Patent Application
20150075818
The present invention is situated within the field of well drilling.
It relates more particularly to metal tubing designed to be placed within a well producing a fluid of interest.
This invention applies especially but not exclusively to the casing of a horizontal well. This casing is called “pipe” in the remainder of the document.
This well configuration has become widespread over recent years due to novel extraction techniques.
A horizontal well, inter alia, considerably increases the productive length and therefore the contact surface with the geological formation in which gas and/or oil is present in source rock.
In such a horizontal configuration, it is technically difficult to case and cement the annular space between the pipe and the inner wall of the well in a horizontal position. This cementing technique, used in the majority of vertical or slightly deviated wells, provides a seal between different geological zones.
The exploitation of horizontal wells, whether for stimulation or flow control, requires some zones to be isolated in the rock formation itself.
A pipe is run into the well with isolation devices at its periphery, spaced out in a predetermined fashion.
The term “zonal isolation packers” is used for these devices. Between these isolation devices the pipe often has ports open or closed on demand, which enable communication between the pipe and the isolated zone of the well.
In this horizontal completion environment, hydraulic fracturing (also called “fracking”) is a technique for cracking of the rock in which the pipe is set horizontally.
Fracking is carried out by injection of a liquid under pressure. This technique enables extraction of oil or gas contained in highly compact and impermeable rocks.
The description of this figure is simply for the purpose of explaining how pipes provided with such zonal isolation packers have been used up until now.
A well A, the wall whereof is labeled A1, was previously dug in the ground S.
Within this well, a pipe 1 has been placed which is partially shown here.
Along its wall this pipe has, at pre-determined intervals, isolation devices 2. Here only two devices 2, labeled N and N-1, are shown, solely for the sake of simplicity.
In practice, there exist a greater and very large number of such devices along the pipe. In known fashion, each device consists of a tubular metal sleeve 20, the opposite ends whereof are firmly bonded, directly or indirectly, to the outer face of the pipe by reinforcing rings or skirts 6.
A pressure P0 prevails within the well.
Originally, the metal sleeves 20, when not expanded, were substantially aligned with the rings 6.
The distal end of the pipe preferably has a port, not shown, which is initially open during the running phase of the pipe into the well so as to allow circulation of fluid from upstream to downstream at pressure P0. This port is preferably plugged by means of a ball which is dropped in the pipe and plugs this port, which allows the pressure inside the pipe to be increased.
A first fluid under pressure P1 greater than P0 is then sent into the pipe and this is introduced through openings 10 facing the sleeves 20 over the entire pipe so as to cause the metal sleeves to expand and to take up the position of
Of course, the material of the sleeve and the pressure are selected so that the metal deforms beyond its elastic limit.
A device, not shown, makes it possible to free an opening located at the distal end of the pipe when the pressure P1 is slightly increased. The pressure at the opening changes from P1 to P0 and circulation is then possible within the pipe from upstream to downstream in the well.
Thereafter, another ball 5 is sent into the pipe and seats in a sliding seat 4 substantially halfway between the two isolation devices N and N-1.
Originally, the seat 4 is located exactly facing the aforementioned openings 3 and blocks them. Under the influence of the ball's motion, the seat 4 is blocked and moves, thus freeing the openings 3. A fracturing fluid under very high pressure is then injected into the pipe.
This fluid, under pressure P2, is introduced into the device as well as into the annular space B separating the devices.
However, the pressure prevailing inside the device N-1 returns to the initial well pressure, which is to pressure P0.
The attachment of the aforementioned sleeves, and more generally of any equipment, to the wall of the pipe 1 is particularly important.
For example, during fracturing operations sometimes carried out and more than 1,000 bars (15,000 psi), the axial forces exerted in on a zonal isolation packer can reach over 100 tons. These forces are simply due to the pressure applied within the annular space B defined by the outside of the pipe 1 and the inner wall of the well A.
Pipes are often sized, qualified and certified for well conditions. The diameter, the mass per unit length and the material are defined by the operator according to the internal and external pressure values, the flow rate, the temperature, the presence of a corrosive agent, etc.
It is then preferable to use pipes of the same kind over the entire length of the completion, rather than to insert a segment of different manufacture.
Now the use of standard pipes imposes several constraints, particularly if the attachment must be made fluid or gas-tight.
In the first place, the pipes are often made by rolling, so that the geometric tolerances and surface quality do not allow, for instance, the use of fluid or gas-tight seals.
Machining the pipe over its entire length can then be considered, in order to correct shape and surface quality flaws. However, besides its cost, such an operation would invalidate the qualification of the pipe.
A second option for fluid or gas-tight attachment of metal systems onto the outside of pipes consists of using welding.
Now the materials used for pipes can have very different chemical compositions (L80, P110 . . . ). It is therefore difficult to use welding, the mechanical strength whereof is extremely dependent on the nature of the materials.
The stresses generated by welding in the pipe would also impose its requalification, that is to say the implementation of long and burdensome new tests.
In the event that the attachment need not be fluid or gas-tight, it is possible to drill blind radial holes in the pipe, and then insert a screw (or the equivalent) into them.
This situation is shown in
This method requires machining of the basic pipe 1 and therefore probably its requalification. In addition, in order to be able to resist a considerable axial load F, the use of several screws is indispensable. All the screws must then bear on the pipe at the same time in order to maximize the axial load carried, which requires accurate and costly machining operations.
In WO-97/48268, US-2011/095526 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,356 are described devices in which a partially slit ring is used. All these systems require also at least a screw.
The invention has as its object to offset these disadvantages.
The proposed system uses a standard pipe which surface may have been cleaned and/or polished, without removing any metal. These operations, which are only superficial, do not invalidate the initial qualification of the pipes.
Thus, the present invention relates to a metal pipe designed to be placed within a well for producing a fluid of interest, a pipe on the outer surface whereof is crimped a tubular metal element, characterized by the fact that:
An expandable sleeve structure is known from document U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,600, the outer face whereof is provided with at least one ring which is conformed, when the sleeve is expanded, in such a way that it anchors itself in the wall of the well.
The present invention takes up this anchoring technique, but in another application context and assigning it different functions.
According to other non-limiting and advantageous characteristics of the invention:
Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for fastening a tubular element on the outer face of a pipe, in which:
characterized in that said tubular element is crimped on said pipe, so that the diameters of said element and of said ring decrease and said projecting members engage in said pipe.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear upon reading the description of a preferred embodiment that follows.
In these figures:
When referring to
The pipe allows the production of a fluid of interest.
According to the invention, it is proposed to crimp, onto the outer face 10 of the pipe 1, a tubular element 6 which, in the present case, constitutes an element for retaining and attaching to the pipe 1 two expandable annular sleeves labeled C1 and C2. In one embodiment, not shown, the tubular element 6 could constitute, for example, a stop or one end of a swellable packer made of elastomer.
This element 6, having a generally known shape and structure, includes a main body 60 which is followed by a skirt 61 partially covering the ends of the sleeves C1 and C2.
In conformity with one feature of the invention, the inner face 62 of the tubular element 6 includes an annular groove 620 particularly visible in the upper portion of
It will be noted that the ductility of the pipe 1 can be greater than that of the ring 8, or not.
As is particularly visible in
In the embodiment shown here, the projecting members consist of a series of parallel and circumferential ribs, separated by grooves of complementary shape, such that the ensemble assumes, seen in cross-section, the shape of a succession of crenellations of triangular section.
Of course, other forms of projecting members can be contemplated.
As shown in
In another embodiment, also not shown, the projecting members can consist of a tiling of teeth, having a pyramidal shape for example.
Referring more particularly to
By way of indication, the value of the angle α is on the order of 10°.
In the embodiment described here, the flanks 82 are separated one from the other by a face 83 substantially parallel to the base 81 such that it assumes, in cross-section, the general shape of a trapezoid.
Here the two angles α are equal, so that the ring assumes, in section, a symmetrical shape. As will be seen further on, this symmetrical shape allows forces in opposing directions to be carried.
However, in one variation, these angles could be different.
In the particular case where two flanks of the ring join, what is involved is an anchoring ring which, in cross-section, has the shape of a triangle.
As shown more particularly in
In this instance, what is involved here is a groove with two flanks 621 and a bottom 622.
Another feature of the invention is that the depth of the groove 620, labeled a in
Referring to
These three grooves are optional. When they are present, they can be more than or less than three in number, as shown here.
Within these grooves, O-rings 9 are accommodated as well as anti-extrusion rings 9′.
During the operation of crimping the tubular element 6 onto the pipe 1, the inner diameter of this element 6 is decreased. The same is true of the ring 8, the diameter whereof decreases by virtue of the edges of the slit 80 coming together. Simultaneously with this phenomenon, due to the crimping force which is essentially radial, the teeth 810 of the ring partially enter into the pipe 1, as shown in
This is explained by the difference between the aforementioned values a and b and the projecting and pointed shape of the members 810.
As shown by the arrows in
The ring 6 therefore makes it possible to obtain effective attachment of the two parts and is virtually insensitive to pressure variations.
The sealing gaskets 9 which occupy the additional grooves allow further improvement in the fluid or gas-tightness of the assembly. Thus, the crimping provides at the same time the initial compression of the compression seals that is indispensable for making them fulfill their role as sealing means.
The sealing gaskets 9 can, for example, be made of elastomer (for example O-rings, lip seals, etc) or of metal (“C-ring” type).
Such a system can operate with considerable internal and external pressures, and it is then possible for an extrusion clearance, that is a tiny opening between the crimped element 6 and the pipe 1, to appear and to increase during operation, by elastic deflection of the parts.
To compensate for this drawback, anti-extrusion rings 9′ are used which have a sloping wall and which are made of substantially deformable material.
When pressure is applied to one side of the seal 9, the latter presses on one or the other of the rings 9′ which then move axially slightly and plug the extrusion clearance.
In the embodiment shown in
In one embodiment, not shown, the number of partial slits could be greater.
These are partial slits which do not continue through to the opposite side of the ring, so that there is a continuation of material, which is labeled 800′, aligned with these slits 80′.
Their function will be explained further on.
Considered transversely, this ring 8′ has a base or inner face 81′ provided with projecting members 810′ of the same type as those described above.
Furthermore, it has an upper face 83′, generally parallel to the base or inner face 81′.
Unlike the embodiment already described, this ring 8′ has a single sloping face 82′ which forms an acute angle with the base 81′.
The other face, labeled 84, is straight and oriented perpendicularly to the faces 81′ and 83′.
Furthermore, in continuation of the face 82′ extends a flange 85′, whereof the free end has a “C” shaped profile 850′.
In other words, this profile 850′ has a concave shape.
As shown more particularly in
In this embodiment, two identical rings are involved which are set back-to-back and in contact at their faces 84′.
Their placement is made possible by the presence of partial slits 80′ which allow the rings a certain ability to deform.
In these
During the crimping operation already seen with reference to the foregoing embodiment, the teeth of the rings penetrate into the material of the pipe, while the flange 85′, due to its arched “C” shape, contributes to the formation of a metal-to-metal seal between the two parts 1 and 6.
The embodiment of
Due to this fact, as is shown by comparing
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1253423 | Apr 2012 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/056039 | 3/22/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61637364 | Apr 2012 | US |
