Patent Application
20110136247
Solid-state polymeric materials based on oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dyes are widely used as optical oxygen sensors and probes. See, for example United States Published Patent Applications 2009/0029402, 2008/8242870, 2008/215254, 2008/199360, 2008/190172, 2008/148817, 2008/146460, 2008/117418, 2008/0051646, 2006/0002822, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,569,395, 7,534,615, 7,368,153, 7,138,270, 6,689,438, 5,718,842, 4,810,655, and 4,476,870. Such optical sensors are available from a number of suppliers, including Presens Precision Sensing, GmbH of Regensburg, Germany, Oxysense of Dallas, Tex., United States, and Luxcel Biosciences, Ltd of Cork, Ireland.
To increase photoluminescent signals obtainable from the sensor and thus increase the reliability of optical measurements, oxygen-sensitive materials often incorporate a light-scattering additive (e.g., TiO2—-Klimant I., Wolfbeis O. S.—Anal Chem, 1995, v.67, p. 3160-3166) or underlayer (e.g., microporous support—see Papkovsky, D B et al.—Sensors Actuators B, 1998, v.51, p. 137-145). Unfortunately, such probes tend to show significant cross-sensitivity to humidity, preventing them from gaining wide acceptance for use in situations where humidity of the samples under investigation cannot be controlled.
Hence, a need exists for an optical photoluminescent oxygen probe with reduced cross-sensitivity to humidity.
A first aspect of the invention is an oxygen-sensitive probe comprising an oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye applied onto a first major surface of a microporous wettable polyolefin support layer so as to form a thin film of the photoluminescent dye on the support layer. The oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye is preferably applied as a solid state composition comprising the oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye embedded within an oxygen-permeable polymer matrix.
A second aspect of the invention is a method for measuring oxygen concentration within an enclosed space employing an oxygen-sensitive probe according to the first aspect of the invention. The method includes the steps of (A) obtaining an oxygen-sensitive probe according to the first aspect of the invention, (B) placing the probe within the enclosed space, and (C) ascertaining oxygen concentration within the enclosed space by (i) repeatedly exposing the probe to excitation radiation over time, (ii) measuring radiation emitted by the excited probe after at least some of the exposures, (iii) measuring passage of time during the repeated excitation exposures and emission measurements, and (iv) converting at least some of the measured emissions to an oxygen concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm.
A third aspect of the invention is a method for monitoring changes in oxygen concentration within an enclosed space employing an oxygen-sensitive probe according to the first aspect of the invention. The method includes the steps of (A) obtaining an oxygen-sensitive probe according to the first aspect of the invention, (B) placing the probe within the enclosed space, (C) ascertaining oxygen concentration within the enclosed space over time by (i) repeatedly exposing the probe to excitation radiation over time, (ii) measuring radiation emitted by the excited probe after at least some of the exposures, (iii) measuring passage of time during the repeated excitation exposures and emission measurements, and (iv) converting at least some of the measured emissions to an oxygen concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm, and (D) reporting at least one of (i) at least two ascertained oxygen concentrations and the time interval between those reported concentrations, and (ii) a rate of change in oxygen concentration within the enclosed space calculated from data obtained in step (C).
A fourth aspect of the invention is a method of preparing a photoluminescent oxygen-sensitive probe according to the first aspect of the invention. The method includes the steps of (A) preparing a coating cocktail which contains the photoluminescent oxygen-sensitive dye and the oxygen-permeable polymer in an organic solvent, (B) applying the cocktail to the first major surface of the support material, and (C) allowing the cocktail to dry, whereby a solid-state thin film coating is formed on the support, thereby forming the photoluminescent oxygen-sensitive probe.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “oxygen permeable” means a material that when formed into a 1 mil film has an oxygen transmission rate of greater than 1,000 c3/m2 day when measured in accordance with ASTM D 3985.
As used herein, including the claims, the term “spinlaid” means a process for producing fibrous nonwoven fabric directly from extruded polymer fibers and includes spunbond and meltblown techniques.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “thin film” means a film having a thickness of less than 10 μm.
As used herein, including the claims, the term “wettable” means the ability of water to maintain contact with the surface of the solid sufficient to provide good aqueous wicking characteristics.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “moderately wettable” means that water maintains a contact angle θ of less than 90°.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “highly wettable” means that water maintains a contact angle θ of less than 60°.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “completely wettable” means that water maintains a contact angle θ of less than 30°.
Construction
Referring generally to
The oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye 21 used in the solid state photoluminescent composition 20 may be selected from any of the well-known oxygen sensitive photoluminescent dyes 21. One of routine skill in the art is capable of selecting a suitable dye 21 based upon the intended use of the probe 10. A nonexhaustive list of suitable oxygen sensitive photoluminescent dyes 21 includes specifically, but not exclusively, ruthenium(II)-bipyridyl and ruthenium(II)-diphenylphenanothroline complexes, porphyrin-ketones such as platinum(II)-octaethylporphine-ketone, platinum(II)-porphyrin such as platinum(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphine, palladium(II)-porphyrin such as palladium(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphine, phosphorescent metallocomplexes of tetrabenzoporphyrins, chlorins, azaporphyrins, and long-decay luminescent complexes of iridium(III) or osmium(II).
Typically, the hydrophobic oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye 21 is compounded with a suitable oxygen-permeable and hydrophobic carrier matrix 22. Again, one of routine skill in the art is capable of selecting a suitable oxygen-permeable hydrophobic carrier matrix 22 based upon the intended use of the probe 10 and the selected dye 21. A nonexhaustive list of suitable polymers for use as the oxygen-permeable hydrophobic carrier matrix 22 includes specifically, but not exclusively, polystryrene, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyvinyl chloride and some co-polymers.
Referring again to
The support layer 30 is a sheet of a microporous wettable polyolefin with first and second major surfaces 30a and 30b. Such materials, when employed as the support layer 30 for the photoluminescent solid state composition 20, substantially reduces cross-sensitivity of the photoluminescent solid state composition 20 to humidity relative to probes 10 employing other traditional materials. The support layer 30 is preferably highly wettable and most preferably completely wettable. Preferred materials for use as the support layer 30 are non-woven spinlaid fibrous polyolefin fabrics, such as a spunbond polypropylene fabric grafted with hydrophilic pendant groups such as acrylic acid. One such fabric is available from Freudenberg Nonwovens NA of Hopkinsville, Ky. and Freudenberg Nonwovens Ltd of West Yorkshire, United Kingdom under the designation 700/70 (a nonwoven microporous spunbond polypropylene fabric grafted with acrylic acid to render the polymer wettable and etched with a caustic). In addition, this type of support material substantially increases the luminescent intensity signals obtainable from the sensor 10 and improves mechanical properties of the oxygen-sensitive coating (when compared to traditional sensors on planar, non-porous polymeric support such as polyester Mylar® film).
The support layer 30 is preferably between about 30 μm and 500 μm thick.
The probes 10 of the present invention have little cross-sensitivity to humidity, with a change of luminescence lifetime of less than 5% with a change in relative humidity of an analyte gas from 1% to 90%. By proper selection of the support layer 30, based upon various factors including the particular photoluminescent solid state composition 20 employed, a change in luminescence lifetime of less than 3% and even less than 1% can be readily achieved.
Manufacture
The probe 10 can be manufactured by the traditional methods employed for manufacturing such probes 10. Briefly, the probe 10 can be conveniently manufactured by (A) preparing a coating cocktail (not shown) which contains the photoluminescent oxygen-sensitive dye 21 and the oxygen-permeable polymer 22 in an organic solvent (not shown) such as ethylacetate, (B) applying the cocktail to the first major surface 30a of a support material 30 or soaking the support material in the cocktail (not shown), and (C) allowing the cocktail (not shown) to dry, whereby a solid-state thin film coating 20 is formed on the support 30, thereby forming the photoluminescent oxygen-sensitive probe 10. The resultant probe 10 is preferably heat treated to remove mechanical stress from the sensor material which is associated with its preparation (solidification and substantial volume reduction).
Generally, the concentration of the polymer 22 in the organic solvent (not shown) should be in the range of 0.1 to 20% w/w, with the ratio of dye 21 to polymer 22 in the range of 1:50 to 1:5,000 w/w.
A layer of pressure sensitive adhesive 40 can optionally be coated onto the first major surface 30a of the support material 30 by conventional coating techniques.
Use
The probe 10 can be used to quickly, easily, accurately and reliably measure oxygen concentration within an enclosed space (not shown) regardless of the relative humidity within the enclosed space (not shown). The probe 10 can be used to measure oxygen concentration in the same manner as other oxygen sensitive photoluminescent probes. Briefly, the probe 10 is used to measure oxygen concentration within an enclosed space (not shown) by (A) placing the probe 10 within the enclosed space (not shown) at a location where radiation at the excitation and emission wavelengths of the dye 21 can be transmitted to and received from the photoluminescent solid state composition 20 with minimal interference and without opening or otherwise breaching the integrity of the enclosure, and (B) ascertaining the oxygen concentration within the enclosed space (not shown) by (i) repeatedly exposing the probe 10 to excitation radiation over time, (ii) measuring radiation emitted by the excited probe 10 after at least some of the exposures, (iii) measuring passage of time during the repeated excitation exposures and emission measurements, and (iv) converting at least some of the measured emissions to an oxygen concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm. Such conversion algorithms are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
In a similar fashion, the probe 10 can be used to quickly, easily, accurately and reliably monitor changes in oxygen concentration within an enclosed space (not shown) regardless of the relative humidity within the enclosed space (not shown). The probe 10 can be used to monitor changes in oxygen concentration in the same manner as other oxygen sensitive photoluminescent probes. Briefly, the probe 10 is used to monitor changes in oxygen concentration within an enclosed space (not shown) by (A) placing the probe 10 within the enclosed space (not shown) at a location where radiation at the excitation and emission wavelengths of the dye 21 can be transmitted to and received from the photoluminescent solid state composition 20 with minimal interference and without opening or otherwise breaching the integrity of the enclosure, (B) ascertaining the oxygen concentration within the enclosed space (not shown) over time by (i) repeatedly exposing the probe 10 to excitation radiation over time, (ii) measuring radiation emitted by the excited probe 10 after at least some of the exposures, (iii) measuring passage of time during the repeated excitation exposures and emission measurements, and (iv) converting at least some of the measured emissions to an oxygen concentration based upon a known conversion algorithm, and (C) reporting at least one of (i) at least two ascertained oxygen concentrations and the time interval between those reported concentrations, and (ii) a rate of change in oxygen concentration within the enclosed space calculated from data obtained in step (B). Conversion algorithms used to convert the measured emissions to an oxygen concentration are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
The radiation emitted by the excited probe 10 can be measured in terms of intensity and/or lifetime (rate of decay, phase shift or anisotropy), with measurement of lifetime generally preferred as a more accurate and reliable measurement technique when seeking to establish oxygen concentration via measurement of the extent to which the dye 21 has been quenched by oxygen.
