Patent Grant
11266319
The present invention relates generally to monitoring devices and, more particularly, to monitoring devices for measuring physiological information.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is based upon shining light into the human body and measuring how the scattered light intensity changes with each pulse of blood flow. The scattered light intensity will change in time with respect to changes in blood flow or blood opacity associated with heart beats, breaths, blood oxygen level (SpO2), and the like. Such a sensing methodology may require the magnitude of light energy reaching the volume of flesh being interrogated to be steady and consistent so that small changes in the quantity of scattered photons can be attributed to varying blood flow. If the incidental and scattered photon count magnitude changes due to light coupling variation between the source or detector and the skin surface, then the signal of interest can be difficult to ascertain due to large photon count variability caused by loss or variation of optical coupling. Changes in the surface area (and volume) of skin being impacted with photons, or varying skin surface curvature reflecting significant portions of the photons may also significantly impact optical coupling efficiency. Physical activity, such a walking, cycling, running, etc., may cause motion artifacts in the optical scatter signal from the body, and time-varying changes in photon intensity due to motion artifacts may swamp-out time-varying changes in photon intensity due to blood flow changes. Each of these changes in optical coupling can affect the photonic interrogation count by a large percent of the total photon count and diminish the quality of the signal of interest; with lower probability of obtaining accurate values of desired data.
An earphone is a good choice for incorporation of a photoplethysmograph device because it is a form factor that individuals are familiar with, it is a device that is commonly worn for long periods of time, and it frequently is used during exercise which is a time when individuals may benefit most from having accurate heart rate data (or other physiological data). Unfortunately, incorporation of a photoplethysmograph device into an earphone poses several challenges. For example, earphones may be uncomfortable to wear for long periods of time, particularly if they deform the ear surface. Moreover, human ear anatomy may vary significantly from person to person, so finding an earbud form that will fit comfortably in many ears may pose significant challenges. In addition, earbuds made for vigorous physical activity typically incorporate an elastomeric surface and/or elastomeric features to function as springs that dampen earbud acceleration within the ear. Although, these features may facilitate retention of an earbud within an ear during high acceleration and impact modalities, they do not adequately address optical skin coupling requirements needed to achieve quality photoplethysmography.
Conventional photoplethysmography devices, as illustrated for example in
A conventional earbud device that performs photoplethysmography in the ear is the MX-D100 player from Perception Digital of Wanchai, Hong Kong (www.perceptiondigital.com). This earbud device, illustrated in
It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the concepts being further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Some embodiments of the present invention put a module containing one or more energy emitters and energy detectors on a biasing element, such as an elastomeric arm that decouples earbud vibration from sensor vibration. Moreover, the biasing element urges the sensor module into intimate contact with the skin surface.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a biasing element having opposite first and second end portions, and a sensing element attached to the biasing element second end portion. The monitoring device is configured to be attached to an ear of a subject such that the biasing element first end portion engages the ear at a first location and such that the sensing element is urged by the biasing member into contact with the ear at a second location. The sensing element includes at least one energy emitter configured to direct energy at a target region of the ear and at least one detector configured to detect an energy response signal from the target region or a region adjacent the target region. For example, the at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element includes a surface having at least one window through which energy passes from the at least one energy emitter, and through which energy is collected by the at least one detector. The at least one window may include at least one opening. Moreover, the surface may be shaped to conform to a shape of a portion of the ear of a subject.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element may include a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the at least one detector.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the biasing element may include a motion sensor that is configured to detect motion of the biasing element and/or sensing element. The motion sensor may be, for example, an inertial sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, an optical sensor, etc. In some embodiments, the motion sensor may be a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor used for measuring blood flow.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a biasing element having opposite first and second end portions, an earbud attached to the biasing element first end portion, and a sensing element attached to the biasing element second end portion. The earbud has a first mass, and the sensing element has a second mass that is less than the first mass. The biasing element is configured to urge the sensing element into contact with a portion of the ear when the earbud is inserted into the ear. In addition, the biasing element decouples motion of the earbud from the sensing element.
The sensing element includes at least one energy emitter configured to direct energy at a target region of the ear and at least one detector configured to detect an energy response signal from the target region and/or a region adjacent the target region. For example, the at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector.
In some embodiments, the earbud includes an optical emitter. A light guide having a distal end terminates adjacent a window in a surface of the sensing element. The light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter and is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into an ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end. In some embodiments, the light guide extends from the optical emitter to the sensing element at least partially through the biasing element.
In some embodiments, the earbud includes an optical detector. A light guide having a distal end terminates adjacent a window in a surface of the sensing element. The light guide is in optical communication with the optical detector and is configured to collect light from an ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end and deliver collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the light guide extends from the optical detector to the sensing element at least partially through the biasing element.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element includes a surface having at least one window through which energy passes from the at least one energy emitter, and through which energy is collected by the at least one detector. The at least one window may include at least one opening. In addition, the surface may be shaped to conform to a shape of a portion of the ear of a subject.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element may include a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the at least one detector.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the biasing element may include a motion sensor that is configured to detect motion of the biasing element and/or sensing element. The motion sensor may be, for example, an inertial sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, etc.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a speaker is disposed within the earbud, and the earbud includes at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a housing configured to be attached to an ear of a subject and a sensing element movably secured to the housing via a biasing element. The housing has a first mass, and the sensing element has a second mass that is less than the first mass. In some embodiments, the first mass is at least 1.25 times greater than the second mass. The biasing element is configured to urge the sensing element into contact with a portion of the ear, and decouples motion of the housing from the sensing element.
The sensing element includes at least one energy emitter configured to direct energy at a target region of the ear and at least one detector configured to detect an energy response signal from the target region or a region adjacent the target region. For example, the at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector.
In some embodiments, the biasing element includes a motion sensor configured to detect motion of the biasing element and/or sensing element.
In some embodiments, the biasing element comprises a flexible member that at least partially surrounds the sensing element. The flexible member comprises a compressible, resilient material, such as gel. In some embodiments, the monitoring device includes a speaker within the housing. A sound port is formed through the flexible member and housing so as to be in acoustical communication with the speaker.
Earbud monitoring devices, according to embodiments of the present invention, are advantageous over conventional monitoring devices for several reasons. One is comfort of fit. An earbud monitoring device according to embodiments of the present invention is comfortable and may provide more accurate biometrics than conventional earbuds. Moreover, by designing the sensor element as a separate body from the earbud, the earbud can be tailored for comfort. Another advantage is that by providing supplemental spring action on the sensor module an additional level of sensor to skin intimacy may be achieved. By decoupling the sensor module and earbud, less spring force (pressure) is needed to maintain sensor contact with the ear, thus resulting in greater comfort. A device where the sensor can stay in contact with the interrogation area of interest, even under extreme accelerations, may be able to continuously report data and offer the end-user a higher confidence level in the device's accuracy.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a sensor band configured to be secured around an appendage of a subject, and a sensing element movably secured to the sensor band via a biasing element. The sensor band has a first mass, and the sensing element has a second mass that is less than the first mass. In some embodiments, the first mass is at least 1.25 times greater than the second mass. The biasing element is configured to urge the sensing element into contact with a portion of the appendage, and the biasing element decouples motion of the band from the sensing element.
The sensing element includes at least one energy emitter configured to direct energy at a target region of the body and at least one detector configured to detect an energy response signal from the target region or a region adjacent the target region. For example, the at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector. In some embodiments, the biasing element includes a motion sensor configured to detect motion of the biasing element and/or sensing element.
In some embodiments, the monitoring device includes a second band that is configured to be secured to the appendage of the subject in adjacent, spaced-apart relationship with the sensor band. At least one member or bridge connects the sensor band and second band together.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a band that is configured to be secured around an appendage of a subject, wherein the band comprises an inner surface and an outer surface. A plurality of biasing elements extend radially outward from the inner surface in circumferential spaced-apart relationship and are configured to contact the appendage. A sensing element is secured to the band inner surface between two of the biasing elements. In some embodiments, the sensing element extends outwardly from the band inner surface such that the at least one energy emitter and at least one detector associated with the sensing element do not contact the appendage when the band is secured around the appendage. In other embodiments, the sensing element extends outwardly from the band inner surface such that the at least one energy emitter and at least one detector associated with the sensing element contact the appendage when the band is secured around the appendage.
The at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a band that is configured to be secured around an appendage of a subject and includes an inner surface and an outer surface. An elongated biasing element having opposite ends is secured circumferentially to the band inner surface such that the opposite ends are in adjacent, spaced-apart relationship. The biasing element comprises a surface that contacts the appendage when the band is secured around the appendage. A sensing element is secured to the band inner surface between the adjacent, spaced-apart biasing element ends.
The sensing element includes at least one energy emitter configured to direct energy at a target region of the appendage and at least one detector configured to detect an energy response signal from the target region or region adjacent to the target region. The at least one energy emitter is configured to direct electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy at the target region, and the at least one detector is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation, mechanical energy, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy. In some embodiments, the at least one energy emitter comprises at least one optical emitter and the at least one detector comprises at least one optical detector. In some embodiments, the sensing element includes a surface having at least one window through which energy passes from the at least one energy emitter, and through which energy is collected by the at least one detector.
In some embodiments, the sensing element extends outwardly from the band inner surface such that the at least one energy emitter and at least one detector associated with the sensing element do not contact the appendage when the band is secured around the appendage. In other embodiments, the sensing element extends outwardly from the band inner surface such that the at least one energy emitter and at least one detector associated with the sensing element contact the appendage when the band is secured around the appendage.
In some embodiments, one or more portions of the biasing element surface have a textured configuration, such as a plurality of raised bumps. The raised bumps may be arranged in an array and may have various shapes and sizes. In some embodiments, the plurality of raised bumps have alternating shapes.
Embodiments of the present invention utilize a sensing element as a distinct third body relative to a monitoring device and a body of a subject wearing the monitoring device. For example, if the monitoring device is an earbud configured to be secured within the ear of a subject, the ear of the subject is the first body, the earbud is the second body, and the sensing element or module is a distinct third body. As such, embodiments of the present invention provide several advantages over conventional monitoring devices. First, the mass of the sensing element, according to embodiments of the present invention, is reduced since the sensing element is decoupled from the earbud body. This lower mass may see smaller displacements as a result of ear, earbud or appendage accelerations, for example, as a result of subject motion. Second, a sensing element, according to embodiments of the present invention, can be shaped and presented to the interrogation surface of interest in a form tailored for optical coupling and not restricted by conventional forms, such as conventional earbud forms.
In addition, the effect of earbud cabling pulling on an earbud and possibly dislodging the sensor to skin contact can be minimized by having a biasing element, such as a spring, between the earbud and the sensor, according to embodiments of the present invention. By incorporating a biasing element between an earbud and sensor, fit within one or more portions of the concha of an ear can be achieved with an optimized earbud form, while fit between the sensor and interrogation surface can be optimized for photoplethysmography. Moreover, because any dampened system will have a lag in response to vibrational compensation, decoupling the sensor element from earbud motion allows the sensor response to be better tuned to managing small vibrational offsets; whereas, the earbud dampening structures are best designed to handle larger displacements inherent from a larger, heavier mass body with multiple ear contact points. The earbud makes larger amplitude acceleration compensations compared to the sensor element due to its larger mass. The secondary minor acceleration compensations of the sensor to ear surface (or appendage) movement may be significantly reduced as well as signal variation.
It is noted that aspects of the invention described with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated in a different embodiment although not specifically described relative thereto. That is, all embodiments and/or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination. Applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to be able to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and/or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not originally claimed in that manner. These and other objects and/or aspects of the present invention are explained in detail below.
The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. The drawings and description together serve to fully explain embodiments of the present invention.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, certain layers, components or features may be exaggerated for clarity, and broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise. In addition, the sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the order presented in the figures and/or claims unless specifically indicated otherwise. Features described with respect to one figure or embodiment can be associated with another embodiment or figure although not specifically described or shown as such.
It will be understood that when a feature or element is referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.
It will be understood that although the terms first and second are used herein to describe various features/elements, these features/elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.
The term “about”, as used herein with respect to a value or number, means that the value or number can vary by +/− twenty percent (20%).
The term “monitoring device” includes any type of device that may be attached to or near the ear or to an appendage of a user and may have various configurations, without limitation.
The term “real-time” is used to describe a process of sensing, processing, or transmitting information in a time frame which is equal to or shorter than the minimum timescale at which the information is needed. For example, the real-time monitoring of pulse rate may result in a single average pulse-rate measurement every minute, averaged over 30 seconds, because an instantaneous pulse rate is often useless to the end user. Typically, averaged physiological and environmental information is more relevant than instantaneous changes. Thus, in the context of the present invention, signals may sometimes be processed over several seconds, or even minutes, in order to generate a “real-time” response.
The term “monitoring” refers to the act of measuring, quantifying, qualifying, estimating, sensing, calculating, interpolating, extrapolating, inferring, deducing, or any combination of these actions. More generally, “monitoring” refers to a way of getting information via one or more sensing elements. For example, “blood health monitoring” includes monitoring blood gas levels, blood hydration, and metabolite/electrolyte levels.
The term “physiological” refers to matter or energy of or from the body of a creature (e.g., humans, animals, etc.). In embodiments of the present invention, the term “physiological” is intended to be used broadly, covering both physical and psychological matter and energy of or from the body of a creature. However, in some cases, the term “psychological” is called-out separately to emphasize aspects of physiology that are more closely tied to conscious or subconscious brain activity rather than the activity of other organs, tissues, or cells.
The term “body” refers to the body of a subject (human or animal) that may wear a monitoring device, according to embodiments of the present invention.
In the following figures, various monitoring devices will be illustrated and described for attachment to the ear or an appendage of the human body. However, it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to those worn by humans.
The ear is an ideal location for wearable health and environmental monitors. The ear is a relatively immobile platform that does not obstruct a person's movement or vision. Monitoring devices located at an ear have, for example, access to the inner-ear canal and tympanic membrane (for measuring core body temperature), muscle tissue (for monitoring muscle tension), the pinna, earlobe, and elsewhere (for monitoring blood gas levels), the region behind the ear (for measuring skin temperature and galvanic skin response), and the internal carotid artery (for measuring cardiopulmonary functioning), etc. The ear is also at or near the point of exposure to: environmental breathable toxicants of interest (volatile organic compounds, pollution, etc.; noise pollution experienced by the ear; and lighting conditions for the eye. Furthermore, as the ear canal is naturally designed for transmitting acoustical energy, the ear provides a good location for monitoring internal sounds, such as heartbeat, breathing rate, and mouth motion.
Optical coupling into the blood vessels of the ear may vary between individuals. As used herein, the term “coupling” refers to the interaction or communication between excitation energy (such as light) entering a region and the region itself. For example, one form of optical coupling may be the interaction between excitation light generated from within a light-guiding earbud and the blood vessels of the ear. In one embodiment, this interaction may involve excitation light entering the ear region and scattering from a blood vessel in the ear such that the temporal change in intensity of scattered light is proportional to a temporal change in blood flow within the blood vessel. Another form of optical coupling may be the interaction between excitation light generated by an optical emitter within an earbud and the light-guiding region of the earbud. Thus, an earbud with integrated light-guiding capabilities, wherein light can be guided to multiple and/or select regions along the earbud, can assure that each individual wearing the earbud will generate an optical signal related to blood flow through the blood vessels. Optical coupling of light to a particular ear region of one person may not yield photoplethysmographic signals for each person. Therefore, coupling light to multiple regions may assure that at least one blood-vessel-rich region will be interrogated for each person wearing the light-guiding earbud. Coupling multiple regions of the ear to light may also be accomplished by diffusing light from a light source within the earbud.
Referring to
Substantial motion decoupling can be achieved by the sensing element 16 having a mass that is smaller than the mass of the earbud 14. For example, if the monitoring device 10 weighs ten (10) grams and the earbud 14 has a mass of nine (9) grams and the sensor element has a mass of one (1) gram, the momentum caused by the monitoring device 10 accelerating may be substantially less on the sensing element 16 such that the sensing element 16 experiences less distance travelled. Sensor noise is reduced by stopping the monitoring device 10 momentum from causing the sensing element 16 to move as far. Sensor jitter from movement is the largest controllable contributor to a noisy signal. The more one can decouple device mass from sensor mass the cleaner the signal gets. The more the sensing element 16 mass is reduced and the lower the spring constant, the less sensor movement is experienced from the monitoring device 10 mass accelerating on each footstep of the subject, for example.
The monitoring device 10 is configured to be attached to an ear of a subject such that the earbud 14 is secured within the ear and the biasing element 12 urges the sensing element 16 into contact with the ear at a particular location, for example, as illustrated in
The earbud 14 may have various shapes and configurations and is not limited to the illustrated shape. The sensing element 16 may have various shapes and configurations and is not limited to the illustrated shape. In addition, a wire (not shown) may connect an audio device to the earbud, as would be understood by those of skill in the art. Moreover, the earbud 14 may comprise a speaker, and/or the monitoring device 10 may generally comprise a speaker and microphone. Various types of speakers or microphones may be used. In some cases a bone conduction microphone or speaker may be used. In some embodiments, a speaker may intentionally not be present and an opening or hole may exist in the earbud to expose the ear canal to the outside world. Such an embodiment may be useful for the case where biometric/physiological monitoring is desired without the user's ear canal being blocked-off from ambient sounds.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element 16 includes at least one energy emitter 20 (
Some emitters, detectors, or emitter-detector modules may also comprise one or more processors 26 for signal conditioning, ND conversion, voltage-to-frequency conversion, level translation, and general signal processing of signals from the detector. Additionally, one or more processors 26 may be used to control the powering (electrical biasing) of the emitters and/or detectors. A few examples are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0197093, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the processor 26 may not be located within the sensing element 16 itself and may even be located outside of the monitoring device 10 altogether, as long as the processor 26 is in electrical communication with the sensing element 16. Moreover, processor 26 may represent multiple processors distributed within the monitoring device 10 and/or outside of the monitoring device 10.
The energy may be pulsed energy generated by an energy emitter 20. For example, a pulsed driving circuit (not shown) may be used to drive at least one energy emitter 20 at one or more pulsed frequencies to interrogate a target region with pulsed energy. An energy response caused by this interaction is detected by at least one detector 22, which is configured to detect energy in the forms described above, but typically in the form of scattered optical energy. A motion/position sensor 24 (e.g., an inertial sensor, MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, capacitive sensor, inductive sensor, acoustic sensor, optical sensor, piezoelectric sensor, etc.) may be configured to measure movement, positional changes, or inertial changes in the vicinity of the target region, such as gross body motion, skin motion, or the like. The motion/position sensor 24 may be located within the sensing element. In other embodiments, the biasing element 12 may include a motion/position sensor 24 that is configured to detect motion of the biasing element 12 and/or sensing element 16, or the relative motion between the earbud 14 and sensing element 16.
The motion/position sensor 24 may also serve as a noise reference by a neighboring or remote processor (such as processor 26) for attenuating or removing motion noise from physiological signals picked up by the detector 22. Noise attenuation and removal is described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,157,730, 8,251,903, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0146890, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217098, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217102, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/750,490, PCT Application No. US2012/071593, PCT Application No. US2012/071594, and PCT Application No. US2012/048079, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 10 includes a signal processor 26 (
In the illustrated embodiment of
Although the windows 32, 34 illustrated in
In some embodiments of the present invention, one or both of the windows 32, 34 may be in optical communication with an optical lens (not shown). The lens may be configured to focus light emitted by an optical emitter onto one or more portions of an ear and/or to focus collected light on a detector. Various types of lens geometries may be employed, such as concave, convex, collimating, and the like. Light guides (such as light pipes, fiber optics, or the like) may also be incorporated for this stated purpose. Exemplary light guides and sensing element geometries that may be utilized in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217102, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0131519, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217098, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
As will be described below, in other embodiments of the present invention, an optical energy emitter 20 and/or optical detector 22 may be located within the monitoring device 10, in the earbud 14 or sensing element 16. One or more light guides are utilized to deliver light from the optical emitter into an ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end, and/or to collect light from an ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end and deliver collected light to the optical detector.
Though non-limiting, the biasing element 112 may have a spring constant between about 0.1 N/m and about 200 N/m. If a resilient material is utilized as the biasing element 112, the resilient material may have a durometer range from about 10 (Type OO—ASTM D2240) to 80 (Type A—ASTM D2240), and a hardness range of about 20-50 Shore A. Exemplary springs that may be utilized as the biasing element 112 can be molded from acetal, polyester, polyetherimide, or another suitable polymer, or could be formed from metal, such as steel. Exemplary spring manufacturers include, but are not limited to, Lee Spring (Greensboro, N.C.) and Century Spring Corp. (Los Angeles, Calif.). An exemplary resilient material that may be used as a biasing element includes, but is not limited to, silicone (Dow Corning Corp., Midland, Mich.). However, various other materials may be used, such as stretchy neoprene (polyurethane).
The illustrated sensing element 116 includes a printed circuit board (PCB) 123 with an optical emitter 120 and an optical detector 122 attached thereto. The PCB 123 also includes an elongated guide rod 125 that is inserted within the illustrated biasing element 112. It should be noted that while the direction of light emission in
The monitoring device 110 also includes a cover 118 for the sensing element 116. The cover 118 may be transmissive to energy (e.g., electromagnetic radiation, acoustical energy, electrical energy, and/or thermal energy, etc.) emitted by an emitter associated with the sensing element 116 and energy detected by a detector associated with the sensing element 116. For example, if the sensing element 116 includes an optical emitter and detector, the cover 118 may be transmissive to optical wavelengths of the optical emitter and detector. In the illustrated embodiment, the cover 118 may also include reflective surfaces or walls 126 to facilitate directing energy from the emitter 120 toward the ear of a user and directing energy from the ear to the detector 122. The angle of the reflective wall(s) 126 with respect to the axis of the elongated rod 125 is shown at approximately forty-five degrees (45°) in
The illustrated cover 118 is attached to the sensing element 116 and moves with the sensing element. The cover 118 can be attached to the sensing element 116 in various ways. For example, in some embodiments, the cover 118 may be overmolded onto the sensing element 116 such that the cover at least partially conforms to the shape of the sensing element 116 components. In other embodiments, the cover 118 may be attached with a suitable transmissive adhesive. Exemplary adhesive materials include, but are not limited to, glue, tape, resin, gel, filler material, molded material, etc. In some embodiments, the cover 118 is attached to the sensing element 116 via heatstaking, one or more mechanical fasteners, or other suitable methods. In some embodiments, the sensing element 116 and cover 118 may comprise an integrated unit (via overmold and/or adhesive) that can be connected to the rod 123 or spring 112.
It should be noted that in some embodiments, an optical filter may be placed over the emitter 120 or detector 122 in one or more ways, for example, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217098, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0217102, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0131519, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0197093. Additionally, the cover 118 may comprise an optical filter or optical dye focused on the wavelength of interest, which is chiefly determined by the choice of the optical emitter 120. As an example, if 940 nm wavelength light is desired for emission by the optical emitter, in order to help overcome external (e.g., sunlight, etc.) noise pollution on the optical detector 122 (e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0197093), then the optical filter may be tuned to the infrared range centered around 940 nm. As a specific example of this, one may use GENTEX-E800 dye dispersed in a polycarbonate or acrylic cover 118.
In the illustrated embodiment, the housing 114 of the monitoring device 110 has a much larger mass than the sensing element 116 and cover 118, and the biasing element 112 decouples motion of the housing 114 from the sensing element 116 and cover 118.
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 110 includes a signal processor 26 (
A cover 818 formed from compressible/resilient material, such as a gel material, etc., surrounds the core element 718, as illustrated in
Also, as illustrated in
The illustrated monitoring device 710 also includes an additional flexible member 824 formed from a compressible/resilient material, such as a gel material, etc. This flexible member 824 is attached to the cover 818 and extends below the plane of the sensing element 816, such that the sensing element 816 is recessed within the flexible member 824. The flexible member 824 effectively extends the cover 818 so that it can compress in the region including, and in between, the anti-tragus and crus helix of a subject's ear. A barrier between the emitter and detector may also be preserved as the flexible member 824 extends to prevent optical cross-talk between the emitter and detector of the sensing element 716.
The flexible member 824 serves as a biasing element that decouples motion of the housing 714 and core element 718 from the sensing element 716. As such, the illustrated monitoring device 710 effectively includes two biasing elements that facilitate the decoupling of motion of the housing 714 and core element 718 from the sensing element 716: flexible cover 818 and flexible member 824.
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 710 includes a signal processor 26 (
In some embodiments of the present invention, as illustrated in
The distance between the sensing element windows 32 and 34 is long enough to reduce optical backscatter noise and close enough to emit and detect light from a target region and/or a region adjacent the target region. Distances on the order of millimeters have been found to be ideal in practice. Moreover, the material between windows 32, 34 is sufficiently optically opaque to reduce cross-talk between the emitter 20 and detector 22.
Each light guide 130 may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index greater than about 1.1. In some embodiments, a light guide 130 may be formed from an elastomeric light transmissive material. Exemplary light guide materials include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate, acrylic, silicone, and polyurethane. In some embodiments, a light guide 130 may be surrounded or partially surrounded by a cladding material that is configured to block light from an external source, such as room light, sunlight, etc., from entering the light guide 130. The distal free end surface 130c of each light guide 130 may have a variety of shapes and/or configurations, more than exemplarily shown in
As illustrated in
In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensing element 16 may have one or more windows 32, 34 in the surface 30 thereof and the distal free end surface 130c of one or both of the light guides 130 may extend to the windows 32, 34. In other embodiments, one or both of the windows 32, 34 may be apertures formed through the surface 30 and the distal free end surface 130c of one or both of the light guides 130 may extend to or through the apertures.
Referring now to
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 210 includes a signal processor 26 (
The illustrated embodiment of
The monitoring device 210 may be oriented within a subject's ear in various ways. For example, the sensing element 216 location may be “flipped”. Referring to
Referring now to
The monitoring devices 210 and 310 may be particularly useful for subjects who want to monitor their vital signs but do not want to listen to music or do not want to have their ear canal blocked-off from sound. Additionally, if constructed with waterproof housing, the monitoring devices 210 and 310 may be especially suited for swimmers who may not want to hear sound from speakers during physiological monitoring.
A sensing element 316 is attached to the biasing element second end portion 312b. The monitoring device 310 is configured to be attached to an ear E of a subject such that the sensing element 316 is urged by the biasing member 312 into contact with the ear, as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 310 includes a signal processor 26 (
The small size of the monitoring devices 210 and 310 may preclude space for signal processing electronics (26) and battery power. For this reason, these monitoring devices may also be attached/wired to additional structures that house necessary electronics and/or battery power. Various configurations can be used for these additional structures and are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the monitoring devices 210, 310 may be wired to a smartphone, wireless “medallion”, and/or MP3-player for powering, signal processing, or audiovisual communication. Moreover, at least some of the electronics illustrated in
Referring now to
The sensor band 420 has a first mass, and the sensing element 416 has a second mass that is less than the first mass. For example, in some embodiments, the sensor band mass may be at least 10% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 20% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 30% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 40% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 50% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 60% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 70% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 80% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 90% greater than the sensing element mass, may be at least 100% greater than the sensing element mass, may be 200% or more than the sensing element mass, etc. In general, the mass of the sensor band is preferably larger than that of the sensing element by a sufficient degree so that the sensor band serves as the primary frame of reference (the mechanical support reference) for the monitoring device.
The sensing element 416 may include all of the functionality of the sensing device 16 described above. For example, in summary, the sensing element 416 may include at least one energy emitter 20 (
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 410 includes a signal processor 26 (
In some embodiments, light guides and associated optics, as shown in
In some embodiments, the sensor element 416 may include a top portion 441 and an opposite bottom portion 443. An energy emitter and/or detector may be located on the bottom portion 443 to sense physiological information from the appendage of a subject wearing the monitoring device 410, and an energy emitter and/or detector may be located on the top portion 441 to sense motion of the sensor element 416 with respect to the sensor band 420, counterweight 422, and/or inner surface 442 of the sensor band 420. Energy scattered between the top portion 441 of the sensor element 416 and inner surface 442 of the sensor band 420 may coincide with motion between these two surfaces (i.e., sensing element top portion 441 and sensor band inner surface 442), and this information may be used as a noise reference for motion noise attenuation as aforementioned.
In some embodiments, an emitter and/or detector may alternatively be disposed on the inner surface 442 of the sensor band 420, rather than on the top portion 441 of the sensor element 416, or there may be at least one emitter and detector disposed between the inner surface 442 and sensing element top portion 441. In either embodiment, energy is emitted by at least one energy emitter disposed on at least one face (i.e., sensor band inner surface 442, sensing element top portion 441), is modulated in intensity by motion (displacement) between the two portions (i.e., sensor band inner surface 442, sensing element top portion 441), and is detected by an energy detector disposed on at least one of the two portions (i.e., sensor band inner surface 442, sensing element top portion 441). It should be noted that embodiments of the present invention may apply equally well to the earpiece monitoring device 10 of
In the illustrated embodiment, the monitoring device 410 may include a second band 430 that is configured to be secured to the appendage A of the subject in adjacent, spaced-apart relationship with the sensor band 420. At least one connecting member or bridge 432 connects the sensor band and second band. In general, the purpose of the bridge 432 is to at least partially decouple motion between the sensor band 420 and second band 430. A plurality of connecting members 432 may be utilized, without limitation. The at least one connecting member 432 may be placed at a distance from the sensing element 416 to increase decoupling of motion of the sensor band 420 from the sensing element 416.
Adding a second band 430 may not be required for overall physiological sensing; however, having a second band 430 may help in further decoupling the sensing element 416 from the motion of other essential electronics surrounding the appendage. For example, the second band 430 may contain a power source (e.g., a battery, etc.) and various heavier electronic components. In such case, the second band 430 may have a mass that is greater than the mass of the sensor band 420 which, in turn, may have a mass greater than that of the sensing element 416. In some embodiments, a counterweight 422 may be embedded within, or otherwise attached to, the sensor band 420 to help keep the sensing element 416 pressed into the appendage A of the subject.
In some embodiments, the counterweight 422 may be located in an area of the sensor band 420 that is opposite that of the sensing element 416. In other embodiments, the counterweight 422 may be a distributed weight that is distributed according to a mathematical function factoring the distance from the sensing element 416. As a particular example, the density of the counterweight 422 may be proportional to the radial distance away from the sensing element 416 such that the peak density is in an area of the sensor band 420 that is opposite that of the sensing element 416. The counterweight 422 can be virtually any material that can be structurally supported by the sensor band 420. In some embodiments, the counterweight 422 may be a greater total mass of plastic used in the housing of the sensor band 420, or a higher density plastic.
In embodiments where one or more light-guides are integrated into the sensing element 416, a light guide may transmit light to the second band 430 through the connecting member 432, such that the emitter and/or detector electronics may also be located on the second band 430. This may further reduce the overall mass of the sensing element 416 and/or sensor band 420.
In some embodiments, one or more motion sensors (e.g., 24,
Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the illustrated arrangement of the sensor band 420 and second band 430. In other embodiments of the present invention, the arrangement of the sensor band 420 and second band 430 relative to each other may be switched from that illustrated in
Referring to
The biasing elements 512 may be formed from silicone, polymeric material, rubber, soft plastic, other elastomeric materials, or other compressible materials that can act as cushions. In some cases, the biasing elements 512 may be fluid filled solid elements or may be heterogeneous elements composed of one or more compressible materials, layers, and/or over-molded parts. Various shapes, configurations, and materials may be utilized to implement the biasing elements 512, without limitation. The biasing elements 512 help keep the sensing element 516 in place in proximity to (or against) an appendage. The biasing elements 512 may have a durometer range from about 10 (Type OO—ASTM D2240) to 80 (Type A—ASTM D2240), and a hardness range of about 20-50 Shore A. Exemplary resilient material that may be used as a biasing element 512 includes, but is not limited to, silicone (Dow Corning Corp., Midland, Mich.). However, various other materials may be used.
The sensing element 516 may include all of the functionality of the sensing device 16 described above. For example, the sensing element 516 may include at least one energy emitter 20 (
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 510 includes a signal processor 26 (
Alternating shapes of the biasing elements 512 may be useful for providing additional mechanical support as different shapes touching the skin may product stabilizing forces in different vectors (directions and/or magnitudes) across the skin which collectively may provide an overall better support of the band 520 against an appendage.
Referring to
Alternating shapes of the biasing elements 512 may be useful for providing additional mechanical support as different shapes touching the skin may product stabilizing forces in different vectors (directions and/or magnitudes) across the skin which collectively may provide an overall better support of the band 520 against an appendage.
Referring to
A sensing element 616 is secured to the band inner surface 620a between the spaced-apart end portions 612a, 612b of the biasing element 612. In some embodiments, the sensing element 616 extends outwardly from the band inner surface 620a such that an energy emitter 20 and a detector 22 are not in contact with the appendage but remain stabilized with respect to the appendage by the biasing element 612. In other embodiments, the sensing element 616 extends outwardly from the band inner surface 620a such that an energy emitter 20 and a detector 22 are in contact with the appendage and remain stabilized with respect to the appendage. The sensing element 616 may include all of the functionality of the sensing device 16 described above. For example, the sensing element 616 may include at least one energy emitter 20 (
In some embodiments, the monitoring device 610 includes a signal processor 26 (
One or more portions (including all) of the biasing element surface 612a that engages the skin have a textured configuration. In the illustrated embodiment of
In some embodiments, alternating shapes of textured portions may be useful for providing additional mechanical support as different shapes touching the skin may product stabilizing forces in different vectors (directions and/or magnitudes) across the skin which collectively may provide an overall better support of the band 620 against the appendage
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the teachings and advantages of this invention. As an example, although many drawings in this invention have shown sensing elements located within the inner region of the ear, the invention could be applied to designs where the sensing element is configured to be placed on the outside of the ear, such as a location behind the earlobe or in front of the tragus. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
This application is a continuation application of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/761,462, filed Jul. 16, 2015, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/US2014/012909, filed on Jan. 24, 2014, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/757,504 filed Jan. 28, 2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entireties. The above-referenced PCT International Application was published in the English language as International Publication No. WO 2014/116924 on Jul. 31, 2014.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3595219 | Friedlander et al. | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3769974 | Smart et al. | Nov 1973 | A |
| 4240882 | Ang et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4331154 | Broadwater et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4438772 | Slavin | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4491760 | Linvill | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4521499 | Switzer | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4541905 | Kuwana et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4592807 | Switzer | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4655225 | Dahne et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4830014 | Goodman et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4882492 | Schlager | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4896676 | Sasaki | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4928704 | Hardt | May 1990 | A |
| 4957109 | Groeger et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 5002060 | Nedivi | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5022970 | Cook et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5025791 | Niwa | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5050612 | Matsumura | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5079421 | Knudson et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5080098 | Willett et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5086229 | Rosenthal et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5143078 | Mather et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5226417 | Swedlow et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5237994 | Goldberger | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5348002 | Caro | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5377100 | Pope et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5437651 | Todd et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5482036 | Diab et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5492129 | Greenberger | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5499301 | Sudo et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5581648 | Sahagen | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5596987 | Chance | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5662104 | Fuse et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5662117 | Bittman | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5666952 | Fuse et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673692 | Schulze et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5697374 | Odagiri et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5711308 | Singer | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5725480 | Oosta et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5743260 | Chung et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5779631 | Chance | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5797841 | Delonzor et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5807114 | Hodges et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807267 | Bryars et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5853005 | Scanlon | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5904654 | Wohltmann et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5906582 | Kondo | May 1999 | A |
| 5938593 | Ouellette | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5964701 | Asada et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5971931 | Raff | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974338 | Asano et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5980472 | Seyl | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995858 | Kinast | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6004274 | Nolan et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6013007 | Root et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6023541 | Merchant et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6030342 | Amano et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6045511 | Ott et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6067006 | O'Brien | May 2000 | A |
| 6070093 | Oosta et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6078829 | Uchida et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6080110 | Thorgersen | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081742 | Amano et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6186145 | Brown | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198394 | Jacobsen et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6198951 | Kosuda et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6205354 | Gellermann et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6231519 | Blants et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6283915 | Aceti et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6285816 | Anderson et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289230 | Chaiken et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6298314 | Blackadar et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6332868 | Sato et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6358216 | Kraus et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6361660 | Goldstein | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6371925 | Imai et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6374129 | Chin et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6415167 | Blank et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6443890 | Schulze et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6444474 | Thomas et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454718 | Clift | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6458080 | Brown et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6470893 | Boesen | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6513532 | Mault et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6514278 | Hibst et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527711 | Stivoric et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6527712 | Brown et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6529754 | Kondo | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6534012 | Hazen et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6556852 | Schulze et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6569094 | Suzuki et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6571117 | Marbach | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6605038 | Teller et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6616613 | Goodman | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6631196 | Taenzer et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6647378 | Kindo | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6656116 | Kim et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6676597 | Guenst et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6694180 | Boesen | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6745061 | Hicks et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6748254 | O'Neil et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6760610 | Tschupp et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6783501 | Takahashi et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6808473 | Hisano et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6810987 | Dekalb | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6859658 | Krug | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6893396 | Schulze et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6941239 | Unuma et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6953435 | Kondo et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6996427 | Ali et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 6997879 | Turcott | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7018338 | Vetter et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7024369 | Brown et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7030359 | Römhild | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7034694 | Yamaguchi et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7039454 | Kaga et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7041062 | Friedrichs et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7043287 | Khalil et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7054674 | Cane et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7088234 | Naito et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7107088 | Aceti | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113815 | O'Neil et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7117032 | Childre et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7163512 | Childre et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7175601 | Verjus et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7190986 | Hannula et al. | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7209775 | Bae et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7217224 | Thomas | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7252639 | Kimura et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7263396 | Chen et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7289837 | Mannheimer et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7336982 | Yoo et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7341559 | Schultz et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7376451 | Mahony et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7470234 | Elhag et al. | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| 7483730 | Diab et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7486988 | Goodall et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7507207 | Sakai et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7519327 | White | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7526327 | Blondeau et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7583994 | Scholz | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7625285 | Breving | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7652569 | Kiff et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7689437 | Teller et al. | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7695440 | Kondo et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7725147 | Li et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7756559 | Abreu | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7843325 | Otto | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7894869 | Hoarau | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7914468 | Shalon et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7991448 | Edgar et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7998079 | Nagai et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8050728 | Al-Ali et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8055319 | Oh et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8055330 | Egozi | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8059924 | Letant et al. | Nov 2011 | B1 |
| 8130105 | Al-Ali et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8137270 | Keenan et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8157730 | LeBoeuf et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8172459 | Abreu | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8175670 | Baker, Jr. et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8204730 | Liu et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8204786 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8233955 | Al-Ali et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8251903 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255027 | Al-Ali et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255029 | Addison et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8303512 | Kosuda et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8320982 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8323982 | LeBoeuf et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8328420 | Abreu | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8416959 | Lott et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8491492 | Shinar et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8504679 | Spire et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8506524 | Graskov et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8512242 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8647270 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8652040 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8652409 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8679008 | Hughes et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8700111 | LeBoeuf et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8702607 | LeBoeuf et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8730048 | Shen et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8788002 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8886269 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8888701 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8923941 | LeBoeuf et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8929965 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8929966 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8934952 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8942776 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8961415 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 9005129 | Venkatraman et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 20010049471 | Suzuki et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020035340 | Fraden et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020143242 | Nemirovski | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156386 | Dardik et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156654 | Roe et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186137 | Skardon | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188210 | Aizawa | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020194002 | Petrushin | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030002705 | Boesen | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030007631 | Bolognesi et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030045785 | Diab et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050563 | Suribhotla et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030064712 | Gaston et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030065257 | Mault et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030083583 | Kovtun et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030109030 | Uchida et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030181795 | Suzuki et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212336 | Lee et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030220584 | Honeyager et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030222268 | Yocom et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040004547 | Appelt et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040022700 | Kim et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030581 | Leven | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034289 | Teller et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034293 | Kimball | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054291 | Schulz et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040075677 | Loyall et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040077934 | Massad | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040082842 | Lumba et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040103146 | Park | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040117204 | Mazar et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040120844 | Tribelsky et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122294 | Hatlestad et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122702 | Sabol et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133081 | Teller | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133123 | Leonhardt et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040135571 | Uutela et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040138578 | Pineda et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186390 | Ross et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040219056 | Tribelsky et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040220488 | Vyshedskiy et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040225207 | Bae et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040228494 | Smith | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040242976 | Abreu | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050004458 | Kanayama et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027216 | Guillemaud et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050030540 | Thornton | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033200 | Soehren et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038349 | Choi et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043600 | Diab et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043630 | Buchert et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050058456 | Yoo | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050059870 | Aceti | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050070809 | Acres | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050084666 | Pong et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101845 | Nihtila | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101872 | Sattler et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113167 | Buchner et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113656 | Chance | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113703 | Farringdon et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116820 | Goldreich | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119833 | Nanikashvili | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148883 | Boesen | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050154264 | Lecompte et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177034 | Beaumont | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187448 | Petersen et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187453 | Petersen et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192515 | Givens et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050196009 | Boesen | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203349 | Nanikashvili | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203357 | Debreczeny et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050209516 | Fraden | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050222487 | Miller et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050222903 | Buchheit et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228244 | Banet | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228299 | Banet | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050234351 | Nishii et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050240087 | Keenan et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050258816 | Zen et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050259811 | Kimm et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060009685 | Finarov et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060012567 | Sicklinger | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063993 | Yu et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060064037 | Shalon et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060084878 | Banet et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060084879 | Nazarian et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060122520 | Banet et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060123885 | Yates et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060140425 | Berg et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060142665 | Garay et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060202816 | Crump et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060205083 | Zhao | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060210058 | Kock et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060211922 | Al-Ali et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060211924 | Dalke et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060217598 | Miyajima et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224059 | Swedlow et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060240558 | Zhao | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060246342 | MacPhee | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060251277 | Cho | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060251334 | Oba et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060252999 | Devaul et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060264730 | Stivoric et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060292533 | Selod | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060293921 | McCarthy et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070004449 | Sham | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070004969 | Kong et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070015992 | Filkins et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070021206 | Sunnen | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027367 | Oliver et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027399 | Chou | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070036383 | Romero | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070050215 | Kil et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060800 | Drinan et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070063850 | Devaul et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070082789 | Nissila et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083092 | Rippo et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083095 | Rippo et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070088221 | Stahmann | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070093702 | Yu et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106167 | Kinast | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070112273 | Rogers | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070112598 | Heckerman et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116314 | Grilliot et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070118043 | Oliver et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070165872 | Bridger et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167850 | Russell et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191718 | Nakamura | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197878 | Shklarski | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197881 | Wolf et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213020 | Novac | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070230714 | Armstrong | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233403 | Alwan et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070260129 | Chin | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265097 | Havukainen | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270667 | Coppi et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270671 | Gal | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070293781 | Sims et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070299330 | Couronne et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080004536 | Baxi et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080015424 | Bernreuter | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039731 | McCombie | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080076972 | Dorogusker et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080081963 | Naghavi | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086533 | Neuhauser et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080096726 | Riley et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114220 | Banet et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132798 | Hong et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080141301 | Azzaro et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080146892 | LeBoeuf | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154098 | Morris et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154105 | Lemay | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080165017 | Schwartz | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080170600 | Sattler et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080171945 | Dotter | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177162 | Bae et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200774 | Luo | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080203144 | Kim | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080221461 | Zhou et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249393 | Finarov et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249594 | Dietrich | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287752 | Stroetz et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005662 | Petersen et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090006457 | Stivoric et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090010461 | Klinghult et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090030350 | Yang et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054751 | Babashan et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054752 | Jonnalagadda et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090069645 | Nielsen et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090082994 | Schuler et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090088611 | Buschmann | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090093687 | Telfort et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090105548 | Bart | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090105556 | Fricke et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131761 | Moroney, III et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131764 | Lee et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090175456 | Johnson | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090177097 | Ma et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090214060 | Chuang et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090221888 | Wijesiriwardana | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090227853 | Wijesiriwardana | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240125 | Such et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253992 | Van Der Loo | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253996 | Lee et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090264711 | Schuler et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090270698 | Shioi et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090287067 | Dorogusker et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299215 | Zhang | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100004517 | Bryenton et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100022861 | Cinbis et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100045663 | Chen et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100100013 | Hu et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100113948 | Yang et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100168531 | Shaltis et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100172522 | Mooring et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179389 | Moroney et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100185105 | Baldinger | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217098 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217099 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217100 | LeBoeuf | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217103 | Abdul-Hafiz et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100222655 | Starr et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228315 | Nielsen | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234714 | Mercier et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100268056 | Picard et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274100 | Behar et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274109 | Hu et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100292589 | Goodman | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298653 | McCombie et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110002881 | Slyke et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110028813 | Watson et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110081037 | Oh et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098112 | LeBoeuf | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110105869 | Wilson et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110112382 | Li et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130638 | Raridan, Jr. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110142371 | King et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110242531 | Natan | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110242532 | McKenna | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110288379 | Wu | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120030547 | Raptis et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120095303 | He | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120116231 | Liao et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150052 | Buchheim et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120156933 | Kreger et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120179011 | Moon et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120197093 | LeBoeuf | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120203081 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120226111 | LeBoeuf et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120226112 | LeBoeuf et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120277548 | Burton | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120283577 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120296184 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20130053661 | Alberth et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130072765 | Kahn et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130245387 | Patel | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130336495 | Burgett et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140012105 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140051940 | Messerschmidt | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140051948 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140052567 | Bhardwaj et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140058220 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140073486 | Ahmed et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140088433 | Shan | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140094663 | LeBoeuf et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140100432 | Golda et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140114147 | Romesburg et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140127996 | Park et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140128690 | LeBoeuf et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140128751 | Donaldson | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140135596 | LeBoeuf et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140140567 | LeBoeuf et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140187885 | Kreuzer | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140219467 | Kurtz | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140235967 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140235968 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140236531 | Carter | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140243617 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140243620 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140275852 | Hong et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140275855 | LeBoeuf et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140287833 | LeBoeuf et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140288396 | LeBoeuf et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140288436 | Venkatraman et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140323829 | LeBoeuf et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140323830 | LeBoeuf et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140323880 | Ahmed et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140378844 | Fei | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140378853 | McKinney | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150011898 | Romesburg | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150018636 | Romesburg | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150031967 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150032009 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150057967 | Albinali | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150190085 | Nathan et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150250396 | Ahmed et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150265217 | Penders et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150289820 | Miller et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150342481 | Liu et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150366509 | Romesburg | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160022220 | Lee et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160029964 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160094899 | Aumer et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160287108 | Wei et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20170034615 | Mankodi et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2 875 901 | Dec 2012 | CA |
| 1985751 | Jun 2007 | CN |
| 101212927 | Jul 2008 | CN |
| 201438747 | Apr 2010 | CN |
| 102046085 | May 2011 | CN |
| 102185963 | Sep 2011 | CN |
| 3910749 | Oct 1990 | DE |
| 1 297 784 | Apr 2003 | EP |
| 1 480 278 | Nov 2004 | EP |
| 2 077 091 | Jul 2009 | EP |
| 2 182 839 | Oct 2011 | EP |
| 2 408 209 | May 2005 | GB |
| 2 411 719 | Sep 2005 | GB |
| 7-241279 | Sep 1995 | JP |
| 9-253062 | Sep 1997 | JP |
| 9-299342 | Nov 1997 | JP |
| 2000-116611 | Apr 2000 | JP |
| 2001-025462 | Jan 2001 | JP |
| 2003-159221 | Jun 2003 | JP |
| 2004-513750 | May 2004 | JP |
| 2004-283523 | Oct 2004 | JP |
| 2007-044203 | Feb 2007 | JP |
| 2007-185348 | Jul 2007 | JP |
| 2008-43515 | Feb 2008 | JP |
| 2008-136556 | Jun 2008 | JP |
| 2008-279061 | Nov 2008 | JP |
| 2009-153664 | Jul 2009 | JP |
| 2010-526646 | Aug 2010 | JP |
| 2014-068733 | Apr 2014 | JP |
| 20-0204510 | Nov 2000 | KR |
| WO 0024064 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 00047108 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO 0108552 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| WO 2002017782 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 2005010568 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005020121 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005110238 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006009830 | Jan 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006067690 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007012931 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007023426 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007038432 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007053146 | May 2007 | WO |
| WO 2008141306 | Nov 2008 | WO |
| WO 2011094875 | Aug 2011 | WO |
| 2012168388 | Dec 2012 | WO |
| WO 2013019494 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013038296 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013109389 | Jul 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013109390 | Jul 2013 | WO |
| WO 2014092932 | Jun 2014 | WO |
| WO 2015128226 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “U.S. Army Fitness Training Handbook” by the Department of the Army, 2003, The Lyons Press, p. 17. |
| “Warfighter Physiological and Environmental Monitoring: A Study for the U.S. Army Research Institute in Environmental Medicine and the Soldier Systems Center”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Final Report, Nov. 1, 2004, prepared for the U.S. Army under Air Force Contract F19628-00-C-0002; approved for public release. |
| Anpo et al. “Photocatalytic Reduction of Co2 With H2O on Titanium Oxides Anchored within Micropores of Zeolites: Effects of the Structure of the Active Sites and the Addition of Pt” J. Phys. Chem. B, 101:2632-2636 (1997). |
| Bârsan et al. “Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors; the example of CO sensing with SnO2 sensors in the presence of humidity” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15:R813-R839 (2003). |
| Bott “Electrochemistry of Semiconductors” Current Separations 17(3):87-91 (1998). |
| Colligan, M. J. et al. in “The psychological effects of indoor air pollution”, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 57, No. 10, Dec. 1981, p. 1014-1026. |
| De Paula Santos, U. et al., in “Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil”, European Heart Journal (2005) 26, 193-200. |
| Ebert, T et al., “Influence of Hydration Status on Thermoregulation and Cycling Hill Climbing,” Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 323-329, 2007. |
| Edmison et al., “E-Textile Based Automatic Activity Diary for Medical Annotation and Analysis,” Proc. BSN 2006 Int. Workshop Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Netw. (2006), pp. 131-145, Apr. 3-5, 2006. |
| European Search Report corresponding to European Application No. 07862660.3 dated Apr. 25, 2012; 7 pages. |
| Falkner et al., “Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents,” Hypertension 1979, 1:23-30. |
| Fitrainer “The Only Trainer You Need”; http://itami.com; Downloaded Feb. 26, 2010; ©2008 FiTriainer™; 2 pages. |
| Fleming et al., “A Comparison of Signal Processing Techniques for the Extraction of Breathing Rate from the Photopethysmorgram,” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 30, Oct. 2007, pp. 276-280. |
| Geladas et al., “Effect of cold air inhalation on core temperature in exercising subjects under stress,” The American Physiological Society, pp. 2381-2387, 1988. |
| Gibbs et al., “Reducing Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Sensors Using MEMS Accelerometers for Active Noise Cancellation,” 2005 American Control Conference, Jun. 8-10, 2005, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 1581-1586. |
| Gold, D.R. et al. in “Ambient Pollution and Heart Rate Variability”, Circulation 2000, 101:1267-1273. |
| International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/046446, dated Jan. 14, 2013, 3 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to PCT/US2012/0948079, dated Oct. 9, 2012. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to PCT/US2007/025114, dated May 13, 2008. |
| International Search Report Corresponding to International Application No. PCT/US2012/022634, dated Aug. 22, 2012, 9 pages. |
| Maomao et al., “Mobile Context-Aware Game for the Next Generation,” 2nd International Conference on Application and Development of Computer Games ADCOG 2003, p. 78-81. |
| Martins et al. “Zinc oxide as an ozone sensor” Journal of Applied Physics 96(3):1398-1408 (2004). |
| Maughan, R.J., “Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, Suppl. 2, pp. S19-S23, 2003. |
| Maughan et al., “Exercise, Heat, Hydration and the Brain,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 26, No. 5, p. 604S-612S, 2007. |
| Mostardi, R., et al., “The effect of increased body temperature due to exercise on the heart rate and the maximal aerobic power,” Europ. J. Appl. Physiol, 33, pp. 237-245, 1974. |
| Nakajima et al., “Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates by photoplethyusmography using a digital filtering technique,” Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 18, No. 5, Jul. 1996, pp. 365-372. |
| Notification Concerning Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2014/012909, dated Jul. 28, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Jul. 30, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/021936. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Aug. 26, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/021629. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Sep. 16, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/024922. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Sep. 27, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/025216. |
| Notification of Transmittal of The International Search Report and The Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration corresponding to International Application No. PCT/US2013/070271; dated Feb. 26, 2014; 13 pages. |
| Saladin et al. “Photosynthesis of CH4 at a TiO2 Surface from Gaseous H2O and CO2” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 533-534 (1995). |
| Shorten et al., “Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men,” Am. J Clin. Nutr. 90, pp. 1215-1221, 2009. |
| Skubal et al. “Detection and identification of gaseous organics using a TiO2 sensor” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobioloqy A: Chemistry 148:103-108 (2002). |
| Skubal et al. “Monitoring the Electrical Response of Photoinduced Organic Oxideation on TiO2 Surfaces” Manuscript submitted Oct. 2000 to SPIE Intl. Symposium on Environment & Industrial Sensing, Boston, MA, Nov. 5-8, 2000, sponsored by SPIE, 10 pp. |
| Thompson, M.W., “Cardiovascular drift and critical core temperature: factors limiting endurance performance in the heat?” J. Exerc. Sci. Fit, vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 15-24, 2006. |
| Wood et al., “Active Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Sensors Using Laguerre Expansion and Signal Separator,” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 27th Annual Conference, Shanghai, China, Sep. 1-4, 2005, pp. 3571-3574. |
| Zhang et al. “Development of Chemical Oxygen Demand On-Line Monitoring System Based on a Photoelectrochemical Degradation Principle” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(7):2363-2368 (2006). |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 13863449.8, dated Oct. 19, 2015, 3 pages. |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 14743615.8, dated Oct. 12, 2015, 3 pages. |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 14743839.4, dated Oct. 12, 2015, 3 pages. |
| Gibbs et al., “Reducing Motion Artifact in Wearable Bio-Sensors Using MEMS Accelerometers for Active Noise Cancellation,” 2005 American Control Conference, Jun. 8-10, 2005, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 1581-1586. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2014/012940, dated Jun. 17, 2015, 23 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/012940, dated Oct. 16, 2014, 13 pages. |
| International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/012909, dated May 13, 2014, 3 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/014562, dated Oct. 28, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042636, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042015, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042035, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Wood et al., “Active Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Sensors Using Laguerre Expansion and Signal Separation,” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 27th Annual Conference, Shanghai, China, Sep. 1-4, 2005, pp. 3571-3574. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/046079, dated Dec. 29, 2015. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 13863449.8, dated Nov. 5, 2015, 7 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 14743615.8, dated Dec. 23, 2015, 7 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 14743839.4, dated Dec. 23, 2015, 6 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 12820308.0, dated Feb. 3, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated May 26, 2016 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2016/019126. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated May 26, 2016 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2016/019132. |
| Asada, et al., “Mobile Monitoring with Wearable Photoplethysmographic Biosensors,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May/Jun. 2003, pp. 28-40. |
| Bifulco et al., “Bluetooth Portable Device for Continuous ECG and Patient Motion Monitoring During Daily Life,” Medicon 2007, IFMBE Proceedings 16, 2007, pp. 369-372. |
| Brodersen et al., “In-Ear Acquisition of Vital Signs Discloses New Chances for Preventive Continuous Cardiovascular Monitoring,” 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2007), vol. 13 of the series IFMBE Proceedings, pp. 189-194. |
| Celka et al., “Motion Resistant Earphone Located Infrared based Heart Rate Measurement Device,” Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Feb. 16-18, 2004, Innsbruck, Austria, pp. 582-585. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 12 739 502.8, dated Jul. 19, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 14 743 615.8, dated Jul. 19, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 14 743 839.4, dated Jul. 20, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Comtois et al., “A Wearable Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Triage Applications,” 2006 IEEE, pp. 53-54. |
| Comtois, Gary, W., “Implementation of Accelerometer-Based Adaptive Noise Cancellation in a Wireless Wearable Pulse Oximeter Platform for Remote Physiological Monitoring and Triage,” Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Aug. 31, 2007, 149 pages. |
| Duun et al., “A Novel Ring Shaped Photodiode for Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in Wireless Applications,” IEEE Sensors 2007 Conference, pp. 596-599. |
| Geun et al., “Measurement Site and Applied Pressure Consideration in Wrist Photoplethysmography,” The 23rd International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computersand Communications, 2008, pp. 1129-1132. |
| Gibbs et al., “Active motion artifact cancellation for wearable health monitoring sensors using collocated MEMS accelerometers,” Smart Structures and Materials, 2005: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Proc, of SPIE, vol. 5765, pp. 811-819. |
| Haahr et al., “A Wearable “Electronic Patch” for Wireless Continuous Monitoring of Chronically Diseased Patients,” Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, in conjunction with The 5th International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China, Jun. 1-3, 2008, pp. 66-70. |
| Jiang, Honghui, “Motion-Artifact Resistant Design of Photoplethysmograph Ring Sensor for Driver Monitoring,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb. 2004, 62 pages. |
| Kuzmina et al., “Compact multi-functional skin spectrometry set-up,” Advanced Optical Materials, Technologies, and Devices, Proc, of SPIE, vol. 6596, 2007, p. 65960T-1 to 65960T-6. |
| Lee et al., “Respiratory Rate Detection Algorithms by Photoplethysmography Signal Processing,” 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Aug. 20-24, 2008, pp. 1140-1143. |
| Lindberg et al., “Monitoring of respiratory and heart rates using a fibre-optic sensor,” Med Biol Eng Comput, Sep. 1992, vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 533-537. |
| Luprano, Jean, “Sensors and Parameter Extraction by Wearable Systems: Present Situation and Future,” pHealth 2008, May 21, 2008, 29 pages. |
| Lygouras et al., “Optical-Fiber Finger Photo-Plethysmograph Using Digital Techniques,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 2, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 20-25. |
| Maguire et al., “The Design and Clinical Use of a Reflective Brachial Photoplethysmograph,” Technical Report NUIM/SS/—/2002/04, Submitted Apr. 2002, Signals and Systems Research Group, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, 13 pages. |
| Mendelson et al., “Measurement Site and Photodetector Size Considerations in Optimizing Power Consumption of a Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Cancun, Mexico, Sep. 17-21, 2003, pp. 3016-3019. |
| Mendelson et al., “Noninvasive Pulse Oximetry Utilizing Skin Reflectance Photoplethysmography,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35, No. 10, Oct. 1988, pp. 798-805. |
| Poh et al., “Motion Tolerant Magnetic Earring Sensor and Wireless Earpiece for Wearable Photoplethysmography,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 14, No. 3, May 2010, pp. 786-794. |
| Renevey et al., “Wrist-Located Pulse Detection Using IR Signals, Activity and Nonlinear Artifact Cancellation,” IEEE EMBS, 2001, 4 pages. |
| Rhee et al., “Artifact-Resistant Power-Efficient Design of Finger-Ring Plethysmographic Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 48, No. 7, Jul. 2001, pp. 795-805. |
| Shaltis, Phillip Andrew, Analysis and Validation of an Artifact Resistant Design for Oxygen Saturation Measurement Using Photo Plethysmographic Ring Sensors, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jun. 2004, 103 pages. |
| Shin et al., “A Novel Headset with a Transmissive PPG Sensor for Heart Rate Measurement,” ICBME 2008, Proceedings 23, 2009, pp. 519-522. |
| Spigulis et al., “Wearable wireless photoplethysmography sensors,” Proc. of SPIE, vol. 6991, 2008, p. 69912O-1 to 69912O-7. |
| Takatani et al., “Optical Oximetry Sensors for Whole Blood and Tissue,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Jun./Jul. 1994, pp. 347-357. |
| Vogel et al., “A System for Assessing Motion Artifacts in the Signal of a Micro-Optic In-Ear Vital Signs Sensor,” 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Aug. 20-24, 2008. |
| Vogel et al., “In-Ear Heart Rate Monitoring Using a Micro-Optic Reflective Sensor,” Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cite Internationale, Lyon, France, Aug. 23-26, 2007, pp. 1375-1378. |
| Wang et al., “Multichannel Reflective PPG Earpiece Sensor With Passive Motion Cancellation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, No. 4, Dec. 2007, pp. 235-241. |
| Wang et al., “Reflective Photoplethysmograph Earpiece Sensor for Ubiquitous Heart Rate Monitoring,” 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2007, vol. 13 of the series IFMBE Proceedings, pp. 179-183. |
| Wei et al. “A New Wristband Wearable Sensor Using Adaptive Reduction Filter to Reduce Motion Artifact,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology and Application in Biomedicine, in conjunction with The 2nd International Symposium & Summer School on Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, China, May 30-31, 2008, pp. 278-281. |
| Wood, Levi Benjamin, “Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Photoplethysmogram Sensors Using Micro Accelerometers and Laguerre Series Adaptive Filters,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jun. 2008, 74 pages. |
| Han et al., “Artifacts in wearable photoplethysmographs during daily life motions and their reduction with least mean square based active noise cancellation method,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, 42, 2012, pp. 387-393. |
| Extended European Search Report, EP Application No. 16164775.5, dated Sep. 13, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/041842, dated Oct. 21, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/041562, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 14 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042636, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042015, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 10 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042035, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 8 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/046079, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 10 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, European Application No. 16184560.7, dated Dec. 20, 2016, 9 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, European Application No. 16183137.5, dated Jan. 12, 2017, 12 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Application No. 12 739 502.8, dated Nov. 30, 2016, 6 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/046273, dated Nov. 25, 2016, 24 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/058098, dated Jan. 10, 2017, 13 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Application No. 14 743 615.8, dated Jan. 30, 2017, 5 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Application No. 14 743 839.4, dated Jan. 30, 2017, 7 pages. |
| Chinese Office Action corresponding to Chinese Application No. 201480019033.9 dated May 10, 2017. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EPO Application No. 14743839.4, dated Jul. 19, 2017, 5 pp. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EPO Application No. 14743615.8, dated Jul. 26, 2017, 5 pp. |
| Third Office Action and English-language translation, Chinese Patent Application No. 201480018381.4, dated May 24, 2018, 20 pp. |
| Summons to attent oral proceedings pursuant to Rule 115(1) EPC, EP Application No. 14743615.8, dated Jan. 23, 2020, 10 pp. |
| “First Office Action and English language translation”, CN Application No. 201910036179.9, dated Apr. 27, 2021, 7 pp. |
| “First Office Action and English language translation”, CN Application No. 201910036198.1, dated May 18, 2021,24 pp. |
| “First Office Action and English language translation”, CN Application No. 201810556676.7, dated Aug. 10, 2020, 31 pp. |
| “Second Office Action and English language translation”, CN Application No. 201810556676.7, dated Feb. 8, 2021, 6 pp. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190133469 A1 | May 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61757504 | Jan 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14761462 | US | |
| Child | 16238921 | US |
