Patent Application
20240198625
This disclosure relates in general to structural supports that join similar or dissimilar materials, and more particularly to pi-shaped preforms and bonded joints thereof.
Integrated composite structures are recognized as providing promising methods for reducing aircraft structure weight and manufacturing cost. 3D woven pi-preforms currently provide a baseline method for achieving robust adhesively bonded joints in composite aircraft structures that achieve an acceptable level of mechanical performance in shear and pull-off strength. However, the cost of 3D woven pi-preforms is prohibitive for numerous applications that would benefit from high performance adhesive joints.
The systems and methods of the present disclosure provide several technical advantages over previous pi-shaped preform technology, which include (i) reduced manufacturing cost compared to 3D woven pi-preforms: (ii) improved shear strength (e.g., embodiments of the pi-shaped preform provided herein demonstrated ˜220% shear strength of the baseline 3D pi-preforms); and (iii) flexible configuration and excellent formability caused, in part, by the discontinuous, aligned fibers in the prepreg that allow for creation of complex shaping of the pi-shaped preforms from individual components with desired layups while maintaining mechanical properties (e.g., improved shear strength and comparative pull-off strength).
The formation of a pi-shaped composite preform is difficult to achieve due to the abrupt geometric features inherent in its design. 3D woven pi-preforms have been used in their manufacture and have demonstrated desired combinations of shear and pull-off strength performance. The cost to manufacture the 3D woven pi-preforms using state-of-the-art automated weaving and/or braiding technologies has remained high in spite of extensive studies. The present disclosure provides pi-shaped preforms comprising of discontinuous, aligned fibers that allow for the complex geometry of the pi preform to be achieved. Further, mechanical performance is maintained, or improved, due to the discontinuous, aligned nature of the fibers and the ability to tailor the ply sequence for the mechanical properties desired.
According to one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pi-shaped preform comprising a base component and a pair of axially elongated legs coupled to the base component to define a channel between the axially elongated legs. The pair of axially elongated legs comprising plies of prepreg oriented in a ply stack, and wherein at least a portion of the prepreg comprises discontinuous, aligned fibers.
According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pi-joint assembly comprising a base component and a pair of axially elongated legs coupled to the base component to define a channel between the axially elongated legs. The pair of axially elongated legs comprises plies of prepreg oriented in a ply stack, where at least a portion of the prepreg comprises discontinuous, aligned fibers. The pi-joint comprises a first material coupled to the base component and a second material coupled to an inner surface of the channel between the axially elongated legs.
According to one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a pi-shaped preform. The method comprises laying plies of prepreg for a base component and a pair of axially elongated legs, where at least a portion of the prepreg comprises discontinuous, aligned fibers. The method further comprises thermal forming the plies of prepreg in a shape of the base component and the pair of axially elongated legs and bonding the pair of axially elongated legs to the base component to form the pi-shaped preform.
Other technical advantages will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims. Moreover, while specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include all, some, or none of the enumerated advantages.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
3D woven pi-preforms are currently used for achieving adhesively bonded joints in composite aircraft structures. The cost of 3D woven pi preforms is prohibitive for a number of applications that would benefit from high performance adhesive joints. To address these and other challenges associated with typical 3D woven pi-preforms, the disclosed embodiments provide a pi-shaped preform that is a low-cost alternative to 3D woven pi-preforms, with minimal to no performance sacrifice or even higher performance. The provided pi-shaped preforms of the present disclosure therefore allow the use of pi-joint configurations on a broader range of applications within composite designs.
To facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, the following examples of certain embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure and its advantages may be best understood by referring to the included FIGURES, where like numbers are used to indicate like and corresponding parts.
In some embodiments, the pi-shaped preform 10 is a composite material that may be formed by various components. For example, the axially elongated legs 14, 16 may be formed by coupling a U-shaped component 20 to a first L-shaped component 22 and a second L-shaped component 24 positioned opposite the first L-shaped component 22. A filler 26 is positioned in a first space formed between the U-shaped component 20 and the first L-shaped component 22, and the filler 26 is positioned a second space formed between the U-shaped component 20 and the second L-shaped component 24. In some embodiments, an optional adhesive 28 is positioned between the various components to directly or indirectly couple them together. For example, the adhesive 28 may be positioned between: (i) the U-shaped component 20 and the first L-shaped component 22: (ii) the U-shaped component 20 and the second L-shaped component: (iii) the first L-shaped component 22 and the base component 12; and (iv) the second L-shaped component and the base component 12 to couple the respective components together. The adhesive 28 may also be positioned between the U-shaped component 20 and the filler 26.
In some embodiments, the pi-shaped preform 10 includes plies of prepreg 30 oriented in a ply stack.
By enabling the Pi preforms to be composed of discrete plies of aligned fiber composite, the ply orientations and volumes can be easily and cost effectively tailored to meet the mechanical requirements of each bond application. Current 3D woven Pi preforms cannot be quickly or cost effectively altered to meet specific mechanical requirements.
In some embodiments, the plies of prepreg 30 comprise a polymeric matrix 32. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 comprises from 10% to 60% (w/w) of a polymeric matrix 32, based on the total weight of the prepreg 30. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 comprises at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30% to less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, or less than 60% (w/w), based on the total weight of the prepreg 30. In some embodiments, the polymeric matrix 32 comprises a thermoplastic resin, a thermoset resin, or combinations thereof.
Suitable thermoplastic resins include, but are not limited to, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic ester, poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer, polyamide, polylactic acid, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, polyoxymethylene, polyether ether ketone, polyaryletherketone, polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic is a commercial polymer or an oligomer having a lower molecular weight than a commercial polymer.
Suitable thermoset resins include, but are not limited to, polyester, polyurethane, polyurea, vulcanized rubber, phenol-formaldehyde polymers, melamine polymer, bismaleimide polymer (BMI resin), polyepoxide (epoxy resin), polybenzoxazine, polyimide, polycyanurate, polyfuran, polysilicone, polyphenol, polyvinyl ester, polythiolyte, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the thermoset is a commercial polymer or an oligomer having a lower molecular weight than a commercial polymer.
In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 includes a hardener. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 includes from 0.1% to 15% (w/w) of a hardener or crosslinker agent, based on the total weight of the prepreg 30. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 includes at least 0.1% of the hardener, or at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% to less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, or less than 15% (w/w) of the hardener, based on the total weight of the prepreg 30.
Suitable hardeners include, but are not limited to, polyethylene tetraamine, dicyandiamide, phenylene diamine (particularly the meta-isomer), bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene, bis(4-amino-phenyl)1,4-diiospropylbenzene, diethyl toluene diamine, methylene dianiline, mixtures of methylene dianiline and polymethylene polyaniline compounds, diaminodiphenylsulfone, phenolic hardeners, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 includes an additive. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 comprises from 0.1% to 50% (w/w) of an additive, based on a total weight of the prepreg 30. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 includes at least 0.1% (w/w) of the additive, or at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% to less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, or less than 50% (w/w) of the additive, based on the total weight of the prepreg 30.
Exemplary additives include fillers, accelerators, or combinations thereof. Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, kaolin, magnesium hydroxide, wollastonite, silica, carbon black, fly ash, nanofillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene), polymer foam beads, carboxylated rubbers or combinations thereof. Suitable accelerators include, but are not limited to, 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethyl urea, 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea, 2,4-toluene bisdimethyl urea, 2,6-toluene bisdimethyl urea, or combinations thereof.
The formation of complex shapes (e.g., L-shaped components and U-shaped components) in pi-shaped preform using continuous fiber composite materials is difficult without excessive defects such as ply wrinkling occurring during the forming process. Such defects lead to unacceptable mechanical performance in the pi-shaped preform 10. Referring to
In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 comprises from 30% to 85% (w/w) of discontinuous, aligned fibers 34, based on the total weight of the prepreg 30. In some embodiments, the prepreg 30 comprises at least 30% (w/w) of discontinuous, aligned fibers 34, or at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55% to less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, or less than 85% (w/w) of the discontinuous, aligned fibers 34. Suitable discontinuous, aligned fibers 34 include, but are not limited to, carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, graphite fibers, boron fibers, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the discontinuous, aligned fibers 34 have a nominal fiber length of at least 0.25 inches, at least 0.5 inches, at least 1 inch, at least 1.5 inches, at least 2 inches to less than 2.5 inches, less than 3 inches, less than 3.5 inches, or less than 4 inches. In some embodiments, the discontinuous, aligned fibers 34 have about the same nominal fiber length (e.g., nominal fiber length for each of the discontinuous, aligned is within 0.1% to 10% of the nominal fiber length).
Referring to
In some embodiments, the plies of prepreg 30 are arranged in a ply sequence within the ply stack 36. As used herein, the term “ply sequence” refers to a stack arrangement for the plies of prepreg 30 that is repeated throughout at least a portion of the ply stack 36 or throughout the entire ply stack 36. The ply sequence may be selected based on the desired structural properties of the pi-shaped preform 10. In one non-limiting example, the plies of prepreg 30 for base component 12 or the axially elongated legs 14, 16 may be arranged in a ply sequence selected from [45/0/−45/90]s or [0/45/−45/0/−45/45/90/45/−45/0/−45/45/0]t, where 0 refers to discontinuous, aligned fibers 34 that are oriented to align with the first axis 40. The ability to tailor the ply sequence, in this way, to achieve desired anisotropic performance in the overall pi-shaped preform 10 provides superior mechanical performance as compared to current 3D woven pi-preforms.
As discussed above, the discontinuous, aligned fibers 34 offer a combination of formability and performance to achieve complex pi-shaped geometries. In addition, ply stacks 36 and specific layups can be tailored to drive pi-shaped preform 10 performance, while reducing the cost compared to conventional technologies. In some embodiments, each of the individual plies of prepreg 30 in the ply stack 36 comprise discontinuous, aligned fibers 34. However, for some applications, it may be desirable to increase the strength of the pi-shaped preform 10. Accordingly, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the individual plies of prepreg 30 in the ply stack 36 may include continuous, aligned fibers. As used herein, the term “continuous” refers to a fiber 34 that extends the entire length of the prepreg 30 without gaps or intervals, or fibers 34 that extend at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99% the length of the prepreg 30 without gaps or intervals. In some embodiments, individual plies of prepreg 30 oriented in the ply stack 36 at an angle of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, or 180 degrees relative to the first axis 40 comprise continuous, aligned fibers, while individual plies of prepreg 30 oriented in the ply stack at an angle other than 0 degrees, 90 degrees, or 180 degrees relative to the first axis 40 comprise discontinuous, aligned fibers 34.
In some embodiments, the first material 50 is a thermoset composite material, where the thermoset composite material may be uncured, partially cured or fully cured. In some embodiments, the second material 52 is a thermoset composite material, where the thermoset composite material may be uncured, partially cured or fully cured. In some embodiments, the first material 50 is a thermoset composite material and the second material 52 is a thermoset composite material comprising the same or different resin and the same or different fiber from those of the first material, whereas one or both the thermoset composite materials may be uncured, partially cured or fully cured. At the fully cured state the thermoset composite materials may reach maximum glass transition temperatures.
At operation 104, the method 100 includes consolidation and thermal forming the plies of prepreg 30 in a shape of the base component 12 and the pair of axially elongated legs 14, 16. For example, operation 104 may include thermal forming the plies of prepreg 30 in a shape of the U-shaped component 20, the first L-shaped component 22, and the second L-shaped component 24. Thermal forming may include heating the plies of prepreg 30 to a thermal profile suitable for shearing the polymeric matrix 32 to create structural shapes and may advance chemical bonds that integrally link the plies of prepreg 30 together. Boundary tooling (e.g., molded shapes of silicone rubber, metal, or other materials) may be used as templates to shape the ply stack 36 into the desired shape of the base component 12 and the pair of axially elongated legs 14, 16. Operation 104 may further include placing the plies of prepreg 30 under pressure or vacuum to conform the plies of prepreg 30 to the shape of the boundary tooling. Specialized tooling is used to consolidate the ply stack and achieve sharp corners without the formation of wrinkles in the final preform. Operation 104 may include forming of the filler 26 in a shape as shown in
At operation 106, the method 100 includes bonding the pair of axially elongated legs 14, 16 to the base component 12 to form the pi-shaped preform 10. For example, operation 106 may include positioning a filler 26 in a first space between the pair of axially elongated legs 14, 16 and the base component. In some embodiments, operation 106 may include positioning the filler 26 in a first space between the U-shaped component 20 and the first L-shaped component 22, and a filler 26 in a second space between the U-shaped component 20 and the second L-shaped component 24. Operation 106 may further include bonding the first L-shaped component 22, the U-shaped component 20, the second L-shaped component 24, and the base component 12 to form the pi-shaped preform 10. In some embodiments, the method 100 further includes manufacturing a pi-joint assembly 48 by bonding the first material 50 to the base component 12, and the second material 52 to an inner surface 54 of the channel 18. Bonding may include curing composite or specifically an adhesive that is positioned between the aforementioned components. Curing the composite or the adhesive may be performed through any curing method, such as light curing or heat curing.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limited the scope thereof.
Torayca Prepreg T800/3900-2 in discontinuous ET-40 form was used to make a base component, a first L-shaped component, the second L-shaped component, and a U-shaped component. The base component included thirteen plies of prepreg arranged in a [0/45/−45/0/−45/45/90/45/−45/0/−45/45/0]t ply sequence. The first and second L-shaped component included eight plies of prepreg arranged in a [45/0/−45/90]s ply sequence. The U shaped component included eight plies of prepreg arranged in a [45/0/−45/90]s. Sub-component stack plies widths were reduced every two plies to create a tapered edge. The filler is composed of an axially aligned ply of T800/3900-2 prepreg, cut to width to form the proper volume, rolled, and formed to the shape of filler with round tools on a flat plate at approximately 60 degrees centigrade. The first space positioned between the first L-shaped component and the U-shaped component includes the filler, and the second space positioned between the second L-shaped component and the U-shaped component includes the filler. The sub-assembly is centered on a base, tooling is inserted into the channel and outside the L-shaped components, bagged and de-bulked and final formed into the pi-joint assembly.
A pi-joint assembly was assembled using the pi-shaped preform along with a composite skin and web laminate composed of Solvay IM7-977-3 epoxy resin prepreg that was assembled and cured. The 0.193 inch thick, fabric reinforced web panel and the 0.266 inch thick, uni-tape with fabric outer ply reinforced skin utilized a quasi-isotropic prepreg stack sequence with outer peel plies of glass fabric/977-3 epoxy. Cured panels were cut to 7″ wide and 37 inch length (web) and 36 inch length (skin). The web edge to be bonded was rounded slightly to better match the clevis geometry of the pi-shaped preform. Four inch by 36 inch strips of 3M AF191 0.08 pound/square foot adhesive with a knitted carrier were cut to cover the interior clevis and bottom base surfaces with excess width to supply excess adhesive to the joint end of part areas. The pi-shaped preform is built up with the skin panel centered on the flat cure tool, the peel ply is removed from the center 4.5 inch width to expose highly bondable epoxy surface and one strip of AF191 is applied to the center of peeled section. The pi-joint assembly is centered on the AF191 and pressed to adhere. The first 2.5 inch of the web panel to be bonded into the pi-joint is peeled on both faces for adhesive application. The second strip of AF191 adhesive is folded in half and wrapped around the peeled web before insertion into the clevis of the pi-shaped preform. The webs are attached to vertical, articulating tool bars which maintain 90 degree orientation to the skin panel and has force application threaded fasteners to pull the web into the tight clevis. Composite shims equal to the estimated stack-up height of the skin, adhesives and joint stacks of the base and legs of the pi-shaped preform are inserted under the excess web length and the tool pull fasteners used to pull them tight establishing proper joint geometry and per ply thickness. The assembled “T” panel joint component is bagged using industry standard materials and silicone over-presses to maintain formed geometry during cure. Teflon film inserts are used to prevent bonding in “T” panel areas which will be removed for shear coupon machining. The joint was cured for 2 hrs. at 180 degrees centigrade and 90 psi.
A 3D woven pi-preform was fabricated using a IM7 3D woven preform (LMdrwg #LMA-MB0031, style A1111). The 3D woven pi-preform was infiltrated with Solvay 977-3 epoxy resin. A pi-joint assembly was assembled using the 3D woven pi-preform along with a composite skin and web laminate composed of Solvay IM7-977-3 epoxy resin prepreg that was assembled and cured. The 0.166 inch thick, fabric reinforced web panel and the 0.266 inch thick, uni-tape with fabric outer ply reinforced skin utilized a quasi-isotropic prepreg stack sequence with outer peel plies of glass fabric/977-3 epoxy. Cured panels were cut to 7″ wide and 37 inch length (web) and 36 inch length (skin). The web edge to be bonded was rounded slightly to better match the clevis geometry. Four inch by 36 inch strips of 3M AF191 0.08 pound/square foot adhesive with a knitted carrier were cut to cover the interior clevis and bottom base surfaces with excess width to supply excess adhesive to the joint end of part areas. The 3D woven pi-preform is built up with the skin panel centered on the flat cure tool, the peel ply is removed from the center 4.5 inch width to expose highly bondable epoxy surface and one strip of AF191 is applied to the center of peeled section. The pi-joint assembly is centered on the AF191 and pressed to adhere. The first 2.5 inch of the web panel to be bonded into the pi-joint is peeled on both faces for adhesive application. The second strip of AF191 adhesive is folded in half and wrapped around the peeled web before insertion into the clevis of the 3D woven pi-preform. The webs are attached to vertical, articulating tool bars which maintain 90 degree orientation to the skin panel and has force application threaded fasteners to pull the web into the tight clevis. Composite shims equal to the estimated stack-up height of the skin, adhesives and joint stacks of the base and legs of the 3D woven pi-preform are inserted under the excess web length and the tool pull fasteners used to pull them tight establishing proper joint geometry and per ply thickness. The assembled “T” panel joint component is bagged using industry standard materials and silicone over-presses to maintain formed geometry during cure. Teflon film inserts are used to prevent bonding in “T” panel areas which will be removed for shear coupon machining. The joint was cured for 2 hrs. at 180 degrees centigrade and 90 psi.
Shear strength testing is performed with Example 1 and Comparative Sample A. Shear strength testing is performed by pulling the web panel out of the bonded pi-joint along the axial length of the joint. The test fixture maintains alignment, coupling the test coupon to the test frame grips. Ultimate strength and load vs strength are recorded. Example 1 exhibited exceedingly high shear strength. Specifically, Example 1 exhibited ˜220% shear strength compared to Comparative Sample A.
Pull-off strength testing is performed with Example 1 and Comparative Sample A. Pull-off strength testing is performed by pulling the web normally out of the joint with test frame gripping the web and the skin supported by rods. Ultimate strength and load vs strength are recorded. Example 1 exhibited comparable pull-off strength compared to Comparative Sample A. Specifically, Example 1 exhibited ˜85% pull-off strength compared to Comparative Sample A.
Despite being a low cost alternative compared to Comparative Sample A, Example 1 provides improved shear strength and comparable pull-off performance.
Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
