 16 is disposed on the highly reflective means 6. The highly reflective end electrode 16 is electrically connected to the energy source 15. A partially reflective end electrode 17 is disposed on the partially reflective means 7. The partially reflective end electrode 17 is also electrically connected to the energy source 15. A controlled application of voltage from the energy source 15 to the highly reflective end electrode 16 and the partially reflective end electrode 17 assists in forming and exciting Cooper pairs and resonating particles within the resonant cavity. The application of voltage furthermore provides for switching the phonon maser from a continuous to an impulsed mode of operation. This switching is provided by breaking the population inversion by passing energy greater than the gap to Cooper pairs, and by opening and closing Josephson junctions in the highly reflective material layer 11 and in the partially reflective material layer 12.
There is still another reason for the need of the directional flow of energy between the highly reflective end electrode 16 and the partially reflective end electrode 17, this energy generated by the energy source 15. This directional flow of energy aligns Cooper pairs along the superconductive gain medium 3, the highly reflective superconductor 13, and the partially reflective superconductor 14. The alignment of Cooper pairs is required in order to bounce phonons back and forth along the superconductive gain medium 3, the highly reflective superconductor 13, and the partially reflective superconductor 14; and also to project the gravitomagnetic field longitudinally to the medium 3. Without the alignment of Cooper pairs, the gravitomagnetic force forms a field around the superconductive gain medium 3. Such a field was formed on the Tajmar machine.
In the April 2006 interview, Podkletnov mentioned that his Impulse Generator caused a back-beam harmful to living tissues (The Impulse Generator. Dr Evgeny Podkletnov on the Impulse Gravity-Generator, by Tim Ventura & Evgeny Podkletnov, Apr. 10th, 2006, http://www.americanantigravity.com/documents/Podkletnov-Interview.pdf). There is a similar remark in the anonymous “Podkletnov” Wikipedia article (www.wikipedia.org/podkletnov). The back-beam in the latest Podkletnov machine was probably formed of free electrons, the byproduct of the breakdown of Cooper pairs.
The intensity of the back-beam of the phonon maser would be higher than that of the Podkletnov machine. In the phonon maser, as the result of a population inversion, the energy of electrons in the Cooper pairs rises quadratically to the ever-higher levels. The back-beam of the phonon maser could be comprised of high-energy free electrons that never formed into Cooper pairs, or became unbound by the electromagnetic energy. It is well known that high-energy electrons are harmful to living tissues.
There is another explanation for the nature of the back-beam in the phonon maser. It is, in my view, likely that, in the Bose regime, the increase in the boson energy would be represented by a quadratic increase in the number of electrons in the boson (proportional to the increase in the number of phonons). In other words, the Cooper pair is no longer a pair but a molecule formed by a cluster of electrons. The cluster of electrons could be envisioned as a toroidal cloud encircling the bundle of superposed free phonons, or a spherical cloud fully enveloping this bundle. If the bundle of superposed free phonons, which holds the cluster of electrons together, separates from the cluster, then this cluster would become an unstable fermion, sometimes defined as an Electrum Validum Object (EVO), (Observations on the Role of Charge Clusters in Nuclear Cluster Reactions by K. Shoulders & S. Shoulders, Journal of New Energy, Jul. 28 1996, 11 pages). These EVOs may form the back-beam of the phonon maser. Per Shoulders & Shoulders, each cluster of electrons could include as many as 6.0221415×1023 electrons (the Avogadro number). The EVOs would soon explode, with each explosion releasing nearly 1.5×10−10 Joules of energy harmful to living tissues. The existence of the powerful back-beam could substantially limit the application of the phonon maser. It is fortunate for the humanity that the harmful back-beam is highly dispersed and only a few centimeters in-length. Therefore, the EVO emitters could not be weaponized.
It should be possible to nearly stop the back-beam emission by cooling the highly reflective means to temperatures in the single degrees K. The low-temperature conditions would lead to a bottle-neck effect where the flow of high-energy electrons (or EVOs) would slow down nearly to a stop, forming an obstruction. Because of the Pauli exclusion principle, only a finite number of electrons (or EVOs) could be absorbed and, because of the Coulomb force, the newly approaching electrons (or EVOs) would be repelled back into the superconductive gain medium.
It is also possible to provide a situation in which the electrons (or EVOs) in the Fermi sea could be held in the crystal lattice by a restraining energy exceeding the energy driving free electrons into the vacuum, the restraining energy provided by the ionization potential. The restraining energy would be generated by the condensation effect caused by electron-electron interactions. Until it is proven that the restraining energy could be reliably maintained in the system, a physical protection from the back-beam is required. This is why a back-beam shield 18 is disposed orthogonally to the superconductive gain medium 3, just outside the highly reflective means 6. On the preferred embodiment, the back-beam shield is a 2.5 cm-thick lead panel.
The phonon maser could be equipped with a telescopic and/or lasing means in order to assist aiming the maser at a target. For example, a photon pump (not shown) may be disposed at a photon-transmittable distance to the superconductive gain medium. If the superconductive gain medium is a clear single crystal, it could, along with phonons, amplify photons, hence providing the phonon maser with the additional capability of lasing the target.
On the preferred embodiment of the phonon maser 1, the superconductive gain medium 3 is rotatably disposed at an electromagnetic flux-transmittable distance from the pumping means 4. On another embodiment (not shown), the pumping means are rotatably disposed at the electromagnetic flux-transmittable distance to the superconductive gain medium.
Consider the flux requirements for providing a continuous population inversion. The preferred embodiment of the phonon maser uses 105 Hz current supplied to 12 solenoid coils at 1000 Gauss each.
In theory, the above energy should provide for a high-speed relative rotation of the pumping means 4 against the superconductive gain medium 3. In practice, in order to assure the high-speed relative rotation, it may be necessary to supplement the pumping means with a motor. On the preferred embodiment, the phonon maser 1 includes at least one superconductive gain medium electric motor 19 disposed connectively to the superconductive gain medium 3. The superconductive gain medium electric motor 19 assists the rotation of the superconductive gain medium 3 against the pumping means 4 which are static. On the preferred embodiment, the superconductive gain medium electric motor 19 is a pancake motor.
On another embodiment (not shown), the phonon maser includes at least one pumping means electric motor disposed connectively to the pumping means. The pumping means electric motor assists the rotation of the pumping means against the superconductive gain medium, which is static in this another embodiment. A skilled in the art may envision still another embodiment where both, the pumping means and the superconductive gain medium, rotate.
For successful Cooper pair formation, it is important to assure that the angular velocity of rotation and the charge-to-mass ratio are both very high (Tajmar/de Matos). On the preferred embodiment, the superconductive gain medium motor 19 rotates at a speed in the 50,000-100,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) range.
A skilled in the art may elect to transfer the motion from an outside-mounted motor to the superconductive gain medium or the pumping means via a gear train, belt, or other mechanical, electromechanical, or electromagnetic means of rotational motion transfer (not shown), all within the scope of this invention. The means of rotational motion transfer may raise the rotation speed to 1 million RPM, or higher. In order to accommodate this very high rotation speed, on one of the embodiments, the superconductive gain medium or the pumping means are supported by hydrostatic bearings combined with a “frictionless” superfluid (not shown).
If a first free phonon 22, identical to the weakly binding phonon 21, collides with the Cooper pair at a ground bound state 20, the Cooper pair 20 could break apart releasing the phonon 21. The energy required to break the weakly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state 20 is relatively small, 10−3 eV. This energy is the equivalent to 2Δ.
However, the object of the stimulation process in the phonon maser is to provide the conditions for a population inversion. The implementation of this goal requires a coupling of each Cooper pair by as many phonons as possible, but never less than two.
Since high-temperature superconductivity is not yet well understood, many explanations of the strong coupling are offered. In the Discussion On Theory chapter, I mentioned a theory that suggests that the number of electrons in the Cooper pair is not limited to two. According to this theory, a Cooper pair in the excited state absorbs both the additional phonons and the additional electrons. It is no longer a pair but a molecule comprised of electrons and phonons where, in the BEC, the number of phonons expands quadratically, reflecting a quadratic expansion of the binding force, while the number of electrons always doubles the number of phonons. The method and the device of this invention remain feasible regardless of the true configuration of the Cooper pair (or Cooper molecule) in the excited state.
Each electron of the Cooper pair of electrons at the first excited state 26 is characterized by an energy gap of 2Δ, and bound by a lattice vibration having an amplitude of twice the lattice vibration binding the strongly coupled Cooper pair at a ground bound state. This vibration is now represented by a bundle of two superposed binding phonons 27. Each phonon of the bundle of two superposed binding phonons 27 has an energy gap of 2Δ, with the total gap of 4Δ. When the number of the Cooper pairs of electrons at the first excited state 26, bound by a vibration with the energy gap of 4Δ, exceeds the number of the strongly coupled Cooper pairs at a ground bound state, bound by a vibration with the energy gap of 2Δ, a population inversion is achieved. In the condition of population inversion, a stream of phonons, resonating through the superconductive gain medium, produces more stimulated emission than stimulated absorption, thus this stream is amplified. If the system is in the condition of population inversion based on the two lowest energy levels of Cooper pairs, this system is only capable of a weak impulse phonon emission. The weak impulse phonon emission may be unsuitable for many practical applications.
One of the main goals of the proposed method and device of this invention is to provide a continuous emission of free phonons. Achieving this goal requires a continuous population inversion. In order to sustain the population inversion, it is necessary to further resonate the inverted population, more specifically, to elevate the Cooper pairs' binding energy by more than two energy levels without the pair's energy ever falling to the ground bound state.
Population inversion in the Bose regime is characterized by a spontaneous bundling of free phonons into bundles such as a bundle of two superposed free phonons 28. Because the vibration energy in Cooper pairs in the Bose regime could only rise quadratically, the Cooper pair at the first exited state could only absorb a vibration represented by the bundle of two superposed free phonons 28. Application of an energy greater than the gap of 4Δ to the Cooper pair of electrons at the first excited state 26 would break the pair 26 and release the bundle of two superposed free phonons 28.
Consider a collision of two identical bundles, a bundle of two superposed binding phonons with a bundle of two superposed free phonons. The result of constructive interference of lattice vibrations represented by the bundle of two superposed binding phonons and the bundle of two superposed free phonons, is a Cooper pair at the second exited state 29. The Cooper pair at the second exited state 29 is comprised of two electrons, each with the energy gap of 4Δ, and a bundle of four superposed binding phonons 30 with the lattice vibration energy gap of 8Δ. When the number of the Cooper pairs at the second exited state exceeds the number of the Cooper pairs at the first exited state (without the presence of the strongly-coupled Cooper pairs at a ground bound state), a coherent beam of phonons passing through the superconductive gain medium continuously produces more stimulated emission than stimulated absorption. The continuity of the stimulated emission is now assured.
In mathematical sense, the process of continued resonation of particles in the resonant cavity while pumping additional energy, bundles of superposed free phonons, colliding with bundles of superposed binding phonons, result in ever bigger bundles. In a physical sense, the constructing interference of vibrations leads to vibrations of ever-higher amplitude. The Cooper pairs are excited into progressively higher energy states with their energy gaps quadratically expanding to 16Δ, 32Δ, 64Δ, etc. The amplified vibrations, now represented by the bundles of superposed binding phonons, excite electrons while pulling them very close together. Per de Broglie, the helixes of the movement of individual electrons get tighter (while the wavelengths get longer), resulting in ever-greater densities of each Cooper pair. This, in-turn, allows the ever-greater packing of Cooper pairs while maintaining the strong coupling of the Bose regime. In other words, the number of Cooper pairs per same-diameter superconductor increases proportionally to the number of discrete amounts of positive energy binding each pair. (“An Analysis of Color Changes in Cuprate-based, Type II Superconductors Across Critical Temperature”, William Ames, TEKNOS 2005, pp. 36-40).
The method of the current invention requires resonating the inverted population until a new threshold is reached such that the bundles of superposed free phonons break through the partially reflective means. The power of the phonon maser depends on the size of the bundles of superposed free phonons that break through the partially reflective means in a coherent and collimated beam.
Consider a population inversion into an eighth excited state in which Cooper pairs are bound by a high-amplitude vibration represented by a bundle of 256 superposed phonons. The partially reflective means are calibrated to allow only the bundles of 256 superposed free phonons to break through. A coherent beam of high-amplitude vibrations, each with an energy of 25.6 eV, breaks through the partially reflective means and enters the vacuum as a coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35.
The phonon maser of this invention could maintain the population inversion continuously with relatively few Cooper pairs breaking up. However, if an application of voltage provides the Cooper pairs with an energy larger than an energy gap of 512Δ, this energy would break the Cooper pairs into high-energy electrons while releasing in a single impulse the high-amplitude vibrations, represented by the bundles of 256 superposed free phonons. This is why the phonon maser of the current invention may provide, on demand, a continuous or an impulse emission of the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35.
Compare the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35 with a beam reportedly generated by the 1992 Podkletnov machine. Each released charge of the phonon maser has the power of 256 Podkletnov machine charges. The charge density is much greater because the Cooper pairs in the superconductive gain medium of the phonon maser would be packed 256 times more densely than the Cooper pairs in the Podkletnov machine. Moreover, the superconductive gain medium of the preferred embodiment of the phonon maser is over 20 times thicker than Podkletnov's disk. The result is the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35 of much greater intensity than Podkletnov's beam. The gravitational effect along the line of propagation of the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35 is proportionally greater. With preferred embodiment of the phonon maser, with a proper cooling, the population inversion into twentieth or even fiftieth excited state is possible. With the other embodiments, the maximum-size bundle of superposed phonons of over 3.01×1023 phonons, or half of the Avogadro number, is achievable.
Compare a phonon maser beam comprised of the maximum-size bundles of superposed phonons with the reported single-phonon beam of the Podkletnov machine or the single-phonon field of the de Matos/Tajmar machine. Each phonon generated by these two machines has an energy charge of only 2.43×10−34 Joules. The maximum-size bundles generated by the phonon maser (projected from the original data provided by Shoulders & Shoulders), could each carry a relatively high energy charge of about 7.31−1l Joules. Thus, the phonon maser generates a local gravity or repulsive force many times stronger than the Earth's gravity while the beam of the Podkletnov machine and the field of the de Matos/Tajmar machine caused barely-detectable gravity changes, these changes equivalent to a tiny fraction of the Earth's gravity. Small in its cross section, the phonon maser beam is also coherent, collimated, and all-penetrating.
Because of the energy provided by cosmic radiation, the crystal lattice of the vacuum naturally vibrates. Depending on the stage of the cycle of the natural vibration at the moment of entry, the bundle of superposed guest phonons 38 may amplify, dampen, stop, or completely invert the natural vibration of the distorted cubic unit cell 37. As the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons (not shown on
As the bundle of superposed guest phonons propagates forward, the artificially-created ripples of waves, caused by the distortions of the individual unit cells, propagate through the crystal lattice of the vacuum interfering with the naturally-occurring waves. The speed of propagation of these naturally-occurring waves equals the speed of propagation of the bundle of superposed guest phonons, both speeds matching the speed of light. If the bundle of superposed guest phonons is characterized by a vibration matching the natural vibration of the unit cell of the crystal lattice of the vacuum, then the frequency of the artificially-created ripples of waves coincides with the frequency of the naturally-occurring waves of the crystal lattice of the vacuum. Therefore, the bundle of superposed guest phonons characterized by a vibration matching the natural vibration of the unit cell in frequency and in phase, amplifies this natural vibration. This is the case of constructive interference resulting in a temporary local increase in the gravitational energy of the vacuum.
A bundle of superposed guest anti-phonons (not shown), matching the natural vibration in frequency but with the wave phase-shifted 180 degrees, dampens the natural vibration because of the destructive interference of the waves. This destructive interference results in the temporary local reduction in the gravitational energy of the vacuum. In the case when the amplitude of the wave represented by the bundle of superposed guest anti-phonons equals the amplitude of the naturally-occurring wave, a complete stop of vibration results in a complete, temporary and local elimination of the gravity effect. In the case when the amplitude of the wave represented by the bundle of superposed guest anti-phonons exceeds the amplitude of the naturally-occurring wave, a temporary and local 180-degree reversal in the direction of vibration of the crystal lattice of the vacuum results in a 180-degree reversal in the direction of the propagation of the gravitational energy.
In the method for vibration energy amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, a step of calibrating the phonon maser is required. This step provides for the emission of the bundles of superposed guest phonons (or anti-phonons) having a frequency matching the frequency of natural vibration of the crystal vacuum lattice. This added step assures that the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons (or anti-phonons) results in changes in amplitude of the natural vibration of the crystal vacuum lattice.
This example of practical application represents a number of specific uses for the phonon maser. For example, the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons, emitted by the phonon maser, would move the orbiting spaceship from a wrong orbit to a proper orbit.
In another use, the phonon maser, by projecting the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons at an airplane or a space vehicle, launches the airplane or the space vehicle from a launching strip or a launching pad.
In yet another use, a sector of a flywheel is affected by the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons emitted by the phonon maser located at a distance, urging the sector to rotate. If the flywheel is a part of an electrical generator, the energy is transferred wirelessly.
In still another use of the phonon maser, a sensor of a receiver is triggered by the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons emitted in impulses by the phonon maser located at another distance. In the process of a wireless communication transmission, the receiver registers each of these impulses as an information bit. The impulses could be transmitted to a receiver located anywhere on Earth through the Earth's mass. Thus, one transmitting station comprising one or more phonon masers could replace a system of communication satellites.
In the last use, two or more of the phonon masers are aimed at a foreign or harm-causing body such as a blockage in the artery or a kidney stone. While each of the coherent beams of bundles of superposed guest phonons may not be powerful enough to affect the patient's surrounding tissues, the combination of the beams crisscrossed at the foreign or harm-causing body, create a force powerful enough to pull or push the body from a location where the foreign or harm-causing body causes harm to a location where it is harmless.
The steps of the propulsion method are identical to the above-described method of vibration energy amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The result of bundling of binding phonons is bundles of superposed binding phonons in the first phonon maser, and the result of bundling of binding anti-phonons are bundles of superposed binding anti-phonons in the second phonon maser. Likewise, the result of bundling of free phonons is bundles of superposed free phonons in the first phonon maser 44, and the result of bundling of free anti-phonons is bundles of superposed free anti-phonons in the second phonon maser 45. The bundles of superposed free phonons break through the partially reflective means of the first phonon maser as the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35, and the bundles of superposed free anti-phonons break through the partially reflective means of the second phonon maser as a coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest anti-phonons 46.
The spaceship engine 43 projects the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest phonons 35 in one direction, and the coherent beam of bundles of superposed guest anti-phonons 46 in the opposite direction. By creating repulsion (and expanding spacetime) behind the spaceship 42 and creating gravity (and contracting spacetime) in front of the spaceship, the spaceship engine 43 would generate high-speed propulsion.
The new theory of gravitophonon generation and emission offered here, just as the theory of a crystal lattice of the vacuum of Menahem Simhony (“The Epola Space”, M. Simhony, 1990, Jerusalem, Israel, 160 pp, “The Story of Matter and Space”, M. Simhony, 1999, Jerusalem, Israel, 70 pp.) are yet to become the part of mainstream science. Much more generalized theories on the gravitomagnetic energy emissions effecting density of the vacuum and zero-point fluctuations are currently accepted. These theories have been empirically proven by Casimir, Tajmar-de Matos, and other researchers. A skeptical reader is welcome to substitute “phonon emission” with “gravitomagnetic energy emission” and “vibration of the crystal lattice of the vacuum” with “zero point fluctuations”. The novelty, the performance, and the usefulness of the device of this invention are in no way jeopardized if the herein suggested new theories happen to be imprecisely or even wrongly defined. In fact, the experiments with the phonon maser will allow scientists to learn a great deal more about the gravitational effects such as gravity and repulsion.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60832334 | Jul 2006 | US |
