Patent Application
20060186797
This invention relates to a π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure, a process for preparing the π-conjugated compound, and an organic electroluminescence (EL) element.
The π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure can be widely used as an organic semiconductor material. More particularly it can be used as a light emitting material or an electron transport material of an organic EL element used for a flat light source or a display, or as an organic transistor material.
In recent years, a wide spread attention is attracted to an electroluminescence (EL) element for flat panel display characterized as autogeneous light emission, high-speed response and wide view angle. As a material for the EL element, an increasing attention is paid to an organic light emitting material. The first benefit of an organic light emitting material lies in the fact that the optical characteristics can be desirably varied to a certain extent depending upon the designed molecular structure. Thus, a full-color organic light emitting element is available by using light emitting materials of red, green and blue primary colors.
Heretofore, many organic light emitting materials have been developed. However, most of the organic light emitting materials have a low utility because of a low solubility in organic solvents and a high crystallizability. For examples, polyphenylene compounds as represented by sexiphenyl derivatives and analogues have a high crystallizability, and therefore, when a thin film is formed from these compounds by vacuum deposition, cohesion tends to occur and a stable film is difficult to obtain. When thin films made from these compounds are used for an organic thin-film device such as an organic EL element, dark spots and short-circuit points tend to occur (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H7-278537 and Organic EL Material and Display (Japanese publication), page 195, published by CMC Publishing Co., Ltd., Japan).
It is described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H7-278537 that spiro-6φ prepared by bonding sexiphenyl with spiro quaternary carbon has a high glass transition temperature (Tg), and is not crystallized over a long period of time as compared with other organic EL elements made by a spin coating method, and spiro-6φ exhibits blue color light emission. However, these benefits still do not reach the desired level.
Bathophenanthroline used as an electron transport material and a hole blocking material exhibits a high electron mobility, but its thin film has poor stability and its EL element has poor durability. To enhance durability of thin films made from phenanthroline derivatives and electron affinity of these derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives having introduced therein a 9,9-dialkylfluorenylene group have been proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-277377.
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting material, especially light emitting material exhibiting blue color, a hole blocking material and an electron transport material, giving a stable thin film which is not crystallized over a long period of time, and has enhanced durability, and can be made by spin coating due to its high solubility, as well as by vacuum deposition.
The inventors made extensive researches and found that (i) specific π-conjugated compounds having a cardo structure have a high glass transition temperature which can be an indicator showing a high heat stability; (ii) most of the π-conjugated compounds are not crystalline and have an amorphous structure, and thus give a thin film of enhanced stability; (iii) even though a part of the π-conjugated compounds is crystalline, a thin film made from the π-conjugated compounds even by a coating method such as spin coating as well as a vacuum deposition method does not become white, turbid over a long period of time, which would be due to the fact that the π-conjugated compounds have a cardo structure (note, the term “cardo” refers to a hinge and thus a structure such that cyclic groups are bonded directly to the back bone chain); and (iv) the π-conjugated compounds having a cardo structure are especially suitable as a light emitting material, a hole blocking material and an electron transport material in an organic electroluminescence element. The present invention has been completed on the basis of these findings.
Thus, in one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure represented by the following formula (1):
where R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a phenyl, naphthyl or phenoxy group which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom;
Ar1 independently represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3):
where R3 through R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, an aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a halogen atom, and l and m are integers of 0 to 3, and n is an integer of 0 to 2; and
Ar2 independently represents an aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for preparing the above-mentioned π-conjugated compound, which comprises the steps of:
(i) allowing a fluorene intermediate compound represented by the following formula (7):
(ii) deblocking the thus-obtained reaction product in the presence of an acid catalyst;
(iii) trifluoromethanesulfonylating the deblocked product; and then,
(iv) allowing the trifluoromethanesulfonylated product to, react with a boric acid compound B represented by the above formula (9),
In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an organic electroluminescence element characterized as having a light emitting layer, a hole blocking layer or an electron transport layer, which layers comprise the above-mentioned π-conjugated compound.
In formula (1) representing the π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure, Ar1 independently represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3):
where R3 through R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, an aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a halogen atom, and l and m are integers of 0 to 3, and n is an integer of 0 to 2.
As specific examples of the straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, in formulae (1), (2) and (3), there can be mentioned a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a stearyl group, a trichloromethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1,3-cyclohexadienyl group and a 2-cyclopenten-1-yl group.
As specific examples of the straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, in formulae (1), (2) and (3), there can be mentioned a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a stearyloxy group and a trifluoromethoxy group.
As specific examples of the aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, in formulae (2) and (3), there can be mentioned a phenyl group, a 4-methylphenyl group, a 3-methylphenyl group, a 2-methylphenyl group, a 4-ethylphenyl group, a 3-ethylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 4-n-propylphenyl group, a 4-n-butylphenyl group, a 4-isobutylphenyl group, a 4-tert-butylphenyl group, a 4-cyclopentylphenyl group, a 4-cyclohexylphenyl group, a 2,4-dimethylphenyl group, a 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, a 3,4-dimethylphenyl group, a 1-biphenylyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, 9-phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group and a 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl group.
As specific examples of the heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, in formulae (2) and (3), there can be mentioned nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic groups such as a pyridyl group, a bipyridyl group and a quinolyl group.
Of these, a phenyl group and a pyridyl group are preferable.
As specific examples of the aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, in formulae (2) and (3), there can be mentioned a phenoxy group, p-tert-butylphenoxy group, a 3-fluorophenoxy group and a 4-fluorophenoxy group.
As specific examples of the halogen atom in formulae (2) and (3), there can be mentioned fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
In formula (1) representing the z-conjugated compound having a cardo structure, Ar2 independently represents an aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group. As specific examples of such aryl group, there can be mentioned a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a 2-anthryl group, a 9-anthryl group, a 2-fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group and a picenyl group. The heteroaryl group includes, for example, those which are an aromatic group having at least one hetero atom selected from an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom, and, as specific examples thereof, there can be mentioned 4-quinolyl group, 4-pyridyl group, 3-pyridyl group, 2-pyridyl group, 2-dipyridyl group, 1,10-phenanthrolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-thienyl group, 2-thienyl group, 2-oxazolyl group, 2-thiazolyl group, 2-benzoxazolyl group, 2-benzothiazolyl group and 2-benzoimidazolyl group. Ar2 is not limited to the above-recited aryl groups and heteroaryl groups.
As specific examples of the substituents of the aryl and heteroaryl group, there can be mentioned those which are recited for R1 through R6 in formulae (1), (2) and (3).
Of the above-recited aryl and heteroaryl groups, preferable are fused-ring aromatic groups such as a naphthyl group, a phenanthryl group, a fluorenyl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group and a benzo[c]fluorenyl group; heteroaryl groups such as 1,10-phenanthrolinyl group and an azafluorenyl group; and those which are represented by the following formula (6a) or (6b):
where R13, R14 and R15 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent; and p and q are integers satisfying the following formula:
1≦(p+q)≦3
and s and x are integers of 0 to 2.
Of the above-recited aryl and heteroaryl groups, more preferable are fused-ring aromatic groups and hetero aryl groups, which are represented by the following formulae (4a), (4b) and (5).
where R7, R8 and R9 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom; and X represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
where R10, R11 and R12 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom, provided that R10 and R11 may be bonded together with each other to form a ring; and X represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
As specific examples of the alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl and aryloxy groups in formulae (4a), (4b), (5), (6a) and (6b), there can be mentioned those which are recited for the alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, hetero-aryl and aryloxy groups in formulae (1), (2) and (3).
Specific examples of the π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure of formula (1) are recited in the following Tables 1 through 5, that by no means limit the scope of the invention.
The π-conjugated compound of formula (1) can be synthesized according to a known type of reaction scheme (For example, see Chem. Rev. 19955, 95, p 2457-2483). A typical example of the synthesis process comprises the steps of (i) allowing a fluorene intermediate compound represented by the formula (7), shown below, to react with a boric acid compound A represented by the formula (8), shown below, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst; (ii) deblocking the thus-obtained reaction product in the presence of an acid catalyst; (iii) trifluoromethanesulfonylating the deblocked product; and then (iv) allowing the trifluoromethanesulfonylated product to react with a boric acid compound B represented by the formula (9), shown below, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.
The transition metal catalyst as used in step (i) includes, for example, a nickel catalyst and a palladium catalyst, and, as specific examples thereof, there can be mentioned nickel catalysts such as 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butanenickel(II) chloride, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenenickel(II) chloride, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethanenickel(II) chloride and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propanenickel(II) chloride; and palladium catalysts such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), bis(triphenylphosphino)palladium(II) chloride, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) chloride, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethanepalladium(II) chloride, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propanepalladium(II) chloride, 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butanepalladium(II) chloride, bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0), a polymer-fixed palladium catalyst and palladium carbon. Formula (7):
where Z is a protecting group for a phenol group, R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a phenyl, naphthyl or phenoxy group which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom, and X represents an iodine atom, a bromine atom or a chlorine atom; Formulae (8) and (9):
where, Ar2 in formula (8) independently represents an aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group; and Ar1 in formula (9) independently represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3):
where R3 through R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms which may have a substituent other than an amino group, or a halogen atom, and l and m are integers of 0 to 3, and n is an integer of 0 to 2.
The protecting group Z in formula (7) is not particularly limited and can be chosen from known protecting groups for phenolic hydroxyl groups (see, for example, Protecting Group in Organic Synthesis, published by John Wiley & Sons). In view of ease in deblocking, alkoxyalkyl groups such as ethoxyethoxymethyl group and methoxymethyl group are preferable.
The protecting group Z for phenolic hydroxyl group can be released in the presence of an acid catalyst. The acid catalyst includes, for example, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid and boron trifluoride. Of these acid catalysts, hydrochloric acid is preferable.
A typical specific example of the process for synthesizing the π-conjugated compound wherein Z is a methoxymethyl group is schematically shown in the following reaction scheme.
The π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure according to the present invention can be used as a blue-color light-emitting material, a hole blocking material and an electron transport material in an organic electroluminescence element. The hole blocking material preferably has an ionizing potential larger than those of light-emitting materials used in the element, which include, for example, aluminum trisquinolinol complex (Alq3) as a green fluorescent material, and 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) as a phosphorescence host material. The electron transport material preferably has an electron affinity equal to or larger than those of conventional electron transport materials such as Alq3 and bathophenanthroline. Further, the electron transport material preferably has an electron mobility larger than those (approximately 10−6 cm2/V·s) of conventional electron transport materials such as Alq3. The ionizing potential can be measured generally by photoelectron spectroscopy or cyclic voltammetry. The electron affinity can be determined from the ionizing potential as measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, and from the energy at an absorption spectrum end, or measured by cyclic voltammetry.
The π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure according to the present invention gives a thin film having far enhanced stability as compared with the conventional thin films. Therefore, the π-conjugated compound can be used as an organic transistor material, and an organic semiconductor material in a photoelectric transfer element, a solar battery and an image sensor, as well as a light-emitting material, a hole blocking material and an electron transport material in an organic EL element and an electrophotography photoconductor.
The invention will be specifically described by the following examples.
In the examples, % is by weight unless otherwise specified.
Field desorption mass spectroscopy (FDMS) measurement was carried out using M-80B available from Hitachi Ltd.
NMR measurement was carried out using GEMINI-200 available from Varian Technologies Japan Ltd.
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) measurement was carried out using JMS-K9 available from JEOL Ltd.
Elemental analysis measurement was carried out using 2400II available from Perkin-Elmer Japan Co., Ltd.
A 100 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 0.82 g (34.2 mmol) of sodium hydride and 25 mL of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen gas stream, and the content was cooled to 0° C. To the cooled content, a solution in tetrahydrofuran of 6.5 g (14.3 mmol) of 2,7-dibromo-4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)diphenol was fropwise added, and then, 3.44 g (42.7 mmol) of chloromethyl methyl ether was dropwise added. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, and 10 mL of methanol was added to decompose sodium hydride. 20 mL of toluene was added to separate an organic phase. The organic phase was washed with water and then with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then the organic phase was concentrated. The concentrate was recrystallized from ethanol to isolate 6.7 g (yield: 80%) of 2,7-dibromo-9,9′-bis[4-(methoxymethyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene.
0.2 L of a solution in tetrahydrofuran of 3.3 g (135 mmol) of magnesium and 31.4 g (135 mmol) of 2-bromobiphenyl was prepared. While the solution was maintained at 40° C., the solution was dropwise added into a 1 L separable flask having charged with a mixed solution of 35 g (104 mmol) of 2,7-dibromofluorenone and 280 mL of tetrahydrofuran. After completion of the addition, the reaction liquid was stirred at 40° C. for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction, 420 g of an aqueous 10% ammonium chloride solution was added at room temperature to the reaction liquid, and then an organic phase was separated. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and then concentrated. The concentrate was recrystallized from toluene to give 36 g of a carbinol compound.
A 1 L separable flask was charged with 34 g of the carbinol compound, 107 g of biphenyl, acetic acid 480 g and 27 g of sulfuric acid, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for the night. The reaction liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature, and then placed in ice-water, while being stirred, to terminate the reaction. The thus-obtained precipitate was washed with water and then with hot ethanol. Finally recrystallization from toluene gave 27 g of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene (melting point: 277-282° C., yield: 80%).
The identification of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 628
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 7.23-7.64 (m, 24H)
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 152.8, 143.2, 140.4, 140.0, 138.0, 131.0, 129.4, 128.7, 128.3, 127.3, 127.2, 126.9, 121.9, 121.6, 65.2
The procedure as described in Synthesis Example 2 was repeated wherein 2-bromofluorenone was used instead of 2,7-dibromofluorenone with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 2-bromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene was obtained.
The identification of 2-bromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene was conducted by FDMS.
FDMS: 548
A 500 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 15 g (40.8 mmol) of 2-bromofluorene, 329 mg (2.5 mol %) of tetrabutylammonium bromide, 3.73 g of an aqueous 48% sodium hydroxide solution and 220 mL of toluene. The content was stirred for the night while the content was maintained at 60° C. and air was blown therein. The reaction liquid was concentrated, and 80 mL of water was added to the concentrate. The thus-obtained precipitate was filtered and then washed until the pH value became neutral. Recrystallization of the washed precipitate from a mixed liquid of ethanol/tetrahydrofuran gave 10.5 g of 2-bromofluorenone (yellow needle crystal; melting point: 145-147° C.).
The identification of 2-bromofluorenone was conducted by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 7.30-7.76 (m, 7H)
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 192.32, 143.68, 143.00, 137.11, 135.79, 135.04, 133.72, 129.45, 127.59, 124.64, 122.95, 121.74, 120.46
A 300 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with a Grignard solution prepared from 1.0 g (42.2 mmol) of magnesium and 9.85 g (42.2 mmol) of 2-bromobiphenyl. To the Grignard solution, a solution of 9.9 g of 2-bromofluorenone in 130 mL of tetrahydrofuran was dropwise added at room temperature. The mixture was heated under reflux for 14 hours. After the completion of reaction, the reaction liquid was separated. An organic phase was washed with an aqueous 10% ammonium chloride solution, and then concentrated. Recrystallization of the concentrate from toluene gave 8.8 g of 2-bromo-9-(2-biphenylyl)-9-hydroxyfluorene. The obtained 2-bromo-9-(2-biphenylyl)-9-hydroxyfluorene was mixed with 65 mL of acetic acid, and the mixture was heated to 100° C. Several drops of a concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was added to the heated mixture, and the mixture was maintained at that temperature for 1.5 hours while being stirred. After the completion of reaction, the reaction liquid was incorporated in 120 g of ice-water. The thus-obtained precipitate was filtered and washed with water. Recrystallization of the precipitate from a chloroform/ethanol mixed liquid gave 8.1 g of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene (melting point: 181-183° C.).
The identification of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene was conducted by FDMS and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 394
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 150.75, 148.48, 147.83, 141.66, 140.71, 140.58, 130.84, 128.20, 127.93, 127.89, 127.23, 124.05, 124.01, 121.36, 121.26, 120.09, 120.00, 65.85
A 100 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 1.68 mmol of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene, prepared in Synthesis Example 2, 3.77 mmol of bis(pinacolate)diborane, 10.1 mmol of potassium acetate, 0.034 mmol of bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium and 15 mL of anhydrous dimethylformamide. The reaction mixture was maintained at 80° C. for 2 hours while being stirred. After the completion of reaction, 20 mL of toluene and 20 mL of water were added to extract the reaction product. An organic phase was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution and then with water, and was then concentrated to give a powder. The powder was recrystallized from a tetrahydrofuran/ethanol mixed liquid to 0.61 g of the desired compound.
The identification of the compound was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 721
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 1.31 (s, 24H), 7.26-7.58 (m, 18H), 7.84-7.88 (m, 6H)
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 25.03, 65.10, 83.82, 119.98, 126.96, 127.09, 128.68, 128.85, 132.34, 134.39, 139.28, 140.78, 142.84, 144.69, 151.04
A Grignard reagent was prepared from 0.40 g (16.3 mmol) of magnesium, 3.82 g (16.4 mmol) of 2-bromobiphenyl and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran. A solution of 2.71 g (14.9 mmol) of 4,5-diazafluorenone in 65 mL of tetrahydrofuran was dropwise added to the Grignard reagent under reflux, and heated under reflux for 21 hours. Then the reaction liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature, and 50 g of water was added to terminate the reaction. The reaction liquid was extracted with two 50 mL portions of chloroform, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The extracts were filtered, concentrated and then washed with hexane to give 3.75 g of a light brown powder. A 200 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with the thus-obtained powder and 75 mL of acetic acid, and the content was heated to 100° C. To the content, 4.97 g of concentrated sulfuric acid was added and the mixture was stirred under heated conditions for 22 hours. The reaction liquid was incorporated in 50 g of cold water to terminate the reaction. An aqueous 30% sodium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction liquid to adjust the pH value to 11. Then the reaction liquid was extracted with two 100 mL portions of chloroform, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The extracts were filtered, and concentrated. Recrystallization of the concentrate from a hexane/ethanol mixed liquid gave 1.69 g of 4,5-diaza-9,9′-spirobifluorene (yield: 48%, melting point: 208-210° C.).
The identification of 4,5-diaza-9,9′-spirobifluorene was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 318
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 8.72-8.76 (m, 2H), 7.87 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 6H), 6.73 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H)
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 158.3, 149.8, 145.6, 143.1, 141.4, 131.4, 128.0, 127.7, 123.5, 123.3, 120.0, 61.8
A 50 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 0.5 g (1.57 mmol) of 4,5-diaza-9,9′-spirobifluorene, 0.25 g (1.56 mmol) of iron chloride and 5 mL of dichloromethane. 0.25 g (1.56 mmol) of bromine was dropwise added to the content in an ice-water bath, and then, the reaction liquid was stirred at room temperature over the night. An aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to the reaction liquid to terminate the reaction. Then the reaction liquid was extracted with two 15 mL portions of chloroform, dried over magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated. Recrystallization of the concentrate from toluene gave 0.11 g of 4,5-diaza-2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene (yield: 18%).
A 2 L separable flask was charged with 18 g (99.9 mmol) of fenanthroline, 18 g (320.8 mmol) of potassium hydroxide and 900 g of water, and the content was heated to 80° C. A mixed liquid comprising 45 g of potassium permanganate and 720 g of water was dropwise added to the content while the content was stirred at that temperature. After the completion of addition, the stirring was further continued for 30 minutes and the reaction was terminated. The hot reaction liquid was filtered to remove manganese dioxide. Then the reaction liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature, and then extracted with chloroform. The extract was treated in the conventional manner, and concentrated to give a yellow powder. Recrystallization of the powder from acetone gave 7.54 g of a yellow needle crystal (yield: 41%).
The identification of the crystalline compound was conducted by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 8.80 (d, J=5.2, 2H), 8.05 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2, 2H)
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 189.42, 163.31, 155.10, 131.45, 129.30, 124.69
A 300 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 7.5 g (41.4 mmol) of the thus-obtained 4,5-diazafluorenone, 7.5 g (187.5 mmol) of sodium hydroxide, 5.3 g (165.4 mmol) of 98% hydrazine, and 130 mL of diethylene glycol, and the content was maintained at 160° C. for 18 hours while being stirred. After the completion of reaction, 250 mL of water was added to the reaction liquid. Then the reaction liquid was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and then concentrated. Then the concentrate was purified in an aluminum column to isolate 6.43 g of a greenish gray crystal.
The identification by GCMS and 1H-NMR revealed that the crystal was 4,5-diazafluorene.
GCMS: 168
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 8.74 (d, J=4.8, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=7.8, 2H), 7.36 (dd, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H)
A 300 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 6.4 g of the thus-obtained 4,5-diazafluorene and 150 mL of dimethylformamide, and the reaction liquid was cooled to below 5° C. in an ice bath. At that temperature, 4.82 g of sodium methoxide was added little by little to the reaction liquid. Subsequently 21.5 g of methyl iodide was dropwise added. After the completion of addition, the reaction liquid was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. After the completion of reaction, 250 mL of water was added, and then the reaction liquid was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered and concentrated. The concentrate was purified in an alumina column to give 2.84 g of a greenish purple crystal (yield: 38%).
The identification by GCMS and 1H-NMR revealed that the crystal was 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene.
GCMS: 196
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 8.83 (d, 2H), 8.02 (d, 2H), 7.59 (dd, 2H), 1.61 (s, 6H)
A three-necked flask was charged with 2 g (10.2 mmol) of the thus-obtained 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene and 30 mL of nitrobenzene, and the content was heated to 130° C. To the content, a mixed liquid composed of 1.6 g of bromine and 5 mL of nitrobenzene was dropwise added over a period of one hour. A reaction was carried out for 5 hours, and the reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature. An aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to the reaction liquid to terminate the reaction. The reaction liquid was extracted with chloroform, and the chloroform phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Then the dried product was subjected to alumina chromatography to separate 0.59 g of the desired compound (yield: 21%).
The identification of the compound was conducted by FDMS.
FDMS: 274
(Synthesis of Compound 1)
A 100 mL Kjeldahl flask equipped with a reflux condenser was charged with 2.6 g (4.4 mmol) of 2,7-dibromo-9,9′-bis[4-(methoxymethyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene, prepared in Synthesis Example 1, 1.82 g (9.2 mmol) of biphenylboric acid, 14.6 g of an aqueous 20% sodium carbonate solution, 10 mg of tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The content was heated under reflux for 5 hours. When a predetermined time elapsed with stirring, the reaction liquid was cooled, and then an organic phase was separated. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated to isolate 2.44 g of 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis[4-(methoxymethyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene (yield: 75%).
Then the thus-obtained 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis[4-(methoxymethyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene was dissolved in 20 mL of dichloromethane. To the thus-obtained solution, 5 mL (30 mmol) of an aqueous 6N-hydrochloric acid solution was added and a reaction was carried out at room temperature for 5 hours. Water was added to the reaction liquid to separate an organic phase. To the obtained organic phase, 1.03 g (13.0 mmol) of pyridine and 3.1 g (9.9 mmol) of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride were added, and the reaction liquid was stirred at room temperature. Water added to the reaction liquid to separate an organic phase. The organic phase was concentrated to isolate 2.7 g of the desired 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis[4-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene (yield: 90%).
This compound was identified by FDMS.
FDMS: 918
Then a 100 mL Kjeldahl flask equipped with a reflux condenser was charged with 2.7 g of the thus-produced 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis[4-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene, 1.2 g of biphenylboric acid, 14.6 g of an aqueous 20% sodium carbonate solution, 10 mg of tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine) palladium and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran, and the content was heated under reflux for 4 hours. When a predetermined time elapsed with stirring, the reaction liquid was cooled to separate an organic phase. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated to isolate 1.9 g of a light yellow powder. Identification by FDMS revealed that the light yellow powder was the desired 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis(terphenyl-1-yl)-9H-fluorene represented by the following formula (compound 1; yield: 66%).
FDMS: 926
(Synthesis of Compound 2)
The procedures as described in Example 1 were repeated wherein terphenylboric acid was used instead of the biphenylboric acid used for treating the trifluoromethanesulfonylated product with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 2.0 g of 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis(quaterphenyl-1-yl)-9H-fluorene (compound 2) represented by the following formula was isolated.
FDMS: 1078
(Synthesis of Compound 24)
The procedures as described in Example 1 were repeated wherein 2-pyridineboric acid pinacol ester was used instead of the biphenylboric acid used for treating the trifluoromethane-sulfonylated product with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 2.0 g of 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis(2-pyridylphenyl)-9H-fluorene (compound 24) represented by the following formula was isolated.
FDMS: 776
(Synthesis of Compound 3)
The procedures as described in Example 1 were repeated wherein phenylboric acid was used instead of the biphenylboric acid used for treating the trifluoromethanesulfonylated product with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 2.0 g of 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9H-fluorene (compound 3) represented by the following formula was isolated. The identification of compound 3 was conducted by FDMS and 13C-NMR.
The compound 3 had a melting point of 289° C. and a glass transition temperature of 159° C.
Maximum fluorescence measurement on a thin film of the compound 3 revealed blue fluorescence at 417 nm. Hole mobility and electron mobility were measured at an electric field strength of about 400 (V/cm)1/2 using a mobility analyzer available from Optel Co. by a time-of-flight method. The hole mobility was 1.5×10−4 cm2/V·sec, and the electron mobility was 4.0×10−5 cm2/V·sec. This bipolarity indicates that the compound 3 can be used as a light emitting material.
FDMS: 774
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 152.10, 144.77, 140.60, 140.64, 140.33, 140.13, 140.05, 139.61, 139.14, 128.79, 128.68, 127.49, 127.33, 127.12, 127.00, 126.76, 124.84, 120.68, 65.32
2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis[4-(methoxymethyloxy)phenyl]-9H-fluorene prepared in Example 1 was dissolved in 20 mL of dichloromethane. To the thus-obtained solution, 5 mL (30 mmol) of an aqueous 6N hydrochloric acid solution was added, and a reaction was carried at room temperature for 5 hours. Water was added to the reaction liquid to separate an organic phase. The organic phase was methylated with dimethylsulfuric acid to isolate 2,7-bis(4-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-fluorene.
The identification of this compound was conducted by FDMS.
FDMS: 682
Each (20 mg) of the compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively prepared in Examples 1, 2 and 4, the compound prepared in Comparative Example 1, and Spiro-6φ was dissolved in 2 mL of toluene to prepare a solution with a 1% concentration. A thin film was made on a quartz substrate by spin coating. The spin coating was carried out at a revolution of 1,000 rpm for one minute, and the coating was heated at 60° C. for one hour under vacuum. The thin film was allowed to leave at room temperature for one month, and its appearance was observed. Namely, it was observed whether the thin film became white, turbid or not, and whether cohesion occurred or not.
The results are shown in Table 6. As seen from Table 6, thin films of compounds 1, 2 and 3 became neither white, turbid, nor cohesion occurred.
(Synthesis of Compound 7)
Using 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene, prepared in Synthesis Example 2, and 2-bromo-9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene, and a conventional nickel catalyst, compound 7 was synthesized according to a Yamamoto coupling reaction.
FDMS: 1406
(Synthesis of Compound 6)
A 100 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 1.1 g (2.8 mmol) of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene, prepared in Synthesis Example 4, 1.0 g (1.39 mmol) of 9,9-bis(biphenylyl)fluorene-2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane, prepared in Synthesis Example 5, 5.5 g (11.4 mmol) of an aqueous 20% sodium carbonate solution, and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran. Then 41 mg of bis(diphenylphosphinoferrocene) dichloropalladium as a catalyst was added to the content in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Then the reaction liquid was heated under reflux over the night. After the reaction liquid was cooled, the reaction liquid was placed in a separatory funnel, and an organic phase was separated from the reaction liquid by the separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed with an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution and then with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then concentrated to give a crystal. The crystal was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a toluene/hexane mixed solvent to give the desired compound 6 (yield: 66%).
The compound 6 had a glass transition temperature of 232° C. Maximum fluorescence measurement on a thin film of the compound 6 revealed blue fluorescence at 421 nm.
The identification of compound 6 was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and elementary analysis.
FDMS: 1098
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 6.67-6.76 (m, 6H), 6.89 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.11 (t, 6H), 7.24-7.64 (m, 34H), 7.78-7.85 (m, 6H)
(Synthesis of Compound 5)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 1-bromopyrene was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.91 g of the desired compound 5 was obtained (yield: 75%).
The identification of compound 5 was conducted by FDMS and elementary analysis.
FDMS: 870
(Synthesis of Compound 12)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 4,5-diaza-2′-bromo-9,9′-spirofluorene was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.49 g of the desired compound 12 was obtained (yield: 32%).
The identification of compound 12 was conducted by FDMS and elementary analysis.
FDMS: 1102
(Synthesis of Compound 13)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 2-bromo-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.49 g of the desired compound 13 was obtained (yield: 38%).
The identification of compound 13 was conducted by FDMS and elementary analysis.
FDMS: 858
(Synthesis of Compound 10)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 5-bromo-2,3′-bipyridine was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.43 g of the desired compound 10 was obtained (yield: 40%). Compound 10 had a melting point of 346° C. and a glass transition temperature of 164° C.
The identification of compound 10 was conducted by FDMS and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 778
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 153.38, 152.54, 149.85, 148.48, 148.07, 144.23, 140.40, 139.94, 139.69, 137.23, 135.57, 135.20, 134.39, 134.16, 128.74, 128.50, 128.17, 127.23, 126.92, 124.82, 123.61, 121.25, 120.29, 65.41
(Synthesis of Compound 11)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 2-(4-bromophenyl)pyridine was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.49 g of the desired compound 11 was obtained (yield: 45%). Compound 11 had a glass transition temperature of 174° C.
The identification of compound 11 was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
FDMS: 776
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 7.19-7.57 (m, 22H), 7.69-7.92 (m, 12H), 8.03-8.07 (d, 4H), 8.68-8.70 (d, 2H),
13C-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 156.86, 152.16, 149.67, 144.74, 141.61, 140.62, 140.27, 139.67, 139.28, 138.26, 136.70, 128.70, 127.45, 127.27, 127.16, 126.98, 126.90, 124.74, 122.11, 120.75, 120.42, 65.38
(Synthesis of Compound 17)
The procedures as described in Example 7 were repeated wherein 2.8 mmol of 4-bromo-2,4′-bipyridine was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, 0.87 g of the desired compound 17 was obtained (yield: 80%). Compound 17 had a glass transition temperature of 176° C.
The identification of compound 17 was conducted by FDMS, 1H-NMR and elementary analysis.
FDMS: 776
1H-NMR: (CDCl3, ppm); 8.99 (s, 2H), 8.73 (d, 4H, J=6.2 Hz), 7.26-8.03 (m, 32H)
(Synthesis of Compound 18)
A 300 mL Kjeldahl flask was charged with 60 mL of a solution in tetrahydrofuran of 2.0 g (7.3 mmol) of 3-bromo-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene, and the content was cooled to −78° C. While this temperature was maintained, 5 mL of a 1.6M solution of 8 mmol of n-butyllithium in hexane was dropwise added to the content, and stirred for 30 minutes. Then 2.0 g of solid dichloro-(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine)zinc was added to the reaction liquid, and the reaction liquid was stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 2.2 g (3.5 mmol) of 2,6-dibromo-9,9-di(biphenylyl)fluorene and 51 mg of dichlorobis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium were added to the reaction liquid, and the mixed reaction liquid was heated under reflux over the night and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Then 30 mL of water was added to the reaction liquid, and the reaction liquid was extracted twice with toluene. An organic phase was washed with water and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under a reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using a hexane/chloroform mixed liquid to give 1.02 g of a yellow crystal (yield: 34%).
The identification of the yellow crystal was conducted by FDMS.
FDMS: 858
The procedures as described in Example 14 were repeated wherein 6-bromo-2,2′-bipyridine was used instead of 2-bromo-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene with all other conditions remaining substantially the same. Thus, the desired compound 19 was obtained.
The identification of compound 19 was conducted by FDMS.
FDMS: 778
(Evaluation of Electron Affinity and Electron Mobility by Cyclic Voltammmetry)
The electron affinity was measured by a cell available from B.A.S. Co. under the following conditions.
Counter electrode: platinum electrode
Working electrode: glassy carbon electrode
Reference electrode: Ag/Ag+
Electrolyte: tetrabutylammonium perchloride
Scanning speed: 100 mV/sec
Solvent: dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran
Compound 12 and compound 13 exhibited an electron affinity of −2.40 eV and −2.38 eV, respectively, as ferrocene (Fc/Fc+) being reference. It is to be noted that these values are comparable to or better than those (−2.41 eV) of Alq3 and bathophenanthroline.
The electron mobility was measured by a time-of-flight method using a mobility analyzer available from Optel Co. Compound 12 and compound 13 exhibited an electron mobility of approximately 10−4 cm2/V·sec, i.e., a higher speed than that of the conventional Alq3.
(Evaluation of Electrical Stability by Cyclic Voltammetry)
Reversibility of peak was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as adopted in Example 16.
The results of evaluation of reversibility of peak in compound 10 as a typical example of the π-conjugated compound of the present invention is shown in
As seen from
Thus, the π-conjugated compound of the present invention has good electrical stability, and gives an organic EL element having enhanced durability.
(Measurement of Ionization Potential by Photoelectron Spectroscopy)
The ionization potential of compound 17 as a typical example of the π-conjugated compound of the present invention was measured by “AC-3” available from Riken Keiki Co., Ltd. The ionization potential was 6.24 eV. This value is larger than those of Alq3 (=5.7 eV) and CBP (=5.97 eV). Thus it has been confirmed that the π-conjugated compound of the present invention can be used as a hole blocking material.
(Evaluation of EL Element)
A glass substrate provided with an ITO electrode with a thickness of 130 nm was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using acetone and then isopropyl alcohol, and then boiling cleaning using isopropyl alcohol, and then dried. Then the cleaned glass substrate was subjected to a UV/ozone treatment to prepare a transparent electro-conductive substrate. On the ITO transparent electrode, copper phthalocyanine was vacuum-deposited to form a thin film having a thickness of 20 nm. Further, α-NPD was vacuum-deposited to form a thin film having a thickness of 40 nm on the copper phthalocyanine thin film. Thus, a hole transport layer was formed. Then aluminum trisquinolinol complex was vacuum-deposited to form a thin film having a thickness of 40 nm, and then compound 17 was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a thin film having a thickness of 20 nm. Thus an electron transport layer was formed. All of the above-mentioned vacuum deposition of the organic compounds were carried out under the same conditions of a reduced pressure of 1.0×10−4 Pa and a film forming rate of 0.3 nm/sec.
LiF was vacuum-deposited to a thickness of 0.5 nm as an cathode, and aluminum was deposited thereon to a thickness of 150 nm as a metal electrode.
On the thus-obtained assembly, a protecting glass substrate was superposed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The entire structure was then encapsulated with a UV curable resin.
To the thus-obtained element, direct current voltage of 6V was imposed as the ITO electrode was anode and LiF-Al electrode was cathode. The current density was 86 mA/cm2, and green light emission was observed with a luminance of 3,400 cd/m2.
For comparison, an element having the same layer structure as mentioned above was prepared except that the electron transport layer was formed from aluminum trisquinolinol complex (Alq3). The current density was 1/2.7 of that of the above-mentioned element according to the present invention.
A relationship of current density (mA/cm2) with measurement voltage (V) as obtained on the element with compound 17 according to the present invention and on the element with aluminum trisquinolinol complex (Alq3) is shown in
A relationship of luminance (cd/m2) with measurement voltage (V) as obtained on the element with compound 17 according to the present invention and on the element with aluminum trisquinolinol complex (Alq3) is shown in
Luminance half life of the element with compound 17 according to the present invention was approximately the same as that of the element with aluminum trisquinolinol complex (Alq3).
By the same procedures as adopted in Example 19, an EL element was made and its characteristics were evaluated wherein the EL element was made using compound 19 instead of compound 17 with all other conditions and procedures remaining the same.
When a direct current voltage of 6V was imposed, the current density was 95 mA/cm2, and green light emission was observed with a luminance of 3,950 cd/m2.
By the same procedures as adopted in Example 19, an EL element was made and its characteristics were evaluated wherein the EL element was made using 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) instead of compound 17 with all other conditions and procedures remaining the same.
When a direct current voltage of 6V was imposed, the current density was only 15 mA/cm2, and green light emission was observed with a luminance of 510 cd/m2.
The π-conjugated compound having a cardo structure according to the present invention gives a thin film having far enhanced stability and durability, as compared with the conventional thin films. Therefore, the π-conjugated compound can be used as an organic transistor material, and a photoelectric transfer element, a solar battery and an image sensor in an organic semiconductor material, as well as a light-emitting material and an electron transport material in an organic EL element and an electrophotography photoconductor.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005-038241 | Feb 2005 | JP | national |
