Patent Grant
10588972
Photodynamic therapy is a treatment method that uses a photosensitizing agent and irradiating light to destroy cells of interest in the body. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a specific wavelength of light, it produces a cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that can induce apoptosis, necrosis and/or autophagy of nearby cells.
Current photodynamic therapy methods rely on using antibodies or fragments thereof to localize the photosensitizing agent to the target cells. There is, however, a need for improved photosensitizing probes based on small molecule conjugates to induce apoptosis in target cells, e.g., diseased cells, in a subject using photodynamic therapy. The present invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for inducing cytotoxicity, e.g., apoptosis in a subject having a disease or condition. The method includes (a) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective agent comprising a phthalocyanine dye such as IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe that specifically binds to a cell in the subject; and (b) irradiating the cell with an appropriate excitation light in an amount to effectively induce cell death. The phthalocyanine dye IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe is a compound of Formula Ia.
In some aspects, the disease or condition is selected from the group of a vascular disease, cancer, infection due to a bacterial biofilm, an antibiotic-resistant wound infection, actinic keratosis, rosacea, acne, and psoriasis. The vascular disease can be wet age-related macular degeneration. In some instances, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, endobronchial cancer, high-grade dyslasia in Barrett's esophagus, lung cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, skin cancer, and combinations thereof.
In some aspects, the subject has a solid tumor or has had a solid tumor. The cell in the subject can be in the solid tumor, in the subject's blood, or at the site of metastasis.
In some instances, the appropriate excitation light has a wavelength of 660 to 740 nm, e.g., 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, 700 nm, 710 nm, 720 nm, 730 nm, or 740 nm.
In some aspects, the probe is selected from the group of a ligand, peptide, small protein, small molecule, and combinations thereof. In some instances, the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 50 kDa. In other instances, the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 10 kDa. The ligand can be EGF. The peptide can be selected from the group of YC-27, cRGDfK, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, AH111585, FPPRGD2, PK11195, SPARC, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, neuropeptide Y, octreotide, DOTA-TOC, DOTA-TATE, exendin-4, RGD, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the peptide is selected from the group of soricidin, SOR-13 and SOR-C27. In other aspects, the small molecule is selected from the group of a VEGFR inhibitor, a TNFR1 inhibitor, a growth factor receptor inhibitor and combinations thereof. In some instances, the small molecule VEGFR inhibitor is selected from the group of pazopanib, semaxanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, aflibercept, brivanib, tivozanib, ramucirumab, motesanib, vatalanib, cediranib, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the probe can be a member selected from the group of DTPA-octreotide, [Gluc-Lys]-TOCA, galacto-RGD, AH111585, RGD-K5, FPPRGD2, RP-527, BZH3, [DTPA-Lys40]-Exendin-4, and Tc-NT-X1. In some instances, the probe is a peptide ligand, an Affibody® or a derivative thereof.
In some aspects, the probe is conjugated to a radionuclide or has a radionuclide incorporated therein. The probe can also be conjugated to a fluorophore.
In some aspects, the administering of step (a) includes injecting the therapeutically effective agent, the phthalocyanine dye IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe into the subject's blood. In some aspects, the irradiating of step (b) comprises using a device comprising a near infrared (NIR) light emitting diode. The method described herein can also include administering an anticancer drug to the subject. The phthalocyanine dye IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe is a compound of Formula Ia.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating a solid tumor in a subject having cancer. The method includes (a) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective agent comprising a phthalocyanine dye conjugated to a probe that specifically binds to a cell of the solid tumor; and (b) irradiating the cell with an appropriate excitation light in an amount to effectively reduce the size of the solid tumor.
In some aspects, the solid tumor is selected from the group of breast tumor, colorectal tumor, lung tumor, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, gastric tumor, pancreatic tumor, liver tumor, bladder tumor, brain tumor, neuroendocrine tumor, and combinations thereof.
In some aspects, the phthalocyanine dye is IRDye® 700DX. In some instances, the appropriate excitation light has a wavelength of 660 to 740 nm, e.g., 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, 700 nm, 710 nm, 720 nm, 730 nm, or 740 nm.
In some aspects, wherein the probe is selected from the group of a ligand, peptide, small protein, small molecule, and combinations thereof. In some instances, the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 50 kDa. In other instances, the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 10 kDa. The ligand can be EGF. The peptide can be selected from the group of YC-27, cRGDfK, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, AH111585, FPPRGD2, PK11195, SPARC, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, neuropeptide Y, octreotide, DOTA-TOC, DOTA-TATE, exendin-4, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the peptide is selected from the group of soricidin, SOR-13 and SOR-C27. In other aspects, the small molecule is selected from the group of a VEGFR inhibitor, a TNFR1 inhibitor, a growth factor receptor inhibitor and combinations thereof. In some instances, the small molecule VEGFR inhibitor is selected from the group of pazopanib, semaxanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, aflibercept, brivanib, tivozanib, ramucirumab, motesanib, vatalanib, cediranib, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the probe can be a member selected from the group of DTPA-octreotide, [Gluc-Lys]-TOCA, galacto-RGD, AH111585, RGD-K5, FPPRGD2, RP-527, BZH3, [DTPA-Lys40]-Exendin-4, and Tc-NT-X1. In some instances, the probe is a peptide ligand, an Affibody® or a derivative thereof.
In some other aspects, the probe is conjugated to a radionuclide. The probe can be conjugated to a fluorophore.
In some aspects, the irradiating of step (b) comprises using a device comprising a near infrared (NIR) light emitting diode. The method described herein can also include administering an anticancer drug to the subject.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a therapeutically effective composition comprising a phthalocyanine dye such as IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe that specifically binds to a cancer cell in a subject, wherein the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 50 kDa. In some aspects, the probe has a molecular weight of less than about 10 kDa.
The phthalocyanine dye IRDye® 700DX conjugated to a probe is a compound of Formula Ia. In some instances, the appropriate excitation light has a wavelength of 660 to 740 nm, e.g., 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, 700 nm, 710 nm, 720 nm, 730 nm, or 740 nm.
In some aspects, wherein the probe is selected from the group of a ligand, peptide, small protein, small molecule, and combinations thereof. The ligand can be EGF. The peptide can be selected from the group of YC-27, cRGDfK, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, AH111585, FPPRGD2, PK11195, SPARC, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, neuropeptide Y, octreotide, DOTA-TOC, DOTA-TATE, exendin-4, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the peptide is selected from the group of soricidin, SOR-13 and SOR-C27. In other aspects, the small molecule is selected from the group of a VEGFR inhibitor, a TNFR1 inhibitor, a growth factor receptor inhibitor and combinations thereof. In some instances, the small molecule VEGFR inhibitor is selected from the group of pazopanib, semaxanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, aflibercept, brivanib, tivozanib, ramucirumab, motesanib, vatalanib, cediranib, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the probe can be a member selected from the group of DTPA-octreotide, [Gluc-Lys]-TOCA, galacto-RGD, AH111585, RGD-K5, FPPRGD2, RP-527, BZH3, [DTPA-Lys40]-Exendin-4, and Tc-NT-X1. In some instances, the probe is a peptide ligand, an Affibody® or a derivative thereof.
In some aspects, the probe is conjugated to a radionuclide or has a radionuclide incorporated therein. The probe can be conjugated to a fluorophore.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one of skill in the art from the following detailed description and figures.
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for inducing targeted cell death in a subject with a disease or condition, such as vascular disease, cancer, skin conditions, skin infections, and other infections due to bacterial biofilms. More particularly, the invention involves the use of an IRDye® conjugated to probes (e.g., biomolecule) and irradiation to promote apoptosis and/or necrosis of specific target cells.
As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise.
The terms “a,” “an,” or “the” as used herein not only include aspects with one member, but also include aspects with more than one member. For instance, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” includes a plurality of such cells and reference to “the agent” includes reference to one or more agents known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
The terms “about” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Typical, exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of a given value or range of values. Alternatively, and particularly in biological systems, the terms “about” and “approximately” may mean values that are within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold and more preferably within 2-fold of a given value. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate unless stated otherwise, meaning that the term “about” or “approximately” can be inferred when not expressly stated.
The term “photodynamic therapy” or “PDT” includes a non-surgical treatment of cells, tissues or organs with both a non-toxic drug and photosensitizing irradiation to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in situ, which can inactivate cells. For example, the molecular targeted therapy can utilize a target-specific photosensitizer agent, based on a near infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye, IRDye® 700DX, conjugated to a probe (e.g., biomolecule) that specifically bind to a target cell via a specific cell surface protein. For most application of PDT, the cytotoxic agent is produced by one of the two different processes called Type I or Type II PDT pathways. Type I generates radicals and Type II generates singlet oxygen. Both radicals and singlet oxygen cause oxidative destruction of tissues.
The term “cytotoxicity” includes the death of a cell or the process thereof due to exposing the cell to a toxin.
The term “cytotoxic agent” includes a substance that inhibits or prevents a cellular function and/or causes cell death or destruction. Non-limiting cytotoxic agents include radioactive isotopes; chemotherapeutic agents or drugs (e.g., methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents); growth inhibitory agents; enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes; antibiotics; toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof.
The term “cancer” includes the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Non-limiting examples of cancer include carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g., epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head and neck cancer
The term “solid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of cells that are either benign or malignant and usually do not contain cysts. Non-limiting examples of a solid tumor include glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.
The term “phthalocyanine dye” includes a silicon phthalocyanine dye that are useful for conjugating to a probe, such as a protein. Non-limiting examples of a phthalocyanine dye, such as IRDye® 700DX are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,518, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The term “IRDye® 700DX” or “IR700” is a phthalocyanine dye, which when conjugated to a probe becomes a therapeutic effective agent. The IRDye® 700DX dye may have an NHS ester linkage to allow for conjugation to a probe. In some instances, the probe has a primary amine (e.g., an amino group) wherein the NHS ester of 700DX and the amino group of the probe react to form an amide bond, linking the probe to 700DX to form the therapeutic effective agent. The NHS ester IRDye® 700DX has the following structure:
The dye is commercially available from LI-COR (Lincoln, Nebr.). Amino-reactive IRDye® 700DX is a relatively hydrophilic dye and can be covalently conjugated with a probe using the NHS ester of IRDye® 700DX. Other variations of IRDye 700DX are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,518 (incorporated herein by reference), and those too are useful in the present invention. The carboxylate derivative has the following name and structure, silicate(5-), bis[N— [3-[(hydroxy-.kappa.O)dimethylsilyl]propyl]-3-sulfo-N,N-bis(3-sulfopropyl)-1-propanaminiumato(4-)][6-[[[3-[(29H,31H-phthalocyanin-yl-.kappa.N29, .kappa.N30, .kappa.N31, .kappa.N32)oxy]propoxy]carbonyl]amino]hexanoato(3-)]-, sodium (1:5) CAS Registry Number: [1623074-46-3]:
The term “cyanine dye” refers to a compound having two substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings joined by an unsaturated bridge, such as a polymethine chain. Non-limiting examples of a cyanine dye, such as IRDye® 800CW are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,995,274; 7,504,089; 7,597,878; 8,227,621; 8,303,936; the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
The term “infrared fluorescent dye,” “IR fluorescent dye” or “IR dye” refers to a dye having an absorption and emission wavelengths in the near-infrared spectrum of about 600-1000 nm. An infrared fluorescent dye can be detected using a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system.
The term “probe” or “biomolecule” includes a natural or synthetic molecule for use in biological systems. Preferred biomolecules include a protein, a peptide, a small molecule, a ligand, an enzyme substrate, a hormone, an antibody, an antigen, a hapten, an avidin, a streptavidin, a carbohydrate, an oligosaccharide, a polysaccharide, a nucleic acid, a deoxy nucleic acid, a fragment of DNA, a fragment of RNA, nucleotide triphosphates, acyclo terminator triphosphates, and PNA.
The term “conjugated,” “coupled” or “labeled” refers to linking of at least one chemical moiety to a protein by means of a suitable crosslinker capable of covalently binding the moiety to the protein.
The term “linking group” includes a moiety on the compound that is capable of chemically reacting with a functional group on a different material (e.g., probe) to form a linkage, such as a covalent linkage. See, e.g., R. Haughland, The Handbook—A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, 9th Edition, Molecular Probes, Inc. (1992). Typically, the linking group is an electrophile or nucleophile that can form a covalent linkage through exposure to the corresponding functional group that is a nucleophile or electrophile, respectively. Alternatively, the linking group is a photoactivatable group, and becomes chemically reactive only after illumination with light of an appropriate wavelength. Typically, the conjugation reaction between the dye bearing the linking group and the material to be conjugated with the dye “the probe” results in one or more atoms of the linking group being incorporated into a new linkage attaching the dye to the probe to form the therapeutic agent.
The term “linker” includes the atoms joining the dye to a probe.
The terms “treat” and “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the growth, development or spread of cancer. For example, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have or suspected to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a composition that alone, or together with an additional therapeutic agent(s) (such as a chemotherapeutic agent) is sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject, or in a cell, being treated with the composition. The effective amount of the therapeutic agent or composition (such as an IRDye® 700DX-probe) can be dependent on several factors, including, but not limited to the subject or cells being treated, the particular therapeutic agent, and the manner of administration of the therapeutic composition. For example, a therapeutically effective amount or concentration is sufficient to prevent advancement (such as metastasis), delay progression, or to cause regression of a disease, or which is capable of reducing symptoms caused by the disease, such as cancer. For instance, a therapeutically effective amount or concentration is sufficient to increase the survival time of a patient with a circulating tumor cell.
The term “subject,” “patient,” or “individual” typically refers to humans, but also to other animals including, e.g., other primates, rodents, canines, felines, equines, ovines, porcines, and the like.
A. Phthalocyanine Dye Conjugated to a Probe
Disclosed herein are targeted photosensitizing agents such as IRDye® 700DX-probes. Any targeting moiety such as an antigen, ligand, protein, peptide, carbohydrate, nucleic acids, or small molecule that specifically binds to the predetermined target cell can be used. The probe can be less than the molecular weight of an antibody. In some aspects, the probe is less than about 50 kDa, e.g., about 49 kDa, 45 kDa, 4-kDa, 35 kDa, 30 kDa, 25 kDa, 20 kDa, 15 kDa, 10 kDa, 5 kDa, 1 kDa, or less than 1 kDa. The probe can be less than about 10 kDa, e.g., 9 kDa, 8 kDa, 7 kDa, 6 kDa, 5 kDa, 4 kDa, 3 kDa, 2 kDa, 1 kDa, or less than 1 kDa.
B. Probes
The biomolecules useful for the present invention include small molecular weight proteins, ligands, peptides, cyclic peptides, small molecules, and analogs thereof that bind to the cell surface to the target cell. In some aspects, the biomolecule is EGF, YC-27, cRGDfK, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, AH111585, FPPRGD2, PK11195, SPARC, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, neuropeptide Y, octreotide, DOTA-TOC, DOTA-TATE, exendin-4, soricidin, SOR-13, SOR-C27, a small molecule VEGFR inhibitor, e.g., pazopanib, semaxanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, aflibercept, brivanib, tivozanib, ramucirumab, motesanib, vatalanib, cediranib, and combinations thereof, a small molecule TNF1R inhibitor, a growth factor receptor inhibitor, DTPA-octreotide, [Gluc-Lys]-TOCA, galacto-RGD, AH111585, RGD-K5, FPPRGD2, RP-527, BZH3, [DTPA-Lys40]-Exendin-4, Tc-NT-X1, analogs thereof or derivatives thereof.
1. Ligands
Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a 53-amino acid peptide that has a role in the growth, proliferation and differentiation of epidermal and epithelial tissues. It binds to its cognate receptor, the EGF receptor. The human EGF peptide is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P01133 or GenBank Accession Nos. NP_001171601, NP_001171602 and NP_001954. The human EGF mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession Nos. NM_001178130, NM_001178131 and NM_001963. One skilled in the art will recognize that EGF is also known as pro-epidermal growth factor and urogastrone, and is cleaved to form the epidermal growth factor peptide. In some aspects, the EGF peptide ligand used in the present invention has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (NSDSECPLSHDGYCLHDGVCMYIEALDKYACNCVVGYIGERCQYRDLKWWELR).
2. Peptides
Probes useful for the present invention include cyclic peptides. Peptides can be cyclized by a variety of methods such as formation of disulfides, sulfides and, especially, lactam bonds between carboxyl and amino functions of the N- and C-termini or amino acid side chains.
Cyclization can be obtained by any method known in the art, for example, through amide bond formation, by incorporating Glu, Asp, Lys, Orn, diamino butyric (Dab) acid, diaminopropionic (Dap) acid at various positions in the chain (—CO—NH or —NH—CO bonds). Backbone to backbone cyclization can also be obtained through incorporation of modified amino acids of the formulas H—N(CH2)n—COOH)—C(R)H—COOH or H—N((CH2)n—NH2)—C(R)H—COOH, wherein n=1-4, and further wherein R is any natural or non-natural side chain of an amino acid. Cyclization can also be obtained via formation of S—S bonds through incorporation of two Cys residues. Additional side-chain to side chain cyclization can be obtained via formation of an interaction bond of the formula —(CH2)n—S—CH2—CO—, wherein n=1 or 2, which is possible, for example, through incorporation of Cys or homoCys and reaction of its free SH group with, e.g., bromoacetylated Lys, Orn, Dab or Dap.
The terms “RGD-containing peptide” or “RGD peptide” are used herein interchangeably and mean a peptide containing the RGD sequence, also referred to as RGD motif. The term “RGD peptidomimetic” refers to compounds, particularly, non-peptidic compounds, that mimic peptides having the RGD motif.
The RGD-containing peptide may be a linear or cyclic peptide composed of 4-100, preferably 5-50, 5-30, 5-20 or, more preferably, 5-10 amino acid residues. In some aspects, the RGD peptide is composed of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 or 25, most preferably 5 amino acid residues. The term “amino acid” includes the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as well as non-natural amino acids. Non-limiting examples of a non-natural amino acid include 4-aminobutyric acid (Abu), 2-aminoadipic acid, diaminopropionic (Dap) acid, hydroxylysine, homoserine, homovaline, homoleucine, norleucine (Nle), norvaline (Nva), ornithine (Orn), TIC, naphthylalanine (NaI), ring-methylated derivatives of Phe, halogenated derivatives of Phe or O-methyl-Tyr. Alternatively, an amino acid includes modified amino acids such as modifications that occur post-translationally in vivo, for example, hydroxyproline, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine; D-modification; N-alkylation, preferably N-methylation, of the peptide bond; acylation or alkylation of the amino terminal group or of the free amino group of Lys; esterification or amidation of the carboxy terminal group or of a free carboxy group of Asp or Glu; and esterification or etherification of the hydroxyl group of Ser or Tyr. Also, amino acid refers to both D-amino acids and L-amino acids.
VEGF receptor inhibitors include but are not limited to, VG3F (see, e.g., Goncalves et al., J Pept Sci, 14(6):767-72, 2008), VEGF-P3(NC) and VEGF-P3(CYC) (see, e.g., Vicari et al., J Biol Chem, 286:13612-13625, 2011).
Examples of inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) include, but are not limited to, antibodies or fragments thereof, such as ATROSAB (see, e.g., Richter et al., PloS One, 8(8): e72156, 2013 and Zettlitz et al., MAbs, 2(6):639-647, 2010), IZI-06.1 (see, e.g., Kontermann et al., J Immunother, 31(3):225-34, 2008), anti-TNFR1 antagonists, or polypeptides disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012/0107330 and 2012/0213787; small peptides, such as WP9QY (YCWSQYLCY) (SEQ ID NO: 2); see, e.g., Lohman and Isakson, The Faseb Journal, 28(1), Suppl. 669.8).
A TNFR1-selective antagonist can be a TNF-α mutant such as RlantTNF or PEG-RlantTNF (see, e.g., Shibata et al., Cytokine, 44(2):229-233, 2008 and Kitagaki et al., J Altheroscler Thromb, 19(1):36-46, 2012, respectfully).
YC-27 is a prostate specific membrane antigen-specific (PSMA-specific) small molecule. PSMA is also known as folate hydrolase I or glutamate carboxypeptidease II. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0009121, Chen et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 390(3):624-629, 2009 and Kovar et al., Prostate Cancer, 2014, article ID 104248, 10 pages.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a brain/gut hormone that is located in neuronal cell bodies of the CNS, digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts, exocrine glands, thyroid glands and adrenal glands. The human VIP peptide is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P01282 or GenBank Accession Nos. NP_003372 and NP_919416. The human VIP mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession Nos. NM_003381 and NM_194435. One skilled in the art will recognize that VIP is also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and that the peptide can be cleaved into three chains, e.g., intestinal peptide PHV-42 (peptide histidine valine 42), intestinal peptide PHM-27 (peptide histidine methioninamide 27) and a vasoactive intestinal peptide of 27 amino acids in length. In some aspects, the vasoactive intestinal peptide used in the present invention has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN). VIP analogs includes [Lys15, Arg16, Leu27]-VIP/GRF, RO 25-1553, and 18F-labeled-Arg15-Arg21-VIP.
Gastrin-releasing peptide or GRP is a neuropeptide that is generated, along with the 10-amino acid neuromedin C, following cleavage of a signal peptide from its 148-amino acid preproprotein. Gastrin-releasing peptide regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including stimulating gastrin release. The human GRP peptide is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P07492 or GenBank Accession No. NP_001012530. The human GRP mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_001012512.
Neurotensin or NTS is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is generated following cleavage of the neurotensin/neuromedin N precursor. Neurotensin controls numerous functions of the central nervous system including smooth muscle contraction. The human neurotensin peptide is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P30990 or GenBank Accession No. NP_006174. The human neurotensin mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_006183.
AH111585 or fluciclatide is small cyclic peptide containing the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) tri-peptide. It specifically binds to αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrins.
Cilengitide is small cyclic RGD peptide (e.g., cyclo(RGDfV) inhibitor of αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrins. The chemical structure of cilengitide is cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Val) or cyclo(L-arginylglycyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-phenylalanyl-N-methyl-L-valyl).
Cyclo (RGDfK) or c(RGDfK) is a cyclic pentapeptide having the amino acid structure cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys) or the chemical structure 2-[(2S,5R,8S,11S)-8-(4-aminobutyl)-5-benzyl-11-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxo-1,4,7,10,13-pentazacyclopentadec-2-yl]acetic acid.
FPPRGD2 is a PEGylated dimeric RGD (arginine-glycine-asparate) peptide that repeating cyclic pentapeptide (Phe-Pro-Pro-Arg-Gly-Asp) units connected by glutamates. The peptide specifically binds to αVβ3 integrin.
Bombesin is 14-amino acid peptide with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 (Pyr-Gln-Arg-Leu-Gly-Asn-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2). Analogs of bombesin peptide include [Gly-Gly-Gly]-bombesin and d-Tyr6, betaAla11, Phe13, Nle14]-bombesin.
The small molecule PK-11195 is an isoquinoline carboxamide that selectively binds to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. PK-11195 can act as a GABA-A antagonist. One skilled in the art will recognize that PK-11195 is also known as 1-(2-chlororphenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-1-isoquinoline carboxamide.
Substance P is an undecapeptide belong to the tachykinins neuropeptide family. The human protachykinin-1 proprotein is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P20366 or GenBank Accession Nos. NP_003173, NP_054702, NP_054703 and NP_054704. The human protachykinin-1 mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession Nos. NM_003182, NM_013996, NM_013997, and NM_013998. One skilled in the art recognizes that protachykinin-1 is cleaved to form 5 peptides including substance P, neurokinin A, neuromedin L, substance K and neuropeptide K. The amino acid sequence of substance P is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 (RPKPQQFFGLM).
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) which is also known as osteonectin and BM-40 is a nonstructural matrixcelluar 32-kDa glycoprotein. The protein can be used to identify infiltrating breast carcinoma, cancer cells expressing hypoxia and acidity markers, such as HIF2α and embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene 1, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, bone metastasis of prostate cancer, cancer tissue hypoxia and acidity, bladder cancer, and lung carcinomas. The human SPARC preprotein is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P09486 or GenBank Accession No. NP_003109. The human SPARC mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_003118. The SPARC protein can be cleaved to form the SPARC peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 (CFGIKQKDIDKDLVI).
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that can regulate the endocrine system. The peptide can be a cyclic tetradecapeptide. The somatostatin peptide is generated by alternative cleavage of the preproprotein into a 14-amino acid peptide and a 28-amino acid peptide. The human somatostatin preprotein is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P61278 or GenBank Accession No. NP_001039. The human somatostatin mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_001048. One skilled in the art will recognize that somatostatin is also known as growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, GHIH, somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF, somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone, SRIH, somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14. Somatostatin analogs include, but are not limited to, octreotide, lanreotide, vapreotide, octapeptide BIM 23014 (SR lanreotide), slow-release form of octreotide (Sandostatin LAR), SOM230 (Novartis, Basel), BIM 23244 (Biomeasure, Milford, Mass.). Radiolabeled somatostatin peptides, such as 125I- or 123I-[Tyr3]octreotide, 110In-DTPA-[d=Phe1]octreotide (octreoscan), 111In-DOTA-lanreotide, 99mTc-P829, 90Y-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide (90Y-DOTATOC), and DOTA-[1-NaI3]-octreotide (DOTANOC) are also useful in the present invention.
Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone that regulates the digestion of fat and protein by the gastrointestinal system. Cholecystokinin peptides are generated from alternative cleavage of the cholecystokinin proprotein, preprocholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin peptides include cholecystokinin-58, holecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide, cholecystokinin-39, cholecystokinin-33, cholecystokinin-25, cholecystokinin-18, cholecystokinin-12, cholecystokinin-8, cholecystokinin-7, cholecystokinin-5 The human cholecystokinin preprotein is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P06307 or GenBank Accession No. NP_000720. The human cholecystokinin mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_000729. In some aspects, the cholecystokinin peptide is 111In-DTPA-[A-Asp26,Nle28,31]CCK.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 or GLP-1 is a peptide hormone that is synthesized in intestinal epithelial endocrine cells. GLP-1 is generated by alternative cleavage of proglucagon, and is found in two forms as GLP-1 (spanning amino acids 7-36) amide and GLP-1 (spanning amino acids 7-37).
Neuropeptide Y or NPY is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain and in the autonomic nervous system. The human neuropeptide Y is set forth in, e.g., Uniprot Accession No. P01303 or GenBank Accession No. NP_000896. The human neuropeptide Y mRNA (coding) sequence is set forth in, GenBank Accession No. NM_000905. NPY can include NPY analogs including Y1 and Y2 antagonists.
Octreotide or Sandostatin® is an octapeptide with a disulfide bridge. It can pharmacologically mimic somatostatin. The amino acid sequence of octreotide is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 (H-D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-OH).
Edotreotide, DOTA0-Phe1-Tyr3 or DOTA-TOC is a small molecule that can selectively bind to somatostatin receptors.
DOTA-TATE, DOTATATE or DOTA-octerotate is an amide of the acid DOTA and (Tyr3)-octreotate. DOTA-TATE can selectively bind to somatostatin receptors.
Exendin-4 is a peptide hormone that can act as an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP) receptor. Exendin-4 can promote insulin secretion. Synthetic exendin-4 includes exenatide which is a 39-amino acid peptide. The amino acid sequence of exendin-4 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH2).
Soricidin is a 54-amino acid peptide. SOR-C13 and SOR-C27 are derived from the C-terminus of soricidin. They are high affinity antagonists of the calcium ion influx channels, TRPV channels. SOR-C13 and SOR-C27 can target tumors of the colon, prostate, and thyroid, as well as leukemias and lymphomas. The amino acid sequence of SOR-C13 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9(KEFLHPSKVDLPR). The amino acid sequence of SOR-C27 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 (EGKLSSNDTEGGLCKEFLHPSKVDLPR). The amino acid sequence of soricidin is set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 (DCSQDCAACSILARPAELNTETCILECEGKLSSNDTEGGLCKEFLHPSKVDLPR).
3. Small Molecules
Non-limiting examples of small molecule VEGF receptor inhibitors include pazopanib (GW786034B; GlaxoSmithKline), GW654652 (GlaxoSmithKline), semaxanib (SU5416; Sugen), axitinib (INLYTA®, Pfizer), cabozantinib (COMTRIQ™, XL184; Exelixis), aflibercept (Sanofi-Aventis); brivanib (BMS-582664; Bristol-Myers Squibb), tivozanib (AV-651; AVEC, Pharmaceuticals), ramucirumab (CYRAMZA™; Eli Lilly and Company), motesanib (Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited), vatalanib (PTK787/ZK222584; Bayer Schering and Novartis), and cediranib (RECENTIN™, AZD 2171; AstraZeneca).
In some aspects, the IRDye® 700DX labeled probe is also conjugated to a radionuclide. Useful radionuclides include, but are not limited to, gamma-emitters, such as 111In, 99mTc and 177Lu, beta-emitters, such as 90Y, 188Re, and 177Lu, and auger electrons of 111In.
In some aspects, the IRDye® 700DX labeled probe is further conjugated to a fluorophore. Suitable fluorophores include, but are not limited to, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′ disulfonic acid; acridine and derivatives: acridine, acridine isothiocyanate; 5-(2′-aminoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS); 4-amino-N-[3-vinylsulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide-3,5 disulfonate; N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide; anthranilamide; BODIPY; Brilliant Yellow; coumarin and derivatives: coumarin, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC, Coumarin 120), 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcouluarin (Coumaran 151); cyanine dyes; cyanosine; 4′,6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); 5′,5″-dibromopyrogallol-sulfonaphthalein (Bromopyrogallol Red); 7-diethylamino-3-(4′-isothiocyanatophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin; diethylenetriamine pentaacetate; 4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydro-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid; 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid; 5-[dimethylamino]naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS, dansylchloride); 4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-isothiocyanate (DABITC); eosin and derivatives: eosin, eosin isothiocyanate, erythrosin and derivatives: erythrosin B, erythrosin, isothiocyanate; ethidium; fluorescein and derivatives: 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM), 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF), 2′,7′-dimethoxy-4′5′-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE), fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), QFITC, (XRITC); fluorescamine; IR144; IR1446; Malachite Green isothiocyanate; 4-methylumbelliferoneortho cresolphthalein; nitrotyrosine; pararosaniline; Phenol Red; B-phycoerythrin; o-phthaldialdehyde; pyrene and derivatives: pyrene, pyrene butyrate, succinimidyl 1-pyrene; butyrate quantum dots; Reactive Red 4 (Cibacron™ Brilliant Red 3B-A) rhodamine and derivatives: 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), 6-carboxyrhodamine (R6G), lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride rhodamine (Rhod), rhodamine B, rhodamine 123, rhodamine X isothiocyanate, sulforhodamine B, sulforhodamine 101, sulfonyl chloride derivative of sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red); N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA); tetramethyl rhodamine; tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC); riboflavin; rosolic acid; terbium chelate derivatives; Oregon Green; Cy 3; Cy 5; Cy 5.5; Cy 7; IRDye® 700; IRDye® 800CW; La Jolla Blue; phthalocyanine; naphthalocyanine ATT0647; and IRDye® 680LT.
C. Conjugating IRDye® 700DX to a Biomolecule Probe
The probe (e.g., peptide) can be conjugated to a phthalocyanine dye such as IRDye® 700DX (LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebr.). In some aspects, probes are labeled with IRDye® 700DX according to the manufacturer's protocols and kits. Detailed descriptions of methods for producing IRDye® 700DX-conjugates are found in, e.g., Kovar et al, Biochemistry—Faculty Publications, 2007, paper 9; Mitsunaga et al., Nature Medicine, 2011, 17:1685-1691; Peng et al., Proceedings of SPIE, 2006, 6097; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,005,518 and 8,524,239; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0336995, the disclosures of each are herein incorporated in their entirety for all purposes.
Methods of linking dyes to various types of probes are well-known in the art. For a thorough review of, e.g., oligonucleotide labeling procedures, see R. Haugland in Excited States of Biopolymers, Steiner ed., Plenum Press (1983), Fluorogenic Probe Design and Synthesis: A Technical Guide, PE Applied Biosystems (1996), and G. T. Herman, Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press (1996).
IRDye® 700DX having a linker is shown below in Formula I:
In certain aspects, Q comprises a reactive group for attachment to a probe. Preferably, Q comprises a reactive group that is reactive with a carboxyl group, an amine, or a thiol group on the probe. Suitable reactive groups include, but are not limited to, an activated ester, an acyl halide, an alkyl halide, an optionally substituted amine, an anhydride, a carboxylic acid, a carbodiimide, a hydroxyl, iodoacetamide, an isocyanate, an isothiocyanate, a maleimide, an NHS ester, a phosphoramidite, a sulfonate ester, a thiol, or a thiocyanate (See Table 1 below).
L, in Formula I, is selected from a direct link, or a covalent linkage, wherein the covalent linkage is linear or branched, cyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, having 1 60 atoms selected from C, N, P, O, wherein L can have additional hydrogen atoms to fill valences (in addition to the 1-60 atoms), wherein the linkage contains any combination of ether, thioether, amine, ester, carbamate, urea, thiourea, oxy or amide bonds; or single, double, triple or aromatic carbon-carbon bonds; or phosphorus-oxygen, phosphorus-sulfur, nitrogen-nitrogen, nitrogen-oxygen, or nitrogen-platinum bonds; or aromatic or heteroaromatic bonds. In certain instances, L comprises a terminal amino, carboxylic acid, or sulfhydryl group and is represented as -L-NH2, or -L-C(O)OH or -L-SH.
The linker “L-Q” can include a phosphoramidite group, an NHS ester, an activated carboxylic acid, a thiocyanate, an isothiocyanate, a maleimide and an iodoacetamide.
In certain aspects, the linker L comprises a —(CH2)n— group, wherein r is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably n is an integer from 1 to 5, such as 1 to 4, or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and L-Q comprises a —O—(CH2)n—NH2, or O—(CH2)n—C(O)OH or O—(CH2)n—SH.
In one aspect, L-Q in Formula I, is —O—(CH2)3—OC(O)—NH—(CH2)5—C(O)O—N-succinimidyl as shown below:
In certain instances, the dye is reacted with a probe having a primary amine to make a stable amide bond. In other aspects, a maleimide and a thiol can react together and make a thioether. Alkyl halides react with amines and thiols to make alkylamines and thioethers, respectively. Any derivative providing a reactive moiety that can be conjugated to a probe can be utilized herein. As is known in the art, moieties comprising a free amino group, a free carboxylic acid group, or a free sulfhydryl group provide useful reactive groups for protein conjugation. For example, a free amino group can be conjugated to proteins via glutaraldehyde cross-linking, or via carbodiimide cross-linking to available carboxy moieties on the protein. Also, a linker with a free sulfhydryl group can be conjugated to proteins via maleimide activation of the protein, e.g., using sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC), then linkage to the sulfhydryl group.
When linking a dye having a carboxylic acid group for attachment to an amine containing probe molecule, the carboxylic acid can first be converted to a more reactive form using an activating reagent, to form for example, a N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester or a mixed anhydride. The amine-containing probe is treated with the resulting activated acid to form an amide linkage. One of skill in the art will recognize that alternatively, the NHS ester can be on the probe and the amine can be on the dye.
In other aspects, the linker is a member selected from the group of a PEG, a block copolymer of PEG-polyurethane and a PEG-polypropylene. In yet other aspects, the linker is a member selected from the group of a polysaccharide, a polypeptide, an oligosaccharide, a polymer, a co-polymer and an oligonucleotide.
The linker L can have the formula:
—X1—Y1—X2—
wherein: X1 is a member selected from the group of a bivalent radical, a direct link, oxygen, an optionally substituted nitrogen and sulfur; Y1 is a member selected from the group of a direct link and C1-C10 alkylene optionally interrupted by a heteroatom; and X2 is a member selected from the group of a bivalent radical, a direct link, oxygen, an optionally substituted nitrogen and sulfur.
Preferably, the bivalent radical of X1 and X2 are each independently selected from the group of a direct link, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkyleneoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted alkylenecarbamoyl, optionally substituted alkylenesulfonyl, optionally substituted alkylenesulfonylcarbamoyl, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted arylenesulfonyl, optionally substituted aryleneoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted arylenecarbamoyl, optionally substituted arylenesulfonylcarbamoyl, optionally substituted carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted carbamoyl, optionally substituted carbonyl, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heteroaryleneoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted heteroarylenecarbamoyl, optionally substituted heteroarylenesulfonylcarbamoyl, optionally substituted sulfonylcarbamoyl, optionally substituted thiocarbonyl, a optionally substituted sulfonyl, and optionally substituted sulfinyl.
Alternatively, the linker is —(CH2)r—, wherein r is an integer from 1 to 50.
The reactive Q group of Formula I reacts with a complementary group on the probe to form a compound of Formula Ia:
In Formula Ia, the reactive Q group of Formula I reacts with a complementary group on the probe and forms a covalent linkage Q1. The probe is then attached covalently to the linker.
In one aspect, IRDye® 700DX has an NHS ester as above and the probe has an amine, which reacts to form an amide:
IRDye® 700DX-O—(CH2)3—OC(O)—NH—(CH2)5—C(O)NH-Probe
Selected example of reactive functionalities useful for the attaching the dye to the probe are shown in Table I, wherein the bond results from the reaction of the dye (e.g., detecting agent or photosensitizing agent) with the probe. Those of skill in the art will know of other bonds suitable for use in the present invention.
In some aspects, the covalent linkage Q1 between the linker and probe (Column “C”) is selected from the group of a direct bond, an amide bond, an ester bond, an ether bond, an oxime bond, a phosphate ester bond, a sulfonamide bond, a thioether bond, a thiourea bond, and an urea bond. In an alternative embodiment, the “A” reactive functional group is on the probe and the complementary functional group “B” in on the dye.
In other aspects, IRDye® 700DX dye is linked to a probe or biomolecule by click chemistry. Click chemistry uses simple, robust reactions, such as the copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of azides and alkynes, to create intermolecular linkages. For a review of click chemistry, see, e.g., Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem. 2001, 40, 2004.
Connection (or ligation) of two fragments to make a larger molecule or structure is often achieved with the help of so-called click chemistry described by Sharpless et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 40: 2004 (2001). This term is used to describe a set of bimolecular reactions between two different reactants such as azides and acetylenes. The formation of 1,2,3-triazoles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides to a triple bond is known, but because the activation energy of acetylene-azide cycloaddition is relatively high, the reaction is slow under ambient conditions.
The utility of the reaction of azides with alkynes was expanded by the discovery of Cu (I) catalysis. 1,3-cycloaddition of azides to terminal acetylenes in the presence of catalytic amounts of cuprous salts is facile at room temperature in organic or aqueous solutions.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,619 to Bertozzi et al. teaches modified cycloalkyne compounds and method of use of such compounds in modifying biomolecules. Bertozzi et al. teach a cycloaddition reaction that can be carried out under physiological conditions. As disclosed therein, a modified cycloalkyne is reacted with an azide moiety on a target biomolecule, generating a covalently modified biomolecule.
D. Therapeutic Uses of a IRDye® 700DX-Labeled Biomolecule Probe
In yet other aspects, the present invention provides methods and compounds for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of target cells, tissues, and organs in a subject. In some instances, the target cells are cells of a solid tumor. In other instances, the target cells are located in the vasculature of the subject. PDT is a two-step treatment process that may be used in a wide variety of cancers and diseased tissue and organs. The first step in this therapy is carried out by administering a photosensitizing agent systemically by ingestion or injection, or topically applying the compound to a specific treatment site on a subject, followed by the second step of illuminating the treatment site with light having a wavelength or waveband corresponding to a characteristic absorption waveband of the photosensitizing agent. The light activates the photosensitizing agent, causing singlet oxygen radicals and other reactive species to be generated, leading to a number of biological effects that destroy the abnormal or diseased tissue, which has absorbed the photosensitizing agent. The depth and volume of the cytotoxic effect (e.g., apoptotic effect) on the abnormal tissue, such as a cancerous tumor or leaking blood vessel, depends in part on the depth of the light penetration into the tissue, the photosensitizing agent concentration and its cellular distribution, and the availability of molecular oxygen, which will depend upon the vasculature system supplying the tumor, tissue, or organ.
In certain instances, the present invention provides methods for treatment, wherein for example, a tumor is treated using the therapeutic agent and thereafter, imaged to ascertain the extent of treatment. The treatment can be repeated until the tumor is destroyed or the site of treatment is satisfactorily complete. In certain instances, the methods include, injecting the probe or composition, treating the tumor using photodynamic therapy and thereafter imaging to ascertain the extent of treatment.
The method of the present invention provides for administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a targeted photosensitizing agent, such as a therapeutic probe. The probe can be administered systemically by ingestion or injection, or locally administered to a target tissue site or to a surgical site. The agent can bind to one or more types of target cells or tissues, such as circulating tumor cells or cells of a solid tumor. When exposed to photoactivating light of an appropriate waveband, the agent absorbs the light, causing substances to be produced that impair or destroy the target cells or tissues via apoptosis. Preferably, the compound is nontoxic to the subject to which it is administered or is capable of being formulated in a nontoxic composition that can be administered to the subject. In addition, following exposure to light, the compound in any resulting photodegraded form is also preferably nontoxic.
The agent and activating light can be administered by any means known in the art for PDT, including, but not limited to, ingestion, injection, transcutaneous administration, transdermal administration, and transillumination. Preferably, the light is administered transcutaneously to a subject. For example, “transcutaneous” as used herein refers to the passage of light through unbroken tissue. Where the tissue layer is skin or dermis, transcutaneous includes “transdermal” and it will be understood that the light source is external to the outer skin layer. However, the term “transillumination” as used herein refers to the passage of light through a tissue layer, such as the outer surface layer of an organ, e.g., the liver, and it will be apparent that the light source is external to the organ, but internal or implanted within the subject or patient.
In some aspects, the forms of energy used for administering PDT include, but are not limited to, light (i.e., radiation), thermal, sonic, ultrasonic, chemical, light, microwave, ionizing (such as x-ray and gamma ray), mechanical, and electrical. The term “radiation” as used herein includes all wavelengths and wavebands. Preferably, the radiation wavelength or waveband is selected to correspond with or at least overlap the wavelengths or wavebands that excite the photosensitizing agent. Photosensitive agents typically have one or more absorption wavebands that excite them to produce the substances which damage or destroy target cells, tissues, organs, or tumors. Preferably, the radiation wavelength or waveband matches the excitation wavelength or waveband of the photosensitizing agent and has low absorption by the non-target cells and the rest of the subject, including blood proteins.
In further aspects, the target cell, tissue, organ, or tumor for treatment with PDT is selected from the group of vascular endothelial tissue, skin tissue, an abnormal vascular wall of a tumor, a solid tumor, a tumor of the head, a tumor of the neck, a tumor of a the gastrointestinal tract, a tumor of the liver, a tumor of the breast, a tumor of the prostate, a tumor of the ovary, a tumor of the uterus, a tumor of the testicle, a tumor of the lung, a nonsolid tumor, malignant cells of one of a hematopoietic tissue and a lymphoid tissue, lesions in the vascular system, a diseased bone marrow, and diseased cells in which the disease is one of an autoimmune and an inflammatory disease. In yet a further embodiment, the target tissue is a lesion in the vascular system of a type selected from the group of atherosclerotic lesions, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, and venous lesions.
The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit, the claimed invention.
This example illustrates the stability of the IRDye® 700DX carboxylate in a range of pHs and temperatures. The carboxylate has the following structure:
Evaluation of the effect of pH on the stability of the carboxylate form of the dye was performed at room temperature and at 37° C. For comparison purposes a test of the stability at 37° C. while dissolved in 1×PBS was included. Mcllaine's buffer solution with constant ionic strength was used. The test in PBS showed very little loss of signal intensity at 1 μM (
Many photosensitizers bind albumin or other serum proteins, thus allowing them to collect and localize preferentially in tumors. This example illustrates the binding of IRDye® 700DX to serum proteins as well as the binding of methylene blue to similar serum proteins.
In SDS-PAGE and under non-reducing conditions, ovalbumin has a molecular weight of about 40 kDa, 45 kDa, 63 kDa and 72 kDa. Human serum albumin (HSA) has a molecular with ranging from about 66.6 kDa to about 66.4 kDa or lower under non-reducing conditions. HSA can migrate as an approximately 58-67 kDa band in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
Human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, 5% FBS and IRDye® 700DX carboxylate were incubated in 1×PBS for 2.5 h at room temperature. Methylene blue was also used as a dye known to bind to albumin and the other serum proteins. The samples were run on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel. Ovalbumin served as the negative control. The proteins incubated with IRDye® 700DX carboxylate are on the left of the gel and methylene blue samples are on the right (
After 1 h post-incubation, measurable binding of IRDye® 700DX to the serum proteins including albumin is not detected (
This example illustrates the effect of photodynamic therapy based on IRDye® 700DX dye conjugates on cell morphology. Other methods for evaluating changes in morphology during the PDT with additional tests of key apoptotic markers including caspase 3/7, annexin-V, vitality %, mitochondrial potential, localization (intracellular/membrane, endosomal, lysosomal), singlet oxygen generation, other radicals, etc. It was critical to identify important parameters for generating reproducible effects including irradiation level, incubation time, probe type and/or required dose to initiate cytotoxicity. By measuring these key indicators the actions of IRDye® 700DX in its ability to induce cytotoxicity was defined.
Morphology is a common indicator for defining cell changes after irradiation.
The experiments clearly demonstrated that IRDye® 700DX is the active component in PDT.
This example illustrates the PDT effects of an IRDye® 700DX-antibody probe and an IRDye® 700DX-small protein ligand probe. The IRDye® 700DX-EGF probe was internalized after binding to its cognate receptor and was rapidly processed in minutes. The small molecule probe induced apoptosis, while the IRDye® 700DX-antibody probe induced necrosis.
It has been suggested that the mechanism of action with IRDye® 700DX for photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is different compared to PDT. To test this hypothesis two probes labeled with IRDye® 700DX-panitumumab (about 0.1 μM; antibody) and EGF (0.5 μM; small protein ligand) were evaluated. Both probes can bind EGFR and had approximately 2 dye molecule per conjugate molecule. It was assumed that the affinity for the receptor will be different for the antibody (generally pM), compared to the small protein (nM). Although the probe doses were different, the incubation times were the same at only 10 min. After incubation, the probes were rinsed from the cells.
IRDye® 700DX-panitumumab probe was located on the cell surface and associated with the membrane. Thus, upon irradiation, the production of singlet oxygen occurred at the cell surface. Typically, the EGF ligand is internalized after binding the EGF receptor. As such, the IRDye® 700DX-EGF probe was endocytosed by the cell and generated cytotoxic reactive oxygen species within the cell.
Experiments were performed to evaluate the clearance of IRDye® 700DX carboxylate in nude mice receiving 2 or 4 nmoles of the compound. This is the non-reactive form of the dye and the in vivo elimination kinetics can be used to determine the biodistribution of the dye and a subsequent dye-labeled conjugate. The results for both doses were very similar (only 4 nmole animal images are presented). Clearance appeared to be renal as noted in the dorsal (
Although the assumption is that the doses used in the assay described herein are too low to be a contributing factor in the cell death seen with IRDye® 700DX-labeled panitumumab, a small study was conducted to confirm that no therapeutic effect is due to the assay system. The test included the following four treatments: treatment 1 of unlabeled panitumumab and no irradiation (
A different LED source was tested and evaluated to determine if a second source of LED would yield a similar effect as the standard LED used. A straight forward evaluation was set up with four treatments (treatments A-D). The tests were performed in triplicate in order to examine reproducibility. The test included the following four treatments: treatment A of no probe and irradiation, treatment B of IRdye® 700DX-labeled EGF and no irradiation, treatment C of IRDye® 700DX-labeled EGF and irradiation, and treatment D of IRDye® 700DX-labeled panitumumab and irradiation. The probe dose was about 0.1 μM labeled panitumumab and 0.5 μM 700DX-labeled EGF. Irradiation was for 10 minutes at an irradiation dose of 32 J/cm2.
Analysis of cell treated with either IRDye® 700DX-EGF or IRDye® 700DX-panitumumab were severely affected by the irradiating energy and were dying (
This example shows an evaluation of various targeting agents and IRDye 700DX NHS ester labeling of cells. A small molecule RGD labeled probe was tested. It should be noted that A431 cells express very low levels of integrin receptors and are not the ideal cell type for this probe.
Briefly, A431 cells were labeled with respective probes for specific treatments (listed below); cells were rinsed and evaluated for labeling. The test include the following treatments: treatments 1-2 of RGD-IRDye® 700DX at 1 μM and radiation, treatments 3-4 of EGF-IRDye® 700DX at 0.5 μM and radiation, treatments 5-6 of IRDye® 700DX NHSe at 5 μM and radiation, treatments 7-8 of panitumumab-IRDye® 700DX at about 0.1 μM and radiation, treatment 9 of a negative control with no probe and no irradiation, and treatment 10 of RGD-IRDye® 700DX and no irradiation. The probes were incubated for about 10 minutes and with a longer period of about 20 minutes for the RGD probe. The cells were monitored with microscopy and morphology was examination 24 hours post treatment.
This example shows that treatment with a labeled EGF probe and irradiation can induce cell death. A431 cells were treated with IRDye® 700DX-labeled EGF at a concentration of about 0.1-1 μM for about 8 minutes and irradiated at about 32 J/cm2.
Briefly, 150,000 cells were plated and incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO2. About 1 ml of the probe was added to the appropriate treatments. The cells were rinsed after the incubation period and imaged. The cells were irradiated with a small LED apparatus. The cells were further incubated at 37° C., 5% CO2, and then imaged at 2-3 hours post irradiation. The cells were then harvested and resuspended in 250 μl PBS. The cells were counted in NC-100™ NucleoCounter® (ChemoMetec A/S; Allerod, Denmark). The cells were analyzed according to manufacturer's protocol to perform the caspase3/7 assay (ImmunoChemistry Technologies, LCC, Bloomington, Minn.). The data is provided in Table 4. NC indicates negative control, e.g., no probe.
Measurements of caspase 3/7 activity for the treatments show an effect of probe dose when using IRDye® 700DX EGF. When treatment 1 and 3 (receiving no irradiation) were tested they showed highest % healthy cells and lowest caspase activity (
Chlorotoxin (AnaSpec, AS-60770) is reconstituted at 1 mg/mL in PBS buffer pH 8.5. IRDye 700DX NHSE (LI-COR, P/N 929-70010) is reconstituted in PBS buffer pH 8.5 to 1 mg/mL. The dye is immediately added at a 2-3 molar equivalent to the chlorotoxin and allowed to incubate for 2 hours at room temperature in the dark. The IRDye 700DX-chlorotoxin is purified utilizing a Slide-A-Lyzer dialysis cassette (Pierce) to remove the unconjugated free dye.
This example illustrates the use of IRDye® 700Dx small molecule conjugates (probes) to induce programmed cell death, i.e., apoptosis in cells. The small molecule conjugates described herein include IRDye® 700DX CLTX (chlorotoxin) and IRDye® 700DX anti-EGFR Affibody®.
Chlorotoxin (CLTX) is a 36 amino acid peptide found in venom of Leiurus quinquestriatu. It can block small-conductance chlorine channels. The molecule has also been shown to bind annexin A2 receptors and has a dual effect on the enzymatic activity of MMP-2.
Affibody® (Affibody, Solna Sweden) affinity ligands are described as antibody mimetics with superior characteristics. They are approximately 6 kDa in size and no Fc function. Affibodies also incorporate the Albumod™ technology that extends their circulatory half-life through a strong binding to albumin. Commercially available Affibody® molecules include anti-EGFR Affibody®, anti-ErbB2 Affibody®, anti-fibrinogen Affibody®, anti-insulin Affiboy®, anti-TNFα Affibody®, anti-transferrin Affibody®, etc.
A. IRDye 700DX-Labeled CLTX
The procedure of labeling CLTX with IRDye® 700Dx is similar to that of labeling CLTX with IRDye® 800 CW (Kovar et al., Anal i, 2013, 440(2):212-9). The basic structure was not altered and binding occurs with exposed lysine residues. The D/P ratio was ˜2. Dilutions were made and run on a bis-Tris glycine gel for visualization. The overall size of the labeled molecule was estimated to be about 5950 MW.
For the treatment study, HTB-186 cells (a desmoplastic cerebellar medulloblastoma cell line) were prepared and plated in petri dishes. The cells were incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO2. Treatments with respective probe and irradiation levels are presented in Table 5. The treatment dose was 10 μl per 500 μl plate. The probes were incubated on the cells for about 5 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2.
At several timepoints post irradiation, cells were evaluated for morphology changes using epi-fluorescent microscope. Treatments were imaged after incubation with probe and before irradiation to document morphology. In addition, cells were images at the following timepoints: immediately after, 1 h, 2 h, and 24 h post irradiation.
Immediately after incubation and prior to irradiation, the cells from all the treatments (treatments 1-5) were healthy in appearance. No change in cell morphology was detected in any of the treatments. Those treatments receiving probe (treatments 3-5) showed similar punctate incorporation of the probe into the cell. 700 nm images showed the probe was internalized into the cells by endocytosis.
Immediately after irradiation, the cell morphology still remained healthy for all treatments including those receiving irradiation (treatment 2, 4 and 5). Signals captured in the 700 nm channel show that the probe intensity was similar among cells receiving probe (treatments 3, 4, and 5).
At 2 h post irradiation the punctate pattern of the probe remained unchanged from the initial images for the treatment receiving no irradiation (treatment 3). However, a change was detected for treatment 5 which received the highest level of irradiation. The punctate pattern appeared brighter and more intracellularly located. The morphology of the cells of treatment 5 remained normal compared to the other treatments.
At 24 hours post irradiation, the discernible changes in the 700 nm signal noted at 2 h appears were more pronounced. The bright signals from the probe were now localized inside the cells and in some cases, in particular regions of the cells. In addition, the characteristic blebbing and rounded appearance indicative of cells undergoing apoptosis was also detected.
The appearance of blebbing of the cells after more than 2 hours post irradiation suggests that the cells are undergoing apoptosis, and not necrosis which occurs on a faster time frame. For example, a necrotic response to an photodynamic antibody probe occurs within 15 minutes post irradiation.
To further investigate the subcellular localization of the IRDye® 700Dx small molecule probe, we used fluorescent organelle specific dyes to look for colocalization. We used MitoTracker® Green specific to the mitochondria to determine if the internalization of CLTX-700DX placed the probe at the mitochondrial. HTB-186 cells were plated on glass coverslips in petri-dishes and allowed to equilibrate for 24 h in complete media. The cells were incubated with CLTX-700DX for 4-5 h after which the cells were irradiated at 32 J/cm2. Plates were incubated for an additional 24 h at 37° C. 5% CO2. Cells were treated for 45 min with MitoTracker® Green per manufacturer's instruction. Cells were gently rinsed and incubated for 15 min with DAPI to stain the nuclei. Additional rinses were performed and the coverslip mounted on glass slides with Fluoromount™ medium. Microscopy imaging was performed to document location of the fluorophores and probe.
Microscopy analysis reveals that the CLTX-700DX probe was not located in the mitochondria or nuclei. The punctate pattern of the probe visualized 4-5 hours after incubation shows that the probe is internalized by the cell by endocytosis.
B. IRDye® 700DX-Labeled Anti-EGFR Affibody®
The anti-EGFR Affibody® was conjugated with IRDye® 700DX via the specific cysteine residue engineered on the Affibody®. IRDye® 700DX maleimide was prepared and effectively used to label at a D/P of 1.
For the treatment study, A431 cells (an epidermoid carcinoma cell line) were seeded on a coverslip in a petri-dish and incubated for 24 h. The cells were incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO2. Treatments with respective probes and irradiation levels are presented in Table 6. The treatment dose was 10 μl per 500 μl plate. The probes were incubated on the cells for about 4-5 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2. Cells were rinsed and irradiated at levels shown above. Petri-dishes were placed back in the incubator for up to 24 h.
Images were captured before irradiation and then at 1 h, 2 h, and 24 h after irradiation to follow any morphology changes indicative of apoptosis or necrosis.
Initial imaging before irradiation showed very healthy cell growth with good labeling of the cell membrane by IRDye® 700DX anti-EGFR Affibody® in treatments 3-5.
No morphology changes were detected for the control conditions without probe (treatments 1 and 2). At 1 h post irradiation cell rounding and shrinkage was visible in cells of treatment 4, and to a greater extent in cells of treatment 5. The cell surface location of the probe in cells of treatment 3 was different compared to the localization in cells of treatment 4 and 5. In these two treatments, the probe was located in more discrete locations of the cell. The localization of the probe may be due directly or indirectly to the altered cell shape or as a consequence of apoptosis.
At 2 h post irradiation, the cells of treatments 4 and 5 remain rounded and beginning to exhibit blebbing which is a hallmark of apoptosis. The cells of treatment 5 also appear less healthy compared to early time points and to the cells of the other treatments.
At 24 h post irradiation, treatments 1, 2, and 3 all appear normal in appearance. No effect of irradiation (32 J/cm2) was detected in cells that did not receive the probe (treatment 2). Also, no effect of probe on cells without irradiation was detected (treatment 3).
The cells of treatment 4 appear similar in appearance and morphology as at the early time point of 2 h post irradiation. The data suggests that the cells initiated the programmed cell death pathway and did not progress to late apoptosis. Some cells appeared to have normal, healthy morphology, which suggests that the treatment conditions of treatment 4 are sub-lethal.
The cells of treatment 5 which received a higher level of irradiation (32 J/cm2) exhibited complete cell disruption and a dramatic change in morphology that appears similar to that seen in cells treated with IRDye® 700DX labeled antibodies. No healthy cells were observed with these treatments. It should be noted that it takes IRDye® 700DX labeled small molecule probes longer (more time) to kill cells than IRDye® 700DX labeled antibodies. Since apoptosis occurs over a longer time period, it appears that IRDye® 700DX labeled small molecule probes induce apoptosis and IRDye® 700DX labeled antibodies induce necrosis.
To further investigate the subcellular localization of the IRDye® 700DX anti-EGFR Affibody®, we used MitoTracker® Green as described above. A431 cells were plated on glass coverslips in petri-dishes and allowed to equilibrate for 24 h in complete media. The cells were incubated with IRDye® 700DX anti-EGFR Affibody® for 4-5 h, after which cells were irradiated (32 J/cm2). Plates were incubated for an additional 24 h at 37° C. 5% CO2. Cells were treated for 45 min with MitoTracker® Green per manufacturer's instruction. Cells were gently rinsed and incubated for 15 min with DAPI to stain nuclei. Additional rinses were done and the coverslip mounted on glass slides with Fluoromount™ medium. The fluorophores and probe were detected by epi-fluorescence microscopy. The IRDye® 700DX anti-EGFR Affibody® was not located in the mitochondria or the nuclei.
In summary, the example provided herein illustrates the use of IRDye® 700DX labeled small molecule probes for photodymamic therapy. The data shows that the probes are internalized (endocytosed) by the cells, and upon exposure to irradiating light, the cells undergo apoptosis.
This example illustrates the ability of IRDye® 700DX small molecule conjugates to induce apoptosis in cells, e.g., cancer cells. In this study HTB-186 cells (a desmoplastic cerebellar medulloblastoma cell line) were treated with IRDye® 700DX small molecule conjugates (IRDye® 700DX labeled chlorotoxin, anti-EGFR Affibody®, RGD peptide and EGF ligand). Apoptosis was measured by evaluating caspase 3/7 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptosis can be characterized by a variety of cell morphological and biochemical changes including membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, alteration of membrane asymmetry and permeability, and/or condensation of chromatin and nucleus (Coleman et al., Nat Cell Biol, 2001, 3(4):339-45, Bortner and Cidlowski, Biochem Pharmacol, 1998, 56(12):1549-59; van Engeland et al., Experimental Cell Research, 1997, 235:421-430).
Chlorotoxin (MX) is a scorpion-derived peptide (a 36-amino acid peptide) that can specifically bind to the surface of tumor cells of the brain. The anti-EGFR Affibody® can bind to human EGFR. RBD or arginylglycylaspartic acid is a tripeptide composed of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid. The EGF ligand is a 54 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 6:2 kDa.
In this study a mitochondrial membrane potential assay was performed on cells from treatments 1-8 to determine whether the treated cells underwent apoptosis. The membrane permeant JC-1 dye is commonly used as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential in cells. During apoptosis, mitochondria undergo changes, such as changes in the membrane potential, changes to the oxidation-reduction potential of the organelle, and disruption. Mitochondrial membrane potential indicator dyes, such as the fluorescent JC-1 dye are positively charged, and can accumulate in the electronegative interior of mitochondria. As JC-1 dye accumulated in mitochondria, its fluorescence emission shifts from green (about 529 nm) to red (about 590 nm). The presence of red fluorescence due to JC-1 aggregate formation corresponds to regions of high mitochondrial polarization. Depolarized mitochondria are indicated by green fluorescence of the JC-1 monomers. A detectable decrease in the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio indicates mitochondrial depolarization, and thus, apoptosis. In a membrane potential assay, cells are incubated with the JC-1 dye and fluorescence is detected by, for example, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence-based image cytometry.
The caspase 3/7 assay was used to measure caspase 3/7 activity in the cells from the treatments listed above. During apoptosis, caspase enzymes including caspase 3 and 7 are activated and can cleave specific peptide substrates. The caspase 3/7 assay used in this study includes a cell-permeant substrate containing a cleavage site for caspase 3/7. The substrate remains non-fluorescent until caspase 3 or caspase 7 is activated in apoptotic cells. Upon activation, the caspases cleave the substrate, and in turn, a fluorescence signal is emitted. Apoptotic cells with activated caspase 3/7 will fluoresce and cells without activated caspase 3/7 will exhibit minimal or background fluorescence. The fluorescence can be detected by, for example, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence-based image cytometry.
Microscopy images of cells in petri-dishes were captured at 20 h post irradiation. The images were captured in DIC and 700 nm to visualize the probe, and composite images were generated (DIC+700 nm) to visualize the overlay.
The DIC images provide a good representative view of cell health and general growth patterns for comparisons. In the first three treatments (treatments 1-3) little or no difference in overall cell morphology was observed. The cells appeared very healthy. No signal was observed for these treatments in the 700 nm image. We also detect no effect of irradiation (light exposure) on cells untreated with IRDye® 700DX probes (treatment 2).
In Treatments 4 and 5, the CLTX-700DX probes was incubated with the cells and the cells were exposed to either 16 J/cm2 or 32 J/cm2 of light. The cells that received the lower level of irradiation (treatment 4) showed fewer cell morphological changes compared to those receiving the higher level (treatment 5). At the higher irradiation level significantly different morphology patterns were observed. For instance, the cells of treatment 5 had a rounder shape, exhibited cell shrinkage, and appeared to be lifting off the plate. These cells also exhibited a condensed and more discontinuous pattern across the plate.
Treatments 6-8 represent three different IRDye® 700DX-labeled small molecule targeting agents described above. The results of treatment 6 show possible degradation of the 700DX-Affy probe since very little binding of the agent was observed when detecting the 700 nm signals. Alternatively, this may be due to an insufficient concentration of the probe to initiate a cytotoxic effect. This may explain the lack of effect upon irradiation as noted by the healthy appearing cells.
A similar cell morphology was observed in cells treated with 700DX-RGD (treatment 7), 700DX-EGF (treatment 8), and CLTX-700DX (treatment 5). At 20 hours post irradiation, these cells appeared rounded and smaller compared to the cells of the control treatments. In addition, fewer cells were attached to the plate. Also, the probe was detected in the interior of the cells of treatments 5, 7 and 8. The 700 nm images of the cells revealed a punctate pattern. The results show that IRDye® 700DX-labeled small molecule probes are internalized by cells and that upon irradiation, the treated cells undergo cell death.
To determine whether the treated cells are undergoing apoptosis, a caspase 3/7 assay and mitochondrial potential assay were performed. All cells from each treatment were recovered and processed accordingly. Table 8 below provides cells number, % viability, JC-1% shift, and % late apoptotic and dead cells as determined by caspase 3/7 assay.
The cells of treatment 1 appeared morphologically normal and healthy with high cell viability (90.3%). Treatments 2, 3 and 6 were considered controls due to the absence of probe (treatment 2 and 3) or an ineffective probe concentration (treatment 6). These treatments had the highest percentage of viable cells, i.e., greater than 90% viability.
Based on the caspase 3/7 assay, the IRDye® 700DX-labeled small molecules (CLTX-700DX, 700DX-RGD and 700DX-EGF) produced the highest percentage of late apoptosis+dead cells (Treatments 5, 7 and 8). The data also shows that a higher amount of light exposure (32 J/cm2 vs. 16 J/cm2) induced a higher percentage of caspase-3 positive cells (59% vs. 32%) and cells undergoing a JC-1 shift (44% vs. 37%) in cells treated with CLTX-700DX. Similar results were also seen in the cells treated with either 700DX-RGD or 700DX-EGF and exposed to 32 J/cm2. The results show that photodynamic therapy on cells treated with IRDye® 700DX-labeled small molecule probes undergo programmed cell death, i.e., apoptosis.
As described above, a shift in JC-1 signal indicates depolarization of the mitochondria, which signifies that the cell is in an early stage of apoptosis. The data presented in Table 8 show that less than 35% of the cells exhibited a JC-1 shift in the control treatments (treatments 1, 2, 3, and 6). In contrast, at least 37% of the cells receiving an IRDye® 700DX-labeled small molecule probe and irradiated at 16 or 32 J/cm2 exhibited a JC-1 shift. In other words, a higher percentage of cells from treatments 4, 5, 7 and 8 were undergoing apoptosis, as measured by caspase 3/7 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, than those from the other treatments (treatment 1-3, and 6). In summary, the example illustrates that IRDy® 700DX-labeled small molecule probes are internalized by cells. And upon irradiation, the cell undergo apoptosis, and not necrosis.
Photodynamic treatment (PDT), such as internalization of IRDye 700DX-labeled small molecules followed by irradiation, induces singlet oxygen and superoxide production. This reaction can affect the internal structure of cell, such as the mitochondrial membrane and thus, the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the photodynamic treatment can also induce the activation of caspase proteases. These changes to the treated cells indicated that the photodynamic therapy using small molecule probes can induce apoptosis.
Dyes and conjugated probes (IRDye 700DX carboxylate (700DX), EGF, RGD, and IgG conjugates) were evaluated for production of singlet oxygen using Singlet Oxygen Green Sensor (Life Technologies) and measured by a steady state fluorometer (ex 504 nm/em 525 nm). Controls (water or DMEM medium) and a positive control of methylene blue (MB) were included. Three- to four-fold increases were noted for MB and all 700DX conjugates. When a scavenger of singlet oxygen sodium azide (azide) was added to methylene blue or 700DX a reduction in fluorescence was noted. These data confirm the production of singlet oxygen for 700DX and the conjugates is present after irradiation with appropriate light exposure (690 nm).
Measurements were made every second for 30 sec and averaged. The results are shown in
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/006,790, filed Jun. 2, 2014; 62/017,165, filed Jun. 25, 2014; 62/066,807, filed Oct. 21, 2014 and 62/082,052, filed Nov. 19, 2014, the teachings all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. The Sequence Listing written in file SequenceListing_85409-025720US-945078.txt, created on Jul. 7, 2015, 4,447 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
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