Patent Application
20200176619
The present invention(s) relates to novel physical forms of conductive two-dimensional Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene compositions, and methods of making the same.
The search for new electrically active materials is driven from a wide range of potential applications.
Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming ever increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries can be provided by electrochemical capacitors, in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused primarily on improving gravimetric performance of electrodes, but for portable electronics and automobiles, volume is at a premium.
In the search for new electrode materials, two-dimensional, 2D, solids are of particular interest due to their large areas of electrochemically-active surfaces. For example, the use of activated graphene electrodes versus conventional porous carbons can result in capacitances of 200-350 F/cm3 (compared to 60-100 F/cm3 for activated carbons). Yet graphene is limited to the chemistry of carbon, does not tap into metal redox reactions as in RuO2, and its conductivity is substantially decreased by redox-active functional groups.
The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are in the 300 F/cm3 range. Hydrated ruthenium oxide, RuO2, utilizes highly reversible redox reactions to reach capacitances in the 1000-1500 F/cm3 range combined with great cyclability, but only for thin films.
It is an object of the present invention to address at least some of these challenges, or to provide a useful alternative.
In other applications, conductors that are extremely thin can be transparent and the fabrication of transparent conductors (TCs), a critical element of touchscreen electronics and solar cells, is a billion dollar per year industry. Transparent conducting films (TCFs) are optically transparent and electrically conductive in thin layers. They are an important component of a number of electronic devices including liquid-crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, touchscreens and photovoltaics.
Transparent conducting films can be used as windows through which light passes to access a photoactive material beneath (e.g., a photovoltaic, where carrier generation occurs), as an ohmic contact for carrier transport out of the photoactive material, and can also act as transparent carrier for surface mount devices used between laminated glass or light transmissive composites.
Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is the most widely used transparent conductors but is limited by the high cost of both the raw materials, such as indium, and the fabrication technique. Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), and doped zinc oxide have also been used for such applications. More recently, films using materials such as silver nanowires or carbon nanotube networks or graphene have been used as an alternative to ITO. Such materials are particularly useful owing to their transparency to infrared light. These all represent ‘bottom-up’ nanomaterials, requiring expensive synthetic procedures to make the starting material. The highest conductivity reported for solution processed graphene is 200 S/cm and this material has not been shown to demonstrate transparency in any applications.
It is an object of the present invention to address at least some of these challenges, or to provide a useful alternative.
Herein are described a new method to produce two-dimensional Mn+1Xn(Ts) compositions, in some cases exemplified by Ti3C2(Ts) (where Ts refers to surface terminations). These methods comprise etching the aluminum from Ti3AlC2 using fluoridic acids, for example aqueous HF derived from mixtures of alkali fluoride salts and mineral acids. The resulting hydrophilic, water-swelling material can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of microns thick. Additive-free and binder-free films, produced by rolling, demonstrated volumetric capacitance on the order of 1000 F/cm3 (at 2 mV/s and 5 micron thickness) with excellent cyclability and rate performances. This enhancement represents an almost three-fold increase in capacitance over previous reports.
The present invention will be generally described with reference to Ti3C2 as an example, although it will be appreciated that the scope of the invention is not limited to this particular example but encompasses all compounds of the general Mn+1Xn(Ts)formula, their solid solutions and composites based upon them.
In some embodiments, the reaction of titanium aluminum carbide with fluoridic acids, such as derived from hydrochloric acid and lithium fluoride, after equilibration with water to adjust pH, a material can be produced which dries into a solid mass with high conductivity. Analogous to clay, upon addition of water, the solid mass is rehydrated; it can be molded into a desired shape and dried again to the starting consistency and properties; this process is repeatable. Further, the material can be rolled under pressure to yield free-standing flexible films that are very conductive; rolled thinly enough, these films can become transparent (visible light can pass through without scattering). Dispersed in water, the material can also be drop casted to yield thin, conductive, highly transparent films on various substrates (plastic, glass, etc). Like certain clays, the material shows variable swelling upon water uptake. Further, processing by rolling yielded electrodes for supercapacitors showing volumetric capacitance on the order of 1000 F/cm3. Higher capacitances are believed possible with optimization.
Generally, clays are non-conductive and typically require conductive additives to show conductivity. This new ‘clay’ is both hydrophilic and shows high conductivity without additives upon drying. Due to these properties, the hydrated material can be processed by rolling into films with highly controllable thicknesses (from a few microns to more than 100 microns), with virtually no lateral size limitations. These films have recently been tested in electrochemical capacitors (supercapacitors), demonstrating exceptional volumetric capacitance on the order of 1000 F/cm3 (at 2 mV/s in sulfuric acid); further, the cost of materials is low since the active material's composition is of carbon and titanium. Such ease of processing, high performance, and relatively low material cost is a breakthrough for supercapacitor electrodes.
This disclosure also provides improved methods for intercalating alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions within the MXene frameworks, providing new methods for tuning the electrical and optical characteristics of these materials.
Also disclose herein are new methods of producing Angstroms- or nanometer-thick films comprising Mn+1Xn(Ts) compositions, again exemplified by from MXene-phase titanium carbide nano platelets such as those derived from Ti3C2(Ts) (where Ts refers to surface terminations). Certain of these films are optically transparent owing to their composition and thicknesses. In some embodiments, the MXene nanoplatelets, dispersed in a solvent, are cast on to an arbitrary substrate, for example by spin coating or dip coating, and the solvent evaporated leaving a thin film composed of MXene flakes that are Angstroms or nanometer thick. The films are highly conductive, exhibiting an intrinsic conductivity of at least 1000 S/cm (in some cases over areas as large as one square inch), while attractively low absorption coefficient on the order of 105 cm−1.
In many cases, the present invention will be generally described with reference to Ti3C2 as an example, although it will be appreciated that the scope of the invention is not limited to this particular example but encompasses all compounds of the general Mn+1Xn(Ts) formula, their solid solutions and composites based upon them.
In some embodiments, a method comprises (a) applying a MXene dispersion onto a substrate surface, said MXene dispersion comprising or (consisting essentially of) at least one type of MXene platelets dispersed in a solvent; and (b) removing at least a portion of solvent so as to provide a coated film of at least one layer of MXene platelets oriented to be essentially coplanar with the substrate surface; said coated film being electrically conductive and exhibiting one or more characteristics including: (i) a resistivity in a range of from about 0.01 to about 1000 micro-ohm-meters; (ii) an ability to transmit at least about 50% of incident light of at least one wavelength in a range of from about 300 nm to about 2500 nm; (iii) a ratio of DC conductivity, measured in Siemens/meter, to light absorbance (including visible light absorbance), measured as a decadic absorbance per meter, of at least 0.1 Siemens measured at at least one wavelength in the range of 300 to 2500 nm; (iv) a value of the real dielectric permittivity of less than negative one for wavelengths greater than a threshold wavelength in the visible to near-infrared range; and (v) a combination of any two or more of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv).
These coatings may be applied to the rigid or flexible substrate surfaces by spin coating, brushing, dipcoating, or doctor blading typically, but not necessarily, using dispersions in water or an organic solvent, preferably a polar solvent such ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylformaide, pyridine, or dimethylsulfoxide. The coatings may also cover complete areas or may be patterned using lithographic techniques.
Again, these methods are amenable to a variety of MXene compositions, such as described herein and elsewhere.
Coatings prepared by these inventive methods are also considered within the scope of the present invention as are electrical devices and materials comprising these coatings. Exemplary devices and materials include, but are not limited to, RFID tag, windows with switchable opacity, photodetectors, liquid crystal displays, light emitting diodes (including organic light emitting diodes), touchscreens, photovoltaic devices, plasmonic devices such as plasmonic sensor arrays, optical-to-electrical signal transducers, surface-plasmon polariton transmitters, or an infrared-reflecting window, and metamaterials, such as cloaking materials, transformational optic components, or superlenses comprising the inventive coatings.
The present application is further understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the subject matter, there are shown in the drawings exemplary embodiments of the subject matter; however, the presently disclosed subject matter is not limited to the specific methods, devices, and systems disclosed. In addition, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings:
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying Figures and Examples, all of which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific products, methods, conditions or parameters described and/or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of any claimed invention. Similarly, unless specifically otherwise stated, any description as to a possible mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement is meant to be illustrative only, and the invention herein is not to be constrained by the correctness or incorrectness of any such suggested mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement. Throughout this text, it is recognized that the descriptions refer both to the methods of preparing the desired products, as well as the use of the products so prepared, and vice versa.
Terms
In the present disclosure the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a material” is a reference to at least one of such materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
When a value is expressed as an approximation by use of the descriptor “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. In general, use of the term “about” indicates approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by the disclosed subject matter and is to be interpreted in the specific context in which it is used, based on its function. The person skilled in the art will be able to interpret this as a matter of routine. In some cases, the number of significant figures used for a particular value may be one non-limiting method of determining the extent of the word “about.” In other cases, the gradations used in a series of values may be used to determine the intended range available to the term “about” for each value. Where present, all ranges are inclusive and combinable. That is, references to values stated in ranges include every value within that range.
When a list is presented, unless stated otherwise, it is to be understood that each individual element of that list and every combination of that list is to be interpreted as a separate embodiment. For example, a list of embodiments presented as “A, B, or C” is to be interpreted as including the embodiments, “A,” “B,” “C,” “A or B,” “A or C,” “B or C,” or “A, B, or C.”
It is to be appreciated that certain features of the invention which are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. That is, unless obviously incompatible or specifically excluded, each individual embodiment is deemed to be combinable with any other embodiment(s) and such a combination is considered to be another embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any sub-combination. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. Finally, while an embodiment may be described as part of a series of steps or part of a more general structure, each said step or part may also be considered an independent embodiment in itself
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, representative illustrative methods and materials are described herein.
In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.
Supplementing the descriptions herein, Mn+1Xn(Ts) (including M′2M″mXm+1(Ts) compositions) may be viewed as comprising free standing and stacked assemblies of two dimensional crystalline solids. Collectively, such compositions are referred to herein as “Mn+1Xn(Ts),” “MXene,” “MXene compositions,” or “MXene materials.” Additionally, these terms “Mn+1Xn(Ts) ,” “MXene,” “MXene compositions,” or “MXene materials” can also independently refer to those compositions derived by the chemical exfoliation of MAX phase materials, whether these compositions are present as free-standing 2-dimensional or stacked assemblies (as described further below). MXene compositions comprise at least one layer having first and second surfaces, each layer comprising: a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells; each crystal cell having an empirical formula of Mn+1Xn, where M, X, and n are defined herein. These compositions may be comprised of individual or a plurality of such layers. In some embodiments, the MXenes comprising stacked assemblies may be capable of, or have atoms, ions, or molecules, that are intercalated between at least some of the layers. In other embodiments, these atoms or ions are lithium. In still other embodiments, these structures are part of an energy-storing device, such as a battery or supercapacitor.
The term “crystalline compositions comprising at least one layer having first and second surfaces, each layer comprising a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells” refers to the unique character of these materials. For purposes of visualization, the two-dimensional array of crystal cells may be viewed as an array of cells extending in an x-y plane, with the z-axis defining the thickness of the composition, without any restrictions as to the absolute orientation of that plane or axes. It is preferred that the at least one layer having first and second surfaces contain but a single two-dimensional array of crystal cells (that is, the z-dimension is defined by the dimension of approximately one crystal cell), such that the planar surfaces of said cell array defines the surface of the layer; it should be appreciated that real compositions may contain portions having more than single crystal cell thicknesses.
That is, as used herein, “a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells” refers to an array which preferably includes a lateral (in x-y dimension) array of crystals having a thickness of a single unit cell, such that the top and bottom surfaces of the array are available for chemical modification.
High Capacitance “Clays”
Various embodiments of the present disclosure include those comprising: (a) adjusting the water content of a Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition to form a compressible paste wherein the ratio of water to Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene by mass is in a range of from about 0.3 to about 0.65; and (b) compressing an amount of the MXene composition with a pressure of at least 5 psig to form a solid body that is electrically conductive exhibiting (i) a resistivity in a range of from about 1 to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters; (ii) volumetric capacity of at least 500 F/cm3 when tested as a scan rate of 20 mV/s or at least 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, or 800 F/cm3 when tested as a slower scan rate; or (iii) both (i) and (ii). Mn+1Xn(Ts) compositions are more fully described herein, but may be defined here as comprising at least one layer (preferably a plurality of layers) each having a first and second surface, each layer comprising a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells; each crystal cell having an empirical formula of Mn+1Xn, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, wherein M is at least one Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 metal (corresponding to Group IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, or VIIB metal), wherein each X is C, N, or a combination thereof and n=1, 2, or 3; wherein at least one of said surfaces of the layers has surface terminations, Ts, independently comprising alkoxide, alkyl, carboxylate, halide, hydroxide, hydride, oxide, sub-oxide, nitride, sub-nitride, sulfide, sulfonate, thiol, or a combination thereof.
Various other embodiments provide that the ratio of water to Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene is in a range bounded at the lower end by a value of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 and is bounded by a value at the higher end by a value of about 0,65, 0.5, 0.45, or 0.4. A range of 0.3 to about 0.65 provides a good range for easy handling of the materials, but compositions at the lower end of the water range are necessarily formed during the processing of the conductive materials. While the compositions having these water to MXene ratios are described in terms of the method described herein, it should be appreciated that the compositions themselves are also considered separate embodiments of this disclosure.
Compositions in the ranges described are characterized by their ability to reversibly swell in volume with addition or removal of water (both observable by the naked eye as volume change and observable via x-ray diffraction on the unit-cell level). The extent of the water present in the structure can be controlled by controlling the addition of water to the solids or even by controlling the humidity of the environment. Mn+1Xn(Ts) clays within these ranges may be characterized as malleable on handling; i.e., having a consistency of modeling clay.
Where the ratio of water to MXene is above 0.65, the mixtures are better described as a colloidal dispersion ‘ink.’ Such inks can be deposited (e.g., by gravitational settling or vacuum assisted filtration) and dried (e.g., by evaporation) to yield MXene films. Such films can be made thin enough to be optically transparent while retaining high conductivity. The film thickness and optical properties (transparency, interference colors) can be controlled by varying the concentration of MXene in the applied suspension.
While the application of pressure is described in terms of pressures exceeding 5 psig, this value is flexible, and the compressing can be done at a pressure in a range of from about 5 psig to about 500 psig. In some embodiments, the compressing is accompanied by the removal of water, as water is squeezed from the composition, and so it is sometimes helpful to provide adsorbant materials between the MXene compositions and the compression, or other means of removing water.
The compression can be accomplished by any conventional methods known in the art (using conventional flattening or shaping equipment), but is most conveniently done by compression molding or rolling, for example by rolling the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition between at least two roller bars. See, e.g.,
Again, it should be apparent that the thickness of the final solid body depends on a number of parameters, including initial pre-compression loading, water content, and pressure; it is convenient to describe these solid bodies as being compressed to a thickness in a range of from about 0.1 microns to about 1000 microns. Independent embodiments provide that the solid body thicknesses can range from about 0.1 to about 0.5 microns, from about 0.5 to about 1 microns, from about 1 to about 2 microns, from about 2 to about 3 microns, from about 3 to about 4 microns, from about 4 to about 5 microns, from about 5 to about 10 microns, from about 10 to about 20 microns, from about 20 to about 30 microns, from about 30 to about 40 microns, from about 40 to about 50 microns, from about 50 to about 75 microns, from about 75 to about 100 microns, from about 100 to about 500 microns, from about 500 to about 1000 microns, or any combination thereof. While these solid bodies are binder-free as prepared, additives and binders may be added as otherwise desired.
The physical form of the MXenes used in these methods may be at least partly defined by the way in which they are prepared. The preferred method of preparing Mn+1Xn(Ts) compositions is the reactive delamination of MAX-phase materials, the method resulting in flakes of Mn+1Xn(Ts) materials. In particular, the reaction of precursor MAX phase materials with the milder sources of HF described herewithin tends to yield larger Mn+1Xn(Ts) flakes on the reactive delamination than are available when HF alone is used for this purpose. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition comprises a plurality of Mn+1Xn(Ts) flakes having at least one mean lateral dimension in a range of from about 0.5 micron to about 10 microns.
The compositions prepared by these methods provide solid bodies which are electrically conductive, wherein the solid body has surface electrical resistance in a range of from about 1 micro-ohm-meters to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters. In other embodiments, the surface resistivity is in a range of from about 1 micro-ohm-meters to about 10 micro-ohm-meters, from about 10 micro-ohm-meters to about 100 micro-ohm-meters, from about 100 micro-ohm-meters to about 1000 micro-ohm-meters, from about 1000 micro-ohm-meters to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters, or a combination thereof
Ångstrom-Thin Conducting Films
Other various embodiments of the present disclosure include those methods for preparing thin conducting films of MXene materials, these methods comprising: (a) applying a MXene dispersion onto a substrate surface, said MXene dispersion comprising or (consisting essentially of) at least one type of MXene platelets dispersed in a solvent; and (b) removing at least a portion of solvent so as to provide a coated film of at least one layer of MXene platelets oriented to be essentially coplanar with the substrate surface,
(i) a resistivity in a range of from about 0.01 to about 1000 micro-ohm-meters;
(ii) an ability to transmit at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of incident light of at least one wavelength in a range of from about 300 nm to about 2000 nm;
(iii) a ratio of DC conductivity, measured in Siemens/meter, to light absorbance, (including visible light absorbance), measured as a decadic absorbance per meter, of at least 0.1 Siemens measured at at least one wavelength in the range of 300 to 2500 nm;
(iv) a value of the real dielectric permittivity of less than negative one for wavelengths greater than a threshold wavelength, for example, 500 nm; or
(v) a combination of any two or more of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv).
Any individual material may exhibit one, two, or more of these features. Again, the Mn+1Xn(Ts) compositions are more fully described elsewhere, but may be defined here as comprising at least one layer (preferably a plurality of layers) each having a first and second surface, each layer comprising a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells; each crystal cell having an empirical formula of Mn+1Xn, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, wherein M is at least one Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 metal (corresponding to Group IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, or VIIB metal), wherein each X is C, N, or a combination thereof and n=1, 2, or 3; wherein at least one of said surfaces of the layers has surface terminations, Ts, independently comprising alkoxide, alkyl, carboxylate, halide,
In certain sub-embodiments, the coated film, whether prepared by spincoating or otherwise, may independently exhibit a surface resistivity in a range bounded at the lower end by a value of about 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, or 500 micro-ohm-meters and at the upper end by a value of about 1000, 500, 100, 50, 25, 10, or 5 micro-ohm-meters, for example in a range of from about 1 to about 10 micro-ohm-meters. Alternatively, the surface resistivity of the coatings may be described in terms of being in a range of from about 0.01 micro-ohm-meters to about 0.1 micro-ohm-meters, from about 0.1 micro-ohm-meters to about 1 micro-ohm-meters, from about 1 micro-ohm-meters to about 10 micro-ohm-meters, from about 10 micro-ohm-meters to about 100 micro-ohm-meters, from about 100 micro-ohm-meters to about 1000 micro-ohm-meters, from about 1000 micro-ohm-meters to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters, or any combination of two or more of these ranges.
In certain sub-embodiments, the coated film, whether prepared by spincoating or otherwise, may independently exhibit the described light transmittance of at least one wavelength in a range of from about 300 nm to about 400 nm, from about 400 nm to about 500 nm, from about 500 nm to about 600 nm, from about 600 nm to about 700 nm, from about 700 nm to about 800 nm, from about 800 nm to about 900 nm, from about 900 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 1000 nm to about 1200 nm, from about 1200 nm to about 1400 nm, from about 1400 nm to about 1600 nm, from about 1600 nm to about 1800 nm, from about 1800 nm to about 2000 nm, from about 2000 nm to about 2500 nm, or any combination of two or more of these ranges, for example from about 300 nm to about 800 nm.
While not always the case, it has been observed that sheet resistivities tend to increase with increasing transparency, as shown in
In some embodiments, the coated MXene films, whether prepared by spincoating or otherwise, can exhibit surface conductivities in a range of from about 100 to 500 S/cm, from 500 to 1000 S/cm, from 1000 to 2000 S/cm, from 2000 to 3000 S/cm, from 3000 to 4000 S/cm, from 4000 to 5000 S/cm, from 5000 to 6000 S/cm, from 6000 to 7000 S/cm, from 7000 to 8000 S/cm, or any combination of two or more of these ranges. Such conductivities may be seen on flat or flexed substrates.
The coatings exhibit complex dielectric permittivities having real and imaginary parts (see
Typically, the dispersions are prepared in aqueous or organic solvents. In addition to the presence of the MXene materials, aqueous dispersions may also contain processing aids, such as surfactants, or ionic materials, for example lithium salt or other intercalating or intercalatable materials. If organic solvents are used, polar solvents are especially useful, including alcohols, amides, amines, or sulfoxides, for example comprising ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, pyridine, and/or dimethylsulfoxide.
It is convenient to apply the MXene dispersions by any number of industry recognized methods for depositing thin coatings on substrates, depending on the viscosity of the dispersion. This viscosity may depend on the concentration of MXene particles or sheets in the dispersion, as well as the presence and concentrations of other constituents. For example, at MXene concentrations of between 0.001 and 100 mg/mL, it is convenient to apply the MXenes to the substrate surface by spin coating. In some embodiments, these dispersions are applied dropwise onto the an optionally rotating substrate surface, during or after which the substrate surface is made to rotate at a rate in a range of from about 300 rpm (rotations per minute) to about 5000 rpm. Rotational speed depends on a number of parameters, including viscosity of dispersion, volatility of the solvent, and substrate temperature as are understood by those skilled in the art.
Other embodiments provide that the MXene dispersions are areally applied to the substrate surface (i.e., over an extended area of the substrate), for example by brushing, dipcoating, spray coating, or doctor blading. These films may be allowed to settle (self-level) as stationary films, but in other embodiments, these brushed, dipcoated, or doctor bladed films may be also subjected to rotating the substrate surface at a rate in a range of from about 300 rpm to about 5000 rpm. Depending on the character of the dispersions, this may be used to level or thin the coatings, or both.
Once applied, at least a portion of the solvent is removed or lost by evaporation. The conditions for this step obviously depend on the nature of the solvent, the spinning rate and temperature of the dispersion and substrate, but typically convenient temperatures include those in a range of from about 10° C. to about 300° C., though processing these coatings is not limited to these temperatures.
Additional embodiments provide that multiple coatings may be applied, that that the resulting coated film comprises an overlapping array of two or more overlapping layers of MXene platelets oriented to be essentially coplanar with the substrate surface.
Similarly, the methods are versatile with respect to substrates. Rigid or flexible substrates may be used. Substrate surfaces may be organic, inorganic, or metallic, and comprise metals (Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt) or metalloids; conductive or non-conductive metal oxides (e.g., SiO2, ITO), nitrides, or carbides; semi-conductors (e.g., Si, GaAs, InP); glasses, including silica or boron-based glasses; liquid crystalline materials; or organic polymers. Exemplary substrates include metallized substrates; oxidizes silicon wafers; transparent conducting oxides such as indium tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc-oxide (AZO), indium-doped cadmium-oxide, or aluminum, gallium or indium-doped zinc oxide (AZO, GZO or IZO); photoresists or other organic polymers. These MXene coatings may be applied to flexible substrates as well, including organic polymer materials. Exemplary organic polymers include those comprising polyetherimide, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyamide; exemplary liquid crystal materials include, for example, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT] and its derivatives; organic materials can also be photosensitive photoresists
Flat surface or surface-patterned substrates can be used. For example, the substrate surface may comprise recesses, such as channels or vias/holes, or protrusions, such as pillars, posts, or walls, for example forming lines in any channels or between walls. The MXene coatings may also be applied to surfaces having patterned metallic conductors or nanoparticles, for example nanotubes or nanowires, including carbon nanotubes or nanowires. Additionally, by combining these techniques, it is possible to develop patterned MXene layers by applying a MXene coating to a photoresist layer, either a positive or negative photoresist, photopolymerize the photoresist layer, and develop the photopolymerized photoresist layer. During the developing stage, the portion of the MXene coating adhered to the removable portion of the developed photoresist is removed. Alternatively, or additionally, the MXene coating may be applied first, followed by application, processing, and development of a photoresist layer. By selectively converting the exposed portion of the MXene layer to an oxide using nitric acid, a MXene pattern may be developed. The exposed MXene is transformed into titanium dioxide by nitric acid, while the masked portion retains its conductivity (See
MXene Materials
As described elsewhere within this disclosure, the Mn+1Xn(Ts) materials used in these methods and compositions have at least one layer, and sometimes a plurality of layers, each layer having a first and second surface, each layer comprising a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells; each crystal cell having an empirical formula of Mn+1Xn, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, wherein M is at least one Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 metal (corresponding to Group IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB or VIIB metal), wherein each X is C, N, or a combination thereof and n=1, 2, or 3; wherein at least one of said surfaces of the layers has surface terminations, Ts, comprising alkoxide, alkyl, carboxylate, halide, hydroxide, hydride, oxide, sub-oxide, nitride, sub-nitride, sulfide, sulfonate, thiol, or a combination thereof
Metals of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 (corresponding to Group IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, or VIIB), either alone or in combination, said members including Sc, Y, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W. For the purposes of this disclosure, the terms “M” or “M atoms,” “M elements,” or “M metals” may also include Mn.
In some embodiments, the M is at least one Group 4, 5, or 6 metal or Mn. In preferred embodiments, M is one or more of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sc, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr, or a combination thereof. In other preferred embodiments, the transition metal is one or more of Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ta, or a combination thereof. In even more preferred embodiments, the transition metal is Ti, Ta, Mo, Nb, V, Cr, or a combination thereof
In certain specific embodiments, Mn+1Xn comprises Sc2C, Sc2N, Ti2C, Ti2N, V2C, V2N, Cr2C, Cr2N, Zr2C, Zr2N, Nb2C, Nb2N, Hf2C, Hf2N, Ta2C, Mo2C, Ti3C2, Ti3N2, V3C2, Ta3C2, Ta3N2, Mo3C2, (Cr2/3 Ti1/2)3C2, Ti4C3, Ti4N3, V4C3, V4N3, Ta4C3, Ta4N3, Nb4C3, or a combination thereof.
Preferred precursor MAX phase materials include those wherein M is at least one of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr. Other preferred embodiments include those where the A in the MAX phase material is at least one of Al, As, Ga, Ge, In, P, Pb, S, or Sn.
In more specific embodiments, the Mn+1Xn (Ts) crystal cells have an empirical formula Ti3C2 or Ti2C and at least one of said surfaces of each layer is coated with surface terminations, Ts, comprising alkoxide, fluoride, hydroxide, oxide, sub-oxide, sulfonate, or a combination thereof.
The range of compositions available can be seen as extending even further when one considers that each M-atom position within the overall Mn+1Xn matrix can be represented by more than one element. That is, one or more type of M-atom can occupy each M-position within the respective matrices. In certain exemplary non-limiting examples, these can be (MAxMBy)2C or (MAxMBy)2N, (MAxMBy)3C2 or (MAxMBy)3N2, or (MAxMBy)4C3 or (MAxMBy)4N3, where MA and MB are independently members of the same group, and x+y=1. For example, in but one non-limiting example, such a composition can be (V1/2Cr1/2)3C2. In the same way, one or more type of X-atom can occupy each X-position within the matrices, for example solid solutions of the formulae Mn+1(CxNy)n, or (MAxMBy)n+1(CxNy)n.
In more specific embodiments, the MXenes may comprise compositions having at least two Group 4, 5, 6, or 7 metals, and the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition is represented by a formula M′2M″mXm+1(Ts), where m=1 or 2 (where m=n−1, in the context of the general MXene formula. Typically, these are carbides (i.e., X is carbon). Such compositions are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/149,890, this reference being incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. In these double transition metal carbides, M′ may be Ti, V, Cr, or Mo. In these ordered double transition metal carbides, M″ may be Ti, V, Nb, or Ta, provided that M′ is different than M″. These carbides may be ordered or disordered. Individual embodiments of the ordered double transition metal carbides include those compositions where M′2M″mXm+1, is independently Mo2TiC2, Mo2VC2, Mo2TaC2, Mo2NbC2, Mo2Ti2C3, Cr2TiC2, Cr2VC2, Cr2TaC2, Cr2NbC2, Ti2NbC2, Ti2TaC2, V2TaC2, V2TiC2, or a combination thereof. In some other embodiments, M′2M″mXm+1, is independently Mo2TiC2, Mo2VC2, Mo2TaC2, Mo2NbC2, Cr2VC2, Cr2TaC2, Cr2NbC2, Ti2NbC2, Ti2TaC2, V2TaC2, V2TiC2, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, M′2M″mXm+1, is independently Mo2Ti2C3, Mo2V2C3, Mo2Nb2C3, Mo2Ta2C3, Cr2Ti2C3, Cr2V2C3, Cr2Nb2C3, Cr2Ta2C3, Nb2Ta2C3, Ti2Nb2C3, Ti2Ta2C3, V2Ta2C3, V2Nb2C3, V2Ti2C3, or a combination thereof. In still other embodiments, M′2M″mXm+1, is independently Nb2VC2, Ta2TiC2, Ta2VC2, Nb2TiC2 or a combination thereof.
These MXene materials, described above as either Mn+1Xn(Ts) or M′2M″mXm+1, may be prepared by selectively removing an A group element from a precursor MAX-phase material. Depending on the specific MAX being considered, these A group elements may be independently defined as including Al, As, Cd, Ga, Ge, P, Pb, In, S, Si, Sn, or Tl. Some of these A-group elements may be removed in aqueous media, for example, by a process comprising a treatment with a fluorine-containing acid. For example, Al, As, Ga, Ge, In, P, Pb, S, or Sn may be removed in this way, although Al is especially amenable to such extractions. Aqueous hydrofluoric acid is particularly suitable for this purpose, whether used as provided, or generated in situ by other conventional methods. Such methods include the use of any one or more of the following:
In specific embodiments, the fluorine-containing acid is derived from lithium fluoride and a strong aqueous mineral acid, such as HCl, HNO3, or H2SO4, preferably HCl.
It also appears that the use of aqueous HF in the presence of one or more alkali halides, such as LiCl, provides advantages over using HF alone, or by reacting LiF with aqueous HCl. The use of LiF with aqueous HCl avoids the handling issues associated with the use of aqueous HF and provides higher yields of single-layer flakes, in some cases it may be difficult to remove LiF impurities and the removal of the A-element (e.g., Al) is slower. The use of LiCl with aqueous HF provides more crystalline MXene phases, with better control of the basal spacing (c parameter) and it is easier to vary the procedures especially for those involving ion intercalation.
Perhaps at least as importantly, the use of mixtures of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (typically chlorides or bromides) in combination with HF during the preparation of the MXene materials (e.g., using LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KBr, RbCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 with aqueous HF) provides new and unexpected opportunities for the intercalation of these metal cations (hydrated or otherwise) into the MXene matrices. These opportunities are more fully described in Example 8. It should be appreciated that, while the studies described in Example 8 focused on Ti3C2 materials, and all of the descriptions are considered specific embodiments of this invention, the invention is not limited by these examples, and additional embodiments provide for the intercalation of these metal ions in the full array of MXene materials described herein.
The conditions of the disclosed methods provide solid bodies exhibiting volumetric capacitances in a range of about 500 F/cm3 to about 1500 F/cm3, or in a range of from about 100 F/g to about 500 F/g, when tested as a scan rate of 2 mV/s.
These methods may also be used to prepare MXene composition comprising platelets having at least one mean lateral dimension in a range of from about 0.1 micron to about 50 micrometers, which are especially attractive for the coatings described herein.
Compositions and Devices
While described thus far in terms of methods, it should be appreciated that the present disclosure embraces those embodiments comprising the solid bodies or films prepared by any one of the disclosed methods. These embodiments includes those solid bodies so prepared, further comprising intercalated lithium or other ions (such as alkali or alkaline earth or transition metal ions). These solid bodies may exhibit any of the electrical properties described above.
Additional embodiments considered within the scope of this disclosure include electrodes or other electrochemical devices, including those listed below, and especially batteries and supercapacitors, comprising any of these solid bodies.
Additional embodiments also include the MXene coatings as described herein, as well as materials and electrical devices incorporating these coatings. These materials may contain any of the intercalated derivatives previously described for these materials, including for example intercalated lithium ions, lithium atoms, or a combination of lithium ions and lithium atoms. Such compositions are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/094,966, which is incorporated by reference herein at least for this teaching.
The coatings may be incorporated or used in a wide variety of electrical devices and each of these are considered within the scope of this invention. Such independent exemplary devices include, but are not limited to RFID tags, windows with switchable opacity, light emitting diodes (including organic light emitting diodes), touchscreens, photovoltaics, photodetectors, liquid crystal displays, touchscreens, or photovoltaic devices. Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) may be considered in terms of a flat panel displays, electronic visual displays, and/or video displays that use the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Light emitting diodes (including organic light emitting diodes) may be used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles, and PDAs.
Other independent examples include plasmonic devices such as plasmonic sensor arrays, optical-to-electrical signal transducers, a surface-plasmon polariton transmitters, and infrared-reflecting windows. In other embodiments, the inventive coatings are used to prepare metamaterials such as cloaking materials, transformational optic components, and superlenses, and each are considered within the present scope.
The following listing of embodiments in intended to complement, rather than displace or supersede, any of the previous descriptions.
A method comprising: (a) adjusting the water content of a Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition to form a compressible paste wherein the ratio of water to Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene is in a range of from about 0.3 to about 0.65 by mass; and (b) compressing an amount of the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition with a pressure of at least 5 psig to form a solid body; said Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition comprising at least one layer having a first and second surface, each layer comprising a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells; each crystal cell having an empirical formula of Mn+1Xn, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, wherein M is at least one Group 3 to 7 (corresponding to Group IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, or VIB) metal, wherein each X is C, N, or a combination thereof and n=1, 2, or 3; wherein at least one of said surfaces of the layers has surface terminations comprising alkoxide, alkyl, carboxylate, halide, hydroxide, hydride, oxide, sub-oxide, nitride, sub-nitride, sulfide, sulfonate, thiol, or a combination thereof; wherein said body is electrically conductive and exhibits (i) a resistivity in a range of from about 1 to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters; (ii) volumetric capacity of at least 500 F/cm3 when tested at a scan rate of 20 mV/s or at least 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, or 800 F/cm3 when tested as a slower scan rate; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
The method of Embodiment 1, wherein the compressing is done at a pressure in a range of from about 5 psig to about 500 psig.
The method of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the compression is accomplished at least in part by rolling or compression molding or otherwise flattening or shaping, e.g., using heated or unheated platen or platen-like device.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the compressing is accomplished at least in part by rolling the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition between at least two roller bars.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the compressing of the Mn+1Xn(Ts)composition is accompanied by the removal of water.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the solid body is electrically conductive.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the solid body has surface electrical resistivity in a range of from about 1 micro-ohm-meters to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the solid body is compressed to a thickness in a range of from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition comprises a plurality of Mn+1Xn(Ts)flakes having at least one mean lateral dimension in a range of from about 0.5 micron to about 5 microns.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 9, wherein M is at least one Group 4, 5, or 6 metal or Mn.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 10, wherein M is at least one of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sc, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein M is Ti, and n is 1 or 2.
The composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 12, wherein Mn+1Xn comprises Sc2C, Sc2N, Ti2C, Ti2N, V2C, V2N, Cr2C, Cr2N, Zr2C, Zr2N, Nb2C, Nb2N, Hf2C, Hf2N, Ta2C, Mo2C, Ti3C2, Ti3N2, V3C2, Ta3C2, Ta3N2, Mo3C2, (Cr2/3 Ti1/2)3C2, Ti4C3, Ti4N3, V4C3, V4N3, Ta4C3, Ta4N3, Nb4C3, or a combination thereof.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 13, the crystal cells having an empirical formula Ti3C2 or Ti2C and wherein at least one of said surfaces of each layer is coated with surface terminations, Ts, comprising alkoxide, fluoride, hydroxide, oxide, sub-oxide, sulfonate, or a combination thereof.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition is formed by removing at least 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.9% of the A atoms from a MAX-phase composition having an empirical formula of Mn+1AXn.
The method of Embodiment 15, wherein the removal of the A atoms is done in aqueous media.
The method of Embodiments 15 or 16, wherein M is at least one of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sc, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr.
The method of any one of Embodiments 15 to 17, wherein A is at least one of Al, As, Ga, Ge, In, P, Pb, S, or Sn.
The method of any one of Embodiments 15 to 18, wherein the A atoms are removed by a process comprising a treatment with a fluorine-containing acid.
The method of Embodiment 19, wherein the fluorine-containing acid is aqueous hydrofluoric acid.
The method of Embodiment 19 wherein the fluorine-containing acid comprises:
The method of Embodiment 21, wherein the fluorine-containing acid is derived from lithium fluoride and an aqueous mineral acid, such as HCl, HBr, HI, H3PO4, HNO3, oxalic acid, or H2SO4, preferably HCl.
The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22, said method being capable of providing a solid body exhibiting a volumetric capacitance in a range of about 500 F/cm3 to about 1500 F/cm3, or in a range of from about 100 F/g to about 500 F/g, when tested as a scan rate of 2 mV/s.
A solid body prepared by any one of Embodiments 1 to 23.
A solid body prepared by anyone of Embodiments 1 to 23, further comprising intercalated lithium or other metal ions (such as alkali or alkaline earth or transition metal ions).
The solid body of Embodiment 24 or 25, wherein the solid body exhibiting a volumetric capacitance of from about 500 F/cm3 to about 2500 F/cm3, or in a range of from about 200 F/g to about 500 F/g, when tested as a scan rate of 2 mV/s.
A solid body comprising or consisting essentially of a Mn+1Xn(Ts) material exhibiting a volumetric capacity greater than about 500 F/cm3, up to about 2500 F/cm3; said Mn+1Xn(Ts) material comprising a composition comprising plurality of layers, each layer having a first and second surface, each layer comprising
The solid body of Embodiment 27, the Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene further comprising intercalated lithium ions, lithium atoms, or a combination of lithium ions and lithium atoms.
An electrode comprising a solid body of any one of Embodiments 24 to 28.
An electrochemical device comprising a solid body of any one of Embodiments 24 to 28 or an electrode of Embodiment 29.
A method comprising,
The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the MXene dispersion is applied to the substrate surface by spin coating.
The method of Embodiment 31 or 32 wherein the MXene dispersion is applied dropwise onto the an optionally rotating substrate surface, during or after which the substrate surface is made to rotate at a rate in a range of from about 300 rpm (rotations per minute) to about 5000 rpm.
The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the MXene dispersion is applied to the substrate surface by brushing, dipcoating, or doctor blading.
The method of Embodiment 31 or 34, wherein the MXene dispersion is applied to the substrate surface by brushing or dipcoating, followed by rotating the substrate surface at a rate in a range of from about 300 rpm to about 5000 rpm.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 35, wherein the MXene dispersion is an aqueous dispersion optionally comprising one or more surfactants.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 36, wherein the MXene dispersion comprising an organic solvent, preferably a polar solvent such as an alcohol solvent. Some sub-embodiments include those where the polar solvent comprises ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylformaide, pyridine, dimethylsulfoxide, or a mixture thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the substrate is rigid.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the substrate is flexible.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 39, wherein the coating is areal.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 39, wherein the coating is patterned on the substrate.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 41, wherein at least a portion of solvent is removed by evaporation.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 43, the coated film comprising an overlapping array of two or more overlapping layers of MXene platelets oriented to be essentially coplanar with the substrate surface.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 43, wherein the solid body has surface electrical resistivity in a range of from about 1 micro-ohm-meters to about 10 micro-ohm-meters, from about 10 micro-ohm-meters to about 100 micro-ohm-meters, from about 100 micro-ohm-meters to about 1000 micro-ohm-meters, from about 1000 micro-ohm-meters to about 10,000 micro-ohm-meters, or any combination of two or more of these ranges.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 44, wherein the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition comprises a plurality of Mn+1Xn(Ts) platelets having at least one mean lateral dimension in a range of from about 0.1 micron to about 50 microns.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 45, wherein M is at least one Group 4, 5, 6, or 7 metal.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 46, wherein M is at least one of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sc, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 47, wherein M is Ti, and n is 1 or 2.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 48, wherein Mn+1Xn comprises Sc2C, Sc2N, Ti2C, Ti2N, V2C, V2N, Cr2C, Cr2N, Zr2C, Zr2N, Nb2C, Nb2N, Hf2C, Hf2N, Ta2C, Mo2C, Ti3C2, Ti3N2, V3C2, Ta3C2, Ta3N2, Mo3C2, (Cr2/3 Ti1/2)3C2, Ti4C3, Ti4N3, V4C3, V4N3, Ta4C3, Ta4N3, Nb4C3, or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 47, wherein M comprises at least two Group 4, 5, 6, or 7 metals, and the Mn+1Xn(Ts) composition is represented by a formula M′2M″mXm+1(Ts), where m=n−1.
The method of Embodiment 50, wherein M′ comprises Ti, V, Cr, or Mo.
The method of Embodiment 49 or 50, wherein M″ comprises Ti, V, Nb, or Ta, and M′ is different than M″.
The method of any one of Embodiments 49 to 52, wherein M′2M″mXm+1, comprises Mo2TiC2, Mo2VC2, Mo2TaC2, Mo2NbC2, Mo2Ti2C3, Cr2TiC2, Cr2VC2, Cr2TaC2, Cr2NbC2, Ti2NbC2, Ti2TaC2, V2TaC2, V2TiC2, or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 49 to 52, wherein M′2M″mXm+1, comprises Mo2TiC2, Mo2VC2, Mo2TaC2, Mo2NbC2, Cr2VC2, Cr2TaC2, Cr2NbC2, Ti2NbC2, Ti2TaC2, V2TaC2, V2TiC2, or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 49 to 52, wherein M′2M″mXm+1, comprises Mo2Ti2C3, Mo2V2C3, Mo2Nb2C3, Mo2Ta2C3, Cr2Ti2C3, Cr2V2C3, Cr2Nb2C3, Cr2Ta2C3, Nb2Ta2C3, Ti2Nb2C3, Ti2Ta2C3, V2Ta2C3, V2Nb2C3, V2Ti2C3, or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 49 to 52, wherein M′2M″mXm+1i, comprises Nb2VC2, Ta2TiC2, Ta2VC2, Nb2TiC2 or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 49 to 56, wherein the M′2M″mXm+1 is in a disordered state.
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 57, the crystal cells having an empirical formula Ti3C2 or Ti2C and wherein at least one of said surfaces of each layer is coated with surface terminations, Ts, comprising alkoxide, fluoride, hydroxide, oxide, sub-oxide, sulfonate, or a combination thereof
The method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 58, wherein the Mn+1Xn(Ts) or M′2M″mXm+1 composition is formed by removing at least 90% the A atoms from a MAX-phase composition having an empirical formula of Mn+1 AXn or M′2M″mAXm+1, respectively;
The method of Embodiment 59, wherein the removing the A atoms is done in aqueous media.
The method of Embodiment 59 or 60, wherein M is at least one of Hf, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sc, Ta, Ti, V, W, or Zr
The method of any one of Embodiments 59 to 61, wherein A is at least one of Al, As, Ga, Ge, In, P, Pb, S, or Sn.
The method of any one of Embodiments 59 to 62, wherein the A atoms are removed by a process comprising a treatment with a fluorine-containing acid.
The method of Embodiment 63, wherein the fluorine-containing acid is aqueous hydrofluoric acid.
The method of Embodiments 63 wherein the fluorine-containing acid comprises or is derived from:
The method of Embodiment 65, wherein the fluorine-containing acid is derived from lithium fluoride and an aqueous mineral acid that is stronger than HF, such as HCl, HNO3, or H2SO4, preferably HCl.
A coating prepared by the method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 66.
A coating prepared by the method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 66, further comprising intercalated lithium ions, lithium atoms, sodium ions, sodium, or a combination thereof
An electrical device containing the coating of Embodiment 67 or 68.
The electrical device of Embodiment 69 that is a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode (including organic light emitting diodes), a touchscreen, or a photovoltaic device.
The electrical device of Embodiment 69 that is a plasmonic device such as a plasmonic sensor array, an optical-to-electrical signal transducer a surface-plasmon polariton transmitter, an infrared-reflecting window.
A metamaterial such as a cloaking material, transformational optic component, superlens comprising a coating prepared by the method of any one of Embodiments 31 to 66.
The following Examples are provided to illustrate some of the concepts described within this disclosure. While each Example is considered to provide specific individual embodiments of composition, methods of preparation and use, none of the Examples should be considered to limit the more general embodiments described herein.
Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes are a relatively young class of 2D solids, produced by the selective etching of the A-group layers from the MAX phases, a >70 member family of layered, hexagonal early transition metal carbides and nitrides. To date, all Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes have been produced by etching MAX phases in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, HF, or ammonium bifluoride. Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes have already proven to be promising candidates for electrodes in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors, exhibiting volumetric capacitances exceeding most previously reported materials. However, the path to electrode manufacturing required the handling of concentrated HF and a laborious multi-step procedure. Herein a safer route was sought by exploiting the reaction between common, inexpensive hydrochloric acid, HCl, and fluoride salts. Furthermore, given Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes' ability to preferentially intercalate cations (post-synthesis), a related question was whether etching and intercalation might be achieved in a single step, as was observed for etching of thin Ti3AlC2 films with ammonium bifluoride. Based on the change in Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene properties upon intercalation and the compositional variability of fluoride salts, this could lead to a one-step procedure for the synthesis of many Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes, with tunable structures and properties.
The Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXenes reported in this study were prepared by dissolving LiF in 6 M HCl, followed by the slow addition of Ti3AlC2 powders and heating of the mixture at 40° C. for 45 h. After etching, the resulting sediments were washed to remove the reaction products and raise the pH (several cycles of water addition, centrifugation, and decanting). This method also provided a good route for the intercalating metal ions into the MXene frameworks (e.g., see Example 8).
The MAX phase used as precursor for Ti3C2(Ts) synthesis herein, Ti3AlC2, was prepared by mixing commercial Ti2AlC powders (Kanthal, Sweden) with TiC in a 1:1 molar ratio (after adjusting for the ˜12 wt. % Ti3AlC2 already present in the commercial powder), followed by ball milling for 18 h. The mixture was then heated at 5° C./min, under flowing argon, Ar, in a tube furnace for 2 h at 1350° C. The resulting lightly sintered brick was ground with a TiN coated milling bit and sieved through a 400 mesh sieve producing powder with the particle size less than 38 μm.
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl (Fisher, technical grade), was added to distilled water to prepare a 6 M solution (30 mL total). 1.98 g (5 molar equivalents) of LiF (Alfa Aesar, 98+%) was added to this solution. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes with a magnetic Teflon stir bar to dissolve the salt.
Three grams of Ti3AlC2 powders were carefully added over the course of 10 minutes to avoid initial overheating of the solution as a result of the exothermic nature of the reactions. The reaction mixture was then held at 40° C. for 45 h, after which the mixture was washed through ˜5 cycles of distilled water addition, centrifugation (3500 rpm×5 minutes for each cycle), and decanting, until the supernatant reached a pH of approximately 6. The final product, with a small amount of water, was filtered on cellulose nitrate (0.22 μm pore size). At this stage, the filtrate exhibited ‘clay-like’ properties and could be directly processed into films by rolling.
The Ti3C2(Ts) flakes were dispersed in distilled water (2 g Ti3C2(Ts) per 0.5 L water), deaerated with Ar, followed by sonication for 1 h. The mixture was then centrifuged for 1 h at 3500 rpm, and the supernatant, which was dark green in color, was collected. This dispersion was filtered using a membrane (3501 Coated PP, Celgard LLC, Charlotte, N.C.) to yield flexible, freestanding Ti3C2(Ts) paper. The weight percentage of Ti3C2(Ts) delaminated into stable suspension in this case was 45 wt %.
Preparation of the Clay Electrodes is depicted step-by-step in
The AC electrodes were prepared by mechanical processing of a pre-mixed slurry, containing ethanol (190 proof, Decon Laboratories, Inc.), YP-50 activated carbon powder, (Kuraray, Japan), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder (60 wt. % in H2O, Sigma Aldrich). The resulting AC electrodes' composition was 95 wt. % AC and 5 wt. % PTFE. They had thicknesses that varied between 100-150 μm; the mass densities per unit area were in the 10-25 mg/cm2 range.
All electrochemical measurements were performed in 3-electrode Swagelok cells, where Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene served as the working electrode, over-capacitive AC films were used as counter electrodes; Ag/AgCl in 1 M KCl was the reference electrode. Two layers of the Celgard membranes were used as separators. The electrolyte was 1 M H2SO4 (Alfa Aesar, ACS grade).
Cyclic voltammetry, CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, and galvanostatic cycling were performed using a VMP3 potentiostat (Biologic, France).
Cyclic voltammetry was performed using scan rates that ranged from 1 to 100 mV/s. EIS was performed at OCP, with a 10 mV amplitude, and frequencies that ranged from 10 mHz to 200 kHz.
Galvanostatic cycling was performed at 1 and 10 A/g between the potential limits of −0.3 V to 0.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Capacitance data reported in the article were calculated from the slope of the discharge curve.
XRD patterns were recorded with a powder diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54 Å) with 0.2° 2θ steps and 0.5 s dwelling time.
Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed on a SEM (Zeiss Supra 50 VP, Carl Zeiss SMT AG, Oberkochen, Germany) equipped with an Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) (Oxford EDS, with INCA software). Most EDS scans were obtained at low magnification (100-200×) at random points of powdered samples. Elemental standards were as follows: C: CaCO3; Al:Al2O3; O:SiO2; F:MgF2; Nb:Nb metal. XPP matrix correction (Pouchou and Pichoir, 1988) was used for elemental quantitative analysis.
Transmission electron microscopy of the Ti3C2(Ts) flakes was performed on a TEM (JEOL JEM-2100, Japan) using an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The TEM samples were prepared by dropping two drops of diluted colloidal solution of Ti3C2(Ts) flakes onto a copper grid and dried in air. The flake size and number of layers per flake distributions were obtained through statistical analysis of more than 300 Ti3C2(Ts) flakes in the TEM images.
Resistivity measurements were performed with a 4-point probe (ResTest v1, Jandel Engineering Ltd., Bedfordshire, UK). Measured resistivity was automatically multiplied by the proper thickness correction factor given by the Jandel software.
Effect of Synthetic Conditions: Experiments showed that the reaction conditions of 35° C. for 24 h rather than 40° C. for 45 h produced a material with persistent MAX peaks in XRD, and higher Al content by EDS, but that gave reliable high yields of delaminated flakes upon sonication. The Ti3AlC2 etched at higher temperatures showed lower Al content but did not always readily delaminate and disperse by sonication.
Detailed volumetric analysis: In order to quantify diffusion-limited contributions to capacitance, the relationship between where the current i(V) (at a given voltage, V) in mA and scan rate, υ, in V/s, was assume to be:
i(V)=k1υ+k2υ0.5,
where k1 and k2 are constants. For the CVs, at scan rates from 1 mV/s to 20 mV/s, current values were extracted, and i/υ05 vs. υ0.5 was plotted at each voltage and linear fitting was performed: i(V)/υ0.5=k1υ0.5+k2. The slope k1, for each voltage, describes the contributions of the non-diffusion controlled processes to the overall process.
The resulting sediment formed a clay-like paste that could be rolled, when wet (
Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that aluminum, Al, was removed, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the disappearance of Ti3AlC2 peaks (traces can be seen in the case of incomplete transformation). Multilayer particles did not show the accordion-like morphology seen in HF-etched Mn+1Xn(Ts) materials reported to date; rather, particles appeared tightly stacked, presumably as a result of water and/or cationic intercalation (see
XRD patterns of the etched material, in its air-dried multilayered state, showed a remarkable increase in the intensity and sharpness of the (0001 ) peaks (
When the ‘clay’ was rolled into freestanding films, XRD patterns showed again strong ordering in the c direction (
The c parameter expansion also resulted in the weakening of interactions between the Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene layers as evidenced by easy delamination of multilayered particles by sonication, like it is done for van der Waals solids. In our previous work, typical sonication times for delamination (after post-synthesis intercalation with dimethyl sulfoxide) were of the order of 4 h. Here, sonication times of the order of 30-60 minutes resulted in stable suspensions with concentrations as high as 2 g/L, higher than observed previously. Remarkably, the yield from multilayer to dispersed flakes was about 45% by mass. Freestanding films were also readily fabricated by filtering these suspensions, as reported previously.
The fact that the LiF—HCl etchant was much milder than HF resulted in flakes with larger lateral dimensions (
Previously Ti3C2(Ts) “paper”—made by filtration of solutions containing delaminated Ti3C2(Ts) flakes—has been shown to exhibit volumetric capacitances of ca. 350 F/cm3 at 20 mV/s (and 450 F/cm3 at 2 mV/s) in KOH electrolyte. For comparison, herein we characterized the electrochemical performances of rolled, freestanding Ti3C2(Ts) films in 1 M sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Advantages of acidic electrolytes include not only their excellent conductivities but also that protons, being the smallest cations, are known to allow for surface redox reactions in transition metal oxide electrodes, such as RuO2, MnO2 and some others, and may provide additional contribution to capacitance from fast surface redox.
At a scan rate of 2 mV/s, capacitance values reached 900 F/cm3 (
To quantify the capacitive and diffusion limited contributions to the total capacitances, Dunn et al's approach was used. See, Wang, J., Polleux, J., Lim, J. & Dunn, B. , J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 14925-14931 (2007). The results of this analysis—summarized in
When the electrochemical responses of three rolled clay electrodes—5μm, 30 μm and 75 μm thick—were compared (
The good capacitive rate performance of the 75 μm thick electrodes (
In terms of versatility, the LiF—HCl solution was also capable of etching other MAX phases, e.g., Nb2AlC and Ti2AlC. In the case of Ti2AlC, the multilayer powders were delaminated in a similar fashion to Ti3C2(Ts) to produce suspensions of Ti2C(Ts) flakes, as well as Ti2C(Ts) ‘paper’, which had not been previously reported. These considerations hint at the potential of this new etching method for the synthesis of other Mn+1Xn(Ts) materials, which will be explored in future studies.
This method of Mn+1Xn(Ts) production was successful to varying degrees for other fluoride salts, such as NaF, KF, CsF, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, and CaF2 in HCl, all of which showed similar etching behavior. When H2SO4 was used instead of HCl, Mn+1Xn(Ts) materials were still obtained. We note here that these systems are options and merit further study; the ability to fine tune the reaction based on reagents used will indubitably lead to potentially useful variations in compositions and properties, especially since it is reasonable to assume that different acids and salts should modify the surface chemistries and pre-intercalate different ions.
In summary, a new high-yield method for Mn+1Xn(Ts) MXene synthesis that is safer, easier, and provides a faster route to delaminated flakes has been detailed. This method yields a clay-like material, which can be shaped to give conductive solids of desired forms, or rolled into thin sheets, for a host of applications. When the rolled films were used as supercapacitor electrodes in a H2SO4 electrolyte, the performances were extraordinary, with volumetric capacitances up to 900 F/cm3 or 245 F/g. When it is further appreciated that these numbers are “first-generation” numbers that will no doubt increase as we better understand the underlying processes and modify the material structure and chemistry, the potential of these non-oxide 2D materials to push electrochemical energy storage to new heights is clear.
The ‘clay’ was produced by reacting Ti3AlC2 with a mixture of hydrochloric acid (6 Molar concentration, in a ratio of 10 mL acid:1 g Ti3AlC2) and lithium fluoride (5 molar equivalents per equivalent Ti3AlC2) at 40° C. for 24 h. Washing the resulting sediment with distilled water to a pH of 6-7, followed by collection via suction filtration, yielded a hard ‘clay’-like solid upon drying; this solid was crushed to yield a fine powder that could be readily rehydrated.
The powder from Example 6.1 was hydrated fully by immersing in water in a ratio of 0.1 g Ti3C2(Ts):10 g water for 10 minutes with agitation, followed by suction filtration to yield hydrated ‘clay’ ready for processing. The ‘clay’ was taken directly and sandwiched in between two pieces of Celgard (3501 coated PP, Celgard LLC, Charlotte, N.C.) membrane, followed by insertion into a roller mill set to desired thickness; rolling followed by drying yielded a detachable film (upon drying, the resulting thickness could be made to range from sub-micron to over 100 μm.
MAX etching and washing. 2.5 mL of deionized water, 2.5 mL of 12 M hydrochloric acid, 0.333 g of lithium fluoride (97%, Acros Organics), and 0.5 g of MAX-phased Ti3AlC2, produced by a previously described method (M. Ghidiu, et al. “Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance,” Nature, 516 (2014) 78-81), were combined in a plastic reaction vessel with a magnetic stir bar. The reaction vessel was sealed and nitrogen gas was used to purge the headspace for 20 minutes. After purging, the vessel was kept under positive nitrogen pressure and heated to 40° C. in a silicon oil bath. The reaction was allowed to continue for 24 hours at 40° C. with stirring. The etched MXene was then transferred to a centrifuge tube and combined with 40 mL of deionized water. The solution was then centrifuged at 4180 RCF for 5 minutes. The supernatant was decanted to waste. This washing step was repeated four more times to remove remaining acid. After washing, the multilayer MXene was filtered and allowed to dry overnight.
Deionized water was bubbled with nitrogen with vigorous stirring for 30 minutes to purge oxygen. Dry multilayer MXene was combined with this water to a concentration of 100 mg/mL in a centrifuge tube. The centrifuge tube was then purged with nitrogen for 2 minutes to remove oxygen before sealing. The MXene solution was then sonicated in a bath sonicator for 1 hour to separate the individual MXene flakes from the stacks of multilayer MXene. After sonication, the solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 4180 RCF to separate single flake MXene from multilayer MXene. The resulting supernatant was decanted to a new centrifuge tube, while the pellet was discarded.
The resulting supernatant was then used as an ink from which films could be spincoated. Films spincoated from this solution had transmittances of less than 10%. This ink could be diluted to create thinner inks from which more transparent films could be fabricated. Using a clean substrate, typical films were spincoated onto 1 in2 substrates using 0.2 mL of MXene ink at 1000 RPM for 60 seconds, followed by 2000 RPM for 5 seconds to aid drying. The resulting transparent conductive films were stored under dry nitrogen overnight in order to fully dry any residual water.
Two-dimensional flakes of Ti3C2, known as MXene, were prepared based on the method of Ghidiu providing a dispersion of MXene in water. This liquid starting material was used to fabricate transparent, conductive thin films on arbitrary substrates by spin coating. In a typical fabrication, 0.2 mL of MXene solution was deposited onto a 1″ square piece of soda-lime glass at 1000 RPM for 1 minute at room temperature in open atmosphere. Other substrates demonstrated include silicon wafers with a thermally grown SiO2 layer, fused quartz rounds, and flexible, polyetherimide polymer films. By varying the concentration of the MXene in solution, the thickness of the resulting spincoated films can be controlled. Absorbance spectra of films of varying thickness were collected over a range of 200-3000 nm (
SEM and AFM were used to characterize the thickness and the surface roughness of the spincoated MXene films. A sample of MXene on a silicon wafer with a thermally-grown oxide (Si/SiO2) was cleaved and SEM used to characterize the film cross-section (
Using the absorption coefficient determined from the fit of
Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to provide an independent measure of the conductivity of these spincoated MXene films (
The stability of spincoated MXene films was also studied. By tracking the film sheet resistance over time for films stored in open air or under dry nitrogen, it could be seen that the stability of film electrical properties depend on both storage method and film thickness (
MXene dispersions can be deposited on a variety of substrates, including flexible polymer substrates such as polyetherimide (
MXene layers can be patterned by masking the selected areas of the MXene films while treating the unmasked or exposed portions to an etchant, such as nitric acid. The mask can be provided by, for example, adhesive tape or photoresist, in addition to other protective layers that would be evident to someone skilled in the art.
Protocols as also available for selective ion intercalation/exchange in MXene materials, as exemplified here with Ti3C2. The resulting materials have different structural behaviors in response to water, and the exchange procedures are broadly applicable to many ions.
Experimental
Ti3AlC2: Ti2AlC powders (−325 mesh, Kanthal, Sweden) were mixed with TiC (Alfa Aesar, 99.5% purity) and heated to 1200° C. (at a heating rate of 10° C./min following by a 2 h soak) to afford Ti3AlC2, according to previously-reported procedures.[1] The resulting solid was milled with a milling bit and sieved (−400 mesh) to afford powders under 38 μm in size.
Ti3C2Tx-1: Ti3AlC2 powder (sieved to <38 μm particle size) was slowly added to 10 wt % hydrofluoric acid (HF) in a ratio of 1 g Ti3AlC2:10 mL etching solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 25° C., after which the powders were washed with distilled water in a centrifugation and decantation process: water was added to the reaction mixture, it was shaken for 1 min, then centrifuged for 2 mins to collect the powders. The supernatant was then discarded, and the process repeated. This was done in a ratio of ˜0.5 g powders:40 mL water. Upon reaching a pH of ˜5, the powders were filtered to remove excess water and left for another 24 h to dry in air.
Ti3C2Tx-2: Similar to the above procedure, Ti3AlC2 powder was added to an etching mixture in the same ratio. In this case, however, the etchant was a mixture of 10% HF and LiCl. The etchant contained LiCl in a molar ratio 5 LiCl:1 Ti3AlC2. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at 25° C. followed by washing as described previously.
Acid pre-washing. To remove traces of LiF precipitated during etching, Ti3C2-2 was washed with a centrifugation procedure as described above, with three washes consisting of 6 M HCl (Fisher TraceMetal grade). This procedure was performed directly after the etching of Ti3C2-2, before any of the sediments were allowed to dry.
Intercalation/exchange. For Ti3C2Tx-1, no prior acid washing was performed. For Ti3C2Tx -2, all samples were acid pre-washed as described above. Before the samples were allowed to dry, salt solutions (1 N LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KBr, RbCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2 in distilled water) were added in a ratio of roughly 0.5 g MXene to 40 mL solution. After shaking for 2 min, the mixtures were allowed to sit for 1 h. The samples were then centrifuged to settle the powders, and the supernatants were decanted and replaced with fresh solutions. The samples were again shaken and allowed to sit for 24 h. Then they were centrifuged, the supernatants were discarded, and water was added, followed by agitation and centrifugation. After decanting, the sediment was collected via filtration, and washed with distilled water (2×5 mL) followed by drying in air (roughly 50% relative humidity) to yield desired powders.
Observations. Ti3C2Tx was prepared by the reaction of Ti3AlC2 with 10% HF. After etching, removal of by-products by washing with water, and drying, attempts were made to intercalate Li ions by immersion in 1 M aqueous LiCl. Even after 72 h of exposure, no major changes (not shown) were observed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). However, when LiCl was present as part of the etchant (5 molar equivalents per mole of Ti3AlC2) rather than as a later addition, an intense and sharp (0002) reflection, corresponding to a c-LP of 24.5 Å, was observed for the powder dried in ambient air (˜50% relative humidity for 24 h), as opposed to the broader and less intense reflections of 19-20 Å often observed when only HF was used. This material is designated Ti3C2-2. Some LiF was identified in XRD patterns of Ti3C2-2, most likely formed by precipitation. To remove this impurity, 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to dissolve LiF during the washing procedure following etching. Surprisingly, this step resulted in the loss of order as observed by XRD (
To study the evolution of the c-LPs upon drying, air-dried Li—Ti3C2Tx samples were prepared and saturated with distilled water immediately prior to measurement. The powders were then held in an atmosphere of ˜40% relative humidity;
For Ti3C2-1, the c-LP (˜19.5 Å) from etching in HF alone was taken to be without H2O intercalation. It followed that Li—Ti3C2Tx equilibrated at ˜40% relative humidity (c-LP of 24.5 Å) has a Δc of +5 Å, or a change of +2.5 Å per interlayer space. As discussed in the literature, this change corresponds roughly to the size of an H2O molecule. Upon full hydration, the single reflection corresponding to 33 Å (an interlayer expansion of +6.8 Å) likely involved a bilayer of H2O between the MXene layers. This expansion matches well with that reported for other materials upon Li+ intercalation, and expansion of the 25-Å phase corresponds to that of MoS2 assumed to be intercalated with one layer of H2O. It was reasonable to assume that Li—Ti3C2Tx contained a monolayer of H2O and ions, possibly in a crystallographic layer as observed in materials such as layered double hydroxides. This 2-stage response highlighted in
To explore the intercalation of other ions, Ti3C2-2 was immersed in 1 M solutions of NaCl, KCl, and RbCl, and 0.5 M solutions of MgCl2 and CaCl2 following HCl treatment as described earlier, followed by washing with distilled water to remove traces of salt, and drying in air to yield samples Na—Ti3C2Tx, K—Ti3C2Tx, Rb—Ti3C2Tx, Mg—Ti3C2Tx, and Ca—Ti3C2Tx. XRD patterns were recorded under full hydration (in the presence of liquid water;
To test a hypothesis that the hydration of these materials was related to the enthalpy of hydration of the intercalated cations, the interlayer space (viz. Δc/2) were plotted against e/r (where e is the cation charge and r its radius), with radii values taken from the literature. When saturated with water (
After drying in air, large changes were observed for Li—Ti3C2Tx and Na—Ti3C2Tx as their interlayer space shrunk to that of a monolayer spacing (
However, after drying over P2O5, Ca—Ti3C2Tx shrunk to the monolayer phase, while Mg—Ti3C2Tx displayed a broad peak centred on the bilayer region (
To further substantiate ion intercalation, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used. For Ti3C2-1, no Li-related peaks were present, either before or after sputtering (
After sputtering, the two peaks corresponding to Li—O/Li—OH and LiCl/LiF were replaced by one at a binding energy of 55.8 eV (which lies in the middle of those for the two species), with the same FWHM as the peaks of those species before sputtering. This might be due to the effect of sputtering on the Li species.
XPS spectra of the Li is region for Na—Ti3C2Tx before sputtering (FIGS. 19Aiii) show no sign of Li—O/Li—OH species. Only a peak for LiF/LiCl species was present. This holds true after sputtering as well. The lack of a peak corresponding to the intercalated Li+ suggested a complete exchange between Li+ and Na+ ions.
Based on the overall results, it is possible to propose a formula for these MXenes: An+z/n(H2O)y[Ti3C2Tx]z−, where An+ is a cation intercalant. It is clear that water can be reversibly intercalated according to the topotactic reaction:
An+z/n(H2O)y[Ti3C2Tx]z−+ζH2O ⇔An+z/n(H2O)y+ζ[Ti3C2Tx]z− (1)
The driving force for water (de)intercalation is likely the solvation of the cations. The Mn+1XnTx layers, on the other hand, remain unchanged as negatively charged matrix elements. The 000 l reflections are intense and relatively narrow, strongly suggesting the water/cation complexes are highly ordered in the c direction.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, that the foregoing description and the examples that follow are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention, and further that other aspects, advantages and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. In addition to the embodiments described herein, the present invention contemplates and claims those inventions resulting from the combination of features of the invention cited herein and those of the cited prior art references which complement the features of the present invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any described material, feature, or article may be used in combination with any other material, feature, or article, and such combinations are considered within the scope of this invention.
The disclosures of each patent, patent application, and publication cited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein by reference, each in its entirety, for all purposes.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/513,740 (filed Mar. 23, 2017); which is a national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/051588 (filed Sep. 23, 2015); which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/055,155 (filed Sep. 25, 2014) and United States Patent Application No. 62/214,380 (filed Sep. 4, 2015). All of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for any and all purposes.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. 1310245 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62055155 | Sep 2014 | US | |
| 62214380 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15513740 | Mar 2017 | US |
| Child | 16710454 | US |
