Protein function assignment has been benefited from genetic methods, such as target gene disruption, RNA interference, and genome editing technologies, which selectively disrupt the expression of proteins in native biological systems. Chemical probes offer a complementary way to perturb proteins that have the advantages of producing graded (dose-dependent) gain- (agonism) or loss- (antagonism) of-function effects that are introduced acutely and reversibly in cells and organisms. Small molecules present an alternative method to selectively modulate proteins and to serve as leads for the development of novel therapeutics.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of identifying a protein capable of interacting with a small molecule ligand, comprising: (a) providing a cell sample; (b) exposing the cell sample to at least one potential small molecule ligand having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the cell sample with UV light; (d) performing lysis on the cell sample; (e) subjecting proteins in the post lysis material to fluorophore tagging; and (f) isolating at least one fluorophore-tagged protein.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of identifying a protein capable of interacting with a small molecule ligand, comprising: (a) providing a cell sample; (b) exposing the cell sample to the small molecule ligand having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group, and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the cell sample with UV light; (d) performing lysis on the cell sample; (e) subjecting the proteins in the post lysis material to tagging; and (f) isolating the tagged proteins for analysis to identify a protein capable of interating with the small molecule ligand.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of identifying a small molecule ligand binding site on an isolated protein, comprising: (a) providing an isolated protein; (b) exposing the protein to at least one of potential small molecule ligands having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the protein with UV light; (d) tagging the protein with biotin; (e) binding the biotin-tagged protein to solid phase beads; (f) digesting the protein to provide protein fragments; and (g) analyzing the protein fragments to determine the small molecule ligand binding site.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of identifying a small molecule ligand capable of interacting with a cellular protein, comprising: (a) providing a cell which expresses the cellular protein; (b) exposing the cell to a first-small molecule ligand of predetermined affinity for the cellular protein and a second small molecule ligand, wherein the first small molecule ligand of predetermined affinity has a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the cell with UV light; (d) performing lysis on the cell; (e) subjecting proteins in the post lysis material to tagging of the first small molecule ligand; and (f) determining the level of tagging in the presence of the second small molecule ligand compared to the level of tagging in the absence of the second small molecule ligand.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a small molecule ligand which is capable of binding to a binding site on a protein, in which the protein is selected from Tables 1-4. In some cases, the binding site is disclosed in Tables 1-3.
Various aspects of the disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
Chemical probes can be discovered through multiple routes that can involve, for example, high-throughput screening (HTS) of individual proteins (target-based) or more complex cell and organismal systems (e.g., phenotype-based systems). In some instances, high-throughput screening, whether it is target- or phenotype-based, uses large chemical libraries (˜106) composed of relatively high MW (300-500 Da) and structurally diverse compounds. In some cases, hit compounds from these libraries prove difficult to optimize due to their size, structural complexity, and suboptimal ligand efficiency. Target-based screens are furthermore generally performed with purified proteins and therefore do not provide direct information about the activity of ligands in more complex biological systems (e.g., cells), where factors that regulate protein structure and function, such as subcellular localization, post-translational modification, and protein-protein interactions can affect ligand-protein interactions. Alternatively, phenotype-based screening, for example, faces the challenge of identifying the molecular target(s) of active compounds, in particular, in cases where the screening hits display moderate-low potency.
Fragment-based ligand and drug discovery (FBLD) is an approach that utilizes smaller numbers (˜103) of low molecular weight compounds (<300 Da), and typically screened at high concentrations (>100 M). In some instances, FBLD emphasizes the identification of structurally simple hit compounds that are then optimized into more potent ligands. In some cases, a tenet of FBLD is that, by limiting molecular size, a relatively small number of fragments can represent a large fraction of accessible chemical space.
In some embodiments, described herein is another method of identifying small molecule ligands for interaction with target proteins of interest. In some instances, this method allows for mapping of small molecule ligands for interaction with a target protein under native conditions, thereby allowing for accurate mapping of interaction with potential small molecule ligands. In some instances, the method allows for identification of novel proteins as druggable targets as the method eliminates the need of recombinant expression and purification.
In additional embodiments, described herein include small molecule ligands, compositions, cells and assays related to the method of identifying small molecule ligands for interaction with target proteins of interest.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein are small molecule ligands in which each of the small molecule ligand comprises a photoreactive diazirine group and an alkyne group. In some instances, the alkyne group is a terminal alkyne group. In some instances, the small molecule ligand further comprises a small molecule fragment. In some embodiments, the small molecule fragments described herein comprise non-naturally occurring molecules. In some instances, the non-naturally occurring molecules do not include natural and/or non-natural peptide fragments, or small molecules that are produced naturally within the body of a mammal.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein comprises a molecule weight of about 100 Dalton or higher. In some embodiments, the small molecule fragment comprises a molecule weight of about 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 Dalton, or higher. In some instances, the molecule weight of the small molecule fragment is between about 150 and about 500, about 150 and about 450, about 150 and about 440, about 150 and about 430, about 150 and about 400, about 150 and about 350, about 150 and about 300, about 150 and about 250, about 170 and about 500, about 180 and about 450, about 190 and about 400, about 200 and about 350, about 130 and about 300, or about 120 and about 250 Dalton.
In some embodiments, the molecule weight of a small molecule fragment described herein is calculated based on the molecule weight of carbon and hydrogen atoms and optionally further based on nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur atoms of the small molecule fragment. In some cases, the molecule weight of the small molecule fragment is calculated without the molecular weight of one or more elements selected from a halogen, a nonmetal, a transition metal, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein comprises micromolar or millimolar binding affinity. In some instances, the small molecule fragment comprises a binding affinity of about 100 nM, 200 nM, 300 nM, 400 nM, 500 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 1000 μM, 5000 μM, 1 mM, 10 mM, or higher.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein has a high ligand efficiency (LE). Ligand efficiency is the measurement of the binding energy per atom of a ligand to its binding partner. In some instances, the ligand efficiency is defined as the ratio of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) to the number of non-hydrogen atoms of the compound (N):
LE=(ΔG)/N.
In some cases, LE is also arranged as:
LE=1.4(−log IC50)/N.
In some instances, the LE score is about 0.3 kcal mol−1HA−1, about 0.35 kcal mol−1HA−1, about 0.4 kcal mol−1HA−1, or higher.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein is designed based on the Rule of 3. In some embodiments, the Rule of 3 comprises a non-polar solvent-polar solvent (e.g. octanol-water) partition coefficient log P of about 3 or less, a molecular mass of about 300 Daltons or less, about 3 hydrogen bond donors or less, about 3 hydrogen bond acceptors or less, and about 3 rotatable bonds or less.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein comprises three cyclic rings or less.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein binds to a binding site of a protein in which the protein is about 20 amino acid residues in length or more. In some instances, the small molecule fragment described herein binds to a binding site of a protein in which the protein is about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 amino acid residues in length or more.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment described herein is obtained from a compound library. In some cases, the compound library comprises ChemBridge fragment library, Pyramid Platform Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, Maybridge fragment library, FRGx from AnalytiCon, TCI-Frag from AnCoreX, Bio Building Blocks from ASINEX, BioFocus 3D from Charles River, Fragments of Life (FOL) from Emerald Bio, Enamine Fragment Library, IOTA Diverse 1500, BIONET fragments library, Life Chemicals Fragments Collection, OTAVA fragment library, Prestwick fragment library, Selcia fragment library, TimTec fragment-based library, Allium from Vitas-M Laboratory, or Zenobia fragment library.
In some embodiments, a small molecule fragment comprises a structure illustrated in
is assigned as probe 1.
In some embodiments, a small molecule ligand described herein has a structure represented by Formula (I):
wherein R is selected from the groups provided below:
In some embodiments, a protein target described herein is a soluble protein or a membrane protein. In some cases, a protein target described herein is involved in one or more of a biological process such as protein transport, lipid metabolism, apoptosis, transcription, electron transport, mRNA processing, or host-virus interaction. In some instances, the protein target is associated with one or more of diseases such as cancer or one or more disorders or conditions such as immune, metabolic, developmental, reproductive, neurological, psychiatric, renal, cardiovascular, or hematological disorders or conditions.
In some embodiments, the protein target comprises one or more functions of an enzyme, a transporter, a receptor, a channel protein, an adaptor protein, a chaperone, a signaling protein, a plasma protein, transcription related protein, translation related protein, mitochondrial protein, or cytoskeleton related protein. In some embodiments, the protein target is an enzyme, a transporter, a receptor, a channel protein, an adaptor protein, a chaperone, a signaling protein, a plasma protein, transcription related protein, translation related protein, mitochondrial protein, or cytoskeleton related protein. In some instances, the protein target has an uncategorized function.
In some embodiments, the protein target is an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein molecule that accelerates or catalyzes chemical reaction. In some embodiments, non-limiting examples of enzymes include kinases, proteases, or deubiquitinating enzymes.
In some instances, exemplary kinases include tyrosine kinases such as the TEC family of kinases such as Tec, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), interleukin-2-indicible T-cell kinase (Itk) (or Emt/Tsk), Bmx, and Txk/Rlk; spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) family such as SYK and Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70); Src kinases such as Src, Yes, Fyn, Fgr, Lck, Hck, Blk, Lyn, and Frk; JAK kinases such as Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), and Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2); or ErbB family of kinases such as Her1 (EGFR, ErbB1), Her2 (Neu, ErbB2), Her3 (ErbB3), and Her4 (ErbB4).
In some embodiments, the protein target is a protease. In some embodiments, the protease is a caspase. In some instances, the caspase is an initiator (apical) caspase. In some instances, the caspase is an effector (executioner) caspase. Exemplary caspase includes CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, CASP10, CASP3, CASP6, CASP7, CASP4, and CASP5. In some instances, the cysteine protease is a cathepsin. Exemplary cathepsin includes Cathepsin B, Cathepsin C, CathepsinF, Cathepsin H, Cathepsin K, Cathepsin L1, Cathepsin L2, Cathepsin O, Cathepsin S, Cathepsin W, or Cathepsin Z.
In some embodiments, the protein target is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB). In some embodiments, exemplary deubiquitinating enzymes include cysteine proteases DUBs or metalloproteases. Exemplary cysteine protease DUBs include ubiquitin-specific protease (USP/UBP) such as USP1, USP2, USP3, USP4, USP5, USP6, USP7, USP8, USP9X, USP9Y, USP10, USP11, USP12, USP13, USP14, USP15, USP16, USP17, USP17L2, USP17L3, USP17L4, USP17L5, USP17L7, USP17L8, USP18, USP19, USP20, USP21, USP22, USP23, USP24, USP25, USP26, USP27X, USP28, USP29, USP30, USP31, USP32, USP33, USP34, USP35, USP36, USP37, USP38, USP39, USP40, USP41, USP42, USP43, USP44, USP45, or USP46; ovarian tumor (OTU) proteases such as OTUB1 and OTUB2; Machado-Josephin domain (MJD) proteases such as ATXN3 and ATXN3L; and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) proteases such as BAP1, UCHL1, UCHL3, and UCHL5. Exemplary metalloproteases include the Jab1/Mov34/Mpr1 Pad1 N-terminal+ (MPN+) (JAMM) domain proteases.
In some embodiments, exemplary proteins as enzymes include, but are not limited to, abhydrolase domain-containing protein 10, mitochondrial (ABHD10); aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial (ACO2); low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase (ACP1); chaperone activity of bcl complex-like, mitochondrial (ADCK3); adenosine kinase (ADK); adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 (ADSS); acylglycerol kinase, mitochondrial (AGK); alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal (AGPS); apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial (AIFM1); Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (ALDH18A1); mitochondrial 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogen (ALDH1L2); alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH7A1); ATPase ASNA1 (ASNA1); ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 3A (ATAD3A); bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH (ATIC); bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH); calpain-1 catalytic subunit (CAPN1); creatine kinase B-type (CKB); caseinolytic peptidase B protein homolog (CLPB); putative ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit (CLPP); carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial (CPT2); probable serine carboxypeptidase CPVL (CPVL); cathepsin B (CTSB); cathepsin D (CTSD); NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3); cytochrome P450 20A1 (CYP20A1); 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, mitochondrial (DECR1); delta(24)-sterol reductase (DHCR24); dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (DLD); deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha (DNASE2); endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE1); Delta(3,5)-Delta(2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase, mitochondrial (ECH1); eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit (EIF3F); elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL2); exonuclease 1 (EXO1); phenylalanine-tRNA ligase beta subunit (FARSB); fatty acid synthase (FASN); squalene synthase (FDFT1); ferrochelatase, mitochondrial (FECH); alpha-galactosidase A (GLA); beta-galactosidase (GLB1); lactoylglutathione lyase (GLO1); glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1); hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (HADH); trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial (HADHA); histidine-tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (HARS); minor histocompatibility antigen H13 (HM13); heme oxygenase 2 (HMOX2); estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 12 (HSD17B12); peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (HSD17B4); insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE); isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2); gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (IFI30); inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2); leucine-tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (LARS); L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain (LDHA); L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain (LDHB); legumain (LGMN); lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolase (LIPA); methyltransferase-like protein 7A (METTL7A); NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 (MT-ND2); monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial (MTHFD1L); alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU); peroxisomal NADH pyrophosphatase NUDT12 (NUDT12); nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 19, mitochondrial (NUDT19); ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial (OAT); phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2); protein-L-isoaspartate(D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1); prenylcysteine oxidase 1 (PCYOX1); presequence protease, mitochondrial (PITRM1); pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM); peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2); DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKDC); proteasome subunit alpha type-2 (PSMA2); dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase subnit 1 (RPN1); RuvB-like 1 (RUVBL1); thimet oligopeptidase (THOP1); or tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP1).
In some embodiments, the protein target is a transcription factor or regulator. Exemplary protein targets as transcription factors and regulators include, but are not limited to, actin-like protein 6A (ACTL6A); putative adenosylhomocysteinase 2 (AHCYL1); acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A); complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP); probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX17 (DDX17); probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX36 (DHX36); elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (EEF1A1); eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I (EIF4A1); electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (ETFB); far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP1); histone H1.2 (HIST1H1C); heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK); interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2); DNA replication licensing factor MCM2 (MCM2); DNA replication licensing factor MCM4 (MCM4); N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit (NAA15); non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO); nucleobindin-1 (UCB1); polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABPC1); paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1); RNA-binding protein 14 (RBM14); putative RNA-binding protein 3 (RBM3); RNA-binding motif protein, X chromosome (RBMX); 40S ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3); X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 (XRCC6); nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1 (YBX1); prostaglandin reductase 2 (PTGR2); zinc binding alcohol dehydrogenase domain containing 2 (ZADH2); or lysophosphatidylcholine acetyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3).
In some embodiments, the protein target is a channel, transporter or receptor. Exemplary protein targets as channels, transporters, or receptors include, but are not limited to, alpha-actinin-4 (ACTN4); AP-1 complex subunit beta-1 (AP1B1); ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1); ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3); ADP-ribosylation factor 4 (ARF4); ADP-ribosylation factor 5 (ARF5); sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha (ATP 1A1); sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (ATP2A2); plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP2B1); plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (ATP2B4); ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial (ATP5A1); coatomer subunit beta (COPB1); exportin-2 (CSE1L); Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (ETFB); heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1); heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1-like 2 (HNRNPA1L2); importin-4 (IPO4); cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (MT-CO2); nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP); nucleoporin Nup37 (NUP37); nuclear pore complex protein Nup93 (NUP93); nuclear transport factor 2 (NUTF2); membrane-associated progesterone receptor component (PGRMC2); prohibitin-2 (PHB2); protein quaking (QKI); sideroflexin-1 (SFXN1); ADP/ATP translocase 3 (SLC25A6); mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein (SLC25A20) or voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein (VDAC3).
In some embodiments, the protein target is a chaperone. Exemplary protein targets as chaperones include, but are not limited to, acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32B); large proline-rich protein BAG6 (BAG6); T-complex protein 1 subunit beta (CCT2); peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP4 (FKBP4); heat shock protein HSP 90-beta (HSP90AB1); endoplasmin (HSP90B1); LDLR chaperone MESD (MESDC2); nucleophosmin (NPM1); or protein SET (SET).
In some embodiments, the protein target is an adapter, scaffolding or modulator protein. Exemplary protein targets as adapter, scaffolding, or modulator proteins include, but are not limited to, actin, alpha skeletal muscle (ACTA1); actin, cytoplasmic 1 (ACTB); cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4); cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial (COX5A); catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1); FGFR1 oncogene partner (FGFR1OP); HAUS augmin-like complex subunit 2 (HAUS2); hemoglobin subunit alpha (HBA2); kinesin-like protein KIF11 (KIF11); myosin-10 (MYH10); myosin-9 (MYH9); phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB); proactivator polypeptide (PSAP); endophilin-B1 (SH3GLB1); stomatin-like protein 2 (STOML2); tubulin beta-4B chain (TUBB4B); or tubulin beta-6 chain (TUBB6).
In some embodiments, a protein target comprises a protein illustrated in Tables 1-4. In some instances, a protein target comprises a protein illustrated in Table 1. In some embodiments, the protein target comprises a binding site denoted in Table 1. In some instances, a protein target comprises a protein illustrated in Table 2. In some embodiments, the protein target comprises a binding site denoted in Table 2. In some instances, a protein target comprises a protein illustrated in Table 3. In some embodiments, the protein target comprises a binding site denoted in Table 3. In some instances, a protein target comprises a protein illustrated in Table 4.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein include a method of identifying a protein that is capable of interacting with a small molecule ligand. In some instances, the method comprises (a) providing a cell sample; (b) exposing the cell sample to a plurality of potential small molecule ligands having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the cell sample with UV light; (d) performing lysis on the cell sample; (e) subjecting proteins in the post lysis material to fluorophore tagging (e.g., rhodamine, fluorescein, and the like); and (f) isolating at least one fluorophore-tagged protein. In other instances, the method comprises (a) providing a cell sample; (b) exposing the cell sample to the small molecule ligand having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group, and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the cell sample with UV light; (d) performing lysis on the cell sample; (e) subjecting the proteins in the post lysis material to tagging; and (f) isolating the tagged proteins for analysis to identify a protein capable of interating with the small molecule ligand.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (I):
wherein R is selected from the groups provided below:
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (Ib):
wherein R is an amide substituent bonded to the NH group of the amines provided in
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (II):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (III):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (III):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (IV):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (V):
wherein R1 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (VI):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the tagging further comprises i) attaching the small molecule ligand-protein complex to a biotin moiety and ii) interacting the biotin moiety with a streptavidin-coupled bead.
In some instances, the analysis comprises a proteomic analysis.
In some instances, a cell from the cell sample is a mammalian cell. In some cases, a cell from the cell sample is obtained from HEK293T, K562, or HSC-5 cell lines. In some cases, a cell from the cell sample is a tumor cell.
In some cases, the method is an in situ method. In other cases, the method is an in vitro method.
In some embodiments, also disclosed herein include a method of identifying a small molecule ligand binding site on an isolated protein. In some cases, the method comprises (a) providing an isolated protein; (b) exposing the protein to a plurality of potential small molecule ligands having a structure comprising at least a photoreactive diazirine group and a terminal alkyne group; (c) irradiating the protein with UV light; (d) tagging the protein with biotin; (e) binding the biotin-tagged protein to solid phase beads; (f) digesting the protein to provide protein fragments; and (g) analyzing the protein fragments to determine the small molecule ligand binding site.
In some instances, the isolated protein is selected from Tables 1-3. In some cases, the isolated protein is selected from Table 1. In some cases, the isolated protein is selected from Table 2. In some cases, the isolated protein is selected from Table 3. In some cases, the isolated protein is a recombinant protein.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (I):
wherein R is selected from the groups provided below:
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (Ib):
wherein R is an amide substituent bonded to the NH group of the amines provided in
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (II):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (III):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (III):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (IV):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (V):
wherein R1 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand has a structure represented by Formula (VI):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring.
In some instances, the analyzing comprises a proteomic analysis.
In some embodiments, tagging comprises labeling the protein with a labeling group for use in further analysis of the protein. In some instances, the labeling group comprises a fluorophore. In some instances, a fluorophore comprises rhodamine, rhodol, fluorescein, thiofluorescein, aminofluorescein, carboxyfluorescein, chlorofluorescein, methylfluorescein, sulfofluorescein, aminorhodol, carboxyrhodol, chlororhodol, methylrhodol, sulforhodol, aminorhodamine, carboxyrhodamine, chlororhodamine, methylrhodamine, sulforhodamine, thiorhodamine, cyanine, indocarbocyanine, oxacarbocyanine, thiacarbocyanine, merocyanine, cyanine 2, cyanine 3, cyanine 3.5, cyanine 5, cyanine 5.5, cyanine 7, oxadiazole derivatives, pyridyloxazole, nitrobenzoxadiazole, benzoxadiazole, pyren derivatives, cascade blue, oxazine derivatives, Nile red, Nile blue, cresyl violet, oxazine 170, acridine derivatives, proflavin, acridine orange, acridine yellow, arylmethine derivatives, auramine, crystal violet, malachite green, tetrapyrrole derivatives, porphin, phtalocyanine, bilirubin 1-dimethylaminonaphthyl-5-sulfonate, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate, 2-p-touidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate, 3-phenyl-7-isocyanatocoumarin, N-(p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl)maleimide, stilbenes, pyrenes, 6-FAM (Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), 5(6)-FAM, 5-FAM, Fluorescein dT, 5-TAMRA-cadavarine, 2-aminoacridone, HEX, JOE (NHS Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA™ (NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO™ 488, ATTO™ 532, ATTO™ 550, ATTO™ 565, ATTO™ Rho101, ATTO™ 590, ATTO™ 633, ATTO™ 647N, TYE™ 563, TYE™ 665, or TYE™ 705.
In some embodiments, the labeling group comprises a biotin, a streptavidin, bead, resin, a solid support, or a combination thereof. As used herein, a biotin described herein comprises biotin and biotin derivatives. Exemplary biotin derivatives include, but are not limited by, desthiobiotin, biotin alkyne or biotin azide. In some instances, a biotin described herein is desthiobiotin. In some cases, a biotin described herein is d-Desthiobiotin.
In some instances, the labeling group comprising biotin further comprises a linker. In some cases, the linker is about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more residues in length. In some instances, the linker further comprises a cleavage site, such as a protease cleavage site (e.g., TEV cleavage site). In some cases, the biotin-linker moiety is further isotopically-labeled, for example, isotopically labeled with 13C and 15N atoms at one or more amino acid residue positions. In some cases, the biotin-linker moiety is a isotopically-labeled TEV-tag as described in Weerapana, et al., “Quantitative reactivity profiling predicts functional cysteines in proteomes,” Nature 468(7325): 790-795.
In some cases, the labeling group comprising biotin further interacts with a streptavidin moiety. In some instances, the labeling group comprising biotin is further attached to a bead, such as a streptavidin-coupled bead. In some instances, the labeling group comprising biotin is further attached to a resin or a solid support, such as a streptavidin-coupled resin or a streptavidin-coupled solid support. In some instances, the solid support is a plate, a platform, a cover slide, a microfluidic channel, and the like.
In some cases, the method is a high-throughput method.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein also include proteins and their respective binding sites identified for interaction with one or more small molecule ligands. In some instances, the binding sites are disclosed in Tables 1-3. In some cases, the binding sites are disclosed in Table 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ACP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: VDSAATSGYEIGNPPDYR of the ACP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P24666. In some instances, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ACP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: VDSAATSGYEIGNPPDYR of the ACP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P24666. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADCK3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LGQMLSIQDDAFINPHLAK of the ADCK3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q8NI60. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADCK3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LGQMLSIQDDAFINPHLAK of the ADCK3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q8NI60. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADK protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: IFTLNLSAPFISQFYK of the ADK protein having the UniProtKB accession number P55263. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADK protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: IFTLNLSAPFISQFYK of the ADK protein having the UniProtKB accession number P55263. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADSS protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: FIEDELQIPVK of the ADSS protein having the UniProtKB accession number P30520. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ADSS protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: FIEDELQIPVK of the ADSS protein having the UniProtKB accession number P30520. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the AIFM1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: PYWHQSMFWSDLGPDVGYEAIGLVDSSLPTVGVFAK of the AIFM1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number 095831. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the AIFM1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: PYWHQSMFWSDLGPDVGYEAIGLVDSSLPTVGVFAK of the AIFM1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number 095831. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3, 4 or 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ALDH7A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: ILVEGVGEVQEYVDICDYAVGLSR of the ALDH7A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P49419. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ALDH7A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: ILVEGVGEVQEYVDICDYAVGLSR of the ALDH7A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P49419. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 8 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to a protein selected from ARF4 or ARF5, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYK, corresponding to LGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYK of the ARF4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P18085. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to a protein selected from ARF4 or ARF5, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYK, corresponding to LGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYK of the ARF4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P18085. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3, 4, 8 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ARL1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: GTGLDEAMEWLVETLK and LQVGEVVTTIPTIGFNVETVTYK of the ARL1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P40616. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ARL1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: GTGLDEAMEWLVETLK or LQVGEVVTTIPTIGFNVETVTYK of the ARL1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P40616. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ATIC protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: AFTHTAQYDEAISDYFR of the ATIC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P31939. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ATIC protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: AFTHTAQYDEAISDYFR of the ATIC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P31939. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the BLMH protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: CYFFLSAFVDTAQR and GEISATQDVMMEEIFR of the BLMH protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q13867. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the BLMH protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: CYFFLSAFVDTAQR or GEISATQDVMMEEIFR of the BLMH protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q13867. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CALR protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: SGTIFDNFLITNDEAYAEEFGNETWGVTK and HEQNIDCGGGYVK of the CALR protein having the UniProtKB accession number P27797. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CALR protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: SGTIFDNFLITNDEAYAEEFGNETWGVTK or HEQNIDCGGGYVK of the CALR protein having the UniProtKB accession number P27797. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 6, 9, or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CAPN1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LVFVHSAEGNEFWSALLEK of the CAPN1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07384. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CAPN1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LVFVHSAEGNEFWSALLEK of the CAPN1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07384. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CKB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: FPAEDEFPDLSAHNNHMAK, LAVEALSSLDGDLAGR, TFLVWVNEEDHLR, FCTGLTQIETLFK, LGFSEVELVQMVVDGVK and LEQGQAIDDLMPAQK of the CKB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12277. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CKB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: FPAEDEFPDLSAHNNHMAK, LAVEALSSLDGDLAGR, TFLVWVNEEDHLR, FCTGLTQIETLFK, LGFSEVELVQMVVDGVK or LEQGQAIDDLMPAQK of the CKB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12277. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CKMT1B protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: SFLIWVNEEDHTR of the CKMT1B protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12532. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CKMT1B protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: SFLIWVNEEDHTR of the CKMT1B protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12532. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CLPP protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: QSLQVIESAMER of the CLPP protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q16740. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CLPP protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: QSLQVIESAMER of the CLPP protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q16740. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CSNK1A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: DYNVLVMDLLGPSLEDLFNFCSR of the CSNK1A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P48729. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CSNK1A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: DYNVLVMDLLGPSLEDLFNFCSR of the CSNK1A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P48729. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CSNK2B protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: VYCENQPMLPIGLSDIPGEAMVK of the CSNK2B protein having the UniProtKB accession number P67870. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CSNK2B protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: VYCENQPMLPIGLSDIPGEAMVK of the CSNK2B protein having the UniProtKB accession number P67870. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CTSB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: GQDHCGIESEVVAGIPR of the CTSB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07858. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CTSB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: GQDHCGIESEVVAGIPR of the CTSB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07858. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 4, 9 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CTSD protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: DPDAQPGGELMLGGTDSK, EGCEAIVDTGTSLMVGPVDEVR and AIGAVPLIQGEYMIPCEK of the CTSD protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07339. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CTSD protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: DPDAQPGGELMLGGTDSK, EGCEAIVDTGTSLMVGPVDEVR or AIGAVPLIQGEYMIPCEK of the CTSD protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07339. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CYB5R3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LWYTLDR of the CYB5R3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00387. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the CYB5R3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LWYTLDR of the CYB5R3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00387. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DECR1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: FDGGEEVLISGEFNDLR of the DECR1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q16698. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DECR1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: FDGGEEVLISGEFNDLR of the DECR1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q16698. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DHX9 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: ISAVSVAER of the DHX9 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q08211. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DHX9 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: ISAVSVAER of the DHX9 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q08211. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DLD protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: VLGAHILGPGAGEMVNEAALALEYGASCEDIAR of the DLD protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09622. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the DLD protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: VLGAHILGPGAGEMVNEAALALEYGASCEDIAR of the DLD protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09622. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 4, 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ECH1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: MFTAGIDLMDMASDILQPK, YQETFNVIER and EVDVGLAADVGTLQR of the ECH1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q13011. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ECH1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: MFTAGIDLMDMASDILQPK, YQETFNVIER or EVDVGLAADVGTLQR of the ECH1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q13011. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EIF4A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: MFVLDEADEMLSR and GYDVIAQAQSGTGK of the EIF4A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P60842. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EIF4A1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: MFVLDEADEMLSR or GYDVIAQAQSGTGK of the EIF4A1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P60842. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 9, 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EIF4A2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: GYDVIAQAQSGTGK of the EIF4A2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q14240. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EIF4A2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: GYDVIAQAQSGTGK of the EIF4A2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q14240. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ETFB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: HSMNPFCEIAVEEAVR of the ETFB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P38117. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the ETFB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: HSMNPFCEIAVEEAVR of the ETFB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P38117. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the FECH protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: SEVVILFSAHSLPMSVVNR of the FECH protein having the UniProtKB accession number P22830. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the FECH protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: SEVVILFSAHSLPMSVVNR of the FECH protein having the UniProtKB accession number P22830. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 4.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: SILDWTSFNQER, FMCNLDCQEEPDSCISEK and LFMEMAELMVSEGWK of the GLA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06280. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: SILDWTSFNQER, FMCNLDCQEEPDSCISEK or LFMEMAELMVSEGWK of the GLA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06280. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 4 or 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLB1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TEAVASSLYDILAR of the GLB1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P16278. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLB1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TEAVASSLYDILAR of the GLB1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P16278. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLO1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: GLAFIQDPDGYWIEILNPNK of the GLO1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q04760. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLO1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: GLAFIQDPDGYWIEILNPNK of the GLO1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q04760. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLUD1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: YSTDVSVDEVK and HGGTIPIVPTAEFQDR of the GLUD1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00367. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GLUD1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: YSTDVSVDEVK or HGGTIPIVPTAEFQDR of the GLUD1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00367. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GOLPH3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: EGYTSFWNDCISSGLR of the GOLPH3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9H4A6. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GOLPH3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: EGYTSFWNDCISSGLR of the GOLPH3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9H4A6. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GSTP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: FQDGDLTLYQSNTILR of the GSTP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09211. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the GSTP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: FQDGDLTLYQSNTILR of the GSTP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09211. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HBA2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: VGAHAGEYGAEALER and VDPVNFK of the HBA2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P69905. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HBA2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: VGAHAGEYGAEALER or VDPVNFK of the HBA2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P69905. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 4.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HEXA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LTSDLTFAYER of the HEXA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06865. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HEXA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LTSDLTFAYER of the HEXA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06865. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HMOX2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: AENTQFVK and LATTALYFTYSALEEEMER of the HMOX2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P30519. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HMOX2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: AENTQFVK or LATTALYFTYSALEEEMER of the HMOX2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P30519. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSD17B4 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LGLLGLANSLAIEGR of the HSD17B4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P51659. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSD17B4 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LGLLGLANSLAIEGR of the HSD17B4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P51659. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSP90AB1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: VFIMDSCDELIPEYLNFIR and GFEVVYMTEPIDEYCVQQLK of the HSP90AB1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P08238. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSP90AB1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: VFIMDSCDELIPEYLNFIR or GFEVVYMTEPIDEYCVQQLK of the HSP90AB1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P08238. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSP90B1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: LISLTDENALSGNEELTVK and YSQFINFPIYVWSSK of the HSP90B1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P14625. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSP90B1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: LISLTDENALSGNEELTVK or YSQFINFPIYVWSSK of the HSP90B1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P14625. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 6 or 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSPA8 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: SFYPEEVSSMVLTK of the HSPA8 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P11142. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the HSPA8 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: SFYPEEVSSMVLTK of the HSPA8 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P11142. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the IMPDH2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: YEQGFITDPVVLSPK of the IMPDH2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12268. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the IMPDH2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: YEQGFITDPVVLSPK of the IMPDH2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P12268. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LDHA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: DLADELALVDVIEDK of the LDHA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00338. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LDHA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: DLADELALVDVIEDK of the LDHA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00338. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LDHB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: MVVESAYEVIK of the LDHB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07195. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LDHB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: MVVESAYEVIK of the LDHB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P07195. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 4.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LGMN protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: DYTGEDVTPQNFLAVLR of the LGMN protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q99538. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LGMN protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: DYTGEDVTPQNFLAVLR of the LGMN protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q99538. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LTA4H protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LVVDLTDIDPDVAYSSVPYEK of the LTA4H protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09960. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LTA4H protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LVVDLTDIDPDVAYSSVPYEK of the LTA4H protein having the UniProtKB accession number P09960. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 4, 8 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the NAMPT protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: YLLETSGNLDGLEYK of the NAMPT protein having the UniProtKB accession number P43490. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the NAMPT protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: YLLETSGNLDGLEYK of the NAMPT protein having the UniProtKB accession number P43490. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 3, 6, 8, 13, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the NPM1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: DELHIVEAEAMNYEGSPIK and MSVQPTVSLGGFEITPPVVLR of the NPM1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06748. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the NPM1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: DELHIVEAEAMNYEGSPIK or MSVQPTVSLGGFEITPPVVLR of the NPM1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P06748. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PCMT1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: LILPVGPAGGNQMLEQYDK of the PCMT1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P22061. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PCMT1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: LILPVGPAGGNQMLEQYDK of the PCMT1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P22061. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PDHB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: VFLLGEEVAQYDGAYK of the PDHB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P11177. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PDHB protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: VFLLGEEVAQYDGAYK of the PDHB protein having the UniProtKB accession number P11177. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 3, 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PGK1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: QIVWNGPVGVFEWEAFAR of the PGK1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00558. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PGK1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: QIVWNGPVGVFEWEAFAR of the PGK1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P00558. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PKM protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: IYVDDGLISLQVK and LAPITSDPTEATAVGAVEASFK of the PKM protein having the UniProtKB accession number P14618. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PKM protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: IYVDDGLISLQVK or LAPITSDPTEATAVGAVEASFK of the PKM protein having the UniProtKB accession number P14618. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2 or 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the POR protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TALTYYLDITNPPR of the POR protein having the UniProtKB accession number P16435. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the POR protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TALTYYLDITNPPR of the POR protein having the UniProtKB accession number P16435. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to a protein selected from PPP and PPP1CC, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: IYGFYDECK, which corresponds to IYGFYDECK of the PPP1CC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P36873. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to a protein selected from PPP1CA and PPP1CC, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: IYGFYDECK, which corresponds to IYGFYDECK of the PPP1CC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P36873. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PPP1CC protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: EIFLSQPILLELEAPLK of the PPP1CC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P36873. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PPP1CC protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: EIFLSQPILLELEAPLK of the PPP1CC protein having the UniProtKB accession number P36873. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PPT1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TLMEDVENSFFLNVNSQVTTVCQALAK of the PPT1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P50897. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PPT1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TLMEDVENSFFLNVNSQVTTVCQALAK of the PPT1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P50897. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PRDX2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TDEGIAYR of the PRDX2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P32119. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PRDX2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TDEGIAYR of the PRDX2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P32119. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB4 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: FEGGVVIAADMLGSYGSLAR of the PSMB4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28070. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB4 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: FEGGVVIAADMLGSYGSLAR of the PSMB4 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28070. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB5 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: LLANMVYQYK and DAYSGGAVNLYHVR of the PSMB5 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28074. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB5 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: LLANMVYQYK or DAYSGGAVNLYHVR of the PSMB5 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28074. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3, 4 or 6.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB6 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: SGSAADTQAVADAVTYQLGFHSIELNEPPLVHTAASLFK of the PSMB6 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28072. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the PSMB6 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: SGSAADTQAVADAVTYQLGFHSIELNEPPLVHTAASLFK of the PSMB6 protein having the UniProtKB accession number P28072. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 3, 6 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the RAB7A protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: DEFLIQASPR of the RAB7A protein having the UniProtKB accession number P51149. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the RAB7A protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: DEFLIQASPR of the RAB7A protein having the UniProtKB accession number P51149. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the RUVBL2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: ALESDMAPVLIMATNR of the RUVBL2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9Y230. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the RUVBL2 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: ALESDMAPVLIMATNR of the RUVBL2 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9Y230. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the SMYD3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: DQYCFECDCFR of the SMYD3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9H7B4. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the SMYD3 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: DQYCFECDCFR of the SMYD3 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9H7B4. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 9.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the TPP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: GCHESCLDEEVEGQGFCSGPGWDPVTGWGTPNFPALLK of the TPP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number 014773. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the TPP1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: GCHESCLDEEVEGQGFCSGPGWDPVTGWGTPNFPALLK of the TPP1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number 014773. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 4, 9, 13, 14 or 15.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the TXNDC17 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: YEEVSVSGFEEFHR of the TXNDC17 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9BRA2. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the TXNDC17 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: YEEVSVSGFEEFHR of the TXNDC17 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9BRA2. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAE protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more residues of a ligand binding site selected from: EAAENSLVAYK and AAFDDAIAELDTLSEESYK of the YWHAE protein having the UniProtKB accession number P62258. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAE protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by: EAAENSLVAYK or AAFDDAIAELDTLSEESYK of the YWHAE protein having the UniProtKB accession number P62258. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAQ protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TAFDEAIAELDTLNEDSYK of the YWHAQ protein having the UniProtKB accession number P27348. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAQ protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TAFDEAIAELDTLNEDSYK of the YWHAQ protein having the UniProtKB accession number P27348. In some cases, the small molecule ligand is probe 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAZ protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: TAFDEAIAELDTLSEESYK of the YWHAZ protein having the UniProtKB accession number P63104. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the YWHAZ protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: TAFDEAIAELDTLSEESYK of the YWHAZ protein having the UniProtKB accession number P63104. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 13 or 14.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EXO1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: SQGVDCLVAPYEADAQLAYLNK of the EXO1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9UQ84. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the EXO1 protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: SQGVDCLVAPYEADAQLAYLNK of the EXO1 protein having the UniProtKB accession number Q9UQ84. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 2, 6, 8, 9 or 13.
In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LMNA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds to one or more of the following residues: MQQQLDEYQELLDIK of the LMNA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P02545. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein is a small molecule ligand which binds to the LMNA protein, wherein the small molecule ligand binds a ligand binding site defined by the following residues: MQQQLDEYQELLDIK of the LMNA protein having the UniProtKB accession number P02545. In some instances, the small molecule ligand is probe 6 or 13.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (Ia):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring;
and R3 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (IIa):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring;
and R3 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (IIIa):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring;
and R3 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (IVa):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring;
and R3 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (Va):
wherein R1 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl;
and R2 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
In some cases, the small molecule ligand which binds to a protein has a structure represented by Formula (VIa):
wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is selected from substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; or R1 and R2 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring;
and R3 is an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkyl.
Cells, Analytical Techniques, and Instrumentation
In certain embodiments, one or more of the methods disclosed herein comprise a cell sample. In some embodiments, the cell sample for use with the methods described herein is obtained from cells of an animal. In some instances, the animal cell includes a cell from a marine invertebrate, fish, insects, amphibian, reptile, or mammal. In some instances, the mammalian cell is a primate, ape, equine, bovine, porcine, canine, feline, or rodent. In some instances, the mammal is a primate, ape, dog, cat, rabbit, ferret, or the like. In some cases, the rodent is a mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, hamster, chinchilla, or guinea pig. In some embodiments, the bird cell is from a canary, parakeet or parrots. In some embodiments, the reptile cell is from a turtles, lizard or snake. In some cases, the fish cell is from a tropical fish. In some cases, the fish cell is from a zebrafish (e.g. Danino rerio). In some cases, the worm cell is from a nematode (e.g. C. elegans). In some cases, the amphibian cell is from a frog. In some embodiments, the arthropod cell is from a tarantula or hermit crab.
In some embodiments, the cell sample for use with the methods described herein is obtained from a mammalian cell. In some instances, the mammalian cell is an epithelial cell, connective tissue cell, hormone secreting cell, a nerve cell, a skeletal muscle cell, a blood cell, or an immune system cell.
Exemplary mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, 293A cell line, 293FT cell line, 293F cells, 293 H cells, HEK 293 cells, CHO DG44 cells, CHO-S cells, CHO-K1 cells, Expi293F™ cells, Flp-In™ T-REx™ 293 cell line, Flp-In™-293 cell line, Flp-In™-3T3 cell line, Flp-In™-BHK cell line, Flp-In™-CHO cell line, Flp-In™-CV-1 cell line, Flp-In™-Jurkat cell line, FreeStyle™ 293-F cells, FreeStyle™ CHO-S cells, GripTite™ 293 MSR cell line, GS-CHO cell line, HepaRG™ cells, T-REx™ Jurkat cell line, Per.C6 cells, T-REx™-293 cell line, T-REx™-CHO cell line, T-REx™-HeLa cell line, NC-HIMT cell line, and PC12 cell line.
In some instances, the cell sample for use with the methods described herein is obtained from cells of a tumor cell line. In some instances, the sample is obtained from cells of a solid tumor cell line. In some instances, the solid tumor cell line is a sarcoma cell line. In some instances, the solid tumor cell line is a carcinoma cell line. In some embodiments, the sarcoma cell line is obtained from a cell line of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastoma, angiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, desmoid, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, epithelioid fibrosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid sarcoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, extrarenal rhabdoid tumor, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, giant cell tumor, hemangiopericytoma, infantile fibrosarcoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma of bone, liposarcoma, liposarcoma of bone, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone, malignant mesenchymoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma, neoplasms with perivascular epitheioid cell differentiation, osteosarcoma, parosteal osteosarcoma, neoplasm with perivascular epitheioid cell differentiation, periosteal osteosarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, PNET/extraskeletal Ewing tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, round cell liposarcoma, small cell osteosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma.
In some embodiments, the carcinoma cell line is obtained from a cell line of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, bile duct cancer (i.e., cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, brain tumor, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP), esophageal cancer, eye cancer, fallopian tube cancer, gastroenterological cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, medulloblastoma, melanoma, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, parathyroid disease, penile cancer, pituitary tumor, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, or vulvar cancer.
In some instances, the cell sample is obtained from cells of a hematologic malignant cell line. In some instances, the hematologic malignant cell line is a T-cell cell line. In some instances, B-cell cell line. In some instances, the hematologic malignant cell line is obtained from a T-cell cell line of: peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), blastic NK-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, hematosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, nasal NK/T-cell lymphomas, or treatment-related T-cell lymphomas.
In some instances, the hematologic malignant cell line is obtained from a B-cell cell line of: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), high-risk small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis.
In some embodiments, the cell sample for use with the methods described herein is obtained from a tumor cell line. Exemplary tumor cell line includes, but is not limited to, 600MPE, AU565, BT-20, BT-474, BT-483, BT-549, Evsa-T, Hs578T, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SkBr3, T-47D, HeLa, DU145, PC3, LNCaP, A549, H1299, NCI-H460, A2780, SKOV-3/Luc, Neuro2a, RKO, RKO-AS45-1, HT-29, SW1417, SW948, DLD-1, SW480, Capan-1, MC/9, B72.3, B25.2, B6.2, B38.1, DMS 153, SU.86.86, SNU-182, SNU-423, SNU-449, SNU-475, SNU-387, Hs 817.T, LMH, LMH/2A, SNU-398, PLHC-1, HepG2/SF, OCI-Ly1, OCI-Ly2, OCI-Ly3, OCI-Ly4, OCI-Ly6, OCI-Ly7, OCI-Ly10, OCI-Ly18, OCI-Ly19, U2932, DB, HBL-1, RIVA, SUDHL2, TMD8, MEC1, MEC2, 8E5, CCRF-CEM, MOLT-3, TALL-104, AML-193, THP-1, BDCM, HL-60, Jurkat, RPMI 8226, MOLT-4, RS4, K-562, KASUMI-1, Daudi, GA-10, Raji, JeKo-1, NK-92, and Mino.
In some embodiments, the cell sample for use in the methods is from any tissue or fluid from an individual. Samples include, but are not limited to, tissue (e.g. connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, or epithelial tissue), whole blood, dissociated bone marrow, bone marrow aspirate, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, central spinal fluid, abdominal fluid, pancreatic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, brain fluid, ascites, pericardial fluid, urine, saliva, bronchial lavage, sweat, tears, ear flow, sputum, hydrocele fluid, semen, vaginal flow, milk, amniotic fluid, and secretions of respiratory, intestinal or genitourinary tract. In some embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample, such as a sample obtained from a biopsy or a tumor tissue sample. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood serum sample. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood cell sample containing one or more peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In some embodiments, the sample contains one or more circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In some embodiments, the sample contains one or more disseminated tumor cells (DTC, e.g., in a bone marrow aspirate sample).
In some embodiments, the cell samples are obtained from the individual by any suitable means of obtaining the sample using well-known and routine clinical methods. Procedures for obtaining tissue samples from an individual are well known. For example, procedures for drawing and processing tissue sample such as from a needle aspiration biopsy is well-known and is employed to obtain a sample for use in the methods provided. Typically, for collection of such a tissue sample, a thin hollow needle is inserted into a mass such as a tumor mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope.
Sample Preparation and Analysis
In some embodiments, the sample is a sample solution. In some instances, the sample solution comprises a solution such as a buffer (e.g. phosphate buffered saline) or a media. In some embodiments, the media is an isotopically labeled media. In some instances, the sample solution is a cell solution.
In some embodiments, the sample (e.g., cells or a cell solution) is incubated with one or more probes for analysis of protein-probe interactions. In some instances, the sample (e.g., cells or a cell solution) is further incubated in the presence of an additional probe prior to addition of the one or more probes. In other instances, the sample (e.g., cells or a cell solution) is further incubated with a non-probe small molecule ligand, in which the non-probe small molecule ligand does not contain a photoreactive moiety and/or an alkyne group. In such instances, the sample is incubated with a probe and non-probe small molecule ligand for competitive protein profiling analysis.
In some cases, the sample is compared with a control. In some cases, a difference is observed between a set of probe protein interactions between the sample and the control. In some instances, the difference correlates to the interaction between the small molecule fragment and the proteins.
In some embodiments, one or more methods are utilized for labeling a sample (e.g. cells or a cell solution) for analysis of probe protein interactions. In some instances, a method comprises labeling the sample (e.g. cells or a cell solution) with an enriched media. In some cases, the sample (e.g. cells or a cell solution) is labeled with isotope-labeled amino acids, such as 13C or 15N-labeled amino acids. In some cases, the labeled sample is further compared with a non-labeled sample to detect differences in probe protein interactions between the two samples. In some instances, this difference is a difference of a target protein and its interaction with a small molecule ligand in the labeled sample versus the non-labeled sample. In some instances, the difference is an increase, decrease or a lack of protein-probe interaction in the two samples. In some instances, the isotope-labeled method is termed SILAC, stable isotope labeling using amino acids in cell culture.
In some instances, the sample is divided into a first cell solution and a second cell solution. In some cases, the first cell solution is incubated with a first probe for an extended period of time to generate a first group of probe-protein complexes. In some instances, the extended period of time is about 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes or longer. In some instances, the second cell solution comprises a second probe to generate a second group of probe-protein complexes. In some instances, the first probe and the second probe are different. In some embodiments, cells from the second cell solution are treated with a buffer, such as a control buffer, in which the buffer does not contain a small molecule fragment probe. In some embodiments, the control buffer comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
In some embodiments, a method comprises incubating a sample (e.g. cells or a cell solution) or a processed sample (e.g., a cell lysate) with a labeling group (e.g., an isotopically labeled labeling group) to tag one or more proteins of interest for further analysis. In such cases, the labeling group comprises a biotin, a streptavidin, bead, resin, a solid support, or a combination thereof, and further comprises a linker that is optionally isotopically labeled. As described above, the linker can be about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more residues in length and can further comprise a cleavage site, such as a protease cleavage site (e.g., TEV cleavage site). In some cases, the labeling group is a biotin-linker moiety, which is optionally isotopically labeled with 13C and 15N atoms at one or more amino acid residue positions within the linker. In some cases, the biotin-linker moiety is a isotopically-labeled TEV-tag as described in Weerapana, et al., “Quantitative reactivity profiling predicts functional cysteines in proteomes,” Nature 468(7325): 790-795.
In some embodiments, an isotopic reductive dimethylation (ReDi) method is utilized for processing a sample. In some cases, the ReDi labeling method involves reacting peptides with formaldehyde to form a Schiff base, which is then reduced by cyanoborohydride. This reaction dimethylates free amino groups on N-termini and lysine side chains and monomethylates N-terminal prolines. In some cases, the ReDi labeling method comprises methylating peptides from a first processed sample with a “light” label using reagents with hydrogen atoms in their natural isotopic distribution and peptides from a second processed sample with a “heavy” label using deuterated formaldehyde and cyanoborohydride. Subsequent proteomic analysis (e.g., mass spectrometry analysis) based on a relative peptide abundance between the heavy and light peptide verison can be used for analysis of probe-protein interactions.
In some embodiments, isobaric tags for relative and asolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method is utilized for processing a sample. In some cases, the iTRAQ method is based on the covalent labeling of the N-terminus and side chain amines of peptides from a processed sample. In some cases, reagent such as 4-plex or 8-plex is used for labeling the peptides.
In some embodiments, the probe-protein complex is further conjugated to a chromophore, such as a fluorophore. In some instances, the probe-protein complex is separated and visualized utilizing an electrophoresis system, such as through a gel electrophoresis, or a capillary electrophoresis. Exemplary gel electrophoresis includes agarose based gels, polyacrylamide based gels, or starch based gels. In some instances, the probe-protein is subjected to a native electrophoresis condition. In some instances, the probe-protein is subjected to a denaturing electrophoresis condition.
In some instances, the probe-protein after harvesting is further fragmentized to generate protein fragments. In some instances, fragmentation is generated through mechanical stress, pressure, or chemical means. In some instances, the protein from the probe-protein complexes is fragmented by a chemical means. In some embodiments, the chemical means is a protease. Exemplary proteases include, but are not limited to, serine proteases such as chymotrypsin A, penicillin G acylase precursor, dipeptidase E, DmpA aminopeptidase, subtilisin, prolyl oligopeptidase, D-Ala-D-Ala peptidase C, signal peptidase I, cytomegalovirus assemblin, Lon-A peptidase, peptidase Clp, Escherichia coli phage K1F endosialidase CIMCD self-cleaving protein, nucleoporin 145, lactoferrin, murein tetrapeptidase LD-carboxypeptidase, or rhomboid-1; threonine proteases such as ornithine acetyltransferase; cysteine proteases such as TEV protease, amidophosphoribosyltransferase precursor, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (Rattus norvegicus), hedgehog protein, DmpA aminopeptidase, papain, bromelain, cathepsin K, calpain, caspase-1, separase, adenain, pyroglutamyl-peptidase I, sortase A, hepatitis C virus peptidase 2, sindbis virus-type nsP2 peptidase, dipeptidyl-peptidase VI, or DeSI-1 peptidase; aspartate proteases such as beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), beta-secretase 2 (BACE2), cathepsin D, cathepsin E, chymosin, napsin-A, nepenthesin, pepsin, plasmepsin, presenilin, or renin; glutamic acid proteases such as AfuGprA; and metalloproteases such as peptidase_M48.
In some instances, the fragmentation is a random fragmentation. In some instances, the fragmentation generates specific lengths of protein fragments, or the shearing occurs at particular sequence of amino acid regions.
In some instances, the protein fragments are further analyzed by a proteomic method such as by liquid chromatography (LC) (e.g. high performance liquid chromatography), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-TOF), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR).
In some embodiments, the LC method is any suitable LC methods well known in the art, for separation of a sample into its individual parts. This separation occurs based on the interaction of the sample with the mobile and stationary phases. Since there are many stationary/mobile phase combinations that are employed when separating a mixture, there are several different types of chromatography that are classified based on the physical states of those phases. In some embodiments, the LC is further classified as normal-phase chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, displacement chromatography, partition chromatography, flash chromatography, chiral chromatography, and aqueous normal-phase chromatography.
In some embodiments, the LC method is a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. In some embodiments, the HPLC method is further categorized as normal-phase chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, displacement chromatography, partition chromatography, chiral chromatography, and aqueous normal-phase chromatography.
In some embodiments, the HPLC method of the present disclosure is performed by any standard techniques well known in the art. Exemplary HPLC methods include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ERLIC) and reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC).
In some embodiments, the LC is coupled to a mass spectroscopy as a LC-MS method. In some embodiments, the LC-MS method includes ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), reverse phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-QQQ), electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ERLIC-MS), liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS). In some instances, the LC-MS method is LC/LC-MS/MS. In some embodiments, the LC-MS methods of the present disclosure are performed by standard techniques well known in the art.
In some embodiments, the GC is coupled to a mass spectroscopy as a GC-MS method. In some embodiments, the GC-MS method includes two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC*GC-TOFMS), gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).
In some embodiments, CE is coupled to a mass spectroscopy as a CE-MS method. In some embodiments, the CE-MS method includes capillary electrophoresis-negative electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS), capillary electrophoresis-negative electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-QTOF-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (CE-QTOF-MS).
In some embodiments, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is any suitable method well known in the art for the detection of one or more cysteine binding proteins or protein fragments disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the NMR method includes one dimensional (1D) NMR methods, two dimensional (2D) NMR methods, solid state NMR methods and NMR chromatography. Exemplary 1D NMR methods include 1Hydrogen, 13Carbon, 15Nitrogen, 17Oxygen, 19Fluorine, 31Phosphorus, 39Potassium, 23Sodium, 33Sulfur, 87Strontium, 27Aluminium, 43Calcium, 35Chlorine, 37Chlorine, 63Copiper, 65Copiper, 57Iron, 25Magnesium, 199Mercury or 67Zinc NMR method, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) method, attached proton test (APT) method and 1D-incredible natural abundance double quantum transition experiment (INADEQUATE) method. Exemplary 2D NMR methods include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), 2D-INADEQUATE, 2D-adequate double quantum transfer experiment (ADEQUATE), nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOSEY), rotating-frame NOE spectroscopy (ROESY), heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC), heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC), short range coupling and long range coupling methods. Exemplary solid state NMR method include solid state 13Carbon NMR, high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) and cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR methods. Exemplary NMR techniques include diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), DOSY-TOCSY and DOSY-HSQC.
In some embodiments, the protein fragments are analyzed by method as described in Weerapana et al., “Quantitative reactivity profiling predicts functional cysteines in proteomes,” Nature, 468:790-795 (2010).
In some embodiments, the results from the mass spectroscopy method are analyzed by an algorithm for protein identification. In some embodiments, the algorithm combines the results from the mass spectroscopy method with a protein sequence database for protein identification. In some embodiments, the algorithm comprises ProLuCID algorithm, Probity, Scaffold, SEQUEST, or Mascot.
In some embodiments, a value is assigned to each of the protein from the probe-protein complex. In some embodiments, the value assigned to each of the protein from the probe-protein complex is obtained from the mass spectroscopy analysis. In some instances, the value is the area-under-the curve from a plot of signal intensity as a function of mass-to-charge ratio. In some embodiments, a first value is assigned to the protein obtained from the first cell solution and a second value is assigned to the same protein obtained from the second cell solution. In some instances, a ratio is calculated between the two values. In some instances, a ratio of greater than 2 indicates that the protein is a candidate for interacting with a drug. In some instances, the ratio is greater than 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In some cases, the ratio is at most 20.
In some instances, the ratio is calculated based on averaged values. In some instances, the averaged value is an average of at least two, three, or four values of the protein from each cell solution, or that the protein is observed at least two, three, or four times in each cell solution and a value is assigned to each observed time. In some instances, the ratio further has a standard deviation of less than 12, 10, or 8.
In some instances, a value is not an averaged value. In some instances, the ratio is calculated based on value of a protein observed only once in a cell population. In some instances, the ratio is assigned with a value of 20.
Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are kits and articles of manufacture for use with one or more methods described herein. In some embodiments, described herein is a kit for generating a protein comprising a photoreactive ligand. In some embodiments, such kit includes photoreactive small molecule ligands described herein, small molecule fragments or libraries and/or controls, and reagents suitable for carrying out one or more of the methods described herein. In some instances, the kit further comprises samples, such as a cell sample, and suitable solutions such as buffers or media. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises recombinant proteins for use in one or more of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, additional components of the kit comprises a carrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) comprising one of the separate elements to be used in a method described herein. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, plates, syringes, and test tubes. In one embodiment, the containers are formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
The articles of manufacture provided herein contain packaging materials. Examples of pharmaceutical packaging materials include, but are not limited to, bottles, tubes, bags, containers, and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of use.
For example, the container(s) include probes, test compounds, and one or more reagents for use in a method disclosed herein. Such kits optionally include an identifying description or label or instructions relating to its use in the methods described herein.
A kit typically includes labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts with instructions for use. A set of instructions will also typically be included.
In one embodiment, a label is on or associated with the container. In one embodiment, a label is on a container when letters, numbers or other characters forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container itself; a label is associated with a container when it is present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the container, e.g., as a package insert. In one embodiment, a label is used to indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific therapeutic application. The label also indicates directions for use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter belongs. It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter claimed. In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “include”, “includes,” and “included,” is not limiting.
As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. About also includes the exact amount. Hence “about 5 μL” means “about 5 μL” and also “5 μL.” Generally, the term “about” includes an amount that would be expected to be within experimental error.
The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
The term “protein”, as used herein, refers to any polymeric chain of amino acids. The term “protein” encompasses native or modified protein, protein fragments, or polypeptide analogs comprising non-native amino acid residues. In some instances, a protein is monomeric. In other instances, a protein is polymeric. In some instances, a protein described herein is also referred to as an “isolated polypeptide”, or a polypeptide that by virtue of its origin or source of derivation is not associated with naturally associated components that accompany it in its native state; is substantially free of other proteins from the same species; is expressed by a cell from a different species; or does not occur in nature.
In some embodiments, the term “bind(s)” or “binding” encompass a covalent interaction between a small molecule ligand and a protein binding site described herein. In other embodiments, the term “bind(s)” or “binding” encompass a non-covalent interaction between a small molecule ligand and a protein binding site described herein. In additional embodiments, the term “bind(s)” or “binding” encompass an interaction between a small molecule ligand and a region of a protein of interest in which the region on the protein is about 1 Å, 2 Å, 3 Å, 4 Å, 5 Å, 6 Å, 7 Å, 8 Å, 9 Å or 10 Å away from a binding site on the protein of interest. In some cases, the binding site is a functional or active site on the protein. In some cases, the binding site on the protein is not a functional or active site. In additional cases, the binding site on the protein is distal from a functional or active site. In the context of a competition interaction with two or more different small molecule ligands, the term “bind(s)” or “binding” can encompass blocking or displacement of small molecule ligands from interacting with a region or binding site on a protein of interest.
As used herein, the term “functional site” or “active site” are used interchangeably and refer to a region of a protein that has a specific biological activity. For example, the functional site can be a site that binds a substrate or other binding partner and optionally contributes the amino acid residues that directly participate in the making and breaking of chemical bonds. In some instances, a functional site or active site encompass, e.g., catalytic sites of enzymes, ligand binding domains of receptors, binding domains of regulators, or receptor binding domains of secreted proteins. In some cases, the functional or active site also encompass transactivation, protein-protein interaction, or DNA binding domains of transcription factors and regulators.
These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein.
HEK293T cells were maintained in high-glucose DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 μg/mL) and L-glutamine (2 mM). K562 and HSC-5 cells were maintained in high-glucose IMDM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). All cell lines were grown at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. For SILAC experiments, each cell line was passaged at least six times in either SILAC DMEM or SILAC IMDM, (Thermo), which lack L-lysine and L-arginine, and supplemented with 10% (v/v) dialyzed FBS (Gemini), PSQ (as above), and either [13C6, 15N2]-L-lysine and [13C6, 15N4]-L-arginine (100 μg/mL each) or L-lysine.HCl and L-arginine.HCl (100 μg/mL each). Heavy and light cells were maintained in parallel and cell aliquots were frozen after six passages in SILAC media and stored in liquid N2 until needed. Whenever thawed, cells were passaged at least three times before being used in experiments.
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum. 10T1/2 cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). To induce differentiation, confluent cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS and exposed to dexamethasone (1 μM), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 0.5 mM), and insulin (1 μg/ml) for 2 days, followed by culture with insulin alone (1 μg/ml).
For gel-based experiments, cells were grown in 6-well plates to ˜90% confluence at the time of treatment. Cells were carefully washed with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) and replenished with fresh serum-free media containing indicated FFF probe, and, if applicable, competitors or DMSO vehicle (1 mL). Following incubation at 37° C. for 30 min, cells were directly exposed to 365 nm light for 10 min. For no UV experiments, cells were incubated at 4° C. for 10 min under ambient light. For MS-based experiments, cell labeling was performed in a similar manner as described above. Modifications to this protocol included using isotopically ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ SILAC cells that were grown to near complete confluence prior to treatment in 10 cm plates. In probe-versus-control probe and probe-versus-probe experiments, isotopically light cells were treated with indicated fragment probe, while the heavy cells were treated with control probe (1), or additional FFF probe to be compared, at indicated concentrations. In competition type experiments, heavy and light cells were co-treated with the indicated FFF probe and competitor or DMSO, respectively. Following treatments and photocrosslinking, cells were harvested in cold DPBS by scraping, centrifuged (1,400 g, 3 min, 4° C.), and pellets washed with cold DPBS (2λ) and then aspirated. Pellets were either directly processed or kept frozen at −80° C. until use.
Cells pellets were lysed in cold DPBS (100-500 □L) using a Branson Sonifier probe sonicator (10 pulses, 30% duty cycle, output setting=4). For experiments requiring cell fractionation into membrane and soluble proteomes, cell lysates were then centrifuged (100,000×g, 45 min) to provide soluble (supernatant) and membrane (pellet) fractions. Membrane pellets were resuspended in cold DPBS after separation by sonication. Protein concentration was determined using the DC Protein Assay (Bio-Rad) and absorbance read using a Tecan, Infinite F500 plate reader following manufacturer's instructions. For SILAC experiments, isotopically heavy and light whole cell lysates were adjusted to 1.5 mg/mL, and were then mixed in equal proportions (500 □L each) in cold DPBS.
Proteomes from treated cells were diluted to 1 mg/mL. To each sample (50 □L), 6 □L of a freshly prepared “click” reagent mixture containing 0.1 mM tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA) (3 □L/sample, 1.7 mM in 1:4 DMSO:t-ButOH), 1 mM CuSO4 (1 □L/sample, 50 mM in H2O), 25 □M tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) azide (1 □L/sample, 1.25 mM in DMSO), and freshly prepared 1 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine HCl (TCEP) (1 □L/sample, 50 mM in PBS or H2O) was added to conjugate the fluorophore to probe-labeled proteins. Upon addition of the click mixture, each reaction was immediately mixed by vortexing and then allowed to react at ambient temperature for 1 hr before quenching the reactions with SDS loading buffer (4× stock, 17 □L). Proteins (25 □g total protein loaded per gel lane) were resolved using SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) and visualized by in-gel fluorescence on a Hitachi FMBIO-II or a Bio-Rad ChemiDoc™ MP flatbed fluorescence scanner.
Profiling experiments were adapted methods previously reported. To the combined mixture of heavy and light soluble proteomes (1.5 mg) in 1 mL DPBS, a mixture of TBTA (60 μL/sample, 1.7 mM in 1:4 DMSO:t-BuOH), CuSO4 (20 μL/sample, 50 mM in H2O), TCEP (20 μL/sample, 50 mM in DPBS) and Biotin-N3 (10 μL/sample, 10 mM in DMSO) was added and each sample was rotated at room temperature. After 1 hr, the mixture was transferred to a 15 mL falcon tube and a cold 4:1 mixture (2.5 mL) of methanol (MeOH)/chloroform (CHCl3) was added followed by cold PBS (1 mL) on ice. The resulting cloudy mixture was centrifuged (5,000×g, 10 min, 4° C.) to fractionate the protein interphase from the organic and aqueous solvent layers. After washing the protein disc carefully with cold 1:1 MeOH:CHCl3 (3×1 mL) followed by sonication in cold 4:1 MeOH:CHCl3 (3 mL) to ensure click reagents were efficiently removed, the remaining precipitate was pelleted by centrifugation (5,000×g, 10 min, 4° C.). The pellet was aspirated and resuspended in a freshly-prepared solution of proteomics-grade urea (500 μL, 6 M in DPBS) containing 10 μL of 10% SDS and then dissolved by sonication. Disulfides were reduced by adding 50 μL of a 1:1 mixture containing TCEP (200 mM in DPBS) pre-neutralized with potassium carbonate (600 mM DPBS) for 30 min at 37° C. Reduced thiols were then alkylated by addition of iodoacetamide (70 μL of 400 mM in DPBS) for 30 min at ambient temperature protected from light. To each solution, 130 μL of 10% SDS (in DPBS) was added and then diluted to ˜0.2% SDS with DPBS (5.5 mL) and incubated with pre-equilibrated streptavidin agarose resin (100 μL 1:1 slurry, Pierce) for 1.5 hr at ambient temperature on a rotator. The streptavidin beads were collected by centrifugation (1,400 g, 1-2 min) and sequentially washed with 0.2% SDS in DPBS (1×5 mL), detergent-free DPBS (2×5 mL), and H2O (2×5 mL) to remove unbound protein, excess detergent, and small molecules. The resin was transferred to a Protein LoBind tube (Eppendorf) and bound proteins were digested on-bead overnight at 37° C. in ˜200 μL total volume containing sequencing grade porcine trypsin (2 μg, Promega) in the presence of urea (2 M in DPBS) and CaCl2 (1 mM). The proteolyzed supernatant was transferred to a fresh Protein LoBind tube, acidified with formic acid (5% final) and stored at −20° C. until analyzed.
Peptides from tryptic digests were pressure loaded onto a 250 μm (inner diameter) fused silica capillary column packed with C18 resin (4 cm, Aqua 5 μm, Phenomenex). Samples were analyzed using an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) coupled to an Agilent 1200 series quaternary pump. Peptides were eluted by two-dimensional separation on a column with a 5 μm tip [100 μm fused silica, packed with C18 (10 cm) and strong cation exchange (SCX) resin (4 cm, Phenomenex)] using a five-step ‘MudPIT’ protocol that involves 0%, 25%, 50%, 80% and 100% salt bumps of ammonium acetate (NH4OAc; 500 mM) to elute peptides stepwise from the SCX to the C18 resin followed by an increasing gradient of acetonitrile in each step (5%-100% buffer B in buffer A; buffer A: 95% H2O, 5% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid; buffer B: 5% H2O, 95% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid). The flow rate through the column was 0.25 μl/min and the voltage applied to the nano-LC electrospray ionization source was 2.5 kV. Spectra were collected in a data-dependent acquisition mode such that each scan cycle involved a single high-resolution full MS spectrum of parent ions (MS1 scan from 400-1800 m/z) collected in the orbitrap coupled to 30 CID-induced fragmentation (MS2) scans in the ion trap of the 30 most abundant parent ions from the MS1 scan. Dynamic exclusion (repeat count of 1, exclusion duration of 20 s). Parent ions with unassigned or +1 charge states by the instrument were excluded for fragmentation. All other parameters were left at default values.
From each of the five .raw files (one for each salt ‘bump’) generated by the instrument (Xcalibur software), the MS2 spectra for all fragmented parent ions (.ms2 file) were extracted using RAW Xtract (version 1.9.9.2; 2004 release). Each .ms2 file was searched using the ProLuCID algorithm against a reverse-concatenated, nonredundant (gene-centric) database of the human proteome (Uniprot release—Nov. 5, 2012) or mouse proteome (Nov. 5, 2012) and filtered using DTASelect 2.0 within the Integrated Proteomics Pipeline (IP2) software. All cysteine residues were specified with a static modification for carbamidomethylation (+57.0215 Da) and one oxidized methionine residue per peptide (if found) was allowed as a variable oxidation (+15.9949 Da). In addition, peptides were required to have at least one tryptic terminus. Each dataset was simultaneously searched for both light and heavy isotopologues of the same peptide by specifying the mass shift of heavy residues as static modifications on lysine (+8.0142 Da) and arginine (+10.0082 Da) in a coupled ‘heavy’ search. The precursor ion mass tolerance for a minimum envelope of three isotopic peaks was set to 50 ppm, the minimum peptide length was six residues, the false-positive rate was set at 1% or lower and at least 2 peptides of a protein must be detected in order to be advanced to the next step of analysis.
Heavy and light parent ion chromatograms associated with successfully identified peptides were extracted and compared using in-house software (CIMAGE). Briefly, extracted MS1 ion chromatograms (±10 ppm error tolerance of predicted m/z) from both ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ target peptide masses (m/z) were generated using a retention time window (±10 min) centered on the time when the peptide ion was selected for MS/MS fragmentation (minimum 3 MS1's per peak), and subsequently identified. Next, the ratio of the peak areas under the light and heavy signals (signal-to-noise ratio>2.5) was calculated. Computational filters used to ensure that the correct peak-pair was used for quantification include a co-elution correlation score filter (R2≥0.8), removing target peptides with bad co-elution profile, and an ‘envelope correlation score’ filter (R2>0.8) that eliminates target peptides whose predicted pattern of the isotopic envelope distribution does not match the experimentally observed high-resolution MS1 spectrum. In addition, peptides detected as ‘singletons,’ where only the heavy ion of a peptide pair was identified, but that cleared all other filtering parameters, are given a default assigned ratio of ‘20;’ which is defined as any measured ratio that is ≥20 and is the maximum ratio reported here.
Median SILAC ratios were filtered to ensure that each protein ratio was resultant from three or more unique and quantified peptides and that the combined peptide ratios possessed a standard deviation of less than 60% of the median; if greater, the combined ratio was assigned the lowest quantified peptide value. SILAC ratios meeting these criteria were then combined with replicate data sets from the same probe, cell line and experimental conditions. Identification of probe targets enriched in fragment probe versus control probe experiments in HEK293T cells represent averaged data from at least two biological replicate experiments and K562 data in single replicate experiments. Identification of probe targets from comparison of probe versus probe experiments and from fragment probe competition experiments represent averaged values of at least two biological replicate experiments.
In order to be classified as a probe target, proteins must (1) comply with the above criteria and (2) be enriched greater than 5-fold over control probe 1 (SILAC>5) in at least two different probe data sets (200 μM). If protein is enriched 5-fold or more by only one probe, then it had to be quantified in three or more independent experiments. In order to be included in probe-versus-probe comparisons, protein must abide by the above criteria and also be a target for at least one of the two probes, as designated above. For competition experiments, proteins (1) must be designated probe targets for the probe being used, as described above, (2) competed greater than 3-fold (competition SILAC ratio>3) unless otherwise noted, and (3) must have SILAC ratios derived from three or more quantified peptides.
Custom python scripts were used to compile functional annotations of final probe targets available in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledge database. Probe targets were queried against the DrugBank database (Version 4.2) and fractionated into DrugBank and non-DrugBank proteins. Functional keywords assigned at the protein level were collected from the Uniprot database and the two DrugBank and non-DrugBank categories were further classified into protein functional classes. Membrane proteins were defined as proteins possessing known or predicted transmembrane domains (UniProt analysis), and the remaining targets were considered soluble. Heatmaps were generated using RStudio software.
Preparation and analysis was adapted from methods previously reported. In brief, for global mapping of fragment probe-modified peptides, separate 10 cm dishes of cells were treated with probes (200-250 μM) in 3.0 mL of DMEM (serum-free) and (if applicable) competitor ligands, proteomes harvested and subjected to click chemistry conditions with either light or heavy isotopically labeled biotin-TEV-azide (10 μL of 5 mM stocks in DMSO, final concentration=100 μM), TCEP, ligand and CuSO4 as detailed above. The samples were allowed to react for 1 h at which point the samples were centrifuged (16,000 g, 5 min, 4° C.). The resulting pellets were sonicated in ice-cold methanol (500 μL) and the resuspended light- and heavy-labeled samples were then combined and centrifuged (16,000 g, 5 min, 4° C.). The pellets were then solubilized in PBS containing 1.2% SDS (1 mL) with sonication and heating (5 min, 95° C.). Samples were transferred to falcon tubes containing DPBS (5 mL), to which a 100 μL of streptavidin-agarose beads slurry was added. After incubation, the beads (3 hr) were pelleted by centrifugation (1,400 g, 3 min) and were washed (2×10 mL PBS and 2×10 mL water). The beads were transferred to eppendorf tubes with 1 mL DPBS, centrifuged (1,400 g, 3 min), and resuspended in PBS containing 6 M urea. To this was added 10 mM DTT (25 μL of a 200 mM stock in water) and the beads were incubated at 65° C. for 15 mins. 20 mM iodoacetamide (25 μL of a 400 mM stock in water) was then added and allowed to react at 37° C. for 30 mins with shaking. The bead mixture was diluted with 900 μL PBS, pelleted by centrifugation (1,400 g, 3 min), and resuspended in 200 μL 2M urea (DPBS) containing trypsin and CaCl2 as described above. The beads were separated from the digest by centrifugation (1,000 g, 1 min), washed (2×1 mL PBS and 2×1 mL water) and then transferred to fresh eppendorfs with 1 mL water. The washed beads were washed once further in 150 μL TEV buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8, 0.5 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT) by centrifugation (1,400 g, 3 min) and the resuspended in 150 μL TEV buffer. 5 μL TEV protease (80 μM) was added and the reactions were rotated overnight at 29° C. The TEV digest was separated from the beads by centrifugation (1,400 g, 3 min) and the beads were washed once with water (100 μL). The samples were then acidified to a final concentration of 5% (v/v) formic acid and stored at −80° C. prior to analysis.
The resulting probe-modified peptides were collected for MS analysis, which was performed as described above with differences in the salt bumps applied in the chromatographic gradients which in this case were 0%, 30%, 60%, 90% and 100% NH4OAc (500 μM). The protein identification searches of the MS data were performed with the following changes applied to identify the peptides modified with the corresponding fragment probe and the cleaved TEV tag. All amino acids were considered as possible residues for modification. To facilitate the computational searches, sets of up to 3 amino acids were searched using ProLuCID and filtered with DTASelect as described above. The mass of the modification used to search for probe-modified peptides was +665.4013 m/z for 8, +667.3264 m/z for 4, +665.3285 m/z for 3, +678.3602 m/z for 6, +680.4122 m/z for 9, +679.4179 m/z for 13, +755.3867 m/z for 2, +655.4170 m/z for 14, and +669.3598 m/z for 15, which are the masses for the corresponding probe plus the light TEV-tag and an additional+6.0138 m/z for the heavy counterpart. The isoTOP ratios for probe labeled peptides were quantified using the in-house software CIMAGE.
For protein mapping experiments, fragment probe-modified peptides were expected to show a ratio of heavy and light signals of ˜1.0 (0.5<ratio<2.0) and were required to have been designated an enriched target by the corresponding probe in whole-protein capture experiments. For each protein in the site-of-labeling dataset, the UniProtKB accession number was used to map and collect relevant structures from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) fulfilling the following criteria: structures determined by X-ray crystallography, wild-type protein, Homo sapiens as the sole source organism. For proteins with multiple available structures, custom R scripts were used to further filter the PDB files, privileging higher sequence coverage for isoTOP peptides (see Tables 1-3 for selected PDB accessions). Fpocket 2.0 was used to detect potential binding pockets for the resultant structures with all parameters set at recommended default. Pockets with volume less than 500 Å3 were removed from output prior to further analysis. Residues surrounding fpocket predicted binding pockets for each protein were collected to determine the number of residues overlapping with isoTOP peptides. For structures with multiple chains, the average number of overlapping residues for all chains possessing isoTOP peptide was used. Custom Python scripts were used to compile functional site annotations using the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledge database (release-2016_06). Relevant UniProt entries were searched for available functional residues, specifically for annotations regarding enzyme catalytic residues (active sites), substrate binding sites, and metal-binding sites. At the isoTOP peptide level, the distances between all possible atom pairs, consisting of one atom from isoTOP peptide and the other atom from a functional site, were calculated and the minimum distance was designated as the spatial distance between isoTOP peptide and functional sites. Annotated FFF-labeled peptides and corresponding analyses shown in Table1-3.
HEK293T cells were transiently co-transfected using Polyethylenimine (Sigma) with a UAS-Luciferase reporter and a vector expressing the heterologous GAL4 DNA binding domain (DBD) or a GAL4 DNA binding domain::PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) chimeric protein, and full-length PTGR2. 24 hr after transfection, cells were treated either with vehicle (DMSO), 15k-PGE2 (20 μM), or fragment compounds. Rosiglitazone (2 μM), a synthetic PPARγ ligand, was used as control. 16 hr after incubation, cells were lysed in Cell Culture Lysis Reagent (Promega) and luciferase activity measured using the Luciferase Assay System (Promega).
Palmitate-BSA oxidation measurements were performed using the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Briefly, HSC5 cells were plated at 4.0×104 cells/well and incubated for 24 hr in a 37° C., 5% CO2 incubator. One hour prior to the XF assay, media was changed to 1× Krebs-Henseleit buffer (111 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) with 2.5 mM glucose, 0.5 mM carnitine, and 5 mM HEPES. 20 min after media exchange, cells were treated with either vehicle (DMSO), 24 (100 μM) or 21 (100, 50, 20 and 5 μM respectively). After 40 min, cells were given palmitate:BSA (667 μM and 167 μM respectively) or BSA alone and the XF assay was started. Perturbation compounds (oligomycin 4 μM, FCCP 4 μM, RAA 2 μM) were prepared in 1×KH buffer and injected from the reagent ports automatically onto wells.
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the presence of 50 μM of each fragment probe. Rosiglitazone (2 μM) was used as a positive control. Media was replaced every two days and compounds refreshed. On day 8 of differentiation, cells were fixed with 4% PFA and stained with the fluorescent lipid stain Nile red (AdipoRed) and Hoechst for nuclei counterstain. Cells were imaged using a Celigo S Cell Imaging Cytometer (Nexcelom Bioscience) and compounds promoting increased lipid accumulation (i.e. fluorescence) identified. Hits were validated at two concentrations (10 μM and 50 μM) in 12-well plate format. To prepare primary brown preadipocytes, interscapular fat depots of neonatal mice were digested for 40 min at 37° C. with 1.5 mg/mL collagenase type I in 61.5 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 0.65 mM CaCl2, 2.5 mM glucose, 50 mM Hepes, 50 μg/mL penicillin-streptomycin and 2% (wt/vol) BSA. Cells were next filtered through a 100 μm cell strainer, plated in DMEM supplemented with 20 mM Hepes, 20% FBS, and penicillin/streptomycin, and grown to confluency. Cells were induced to differentiate in DMEM with 10% FBS, dexamethasone (1 μM), IBMX (0.5 mM), insulin (1 μg/ml), triiodothyronine (1 nM), and either DMSO (0.1%), 25 (10 μM), or rosiglitazone (2 μM). Two days later, media was switched and differentiating cells were maintained in DMEM, 10% FBS, insulin, triiodothyronine, and experimental compounds. Media was refreshed every 2 days. Human mesenchymal stem cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and grown to confluence. Two days after confluence, cells were induced to differentiate in media containing DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, dexamethasone (1 μM), IBMX (0.5 mM), insulin (1 μg/ml), indomethacin (125 μM), and either DMSO (0.1%), 25 (10 μM), or rosiglitazone (2 μM) for 2 days. Media and compounds were refreshed every 2 days, alternating complete differentiation media with maintenance media (DMEM 10% FBS supplemented only with insulin) for 18 days.
For RNA-seq, 0.6-1×106 cells were collected in Trizol (Invitrogen) and total RNA was extracted using Direct-Zol RNA extraction kit (Zymo Research). PolyA+RNA was fragmented and prepared into strand-specific libraries using the Illumina True-seq stranded RNA kit (Illumina) and analyzed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer. Libraries were sequenced using single-end 50 bp reads at a depth of 10-15 million reads per library. Single-end sequencing reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (mm9, NCBI37) using STAR (version 2.3.0.c, default parameters). Only reads that aligned uniquely to a single genomic location were used for downstream analysis (MAPQ>10). Gene expression values were calculated for read counts on exons of annotated RefSeq genes using HOMER. Differentially expressed genes between GFP- and PGRMC2-overexpressing cells were calculated from three replicates per condition using EdgeR and a threshold of adjusted p-value<0.05 was used to call differentially expressed genes. Gene expression values are shown as read counts normalized to 107 mapped reads. Differentially expressed genes were used for pathway analysis. Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen). Heatmaps were generated using RStudio software (package ‘gplots’). RNA-seq data have been deposited in the GEO repository under accession number GSE90731.
Cells were seeded in white-opaque 96-well plates in full growth media at a density of 6,000 cells/well (100 μL) and were allowed to grow for 14 hrs at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The cells were then treated with compounds or DMSO (1% DMSO final for all wells) in triplicate and incubated at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere for 45 min. Note, all photoaffinity probe incubations for MS- and gel-based experiments were performed for 30 min. Cell viability was determined using the luciferase-based CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega).
Full-length genes encoding proteins of interest were PCR amplified from a cDNA library derived from low-passage HEK293T cells. Gene products were cloned into the pRK5 vector with a C-terminal FLAG tag using Sall (N-terminal) and NotI (C-terminal) restriction sites. All clone sequences were verified. To recombinantly overexpress proteins used in in situ treatments, HEK293T cells were grown to 40-60% confluency under standard growth conditions in 6-well (for gel-based experiments) or 10 cm tissue culture plates (for MS-based experiments) and transiently transfected with 1-3 μg of desired construct (6-well plates) or 5 μg (10 cm plates) using polyethyleneimine ‘MAX’ (MW 40,000, PEI; Polysciences, Inc.). ‘Mock’ transfected cells were transfected with a vector containing METAP2 for 48 hr. Human SLC25A20 in a pCMV6-Entry vector with a C-terminal DDK tag was purchased from Origene. Empty pCMV-Entry vector was used as ‘mock’ control for experiments with SLC25A20. The pRK5 vector was a gift from David Sabatini (MIT).
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were infected overnight at 70% confluency in 10 cm Petri dishes with lentiviruses expressing a non-targeting scramble shRNA or two different shRNAs against mouse PGRMC2. Two days after infection, cells were re-plated into 12-well plates and grown to confluence. Two days after confluence, cells were induced to differentiate in presence of dexamethasone (1 μM), IBMX (0.5 mM), insulin (1 μg/ml) and either DMSO (0.1%), test compound (10 μM), or Rosiglitazone (2 μM). Cells were stained at day 7 of differentiation with Nile Red and Hoechst, imaged and harvested for RNA and protein extraction. For rescue experiments, scramble and PGRMC2 knockdown cells were co-infected with lentiviruses over-expressing human VS-tagged PGRMC2. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes stably overexpressing GFP or hPGRMC2 were selected with blasticidin (20 μg/ml) for 10 days and maintained in culture in 10% BCS.
For immunostaining, cells were grown on gelatin-coated cover glasses, fixed in 4% PFA, permeabilized in 0.5% Triton-PBS and blocked with 5% FBS-PBS solution. Rabbit anti-PGRMC2 (Bethyl Labs) and mouse KDEL monoclonal antibody (clone 10C3, Enzo Life Sciences) were diluted at 0.4 μg/ml and 1 ug/ml using blocking buffer and samples were incubated overnight at 4° C. in a humidified chamber. Alexafluor-488 anti-rabbit and alexafluor-568 anti-mouse secondary antibodies were diluted to 1:500 dilution in blocking buffer and samples incubated for 1 hour at RT. Nuclei and actin filaments were stained by Hoechst and Acti-stain 670 phalloidin dyes, respectively. Cells were washed 3 times with PBS for 10 minutes after each incubation. Images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 710 laser scanning confocal microscope and analyzed with IMARIS (Bitplane Inc.) and Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe Systems Incorporated) software.
After scanning for fluorescence, proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane in Towbin buffer, the membrane was blocked for ˜1 hr at ambient temperature with 5% nonfat dry milk (w/v) or 5% BSA in Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20 (TBST) and incubated with primary antibodies in the same solution overnight at 4° C. The blots were washed (3×5 min, TBST), incubated with secondary antibodies (IRDye 800CW or HRP-conjugated anti-mouse and anti-rabbit) in milk or BSA for 1 hr at ambient temperature, washed (3×5 min, TBST), rinsed in water and visualized on a LICOR Odyssey Scanner or resolved by film exposure.
Total RNA was isolated from cells using Direct-Zol™ RNA MiniPrep Plus (Zymo Research). Taqman-based quantitative real-time PCR was performed using the SuperScript III Platinum One-Step qRT-PCR reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Samples were run in triplicate as multiplexed reactions and normalized to an internal control (36B4; acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO mRNA).
Aliquots (1 μL) of test compounds dissolved in DMSO were transferred to 1.5 mL eppendorf tubes followed by addition of recombinant human PTGR2 (44 μL, 200 nM final concentration) in freshly prepared reaction buffer (Tris Buffer, 1 mM EDTA, 50 μM TCEP, 300 μM NADPH). The resulting mixture was vortexed and then incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. Next, a 5 μL solution of 15-keto-PGE2 substrate (20 μM final concentration) in reaction buffer was added and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 min at 37° C. Reactions were quenched by the addition of 0.5% AcOH in ethyl acetate (800 μL), water (300 μL) and 100 μL, of internal standard PGE2-d4 (30 pmol/sample) dissolved in 1:1 methanol/water. Phases were separated by centrifugation and the organic layer was collected and dried under a stream of N2, then stored at −80° C. until analysis. Directly prior to analysis, samples were reconstituted in 100 μL of MeCN:H2O (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. All conditions were performed in triplicate and repeated at least three independent times.
The following MS parameters were used to measure the indicated metabolites by MRM (precursor ion, product ion, collision energy, polarity): PGE2-d4 (355, 275, 18), 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (351, 333, 18) and 15-keto-PGE2 (349, 161, 20). 15-keto-PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 levels were quantified by determining peak areas in relation to internal standard PGE2-d4. Non-deuterated 15-keto-PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 standards were used to confirm retention time and fragmentation.
*To minimize carryover, LC solvents were cycled between 100% Mobile Phase A and 100% Mobile Phase B over 5 min after each run.
HSC-5 cells were seeded in 10 cm plates and grown to ˜90% confluency. Media was aspirated, cells were washed carefully with DPBS (3 mL) and resuspended in freshly-prepared serum-free IMDM media containing test compound(s) or vehicle. After incubation at 37° C. for 3 hr, the media was removed and cells were washed with cold DPBS (2×3 mL). Cells were scraped in 4 mL cold DPBS, transferred to a falcon tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 8 min, and resuspended in 1 mL cold DPBS. Cells were lysed using a probe sonicator, and 1 mL of lysates normalized to 1.5 mg/mL were transferred to 2-dram glass vials. MeCN (3 mL) containing acyl carnitine internal standard mix (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories) was added to lysates and vigorously vortexed. Internal standards include 2H9-carnitine (2.28 nmol); 2H3-acetyl carnitine (C2, 570 pmol); 2H3 propionyl carnitine (C3, 120 pmol); 2H3 butryl carnitine (C4, 120 pmol); 2H9 isovaleryl carnitine (C5, 120 pmol); 2H3 octanoyl carnitine (C8, 120 pmol); 2H9 myristoyl carnitine (C14, 120 pmol); 2H3 palmitoyl carnitine (C16, 240 pmol). Samples were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min to pellet insoluble precipitate, and the remaining eluent carefully transferred to fresh 2-dram vials to avoid disturbing the precipitate. The eluent was concentrated under a stream of N2, and samples were stored at −80° C. until analysis. Directly prior to analysis, samples were reconstituted in 500 uL of MeCN:H2O (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The indicated acyl carnitines were quantified by measuring the area under the peak relative to an internal standard (2H3 palmitoyl carnitine for C16, C18 and C18:1; 2H9 myristoyl carnitine for C12 and C14; 2H3 octanoyl carnitine for C5DC/C10-OH and C4DC; 2H9 isovaleryl carnitine for C5 and C7).
*To minimize carryover, LC solvents were cycled between 100% Mobile Phase A and 100% Mobile Phase B over 5 min after each run.
All data fitting and statistical analysis performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, La Jolla Calif. USA, www.graphpad.com. Statistical values including the exact n and stasticial significance are also reported. Probe binding blockade and PTGR2 inhibition curves are plotted as mean±SD (n=3 or 4 per group) for a representative biological replicate using a variable slope (four parameter) non-linear fit. Gene expression data are presented as mean±SD (n=3 per group). HSC5 metabolite data are shown as mean±SD (n=3 per group). Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05 and determined by 2-tailed Student t tests, or two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post-tests.
Data Resources: The RNA-seq data reported has been deposited in the NCBI under the ID code GEO: GSE90731.
Software: All custom scripts used have been deposited to GitHub (https://github.com/Chymichead/FBDDinCell).
A small library of 14 “fully functionalized” fragment (FFF) probes were synthesized as described in Example 30 with each member possessing a variable small-molecule fragment conjugated to a constant tag bearing an alkyne and photoactivatable diazirine group (
Fragment-binding proteins in human cells were globally mapped by quantitative chemical proteomics following the general protocol shown in
In aggregate, more than 2000 protein targets were identified for the FFF probes, which individually displayed a broad range of protein enrichments (
To more quantitatively assess the structure-activity relationships (SARs) emerging from the initial FFF probe experiments, additional studies were performed comparing the relative protein interaction profiles of FFF probes, wherein isotopically light and heavy cells were treated with two different probes (probe-vs-probe comparisons) and processed as shown in
The fragment interactions profiles were verified for representative proteins by recombinant expression in HEK293T cells. It was found that the fragment interaction profile for each recombinant protein, as measured by gel-based profiling (
The fragment probes targeted both membrane and soluble proteins (
Considering that the chemical proteomic results provided the first evidence of ligandability for many protein targets, the fragment binding sites on these proteins were aimed to be identified next. Determining the sites of photoreactive probe binding to proteins is technically challenging, but the simple structures of FFF probes, along with the implementation of advanced chemical proteomic methods for isotopically labeling small-molecule probe-modified peptides is advantageous. Using these methods, over 800 unique peptides modified by one or more FFF probes were identified that collectively derived from 443 proteins (
Using the pocket-detection algorithm fpocket, for the 186 proteins harboring fragment-modified peptides for which crystal structures were also available (
Many of the proteins with mapped fragment-binding sites and crystal structures corresponded to enzymes (
FBLD typically identifies low-affinity (high μM to mM) hit compounds that often require substantial, structure-guided medicinal chemistry optimization to improve potency and selectivity. As an alternative and complementary approach to structure-based ligand development, the proteome-wide, cell-based fragment screens are adapted to identify higher potency ligand-protein interactions. This goal is accomplished by screening focused libraries of small molecules containing representative fragment cores elaborated with additional “binding” substituents for competitive blockade of FFF probe-protein interactions in cells (
Another 215 competed targets were mapped in experiments where a subset of the competitors (five total) was tested against higher concentrations of the corresponding FFF probes (200 μM) (
For determining if the discovered small-molecule ligands affected protein functions, one enzyme (PTGR2) and one transporter (SLC25A20) were selected for which distinct high-occupancy ligands were identified in competitor profiling experiments (
PTGR2, or prostaglandin reductase 2, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 15-keto-PGE2 to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and regulates adipogenesis through restricting 15-keto-PGE2 activity as a natural ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARγ. The only reported inhibitor of PTGR2 is the NSAID drug indomethacin, which exhibits a very weak in vitro IC50 value of ˜200 μM. Probe 8 modified two active site-proximal peptides in PTGR2, and these reactions were sensitive to competition by 20 (
Compound 22, but not 23, blocked FFF 8 labeling of endogenous PTGR2 in HEK293T cells with good potency (complete inhibition at 5 μM and ˜80% inhibition at 500 nM) and excellent selectivity (
SLC25A20 is a multi-pass transmembrane protein that transports long-chain acylcarnitines into the mitochondrial matrix, where these lipids provide fatty acid substrates for (3-oxidation. There are no selective small-molecule probes to study SLC25A20 function in human cells. The quantitative MS experiments exemplified SLC25A20 as a primary target of the elaborated coumarin-based competitor 21 (
Compound 21 (0.2-100 μM, 3 h), but not the inactive control 24 (100 μM), produced a strong, concentration-dependent increase in long-chain (C16, C18, C18:1) acylcarnitines in human squamous cell carcinoma (HSC5) cells, with significant effects being observed for 21 at concentrations (20-50 μM;
Purchased starting materials were used as received unless otherwise noted. All moisture sensitive reactions were performed in an inert, dry atmosphere of nitrogen in flame dried glassware. Reagent grade solvents were used for extractions and flash chromatography. All amines used in probe library synthesis are available from commercial vendors. All fragment-based competitors were synthesized or purchased through Sigma Aldrich Market Select vendors. Reaction progress was checked by analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC, Merck silica gel 60 F-254 plates). The plates were monitored either with UV illumination, or by charring with anisaldehyde (2.5% p-anisaldehyde, 1% AcOH, 3.5% H2SO4 (conc.) in 95% EtOH) or ninhydrin (0.3% ninhydrin (w/v), 97:3 EtOH-AcOH) stains. Flash column chromatography was performed using silica gel (F60, 40-63 um, 60A). Preparative thin layer chromotography (PTLC) was carried out using glass backed PTLC plates 1000-2000 μm thickness (Analtech). The solvent compositions reported for all chromatographic separations are on a volume/volume (v/v) basis. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded at either 400, 500 or 600 MHz and are reported in parts per million (ppm) on the 6 scale relative to CDCl3 (δ 7.26) as an internal standard. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, br=broad, m=multiplet), coupling constants (Hz), and integration. 13C-NMR spectra were recorded at either 100 or 125 MHz and are reported in parts per million (ppm) on the δ scale relative to CDCl3 (δ 77.00). Mass spectrometry data were collected on a HP1100 single-quadrupole instrument (ESI; low resolution) or an Agilent ESI-TOF instrument (HRMS).
Ethyl 4-oxooct-7-ynoate (30-1) was synthesized following similar procedures previously reported. A solution of crude pent-4-ynal (17.2 g, 210 mmol) and ethyl acrylate (45.5 mL, 420 mmol, 2 equiv) in dioxane (250 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 4 h to a suspension of thiazolium salt catalyst (7.88 g, 29.2 mmol, 0.14 equiv), triethylamine (20.4 mL, 147 mmol, 0.7 equiv) and ethyl acrylate (45.5 mL) in dioxane (300 mL) at 80° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred and heated at 80° C. for 54 h and then volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. The residue was resuspended in methylene chloride (600 mL) and washed with aqueous 10% H2SO4 (150 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (250 mL) and brine (250 mL), then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. Crude 30-1 was purified by flash column chromatography (100% hexanes→5%→10%→15%→20% ethyl acetate in hexanes), resulting in 30-1 as a light brown oil (10.7 g, 28%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.20 (q, J=7.1, 2H), 2.86-2.76 (m, 4H), 2.68 (t, J=6.5, 2H), 2.54 (td, J=2.6, 7.3, 2H), 2.04 (t, J=2.7, 1H), 1.33 (td, J=2.2, 7.2, 4H). MS (ESI) calc'd for [M+H]+C10H15O3+ 183.1, found 183.1.
To a solution of 30-1 (9.46 g, 52 mmol) in methanol (400 mL), added LiOH (6.2 g, 260 mmol, 5 equiv) and water (4.8 mL, 267 mmol, 5.1 equiv) and let resulting solution stir at room temperature for 15 h when TLC (3:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate) indicated the complete consumption of starting material. The solution was carefully acidified with aqueous HCl (6 M) until a pH of ˜3 was achieved. The resulting solution was then extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation, resulting in 30-2 as a brown solid (7.6 g, 95%), which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.90-2.57 (m, 6H), 2.48 (td, J=2.5, 7.3, 2H), 1.98 (t, J=2.5, 1H). MS (ESI) calc'd for [M−H]—C8H9O3− 153.0, found 153.0.
A dried round bottom flask containing 30-2 (3.1 g, 20 mmol) cooled to 0° C. was charged with 7N NH3 in methanol (195 mL) and resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 h. At this time, a solution of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (3.2 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.4 equiv) in anhydrous methanol (25 mL) was added dropwise via addition funnel at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for an additional 1 h and then allowed to warm to room temperature over 14 h. Resulting suspension was evaporated to dryness and resuspended in methanol (30 mL) and solid was filtered and washed several times with methanol. The combined filtrate was evaporated and resuspended in anhydrous methanol (180 mL), then cooled to 0° C. (protected from light). Diisopropylethylamine (7.8 mL) was added, followed by iodine (portion-wise), until a dark brown color persisted for more than 30 min, indicating total oxidation of diaziridine. The solution was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with aq. 1N HCl (200 mL), saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 (3×200 mL or until organic phase clarified) and brine. Combined aqueous phases were washed once with ethyl acetate and all organic layers were combined, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. Crude 30-3 was purified by flash column chromatography (100% hexanes→2%→5%→10%→20% ethyl acetate in hexanes), resulting in 30-3 as a colorless oil (889 mg, 27%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.18 (t, J=7.7, 2H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.81 (t, J=7.7, 2H), 1.66 (t, J=7.4, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 178.63, 82.56, 69.37, 32.16, 28.21, 27.72, 27.46, 13.21. MS (ESI) calc'd for [M−H]—C8H9N2O2− 165.1, found 165.1. Characterization matches that previously reported by Li et al Angew Chem Int Ed. (2013) 52, 8551-6.
General Procedure 1: Coupling Procedure for the Synthesis of Simple Fragment-Based Probes
To a 4 mL vial containing 3-(3-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanoic acid (30-3, 1 eq.) in DCM, commercially available amine (1.1 eq.), DIPEA (3.0 eq.) EDC-HCl (1.5 eq.), and HOBt (1.5 eq.) were added. Reaction mixtures were stirred at room temperature for 4 h to overnight when TLC indicated reaction completed. The crude samples were diluted with DCM and washed first with saturated aqueous NH4Cl (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (10 mL), then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. Crude products were purified by PTLC or flash column chromatography.
General Procedure 2: Coupling Procedure for the Synthesis of Photoaffinity Probe Library Used in Phenotypic Screening
A 4 mL vial was charged with 3-(3-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanoic acid (10 mg, 0.060 mmol) or propionic acid (0.060 mmol), commercially available amine (0.060 mmol, 1 eq.), DIPEA (0.032 mL, 0.181 mmol, 3.0 eq.), HATU (34.3 mg, 0.090 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and DMF (1 mL). Reaction mixtures were stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The crude samples were diluted with methanol to a total volume of 1.6 mL then purified by reverse phase HPLC using following conditions:
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 7:3→1:1) to afford 1 as a colorless sticky solid (6 mg, 93%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.56 (brs, 1H), 2.82 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.66 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.12, 83.09, 69.57, 32.79, 30.58, 28.83, 28.25, 26.80, 13.68. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C9H14N3O 180.1131 (M+H+), found 180.1131.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 2 as a white sticky solid (22 mg, 76%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.18 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.30 (m, 8H), 7.22-7.10 (m, 2H), 5.53 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.29-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.87 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.68 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.34, 168.74, 138.54, 137.36, 132.21, 131.45, 130.69, 129.87, 128.25, 127.61, 124.18, 121.46, 82.76, 69.26, 67.13, 32.30, 30.37, 28.30, 27.87, 13.33. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H22N5O2 400.1768 (M+H+), found 400.1768.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:2) to afford 3 as a yellow sticky solid (12.8 mg, 57%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.01 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (br s, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (td, J=7.4, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 2.01-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.75 δ 1.62 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.69, 160.82, 150.48, 143.49, 134.28, 123.57, 119.04, 118.58, 117.20, 82.67, 69.33, 32.44, 31.16, 28.09, 27.80, 13.29. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C17H16N3O3 310.1186 (M+H+), found 310.1186.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 4 as a off-white sticky solid (12.3 mg, 44%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (br s, 1H), 4.54 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.03-1.95 (m, 5H), 1.91 δ 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.64 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.27, 140.32, 139.41, 134.65, 127.61, 124.71, 124.06, 123.22, 83.10, 69.62, 44.23, 32.82, 30.73, 28.75, 13.70. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C17H18N3OS 312.1165 (M+H+), found 312.1167.
General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 5 as a off-white sticky solid (10.8 mg, 76%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.63 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (dd, J=8.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (dd, J=2.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (brs, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.06-1.83 (m, 7H), 1.65 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C17H18N3O2 296.1393 (M+H+), found 296.1392.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 6 as a light brown sticky solid (33 mg, 56%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 (d, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (brs, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.5, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (td, J=7.4, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.59, 169.79, 137.62, 133.17, 127.38, 120.28, 119.32, 115.38, 83.09, 69.69, 32.87, 31.99, 31.58, 29.98, 28.61, 28.23, 25.88, 13.71. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C18H21N4O2 325.1659 (M+H+), found 325.1658.
General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 7 as an off-white sticky solid (12.2 mg, 57%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.31 (brs, 1H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=3.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.53-6.51 (m, 1H), 5.71 (brs, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (td, J=7.4, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.64 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.11, 135.68, 129.70, 128.47, 125.34, 122.74, 120.65, 111.79, 102.96, 83.14, 69.61, 44.83, 32.78, 30.79, 28.86, 13.70. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C17H19N4O 295.1553 (M+H+), found 295.1555.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 8 as an off-white sticky solid (19.7 mg, 88%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 3H), 4.85-4.69 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.10 (apparent td, J=13.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (apparent tt, J=12.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (apparent td, J=13.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.13-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.05 (td, J=7.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.92-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.69 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) (rotomeric isomers present). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.33, 145.08, 128.59, 126.70, 126.54, 82.80, 69.12, 46.09, 42.75, 42.55, 33.81, 32.80, 32.57, 28.08, 26.99, 13.34. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H23N3O 310.1914 (M+H+), found 310.1916.
Followed General Procedure 1 for amide bond coupling. Crude 9 was then re-dissolved in DCM (1 mL) and TFA (0.3 mL) was carefully added. The resulting mixture was evaporated and crude 9 was purified by PTLC (DCM/MeOH, 6:1) yielding 9 as a white solid (22 mg, 67%, 2 steps). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 3.45 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.00-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (td, J=7.5, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 2.02-1.91 (m, 3H), 1.68 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H25N4O 325.2023 (M+H+), found 325.2023.
General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (Hexane/EtOAc, 4:1) to afford 10 as a white sticky solid (18.5 mg, 78%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.44 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 4H), 5.77 (br s, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.09-1.94 (m, 5H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.66 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.92, 140.63, 137.05, 128.80, 128.32, 127.48, 127.39, 127.06, 82.70, 69.22, 43.47, 32.42, 30.32, 28.34, 27.86, 13.31. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C21H22N3O 332.1757 (M+H+), found 332.1755.
General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (DCM/MeOH, 20:1) to afford 11 as an off-white sticky residue (12 mg, 75%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 2H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 3.66-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.36 (apparent t, J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.96 (t, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.65 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.84, 142.47, 129.01, 128.25, 127.58, 69.52, 52.34, 51.93, 45.96, 42.33, 32.93, 28.41, 27.22, 13.71. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H29N4O 401.2336 (M+H+), found 401.2335.
General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (DCM/MeOH, 9:1) to afford 12 as an off-white sticky solid (16 mg, 76%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (td, J=7.4, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.67 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.83, 137.24, 130.20, 120.29, 83.11, 62.59, 55.21, 52.68, 45.93, 32.84, 31.64, 28.63, 28.26, 13.71. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H28N5O 354.2288 (M+H+), found 354.2289.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) General Procedure 1. Purified by PTLC (Hexane/EtOAc, 1:1) to afford 13 as an off-white sticky solid (9 mg, 77%). δ 7.35-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.11 (apparent d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.14-4.95 (m, 0.5H), 4.68-4.57 (m, 0.5H), 4.13-3.97 (m, 0.5H), 3.63-3.50 (m, 0.5H), 3.21-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.83-1.24 (m, 11H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.99, 139.08, 139.01, 129.61, 129.46, 129.19, 128.73, 127.17, 126.63, 83.19, 69.49, 69.42, 55.55, 50.01, 41.70, 37.16, 37.04, 36.10, 32.88, 32.70, 29.92, 28.49, 28.46, 28.18, 27.78, 26.86, 26.47, 26.45, 25.89, 19.67, 19.27, 13.72, 13.70. Note: rotomeric isomers observed. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H26N3O 324.2070 (M+H+), found 324.2068.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 10:1→6:1→3:1) to afford 14 as a colorless sticky solid (14.7 mg, 68%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.08 (brs, 1H), 2.15 (m, 3H), 2.04-1.95 (m, 9H), 1.88-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 8H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.46, 83.17, 69.52, 52.41, 42.02, 36.74, 32.89, 31.69, 29.86, 29.84, 28.73, 13.71. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C28H26N3O 300.2070 (M+H+), found 300.2067.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 15 as a white solid (20.2 mg, 71%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.74 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (dd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (s, 2H), 5.43 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (td, J=6.9, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (td, J=7.4, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.90 δ 1.78 (m, 4H), 1.62 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.37, 148.27, 146.65, 132.85, 122.01, 109.43, 108.79, 101.34, 83.10, 69.59, 41.21, 35.71, 32.81, 30.74, 28.72, 13.69. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C17H20N3O3 314.1499 (M+H+), found 314.1500.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:1) to afford 25 as a white solid (27 mg, 53%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.39 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.63-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (td, J=8.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.09-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.93 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.51 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.00 (dd, J=12.9, 6.1 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.64, 171.84, 135.71, 134.08, 131.04, 129.03, 128.02, 126.74, 125.37, 120.43, 117.39, 83.02, 69.65, 53.48, 41.31, 32.56, 30.42, 28.65, 28.13, 25.35, 23.40, 22.59, 13.59. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H29N4O2 405.2285 (M+H+), found 405.2285.
General Procedure 1. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 9:1→4:1→2:1) to afford 26 as a white solid (147 mg, 73%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.14 (m, 1H), 7.79-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.50 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.03 (m, 5H), 2.02-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.71 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.31, 171.22, 156.39, 136.00, 134.77, 127.54, 124.74, 123.51, 122.22, 109.59, 99.18, 82.97, 69.77, 55.92, 50.34, 32.66, 30.70, 28.76, 28.18, 18.39, 13.62. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C22H25N4O3 393.1921 (M+H+), found 393.1923.
To a solution of N-butanoyl-L-leucine (Effenberger et al., 2015) (1 equiv) in DCM (0.06M relative to acid), added commercially available amine (1.1 equiv), DIPEA (2.2 equiv) EDC-HCl (1.2 equiv) and HOBt (1.2 equiv) were added. Reaction mixtures were stirred at room temperature for 4 h to overnight when TLC indicated reaction completed. The crude samples were diluted with DCM and washed first with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and saturated aqueous NaHCO3, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. Crude products were purified by PTLC or flash column chromatography.
General Procedure 3. Purified by PTLC (Hexane/EtOAc, 1:1) to afford 29 as an off-white solid (24 mg, 73%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.23-7.04 (m, 4H), 6.39 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.16-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.44 (td, J=8.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (qd, J=16.9, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (td, J=7.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.39 (m, 8H), 1.03-0.81 (m, 9H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.37, 171.79, 137.83, 136.59, 129.52, 128.83, 127.71, 126.68, 52.03, 48.02, 41.91, 38.87, 30.49, 29.59, 25.28, 23.27, 22.76, 20.46, 19.48, 14.09. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H31N2O2 331.2380 (M+H+), found 331.2383.
General Procedure 3. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 3:2) to afford 30 as a white solid (181 mg, 75%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.73 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.69-6.64 (m, 1H), 6.62 (dd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.45-6.34 (m, 1H), 6.06 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.39 (td, J=8.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (dq, J=13.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dq, J=13.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.41 (m, 5H), 0.97-0.85 (m, 9H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.43, 172.46, 148.18, 146.60, 132.80, 122.02, 109.46, 108.72, 101.29, 51.89, 41.55, 41.20, 38.82, 35.70, 25.18, 23.17, 22.69, 19.44, 14.08. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H29N2O4 349.2122 (M+H+), found 349.2124.
To commercially available amine (1.0 equiv) in DCM (0.1 M), added DIPEA (1.1 equiv) followed by the slow addition of butanoyl chloride (1.0 equiv). Resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature until amine was fully consumed, as indicated by TLC. The crude mixture was diluted with DCM, washed first with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and saturated aqueous NaHCO3, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and volatiles removed by rotary evaporation. Crude products were purified by PTLC.
General Procedure 4. Purified by PTLC (DCM/MeOH, 20:1) to afford 27 as a white solid (15 mg, 58%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.41 (s, 1H), 8.26-8.09 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.29 (m, J=7.1, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (td, J=8.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (apparent td, J=7.3, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.57 (m, 5H), 0.99 (dd, J=12.4, 6.1 Hz, 6H), 0.90 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.40, 171.36, 135.78, 134.13, 131.00, 128.96, 128.00, 127.85, 126.69, 125.26, 120.40, 117.15, 53.08, 40.96, 38.78, 25.33, 23.34, 22.67, 19.53, 14.04. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H26N2O2 327.2067 (M+H+), found 327.2069.
General Procedure 4. Purified by PTLC (DCM/MeOH, 9:1) to afford 28 as a colorless solid (22.7 mg, 68%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.36 (s, 1H), 8.12 (dd, J=8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.27 (apparent td, J=7.4, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 1.78-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.55 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.23, 170.49, 155.47, 135.40, 133.97, 126.67, 123.75, 122.56, 121.34, 108.54, 98.25, 55.04, 49.29, 38.06, 18.74, 17.78, 13.23. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C18H23N2O3 315.1703 (M+H+), found 315.1703.
General Procedure 4. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc, 10:1→3:1) to afford 49 as a white solid (110 mg, 77%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 3H), 4.81 (ddd, J=13.5, 4.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (ddt, J=13.8, 4.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (td, J=13.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (tt, J=12.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.68-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.52 (m, 4H), 0.99 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C13H14NO3 232.0968 [M+H+], found 232.0967.
General Procedure 4. Purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc, 10:1→3:1) to afford 50 as a light yellow solid (116 mg, 81%). NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (brs, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (h, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C15H22NO 232.1696 [M+H+], found 232.1696.
To a mixture of 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (30 mg, 0.156 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (1.5 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL) was added phenylacetylchloride (23 mg, 0.172 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 2/1) providing the title compound 22 as a colorless oil (46 mg, 96%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.02 (td, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.81 (m, 3H), 3.85-3.83 (m, 5H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.64-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 40.66, 41.58, 46.00, 50.02, 50.37, 54.99, 110.86, 117.95, 120.58, 123.08, 126.39, 128.16, 128.33, 134.67, 140.20, 151.78, 169.08. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H23N2O2 311.1754 [M+H+], found 311.1753.
To a mixture of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (50 mg, 0.26 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 0.100 mL, 0.58 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.0 mL) was added benzylsulfonyl chloride (55 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was poured into a separatory funnel with brine (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc, 5/1) providing the title compound 23 as a slightly beige powder (50 mg, 56%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.19 (ddd, J=8.3, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (td, J=7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.83-3.75 (m, 5H), 2.96 (tt, J=12.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (td, J=12.4, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 1.80-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.64 (qd, J=12.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.48, 152.18, 140.60, 135.07, 128.73, 128.56, 126.79, 123.48, 120.98, 118.35, 111.26, 55.39, 50.77, 50.42, 46.40, 41.98, 41.06. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H24NO3S 346.1471 (M+H+), found 346.1472.
4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (50 mg, 0.26 mmol), acetylglycine (46 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 0.137 mL, 0.58 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (1.0 mL) were added EDC (75 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and HOAt (53 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for ˜12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9/1) providing the title compound 51 as a colorless oil (40 mg, 53%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.21 (ddd, J=8.2, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (td, J=7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (brs, 1H), 4.77-4.71 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.09 (m, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J=17.3, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.81 (m, 4H), 3.24-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.75 (td, J=12.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 23.07, 31.26, 32.12, 35.43, 41.40, 43.13, 45.30, 55.28, 110.42, 120.70, 126.38, 127.40, 132.74, 156.66, 166.03, 170.09. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C16H23N2O3 291.1703 (M+H+), found 291.1704.
To a mixture of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (350 mg, 1.83 mmol) and triethylamine (0.643 mL, 4.57 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (3.5 mL) was slowly added chloroacetyl chloride (0.175 mL, 2.20 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) under N2 at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and diluted with EtOAc (10 mL). The mixture was washed with 1N aqueous HCl (1×10 mL) and brine. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude compound as a dark brown oil which was used to next reaction without further purification.
To a mixture of the oil (100 mg, 0.37 mmol) and triethylamine (0.156 mL, 1.12 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) in CH3CN (1 mL) was added piperidine (0.110 mL, 1.12 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then quenched with H2O (1 mL). The product was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by SiO2 flash chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc, 3/1, 3% Et3N) providing the title compound 52 as a pale yellow oil (84 mg, 71% in 2 steps). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.20 (ddd, J=8.2, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (td, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.25 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 3.22-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.12-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.65 (td, J=12.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 4H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.66 (qd, J=12.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.53 (m, 5H), 1.45-1.41 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.01, 24.04, 26.03, 31.72, 32.59, 35.61, 42.84, 46.71, 54.32, 54.42, 55.26, 62.61, 109.95, 110.38, 120.66, 126.47, 126.49, 127.15, 133.53, 156.74, 168.41. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H29N2O2 317.2223 (M+H+), found 317.2226.
4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (30 mg, 0.16 mmol), morpholin-4-ylacetic acid (27 mg, 0.19 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and DIPEA (0.084 mL, 0.48 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (1.0 mL) were added EDC (45 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and HOAt (32 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. H2O (1 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and product was extracted with EtOAc (2×1 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (EtOAc/MeOH, 5/1) providing the title compound 53 as a colorless oil (35 mg, 70%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.21 (td, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.84 (m, 2H), 4.74 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.74 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 4H), 3.28 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.07 (m, 3H), 2.72-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.47 (m, 4H), 1.88 (t, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 1.69-1.59 (m, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C18H27N2O3 319.2016 (M+H+), found 319.2017.
4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (50 mg, 0.26 mmol), (2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-acetic acid (48 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and triethylamine (0.054 mL, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (1.0 mL) were added EDC (76 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and HOAt (53 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for ˜12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (EtOAc/MeOH, 6/1) providing the title compound 54 as a colorless oil (39 mg, 46%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.39-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.20 (ddd, J=8.2, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (td, J=7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (ddd, J=9.2, 1.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (td, J=6.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80-4.69 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.75 (td, J=13.0, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 1.97-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.58 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 30.90, 31.84, 34.98, 42.98, 45.82, 48.40, 54.87, 105.52, 109.56, 109.96, 120.22, 120.29, 126.06, 126.91, 132.51, 138.06, 139.59, 156.27, 161.96, 164.46. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H23N2O3 327.1703 (M+H+), found 327.1705.
To a mixture of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (0.073 mL, 0.24 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL) was added phenylacetyl chloride (26 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) under N2 at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 2/1) providing the title compound 55 as a white solid (15 mg, 31%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.03 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.94-6.82 (m, 2H), 4.81 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.17-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.67 (td, J=12.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (td, J=12.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (qd, J=12.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H24NO2 310.1801 (M+H+), found 310.1801.
To a solution of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (50 mg, 0.26 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (1.0 mL) was added sodium hydride (in 60% oil, 12.5 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) under N2 at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. Phenylisocyanate (37 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (0.5 mL) was added to the mixture. The reaction was then allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and the product was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 1/1) providing the title compound 56 as an off-white powder (71 mg, 89%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.03 (tt, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (td, J=7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=8.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (brs, 1H), 4.24-4.18 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.17 (tt, J=12.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (td, J=13.0, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.66 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 31.26, 34.92, 44.81, 54.85, 76.31, 76.81, 76.91, 76.99, 109.94, 119.33, 119.36, 120.24, 120.25, 122.45, 122.49, 126.06, 126.79, 128.40, 128.43, 154.45, 156.27. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H23N2O2 311.1754 (M+H+), found 311.1753.
To a mixture of 4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidine hydrochloride (40 mg, 0.15 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (1.5 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL) was added phenylacetylchloride (26 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) under N2 at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 2/1) providing the title compound 57 as a colorless oil (40 mg, 77%). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (dd, J=7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.22 (m, 7H), 4.88-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.65 (td, J=13.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 1.69 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (qd, J=12.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (qd, J=12.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 32.46, 33.25, 37.85, 40.91, 42.24, 46.50, 125.05, 125.42, 125.46, 125.91, 126.40, 127.37, 127.55, 128.21, 128.34, 131.65, 134.85, 143.64, 168.99. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H21F3NO 348.1570 (M+H+), found 348.1572.
To a mixture of 4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidine hydrochloride (40 mg, 0.15 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (1.5 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL) was added phenylacetylchloride (26 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) under N2 at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 2/1) providing the title compound 58 as a colorless oil (40 mg, 44%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 3H), 6.78-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.67-6.65 (m, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.10-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 1.65-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H24NO2 310.1801 (M+H+), found 310.1801.
To a mixture of 1-phenylacetyl-piperazin hydrochloride (30 mg, 0.13 mmol), phenylboronic acid (2.0 equiv.) and triethylamine (0.092 mL, 0.66 mmol, 5.0 equiv.) in C1CH2CH2C1 (1.0 mL) was added Cu(OAc)2 (48 mg, 0.17 mmol, 2.0 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h before removing the solvent under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by PTLC (Hexanes/EtOAc, 1/1) providing the title compound.
(10 mg, colorless oil, 27%): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 4H), 6.92-6.85 (m, 3H), 3.84-3.77 (m, 4H), 3.63-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.99-2.95 (m, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C18H21N2O 281.1648 (M+H+), found 281.1649.
(7.2 mg, colorless oil, 18%): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.88-6.79 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.74 (m, 7H), 3.62-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.83 (m, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C19H23N2O2 311.1754 (M+H+), found 311.1755.
(1.6 mg, white solid, 3.0%): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.63 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H19F6N2O 417.1396 (M+H+), found 417.1397.
(3.3 mg, colorless oil, 6.8%): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.34-7.20 (m, 6H), 7.13-6.85 (m, 8H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 2H) 3.02 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C24H25N2O2 373.191 (M+H+), found 373.1909.
Tables 1-3 illustrate proteins and binding sites described herein.
Table 4 illustrates exemplary list of proteins identified by a method described herein.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/447,882, filed on Jan. 18, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention disclosed herein was made, at least in part, with U.S. government support under Grant No. CA132630 by the National Institutes of Health. Accordingly, the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2018/014104 | 1/17/2018 | WO | 00 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62447882 | Jan 2017 | US |