Patent Application
20200181520
Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to phosphono paraffins, hydraulic fluids having phosphono paraffins, and methods of making phosphono paraffins.
Many vehicles, such as aircraft, cars, trucks, etc., have one or more hydraulic systems which are drives or transmission systems that use pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery. For example, early vehicles had hydraulic brake systems. As vehicles became more sophisticated, newer systems with hydraulic power were developed. Hydraulic systems in, for example, an aircraft provide for the operation of vehicle components, such as landing gear, flaps, flight control surfaces, and brakes.
A hydraulic system has a power generating device (pump) reservoir, accumulator, heat exchanger, and filtering system. System operating pressure may vary from a couple hundred pounds per square inch (psi) in small vehicles and rotorcraft to 5,000 psi in large vehicles.
Hydraulic system fluids (“hydraulic fluids”) flow through components of the hydraulic system during use to transmit and distribute forces to various components of the hydraulic system. If a number of passages exist in a system, pressure can be distributed through the various components of the system. Hydraulic operations have only negligible loss due to fluid friction.
If incompressibility and fluidity were the only qualities required, most liquids that are not too thick could be used in a hydraulic system. However, other properties should be considered when selecting a desired hydraulic fluid for a particular hydraulic system.
One of those properties is viscosity, which is a resistance of the fluid to flow. A liquid such as gasoline that has a low viscosity flows easily, while a liquid such as tar that has a high viscosity flows slowly. Viscosity increases as temperature decreases. A liquid for a given hydraulic system should have enough viscosity to give a good seal at pumps, valves, and pistons, but should not be so thick that it offers resistance to flow, leading to power loss and higher operating temperatures which may promote wear of hydraulic system components. A fluid that is not viscous enough can wear moving parts or parts that have heavy loads.
Another property pertinent to hydraulic fluids is the fire point of the fluid, which is the temperature at which a substance gives off vapor in sufficient quantity to ignite and continue to burn when exposed to a spark or flame. Like a flash point, a high fire point is desirable of hydraulic liquids.
Known hydraulic fluids do not possess ideal properties as discussed above. Polyalphaolefin-based hydraulic fluids are fire-resistant but have a high viscosity and are limited to use down to −40° F. Phosphate ester-based (Skydrol®) hydraulic fluids are not entirely fire-resistant and under certain conditions, they burn. Furthermore, polyalphaolefin-based hydraulic fluids and phosphate ester-based hydraulic fluids do not mix with each other. Furthermore, fluorocarbon-based hydraulic fluids tend to degrade paint and titanium couplings on the hydraulic lines of a hydraulic system. There is also a movement to ban production of chlorocarbon-based and fluorocarbon-based hydraulic fluids because of their toxicity and poor biodegradability. For example, chloroparaffins are stable in soil and persist in soil for years, having a half-life (T1/2) of at least months to years.
Furthermore, synthesis of hydraulic fluids tends to be laborious and cost intensive. Conventional reactions, such as the Arbuzov reaction, do not yield hydraulic fluids having ideal properties as described above. An Arbuzov reaction proceeds by reacting a primary alkyl halide with a phosphite to form a primary phosphono-substituted product. The Arbuzov reaction does not proceed readily using primary, secondary, or tertiary fluoro alkane starting material or using secondary or tertiary chloro-, bromo-, iodo-alkane starting materials.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for new and improved hydraulic fluids and methods of making hydraulic fluids.
In one aspect, a method of making a phosphono paraffin comprises forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite and sodium iodide. Methods to make the composition comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin.
In another aspect, a phosphono paraffin is represented by formula (I):
wherein each instance of R1 is independently —H or
wherein each instance of R2 and R3 is independently linear or branched C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; wherein the number of instances where R1 is
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical aspects of this present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the present disclosure may admit to other equally effective aspects.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. The figures are not drawn to scale and may be simplified for clarity. It is contemplated that elements and features of one aspect may be beneficially incorporated in other aspects without further recitation.
Aspects of the present disclosure include methods of making phosphono paraffins. It was discovered that sodium iodide in the presence of haloparaffin and phosphite readily promotes phosphono paraffin formation. In at least one aspect, a method of making phosphono paraffins includes mixing a haloparaffin with a phosphite and sodium iodide.
Methods of the present disclosure provide access to a new class of phosphono paraffin compounds. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure further comprise phosphono paraffins having between about 6 and about 24 carbons and between about 2 and about 8 phosphono substituents. These compounds can be used as fire-resistant, biodegradable hydraulic fluids. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that phosphono paraffins are viable candidates for use as fire-resistant hydraulic fluids because of their long alkyl chains for ideal viscosity and phosphonate moieties that meet the desirable parameters for fire-resistance and biodegradability.
Phosphono Paraffins
Phosphono paraffins of the present disclosure have between about 6 and about 24 carbons and between about 2 and about 8 phosphono substituents. In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin has a fire point greater than about 200° C., such as greater than about 220° C., such as greater than about 240° C. In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin has a flash point of greater than about 150° C., such as greater than about 170° C., such as greater than about 190° C. In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin has a melting point of less than about −40° C., such as less than about −55° C., such as less than about −70° C.
The flash point and the fire point of a phosphono paraffin can be determined by ASTM D92 using a SetaFlash Series 3 Open Cup Flash Point tester supplied by John Morris Scientific Pty Ltd. The melting point of a phosphono paraffin can be determined as follows: approximately 1 ml of fluid is placed in a 3 mm diameter glass NMR tube, and a stainless steel thermocouple probe inserted into the fluid. The tube is then placed in liquid nitrogen to freeze the fluid, which prevents movement of the thermocouple probe in the frozen fluid. The tube is then slowly warmed and the fluid eventually melts. Upon melting of the fluid, the thermocouple probe can be pulled free. The temperature at which the thermocouple can be pulled from the fluid is taken as the melting point. This process is repeated two more times to obtain an average melting point value.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin of the present disclosure is represented by formula (I):
wherein each instance of R1 is independently —H or
wherein each instance of R2 and R3 is independently linear or branched C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R1 is
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22. C1-20 alkyl includes C1-10 alkyl and C1-5 alkyl. C1-20 cycloalkyl includes C1-10 cycloalkyl and C1-6 cycloalkyl. In at least one aspect, each instance of R2 and R3 is independently linear C1-20 alkyl. C1-20 alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. n is an integer between 4 and 22, such as between about 6 and about 18, such as between about 10 and about 16. In at least one aspect, R2 and R3 are the same. In at least one aspect, each of R2 and R3 is isopropyl, butyl, or phenyl.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin comprises:
and combinations thereof; wherein each instance of R1 and R2 is independently linear or branched C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl. C1-20 alkyl includes C1-10 alkyl and C1-5 alkyl. C1-20 cycloalkyl includes C1-10 cycloalkyl and C1-6 cycloalkyl. In at least one aspect, each instance of R1 and R2 is independently linear C1-20 alkyl. C1-20 alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, and icosanyl. In at least one aspect, R1 and R2 are the same. In at least one aspect, each of R1 and R2 is isopropyl, butyl, or phenyl.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin comprises:
and mixtures thereof.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin includes:
and mixtures thereof.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin includes:
and mixtures thereof.
In at least one aspect, a phosphono paraffin includes:
and mixtures thereof.
It was discovered that synthesizing phosphono paraffins under conventional Arbuzov reaction conditions does not form phosphono paraffins. It was also discovered that mixing a haloparaffin and a phosphite with sodium idodide promotes phosphono paraffin formation. In at least one aspect, a method of making a phosphono paraffin comprises forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin with a phosphite and sodium iodide. Haloparaffin includes a chloroparaffin, a bromoparaffin, or an iodoparaffin. A haloparaffin can include one or more secondary halogen moieties. The reaction mixture is heated to form a reaction product having a phosphono paraffin. The phosphono paraffin may be isolated from the reaction product at an overall yield of between about 20% and about 80%, such as between about 40% and about 60%.
As shown in Schemes 1, 2, and 3, a method of making a phosphono paraffin includes forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin (e.g., chloroparaffin) with a phosphite represented by formula (II):
followed by addition of sodium iodide. R1 and R2 are as described above. R3 is any suitable substituent having an electrophilic atom, such as C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl. C1-20 alkyl includes C1-10 alkyl and C1-5 alkyl. C1-20 cycloalkyl includes C1-10 cycloalkyl and C1-6 cycloalkyl. In at least one aspect, the phosphite includes triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexyl phosphite, triheptyl phosphite, trioctyl phosphite, trinonyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, or mixtures thereof.
The presence of sodium iodide in the reaction mixture promotes formation of the phosphono paraffin. Alternatively, a method of making a phosphono paraffin comprises forming a reaction mixture by mixing sodium iodide with a haloparaffin followed by addition of a phosphite. Alternatively, a method of making a phosphono paraffin comprises forming a reaction mixture by mixing sodium iodide with a phosphite followed by addition of a haloparaffin. As shown in Scheme 1, a reaction mixture can be heated to promote reaction of at least one of the starting materials to form a reaction product having a phosphono paraffin. For example, a reaction mixture can be heated to a temperature of between about 120° C. and about 200° C., such as between about 130° C. and about 190° C., such as between about 140° C. and about 180° C. Furthermore, phosphono paraffin formation is typically exothermic, so the exotherm may be controlled to prevent a runaway reaction at these temperatures. Two non-limiting methods to control the exotherm include: (1) Arbuzov reactions produce alkyl halides as a byproduct, and distilling this byproduct from the reaction mixture removes some heat, and/or (2) phosphite can be cooled and/or added slowly to the reaction mixture to reduce the temperature.
In at least one aspect, a method of making a phosphono paraffin comprises forming a reaction mixture by mixing sodium iodide and a haloparaffin and heating the reaction mixture and/or stirring the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature of between about 120° C. and about 200° C., such as between about 130° C. and about 180° C., such as between about 140° C. and about 160° C. After a desired period of time, the reaction mixture can be allowed to cool to, for example, room temperature. A phosphite can be added to the cooled reaction mixture to form a second reaction mixture. The second reaction mixture can be heated (and/or stirred) to form a reaction product. The second reaction mixture can be heated at a temperature of between about 120° C. and about 200° C., such as between about 130° C. and about 180° C., such as between about 140° C. and about 160° C. The first and/or second reaction mixtures can be cooled using any suitable cooling bath to maintain the reaction mixture(s) at a desirable temperature, such as the temperatures described above. After a desired period of time, the reaction product can be allowed to cool to, for example, room temperature.
A reaction mixture of the present disclosure can be solvent-free (neat) or can further comprise one or more suitable solvents. Solvents can include dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, chlorobenzene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, xylenes, and mixtures thereof. A reaction mixture can be stirred.
In one aspect, at least one molar equivalent of phosphite is present in a reaction mixture for every halogen moiety of a haloparaffin starting material. For example, if a haloparaffin has three chlorine moieties, then a molar ratio of phosphite:haloparaffin is at least 3:1. A molar ratio of phosphite:haloparaffin is between about 1:1 and about 10:1, such as between about 2:1 and about 6:1, such as between about 3:1 and about 5:1.
In one aspect, at least one molar equivalent of sodium iodide is present in a reaction mixture for every halogen moiety of a haloparaffin starting material. For example, if a haloparaffin has three chlorine moieties, then a molar ratio of sodium iodide:haloparaffin is at least 3:1. A molar ratio of sodium iodide:haloparaffin is between about 1:1 and about 10:1, such as between about 2:1 and about 6:1, such as between about 3:1 and about 5:1.
The progress of phosphono paraffin formation during or after methods of the present disclosure may be monitored by thin layer chromatography and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
After heating a reaction mixture of the present disclosure for a desired period of time to form a reaction product, the reaction product is allowed to cool to, for example, room temperature. The phosphono paraffin of the reaction product can then be isolated from any unreacted haloparaffin, phosphite and sodium iodide starting materials and a sodium halide byproduct, such as sodium chloride. For example, in at least one aspect, water is added to a reaction product to form a biphasic mixture having an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The biphasic mixture may be stirred vigorously or shaken to promote mixing of the two phases. After stirring/shaking, the mixture reforms a biphasic mixture. The aqueous phase comprises sodium iodide and the sodium halide byproduct. The organic phase comprises phosphono paraffin and unreacted haloparaffin (if any) and/or phosphite (if any). The organic phase can be drained from the aqueous phase. If the organic phase contains haloparaffin and/or phosphite, the haloparaffin and/or phosphite can be distilled from the phosphono paraffin to yield isolated phosphono paraffin. Furthermore, some phosphono paraffin may be present in the aqueous phase after stirring/shaking. Therefore, the aqueous phase may be stirred/shaken with an organic solvent (such as hexane) to form a biphasic mixture after settling, the biphasic mixture having an aqueous phase and an organic (hexane) phase. The organic phase can be drained from the aqueous phase followed by distillation of hexane (and haloparaffin/phosphite if present) to yield isolated phosphono paraffin.
In at least one aspect, potassium iodide or potassium bromide is included in a reaction mixture of the present disclosure, instead of or in addition to, sodium iodide.
Scheme 2 illustrates reaction of 2,5,6,11,14-pentachloropentadecane (Cereclor AS45) with tributyl phosphite and sodium iodide.
Cereclor AS45 (Orica, now known as IXOM; 15.39 g) was dissolved in tributyl phosphite (Acros, 150.19 g). Sodium iodide (Riedel-de Haen, 29.98 g) was then added to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred, brought under a nitrogen atmosphere, and heated to approximately 160° C. At this point an exothermic reaction began and the temperature increased to approximately 245° C. over a timespan of about 30 minutes. The mixture was then slowly cooled over a time span of an additional 30 minutes. Once at room temperature deionized water (100 ml) was added to the reaction product to form a biphasic mixture. The mixture was vigorously stirred, and then the water and organic phases were allowed to separate. The organic phase was drained from the aqueous phase and then distilled under vacuum to remove residual water and unreacted tributyl phosphite and Cereclor AS45. Distillation was achieved at 153° C. at 0.618 mbar. The final mass of reaction product was 26.98 g (58% yield).
The starting material and product had the following physical characteristics:
1H NMR
As shown in
Comparative reactions were performed using other salts instead of sodium iodide, as shown in Scheme 4.
When sodium bromide is mixed with Cereclor AS45 and tributyl phosphite and heated, a phosphono paraffin is not formed.
Furthermore, mixing iodine (12) with Cereclor AS45 and tributyl phosphite and heating the reaction mixture does not form a phosphono paraffin at least for the reason that the boiling point of iodine is lower than a reaction temperature of 160° C.
Lastly, when 20 mol % ZnBr2 is mixed with Cereclor AS45 and triethyl phosphite and heated, the mass of material remaining after removal of triethyl phosphite by distillation indicates about 30% conversion of Cereclor AS45 into a reaction product having a phosphono paraffin, and the 1H NMR spectrum of the product is consistent with the mass of material determination. Furthermore, the expected zinc salts do not precipitate from the reaction product, which should be removed for the phosphono paraffin to be used as a hydraulic fluid. In comparison, sodium salts, such as NaCl, formed during methods of the present disclosure do precipitate from the phosphono paraffin reaction product. Furthermore, ZnBr2 is significantly more expensive than Nal, hindering the industrial applicability of ZnBr2 as a reagent for large scale chemical reactions.
Formation of Haloparaffins for Subsequent Phosphono Paraffin Formation:
Haloparaffins can be formed by mixing C1-20 alkanes with elemental halogen (e.g., F2, Cl2, I2, Br2) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light and/or a radical initiator to form a haloparaffin. Radical initiators include peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide.
As an example, in a nitrogen atmosphere, dodecane was mixed with 5 molar equivalents of Br2 to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture exposed to UV light to yield a reaction product having bromoparaffins. The reaction product was exposed to ambient atmosphere, quenched with water and an organic solvent (hexane) was added to form a biphasic mixture having an aqueous phase and an organic (hexane) phase. The biphasic mixture was shaken and then allowed to settle. The organic phase of the biphasic mixture was drained. Hexane, residual water, and dodecane starting material were distilled from the organic phase to provide bromoparaffin product (12% yield).
Phosphono paraffins of the present disclosure can be used as hydraulic fluids. Phosphono paraffins of the present disclosure have viscosities, fire points, flash points, melting points, and biodegradability favorable for use as hydraulic fluids. For example, fluoroparaffins are resistant to biological degradation, unlike phosphono paraffins of the present disclosure.
Phosphono paraffins may be used alone as a hydraulic fluid or mixed with other components to form a hydraulic fluid composition. Other components include water, a lower molecular weight phosphonates (such as tetrabutyl propyl bisphosphonate or tributyl phosphate), an antioxidant, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil (such as soybean, rapeseed, Canola, or sunflower), a glycol (such as propylene glycol), an ester, a silicone oil, an alkanol (such as butanol), an alkylated aromatic hydrocarbon, a polyalphaolefin (such as polyisobutene), a corrosion inhibitor, and mixtures thereof.
Ester includes organophosphate esters, phthalates, adipates, phosphoric acid esters, and fatty acid esters. Antioxidant includes di-tertiary butyl phenyl phosphite, octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, octylated/butylated diphenylamine, phenolics, and thioethers.
As used herein, wt % means weight percent and is based on the total weight of the composition. In at least one aspect, a hydraulic fluid composition includes from about 1 to about 99 wt % phosphono paraffin, such as from about 10 to about 80 wt %, such as from about 20 to about 70 wt %, such as from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt %. In at least one aspect, a hydraulic fluid composition includes from about 1 to about 99 wt % of other component(s), such as from about 10 to about 80 wt %, such as from about 20 to about 70 wt %, such as from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt %.
Phosphono paraffin (50-60 w/v %, such as 58 w/v %), dibutyl phenyl phosphate (20-30 w/v %), butyl diphenyl phosphate (5-10 w/v %), an epoxide modifier (such as 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0] heptane-3-Carboxylate <10 w/v %), and tri-cresyl phosphate (1-5 w/v %).
Alkyl phosphonates include a monophosphonate compound represented by Formula 117:
wherein each of R17, R18, and R19 are independently C1-20 alkyl, aryl or C1-20alkylaryl. Aryl includes monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. Aryl may be phenyl. C1-10alkylaryl includes C1-10alkylphenyl, such as benzyl. Monophosphonates include diethylbenzylphosphonate, dibutylhexanephosponate or dibutyloctanephosphonate
Siloxanes include polysiloxanes compound can be described according to the following chemical structure Formula 118:
wherein y is an integer selected from 1 to 40; each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently C1-10alkyl, aryl or C1-10alkylaryl; and R5 and R6 are independently C1-10alkyl, aryl or C1-10alkylaryl.
Polysiloxanes include:
or mixtures thereof.
Other uses of phosphono paraffins of the present disclosure include use as lubricants or as a solvent for extraction/purification of rare earth and actinide metals from ore.
Overall, methods of the present disclosure include synthesizing phosphono paraffins using sodium iodide to provide novel phosphono paraffins having fire-resistance and biodegradability for use as a hydraulic fluid.
The term “alkyl” includes a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched acyclic alkyl radical containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. In at least one aspect, alkyl is a C1-10alkyl, C1-7alkyl or C1-5alkyl. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and structural isomers thereof.
The term “cycloalkyl” includes a substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic alkyl radical containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
The term “aryl” refers to any monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring of up to 6 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic, or an aromatic ring system of 5 to 14 carbons atoms which includes a carbocyclic aromatic group fused with a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, or pyrenyl.
The term “alkoxy” is RO— wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy. The terms alkyloxy, alkoxyl, and alkoxy may be used interchangeably. Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxyl, ethoxyl, propoxyl, butoxyl, pentoxyl, hexyloxyl, heptyloxyl, octyloxyl, nonyloxyl, decyloxyl, and structural isomers thereof.
The term “phosphono paraffin” includes a linear or branched alkane having one or more phosphono substituents.
The term “haloparaffin” includes a linear or branched alkane having one or more halogen substituents. Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Haloparaffin includes chloroparaffins, bromoparaffins, and iodoparaffins.
The term “phosphite” includes a trivalent phosphorous atom having three alkoxy substituents.
The term “primary halogen” includes a halogen atom bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom, as shown here:
The term “secondary halogen” includes a halogen atom bonded to a carbon that is bonded to one hydrogen atom and two carbon atoms, as shown here:
The term “tertiary halogen” includes a halogen atom bonded to a carbon that is bonded to zero hydrogen atoms and three carbon atoms, as shown here:
Compounds of the present disclosure include tautomeric, geometric or stereoisomeric forms of the compounds. Ester, oxime, onium, hydrate, solvate and N-oxide forms of a compound are also embraced by the present disclosure. The present disclosure considers all such compounds, including cis- and trans-geometric isomers (Z- and E-geometric isomers), R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, d-isomers, I-isomers, atropisomers, epimers, conformers, rotamers, mixtures of isomers and racemates thereof are embraced by the present disclosure.
The descriptions of the various aspects of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the aspects disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described aspects. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the aspects, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the aspects disclosed herein. While the foregoing is directed to aspects of the present disclosure, other and further aspects of the present disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof.
This application is a U.S. non-provisional parent application that is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/171,165 filed Oct. 25, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/404,106 filed Jan. 11, 2017. The aforementioned related patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16171165 | Oct 2018 | US |
| Child | 16786367 | US | |
| Parent | 15404106 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Child | 16171165 | US |
