Patent Application
20150137579
This disclosure relates generally to a pick tool for pavement degradation or mining, the pick tool comprising a super-hard strike tip.
International patent application publication number WO/2011/089117 discloses a pick tool comprising an insert mounted in a steel holder, the insert comprising a super-hard tip joined to a cemented carbide insertion shaft at an end of the insertion shaft. The insertion shaft comprises an insertion shaft and the steel holder has a bore in which the insertion shaft can be shrink fit. Cemented carbide materials tend to be much more abrasion resistant (but much more costly) than steel and the steel holder will likely be worn away to expose part of the insertion shaft in use. There is a risk that the steel holder may wear away to such an extent that the carbide insertion shaft becomes dislodged from the bore in use, damages other pick tools and be lost.
There is a need to provide a pick tool for pavement degradation or mining in which the risk of detachment in use of a part of the pick tool is reduced.
Viewed from a first aspect there is provided a pick tool for pavement degradation or mining, comprising an insert and a holder, the insert comprising a super-hard strike tip joined to a proximate end of an insertion shaft, the insertion shaft secured by an interference fit within a bore provided in the holder, the insertion shaft having a longitudinal axis and a distal end of the insertion shaft positioned at an insertion depth within the bore; a wear limit marker provided on an external surface of the holder and positioned to correspond to an axial distance along the insertion shaft from the distal end, the distance being at least 20 percent and at most 35 percent of the insertion depth.
The limit marker may be positioned on the holder so that when the holder is worn away in use to the extent that the limit marker is also at least partly worn, the pick should be refurbished.
Various combinations and arrangements of pick tools are envisaged by this disclosure, of which the following are non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.
The interference fit may be a shrink fit or a press fit. The holder may comprise a seat at a distal end of the bore against which the distal end of the insertion shaft may abut.
The insertion shaft may comprise material that is substantially more abrasion resistant than a material comprised in the holder.
The pick tool may be for degrading pavement comprising asphalt, stone or concrete and or for breaking up rock formations as in mining, the rock formations comprising coal or potash, for example. The pick tool will be configured for attachment to a tool carrier such as a drum and may comprise a shank cooperatively configured for coupling with a fixture attached to the tool carrier. The tool carrier may be capable of accommodating a plurality of the pick tools.
The insertion shaft may comprise or consist of material substantially more abrasion resistant than a material of which the holder comprises or consists. The holder may comprise or consist of steel and or the insertion shaft may comprise or consist of cemented carbide material. The strike tip may comprise polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material, silicon carbide bonded diamond (SCD) material or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material. The strike tip may comprise super-hard material joined to a cemented carbide substrate.
The insertion shaft may comprise cemented tungsten carbide, ceramic material, silicon carbide cemented diamond material or super-hard material, and the base may comprise steel. The material of the insertion shaft may have Rockwell hardness of at least about 90 HRa and transverse rupture strength of at least about 2,500 MPa. For example, the insertion shaft may comprise or consist of cemented tungsten carbide material having magnetic saturation of at least about 7 G·cm3/g and at most about 11 G·cm3/g and coercivity of at least about 9 kA/m and at most about 14 kA/m. The insertion shaft may comprise or consist of cemented carbide material, which may comprise tungsten carbide grains and at least about 5 weight percent and at most about 10 weight percent or at most about 8 weight percent binder material, which may comprise cobalt. The tungsten carbide grains may have mean size of at least about 1 micron or at least about 2 microns, and or at most about 6 microns, at most about 5 microns or at most about 3 microns.
The insertion shaft may be generally columnar or cylindrical in shape and the proximate end may be generally frusto-conical.
The insertion depth may be at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm or at least about 50 mm, and the insertion depth may be at most about 70 mm or at most about 60 mm. The longitudinal distance may be at least about 6 mm, at least about 8 mm or at least about 10 mm from the distal end of the insertion shaft, and the longitudinal distance may be at most about 24 or at most about 21 mm. In one example arrangement, the insertion depth is at least about 50 mm and at most about 60 mm and the longitudinal distance is at least about 10 mm and at most about 14 mm.
The wear limit marker may be positioned on a side of the holder. The wear limit marker may be positioned on the backward facing side of the holder, the forward facing side being the side that will advance towards the body to be degraded in use (with no part of the holder being between the forward facing side and the body). The wear limit marker may extend at least partly around the holder from the backward facing side towards or to the forward facing side. The wear limit marker may extend circumferentially substantially all the way around the insertion shaft or part of the way around the insertion shaft. There may be more than one wear limit marker. In one arrangement there may be two wear limit markers, one for indicating a lower limit of wear and the other for indicating an upper limit of wear.
The wear limit marker may be visible to the naked eye. The wear limit marker may comprise a ridge, rib, depression, groove, boss or other visible feature on the external surface of the holder. The limit marker may be formed integrally with the holder such as by forging or it may be joined to the holder. The wear limit marker may be visible to the naked eye and or it may be configured for detection by a detector mechanism provided for this purpose. The detection mechanism may comprise an optical and or electronic detection means.
The wear limit marker should be arranged and positioned on the holder to indicate to an operator when the holder has worn in use to the extent that the pick tool should be removed from a carrier apparatus to which it will be attached, and replaced. The wear scar arising from abrasive wear of the holder will be large enough to be seen by the naked eye since a substantial volume of the holder at the forward facing side will have been removed by abrasion by the time the pick tool will need to be replaced. When the wear scar extends from the proximate end of the holder to a position on the holder indicated by the wear limit marker, the pick tool should be replaced. If the wear limit market is positioned too far from the distal end of the insertion shaft, an operator is likely to remove the pick tool from the carrier apparatus prematurely and the pick tool may not be used to the fullest extent. If the wear limit marker is positioned too close to the distal end of the insertion shaft, an operator may not remove the pick tool timeously and there may be a risk that the insertion shaft will become detached from the holder and fall out, potentially causing great damage to the carrier apparatus and or other pick tools mounted onto the carrier apparatus. This may occur because the insertion shaft is not substantially bonded to the holder, being attached thereto merely by means of an interference fit so that when a sufficient volume of the holder has worn away it will no longer provide sufficient support to retain the insertion shaft in use. The risk of excessive wear of the holder is likely to be particularly great since the strike tip comprises super-hard material having extremely high resistance to abrasion and consequently is likely to remain in working condition substantially longer than the holder or even the insertion shaft.
Viewed from a second aspect there is provided a method of using a pick tool according to this disclosure, the method including attaching the pick tool to a carrier apparatus for degrading a construction or body, using the pick tool to degrade the construction or body, examining the pick tool to determine whether the holder has worn away to the extent where a wear scar produced on the holder in use extends from the proximate end of the bore (i.e. the end from which the insertion shaft projects) to a position on the holder indicated by the wear limit marker.
The method may include removing the insertion shaft from the (first) holder and shrink fitting the insertion shaft into a new (second) holder for re-use, and or the method may include removing the strike tip from the insertion shaft and attaching the strike tip to a new insertion shaft for re-use.
The insertion shaft may experience wear in use, particularly on the forward facing side. The method may include measuring the shape and dimensions of the insertion shaft after use to quantify the extent of any such wear and the shape of the insertion shaft resulting from it. In some examples, at least a part of the insertion shaft on the forward-facing side proximate the strike tip may be lost to abrasion and the thickness of the lost part may be at least about 0.1 mm. The symmetry of the insertion shaft will likely have been reduced by abrasion in use, since the abrasion is likely to occur unevenly. The method may include processing the removed insertion shaft to refurbish it for re-use, for example by grinding such as by using a centreless grinder. This will have the effect of reducing the diameter of the insertion shaft compared to the original diameter prior to the abrasion. For example, the diameter of the refurbished insertion shaft may be at least 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm or 0.4 mm less than the diameter of the insertion shaft prior to use and consequent abrasion. The method may include providing a second holder having a bore configured to accommodate the refurbished insertion shaft (for example the bore of the second holder may have a correspondingly smaller diameter than that of the first holder).
Non-limiting example arrangements of pick tools will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of which
With reference to
In order to reduce stresses, sharp corners at points of contact may be avoided. For example, edges and corners may be radiused or chamfered, and the edge of the bore may be provided with a radius or chamfer to reduce the risk of stress-related cracks arising.
The insertion shaft may be secured within the bore by means of a shrink fit. As used herein, a shrink fit is a kind of interference fit between components achieved by a relative size change in at least one of the components (the shape may also change somewhat). This is usually achieved by heating or cooling one component before assembly and allowing it to return to the ambient temperature after assembly. Shrink-fitting is understood to be contrasted with press-fitting, in which a component is forced into a bore or recess within another component, which may involve generating substantial frictional stress between the components. Shrink-fitting is likely to result in a region (not indicated) of the holder adjacent the bore being in a static state of circumferential tensile stress. In some examples of pick tools, a region within the holder adjacent the bore may be in a state of circumferential (or hoop) static tensile stress of at least about 300 MPa or at least about 350 MPa, and in some pick tools, the circumferential static tensile stress may be at most about 450 MPa or at most about 500 MPa. As used herein, the static stress state of a tool or element refers to the stress state of the tool or element under static conditions, such as may exist when the tool or element is not in use.
The interference between the insertion shaft and the bore of the holder is the difference in size between them, which may be expressed as a percentage of the size. For example, in arrangements where the insertion shaft (and the bore) has a generally circular cross section, the interference may be expressed as the difference in diameter as a percentage of the diameter. The dimension between the insertion shaft and the bore would be expected to be selected depending at least on the diameter of the insertion shaft, and may be at least about 0.002 percent of the diameter of the insertion shaft. In one example, the diameter of the insertion shaft is about 2.5 cm and the interference between the insertion shaft and the bore is about 0.08 percent of the diameter of the insertion shaft. The interference between the insertion shaft and the bore may be at most about 0.3 percent of the diameter of the diameter of the insertion shaft. If the interference is too great, the elastic limit of the steel material of the holder may be exceeded when the steel holder is shrink-fitted onto the onto the insertion shaft, resulting in some plastic deformation of the steel adjacent the bore. If the interference is not high enough, then the shrink fit may not be sufficient for the insert to be held robustly by the holder in use.
In use, a strike tip mounted on a pick tool is driven to impact a body or formation to be degraded. In road milling or mining, a plurality of picks may be mounted onto a drum. The drum will be coupled to and driven by a vehicle, causing the drum to rotate and the picks repeatedly to strike the asphalt or rock, for example, as the drum rotates. The picks will generally be arranged so that each strike tip does not strike the body directly with the top of the apex, but somewhat obliquely to achieve a digging action in which the body is locally broken up by the strike tip. Repeated impact of the strike tip against hard material is likely to result in the abrasive wear and or fracture of the strike tip and or other parts of the pick.
Various example arrangements of the strike tip are envisaged by this disclosure, some of which are described below.
In some example arrangements, the strike structure may comprise PCD material comprising diamond grains having a mean size of at least about 15 microns. The size distribution of the diamond grains used as raw material for the PCD material may be multi-modal, and or the size distribution of the inter-grown diamond grains comprised in the PCD material may be multi-modal (the latter size distribution may be measured by means of image analysis of a polished surface of the PCD material).
At least a region of the strike structure adjacent at least a strike area of the strike end may consist of PCD material containing filler material within the interstices between diamond grains, the content of the filler material being greater than 5 weight percent of the PCD material in the region. As used herein, a strike area is an area of the strike end that may impactively engage a body or formation to be degraded when the pick tool strikes the body or formation in use. The filler material may comprise catalyst material for diamond such as cobalt, iron, nickel and or manganese, or alloys or compounds including any of these. In some arrangements, the strike area may include the apex, and may extend substantially over the entire strike end. In some arrangements, the strike structure may consist substantially of PCD material containing filler material in interstices between diamond grains, the content of the filler material being substantially uniform throughout the strike structure, or the content of filler material may vary within a range from at least 5 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the PCD material.
At least part of the strike end may be generally conical and in some arrangements the strike end may have the general form of a spherically blunted cone, in which the apex is in the general form of rounded cone tip. At least part of the strike surface or a tangent to at least part of the strike surface may be inclined at an angle to a plane tangent to a peripheral side of the strike tip, the angle being at least about 35 degrees or 40 degrees and at most about 55 degrees or 45 degrees. In one particular example, the angle may be substantially 43 degrees.
In various example arrangements, the interface boundary may be substantially planar or non-planar, and may include a depression in the substrate body and or a projection from the substrate body. For example, the interface boundary may be generally dome-shaped, defined by a convex proximate end boundary of the substrate. The proximate end boundary of the substrate may have a radius of curvature in the longitudinal plane of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm or at least about 5 mm, and or at most about 20 mm. In some examples, there may be a depression (concavity) in the proximate boundary end of the substrate opposite the apex of the strike structure. In example arrangements, the thickness of the strike structure between the apex and the interface boundary opposite the apex may be at least about 2.5 mm, and or at most about 10 mm. The height of the strike tip between the apex and a distal end of the strike tip substrate opposite the apex may be at least about 9 mm. In some example arrangements, the proximate end of the substrate may have a generally dome-shaped central area at least partly surrounded by a peripheral shelf, in which the domed-shaped area may include a central depression, or need not include a central depression.
The substrate may comprise cobalt-cement tungsten carbide. In some examples, the super-hard material may be formed joined to the substrate, by which is mean that the super-hard material is produced (for example sintered) in the same general step in which the super-hard structure becomes joined to the substrate. The substrate may comprise cemented tungsten carbide material including at least about 5 weight percent and at most about 10 weight percent or at most about 8 weight percent binder material, which may comprise cobalt (as measured prior to subjecting the substrate to any high-pressure, high temperature condition at which the super-hard structure may be produced; the actual binder content after such treatment is likely to be somewhat lower). The cemented carbide material may have Rockwell hardness of at least about 88 HRa; transverse rupture strength of at least about 2,500 MPa; and or magnetic saturation of at least about 8 G·cm3/g and at most about 16 G·cm3/g or at most about 13 G·cm3/g and coercivity of at least about 6 kA/m and at most about 14 kA/m. Cemented carbide having relatively low binder content is likely to provide enhanced stiffness and support for the tip in use, which may help reduce the risk of fracture, and is likely to exhibit good wear resistance.
In some example arrangements, the strike structure may consist substantially of a single grade of PCD or it may comprise a plurality of PCD grades arranged in various ways, such as in layered or lamination arrangements. The strike structure may comprise a plurality of strata arranged so that adjacent strata comprise different PCD grades, adjacent strata being directly bonded to each other by inter-growth of diamond grains.
In some example arrangements, the substrate may comprise an intermediate volume and a distal volume, the intermediate volume being disposed between the strike structure and a distal volume. The intermediate volume may be greater than the volume of the strike structure and comprise an intermediate material having a mean Young's modulus at least 60% that of the super-hard material.
Certain terms and concepts as used herein are briefly explained below.
Synthetic and natural diamond, polycrystalline diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (cBN) and polycrystalline cBN (PCBN) material are examples of superhard materials. As used herein, synthetic diamond, which is also called man-made diamond, is diamond material that has been manufactured. As used herein, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material comprises an aggregation of a plurality of diamond grains, a substantial portion of which are directly inter-bonded with each other and in which the content of diamond is at least about 80 volume percent of the material. Interstices between the diamond grains may be at least partly filled with a filler material that may comprise catalyst material for synthetic diamond, or they may be substantially empty. As used herein, a catalyst material for synthetic diamond is capable of promoting the growth of synthetic diamond grains and or the direct inter-growth of synthetic or natural diamond grains at a temperature and pressure at which synthetic or natural diamond is thermodynamically stable. Examples of catalyst materials for diamond are Fe, Ni, Co and Mn, and certain alloys including these. Bodies comprising PCD material may comprise at least a region from which catalyst material has been removed from the interstices, leaving interstitial voids between the diamond grains. As used herein, a PCD grade is a variant of PCD material characterised in terms of the volume content and or size of diamond grains, the volume content of interstitial regions between the diamond grains and composition of material that may be present within the interstitial regions. Different PCD grades may have different microstructure and different mechanical properties, such as elastic (or Young's) modulus E, modulus of elasticity, transverse rupture strength (TRS), toughness (such as so-called K1C toughness), hardness, density and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
Different PCD grades may also perform differently in use. For example, the wear rate and fracture resistance of different PCD grades may be different.
As used herein, PCBN material comprises grains of cubic boron nitride (cBN) dispersed within a matrix comprising metal or ceramic material.
Other examples of superhard materials include certain composite materials comprising diamond or cBN grains held together by a matrix comprising ceramic material, such as silicon carbide (SiC), or cemented carbide material, such as Co-bonded WC material (for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,453,105 or 6,919,040). For example, certain SiC-bonded diamond materials may comprise at least about 30 volume per cent diamond grains dispersed in a SiC matrix (which may contain a minor amount of Si in a form other than SiC). Examples of SiC-bonded diamond materials are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,008,672; 6,709,747; 6,179,886; 6,447,852; and International Application publication number WO2009/013713).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12025334 | Feb 2012 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/052688 | 2/11/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61598644 | Feb 2012 | US |
