1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an automatic, self-sufficient combustion control method and system. In one aspect, this invention relates to fuel-fired heating equipment and appliances. In one aspect, this invention relates to electric-powered flow control valves. In yet another aspect, this invention relates to automatically controlled, unplugged water heaters.
2. Brief Description of Related Art
Approximately 56 million households in the United States and Canada use a non-powered atmospheric gas fired water heater to meet their domestic hot water needs. Each water heater consumes on average about 200 therms annually. One therm is equal to 100,000 Btu (British thermal units). At 450 Btu/hr, the water heater pilot light represents 20 percent of the gas use, or about 39 therms. If it is assumed that one-third, about 6.5 therms, is unused energy, the annual total waste energy from these pilot lights is 3.6 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
The current mechanism for eliminating the pilot light requires a powered (plugged) connection. However, a powered connection adds about $100 to the cost of the water heater and the cost of initially bringing power to the water is approximately $150. Thus, it is apparent that a transition from pilot-based water heaters to pilotless water heaters will save energy, save installation and retrofit costs, and reduce combustion emissions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,561,138 teaches a conventional water heater comprising a hot water storage chamber in the top portion of a tank and a combustion chamber in the bottom portion of the tank. A fuel flow controller, which controls fuel flow to the main water heater burner and a pilot flame, is connected to a fuel supply line. A water heater thermocouple and a pilot flame thermocouple constitute the input sensing elements for the controller. The fuel control valve comprises inlet and outlet flow passages connected by a valve seat orifice. An opening and closing valve plunger is pressed on the valve seat by a coil spring. Additionally, a rod on which the valve is mounted is attached to a metal plate positioned proximate a fixed electromagnet which is connected to the thermocouple used for monitoring the burner. The magnet generates a predetermined magnetic force when normal ignition of the burner is detected. An ignition button is manually pressed at the time of the water heater startup to provide fuel flow through the valve. Once a flame is sensed and a current established, the fixed electromagnet is energized, thereby holding the valve plunger in an open position. If, for some reason, the flame goes out, the fixed electromagnet is de-energized, causing the valve plunger to move to a closed position, thereby shutting off fuel flow to the burner.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2003/0177818 teaches a water heater having a float activated electrical switch positioned in a water collection pan to automatically shut off both an electrically activated water supply valve and a gas shutoff valve in the event of a water leak. The water heater further comprises an adaptive connector for providing electrical connection between the gas control valve and a flame thermocouple and a normally closed relay for interrupting a thermocouple voltage supplied to the gas control valve.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,821 teaches a water heater having a pilot burner and two thermo-voltaic devices proximate the pilot burner electrically connected with a pilot gas valve through which fuel is provided to the pilot burner, wherein the pilot flame from the pilot burner provides heat energy to the thermo-voltaic devices which, in turn, create electrical energy to hold open a pilot valve located in the pilot gas valve. The pilot flame remains lit the entire time that the water heater is in operation.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,087 teaches a burner system for use in applications such as a gas fireplace insert having a main burner, a standing pilot burner, a burner control unit, and a fuel valve in which the fuel valve and burner control unit receive power from a power source such as a thermopile mounted to receive energy from the pilot burner. The burner control unit includes a switch for controlling power to the fuel valve and an RF receiver, thereby enabling operation of the system remotely using an RF transmitter.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,871 teaches a device for controlling a gas-fired appliance having a thermoelectric device such as a thermopile for controlling a millivolt vent damper and a main burner within the gas-fired appliance. The device includes a control circuit that selectively transmits current from the thermoelectric device to the main burner valve of the appliance and a damper motor. The control circuit also includes a temperature sensor and a plurality of single pole double throw switches. When the temperature sensor determines that the temperature of the medium to be heated is below a predetermined temperature, current is directed through the switches to the motor to open the damper, following which current is redirected through the switches to the valve to open the valve. When the predetermined temperature has been reached, current is again directed to the motor to close the damper and trap residual heat within the appliance.
It is one object of this invention to provide a combustion control system for material or medium heating appliances which is self-sufficient, requiring no external energy input.
It is one object of this invention to provide a combustion control system for material or medium heating appliances which includes energy storage capabilities.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a combustion control system for material or medium heating appliances which is able to operate on less than 3 watts of energy.
These and other objects of this invention are addressed by a self-powered combustion control system comprising a burner and a fuel supply control valve having a fuel outlet in fluid communication with the burner. The fuel supply control valve comprises an ignition solenoid and a hold solenoid. The ignition solenoid is operationally linked with the hold solenoid such that energizing the ignition solenoid causes the hold solenoid to transform from a closed disposition, i.e. a non-energized condition, in which no fuel passes to the burner to an open disposition in which fuel flow to the burner is initiated for igniting the burner and subsequently maintained during heating of the material to be heated. The system further comprises an electronic system controller for controlling the ignition solenoid operationally connected with the ignition solenoid and an unpowered energy storage device providing all of the power required to operate the combustion control system. In accordance with one embodiment, the system comprises means for recharging the low power energy storage device.
The primary benefits of this invention include higher system efficiency and lower energy consumption due to the elimination of the pilot burner used with conventional systems, reduced standby power consumption, reduced emissions, avoidance of electric line power use, and stable and safe operation during power outages. Whereas conventional self-generating technologies rely on pilot burners as a primary source for thermoelectric generation, the system of this invention employs a burner for this purpose that is constantly on during heating of the material to be heated. In addition, whereas conventional self-generating technologies may rely on other power sources or battery change out during the life of the appliance, the system of this invention requires no external energy sources and no battery change out.
These and other objects and features of this invention will be better understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:
The invention disclosed herein is a combustion control system for fuel-fired heating equipment and appliances which conventionally employ a pilot burner and pilot flame for ignition of the main burner employed therein, including gaseous fuel-fired residential and commercial water heaters and gas-fueled fireplaces, which eliminates the need for a pilot burner and pilot flame. Although the system generally is described herein for use with a water heater, it will be appreciated that the system as described may be employed in any heating apparatus or appliance which conventionally uses a pilot flame and burner for main burner ignition, and such applications are to be understood to be within the scope of this invention. Included within the range of applications to which this invention may be applied are residential, commercial, and industrial water heaters, residential and commercial space heaters and wall furnaces, residential and commercial stoves and ovens, gas-fired fireplaces with thermostatic or on/off remote control, outdoor living appliances including gas lighting, grills, patio heaters, and fire pits, and agricultural applications such as orchard heaters.
Accordingly, the combustion control system in accordance with one embodiment of this invention used in a water heater comprises a low power consumption fuel supply control valve and control/ignition management hardware as well as conventional elements widely available and used in tank-type water heaters, such as a spark igniter, thermocouple or thermopile, water temperature sensor, and the like. By low power consumption, we mean less than or equal to about 10 J of energy for each ignition cycle. The fuel supply control valve of this invention incorporates housing, plunger, and control elements similar to conventional water heater fuel supply control valves, thereby ensuring low cost and high safety of the disclosed system. In contrast to conventional systems which typically require human intervention to ignite the pilot flame, the additional control elements of the combustion control system of this invention provide on-demand ignition, shutdown, and automatic shutdown in the event of flame loss or power loss without human intervention.
The combustion control system in accordance with one embodiment of this invention as shown in
Hold solenoid 11 is operationally linked in accordance with one embodiment of this invention by a shaft or rod 23 with ignition solenoid 12 such that when the ignition solenoid is in the energized igniting mode, the hold solenoid is in an open disposition. The open disposition of the hold solenoid corresponds to a position, shown in
The spark ignition sequence is synchronized by the electronic system controller 14 with the energizing of the ignition solenoid. During ignition, the flame is monitored by measuring interelectrode conductivity of the electrodes of the flame sensing spark igniter 17. The flame ignition and stabilization results in heating of the thermopile source, e.g. thermocouple 16, that provides power to the hold solenoid similar to the design implemented in conventional water heater systems. The fuel supply can be interrupted by the electronic system controller by interruption of the hold solenoid circuit, which results in closing of the fuel valve. The electronic system controller initiates ignition and extinguishes the flame to maintain a desired water tank temperature that can be time-programmed to minimize energy consumption.
Operating sequence of the low power fuel valve of this invention is shown in
The fuel supply control valve of this invention requires about 10 J of energy per activation of the ignition solenoid and, as previously indicated, the energy for holding the hold solenoid is provided by a conventional thermocouple source. Thus, an energy storage device with a capacity of about 1000 kJ will permit more than 100,000 ignition cycles. Also, as previously indicated, the energy storage device is preferably rechargeable. However, batteries employed as storage devices in accordance with one embodiment of this invention may merely be swapped out for a new battery rather than recharged, if desired.
As shown therein, the power dissipated during the power stroke, i.e. fuel valve activation, is equal to about 38 W. However, the power stroke duration is only 0.1 seconds, resulting in a total energy input of about 3.8 J. A holding time is defined by a characteristic thermal constant of a thermopile sensor used in the control circuit. This time is typically close to 20 seconds. However, the power required for holding the solenoid is only 0.25 W; so, the energy input during the holding interval may be evaluated as about 5 J. As a result, the overall energy input from a battery source would be below about 10 J.
Flame ignition and sustainment tests using this circuit have been performed using a “pancake-type” burner commonly used in conventional residential gas-fired water heaters. The burner was connected with a compressed methane supply and a pressure regulator was used to drop the pressure of methane to about 4″ of water column. The ignition sequence was initiated by a control circuit that activated the ignition solenoid, thereby initiating a spark discharge. A soft start of the system was provided by ignition of a pilot flame which was supported for the period of time required to preheat the thermopile. The main flame was ignited at the end of the ignition cycle, at which time power to the ignition solenoid was terminated, allowing gas flow to the main burner. The fuel supply control valve was maintained open by the thermopile sensor. A flame interruption resulted in fast thermopile cool down and closure of the fuel supply control valve.
While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.