Patent Application
20060166995
The invention relates to novel piperidine-N-oxide-derivatives, which are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of pharmaceutical compositions.
International Patent Applications WO98/31674 (=U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,718), WO99/31071, WO99/31090, WO99/47505 (=U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,303), WO01/19818, WO01/30766, WO01/30777, WO01/94319, WO02/064584, WO02/085885 and WO02/085906 disclose phthalazinone derivatives having PDE4 inhibitory properties. In the International Patent Application WO94/12461 and in the European Patent Application EP 0 763 534 3-aryl-pyridazin-6-one and arylalkyl-diazinone derivatives are described as selective PDE4 inhibitors. International Patent Application WO93/07146 (=U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,954) discloses benzo and pyrido pyridazinone and pyridazinthione compounds with PDE4 inhibiting activity.
In the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1990, pp. 1735-1741 1,4-Bis(3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazin-6-yl)benzene derivatives are described as potent phosphodiesterase inhibitors and inodilators. In the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Vol. 45 No.12, 2002, pp. 2520-2525, 2526-2533 and in Vol. 44, No. 16, 2001, pp. 2511-2522 and pp. 2523-2535 phthalazinone derivatives are described as selective PDE4 inhibitors.
It has now been found that the piperidine-N-oxide-derivatives, which are described in greater details below, have surprising and particularly advantageous properties.
The invention thus relates to compounds of formula 1
in which
1-4C-Alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples are the butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethyl and methyl radicals.
1-4C-Alkoxy is a radical which, in addition to the oxygen atom, contains a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Alkoxy radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may be mentioned in this context are, for example, the butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, ethoxy and methoxy radicals.
1-8C-Alkoxy is a radical which, in addition to the oxygen atom, contains a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Alkoxy radicals having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may be mentioned in this context are, for example, the octyloxy, heptyloxy, isoheptyloxy (5-methylhexyloxy), hexyloxy, is 6hexyloxy (4-methylpentyloxy), neohexyloxy (3,3-dimethylbutoxy), pentyloxy, isopentyloxy (3-methylbutoxy), neopentyloxy (2,2-dimethylpropoxy), butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, ethoxy and methoxy radicals.
3-7C-Cycloalkoxy stands for cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy or cycloheptyloxy, of which cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy and cyclopentyloxy are preferred.
3-7C-Cycloalkylmethoxy stands for cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cyclohexylmethoxy or cycloheptylmethoxy, of which cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy and cyclopentylmethoxy are preferred.
3-5C-Cycloalkoxy stands for cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy and cyclopentyloxy.
3-5C-Cycloalkylmethoxy stands for cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy and cyclopentylmethoxy.
1-4C-Alkoxy which is completely or predominantly substituted by fluorine is, for example, the 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy, the perfluoroethoxy, the 1,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and in particular the 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, the 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, the trifluoromethoxy and the difluoromethoxy radical, of which the difluoromethoxy radical is preferred. “Predominantly” in this connection means that more than half of the hydrogen atoms of the 1-4C-alkoxy group are replaced by fluorine atoms.
As spiro-linked 5-, 6- or 7-membered hydrocarbon rings, optionally interrupted by an oxygen or sulphur atom, may be mentioned the cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran and the tetrahydrothiophen ring.
3-7C-Cycloalkyl stands for cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, of which cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl are preferred.
3-7C-Cycloalkylmethyl stands for a methyl radical, which is substituted by one of the abovementioned 3-7C-cycloalkyl radicals. Preferred examples which may be mentioned are the cyclopropylmethyl, the cyclobutylmethyl and the cyclopentylmethyl radicals.
An hydroxy-2-4C-alkoxy radical is, for example 2-hydroxyethoxy.
1-4C-Alkoxy-1-4C-alkoxy stands for one of the abovementioned 1-4C-alkoxy radicals which is substituted by the same or another of the abovementioned 1-4C-alkoxy radicals. Examples which may be mentioned are the 2-(methoxy)ethoxy [—O—CH2—CH2—O—CH3] and the 2-(ethoxy)ethoxy radical [—O—CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH3].
1-4C-Alkoxycarbonyl is a carbonyl group to which one of the abovementioned 1-4C-alkoxy radicals is bonded. Examples which may be mentioned are the methoxycarbonyl [CH3O—C(O)—] and the ethoxycarbonyl [CH3CH2O—C(O)—] radical.
1-4C-Alkylcarbonyl is a carbonyl group to which one of the abovementioned 1-4C-alkyl radicals is bonded. An example is the acetyl radical [CH3C(O)—].
An 1-4C-Alkylcarbonylamino radical is, for example, the propionylamino [C3H7C(O)NH—] and the acetylamino radical [CH3C(O)NH—].
Mono- or Di-1-4C-alkylamino radicals contain in addition to the nitrogen atom, one or two of the above-mentioned 1-4C-alkyl radicals. Preferred are the di-1-4C-alkylamino radicals, especially the dimethylamino, the diethylamino and the diisopropylamino radical.
Mono- or Di-1-4C-alkylaminocarbonyl radicals contain in addition to the carbonyl group one of the abovementioned mono- or di-1-4C-alkylamino radicals. Examples which may be mentioned are the N-methyl- the N,N-dimethyl-, the N-ethyl-, the N-propyl-, the N,N-diethyl- and the N-isopropylaminocarbonyl radical.
Suitable salts for compounds of the formula 1 are all acid addition salts. Particular mention may be made of the pharmacologically tolerable inorganic and organic acids customarily used in pharmacy. Those suitable are water-soluble and water-insoluble acid addition salts with acids such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, D-gluconic acid, benzoic acid, 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, butyric acid, sulphosalicylic acid, maleic acid, lauric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, embonic acid, stearic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, methanesulphonic acid or 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, the acids being employed in salt preparation—depending on whether a mono- or polybasic acid is concerned and depending on which salt is desired—in an equimolar quantitative ratio or one differing therefrom.
Pharmacologically intolerable salts, which can be obtained, for example, as process products during the preparation of the compounds according to the invention on an industrial scale, are converted into pharmacologically tolerable salts by processes known to the person skilled in the art.
According to expert's knowledge the compounds of the invention as well as their salts may contain, e.g. when isolated in crystalline form, varying amounts of solvents. Included within the scope of the invention are therefore all solvates and in particular all hydrates of the compounds of formula 1 as well as all solvates and in particular all hydrates of the salts of the compounds of formula 1.
Compounds of formula 1 to be emphasized are those in which R1 and R2 represent independently from one another hydrogen or 1-4C-alkyl, or R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Compounds of formula 1 particularly to be emphasized are those, in which either
Preferred compounds of formula 1 are those in which either
Particularly preferred compounds of formula 1 are those in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
An embodiment (embodiment A) of the compounds of formula 1 are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Compounds of formula 1 of embodiment A to be emphasized are those in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Compounds of formula 1 of embodiment A particularly to be emphasized are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Preferred compounds of formula 1 of embodiment A are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Another embodiment (embodiment B) of the compounds of formula 1 are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Compounds of formula 1 of embodiment B to be emphasized are those in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Compounds of formula 1 of embodiment B particularly to be emphasized are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
Preferred compounds of formula 1 of embodiment B are those, in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
A special embodiment of the compounds of the present invention include those compounds of formula 1 in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
and R3 represents a phenyl derivative of formula (a).
Another special embodiment of the compounds of the present invention include those compounds of formula 1 in which R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
The compounds of formula 1 are chiral compounds with—depending on the meaning of R3—a chiral center in the phenyl derivative of formula (b), if the substituents —R7 and —CH2R8 are not identical. However, preferred are those compounds, in which the substituents —R7 and —CH2R8 are identical or together and with inclusion of the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a spiro-connected 5-, 6- or 7-membered hydrocarbon ring.
Further possible chiral centers in the compounds of formula 1 are marked in the following formula 1* with an asterix (*):
The invention includes all conceivable pure stereoisomers, as well as all mixtures thereof independent from the ratio, including the racemates.
In those cases, wherein R1 and R2 together and with inclusion of the two carbon atoms, to which they are bonded, form a group selected from
those compounds are preferred, in which the hydrogen atoms in the positions 4a and 8a are cis-configurated. Especially preferred in this connection are those compounds, in which the absolute configuration (according to the rules of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog) is S in the position 4a and R in the position 8a.
(4a,8a)-cis-Racemates can be split up into the corresponding enantiomers by methods known by a person skilled in the art. Preferably the racemic mixtures are separated into two diastereomers during the preparation with the help of an optical active separation agent on the stage of the cyclohexane-carboxylic acids or the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acids (for example starting compounds A1 and A2). As separation agents may be mentioned, for example, optical active amines such as the (+)- and (−)-forms of 1-phenylethylamine [(R)-(+)-1-phenylethylamine=D-α-methylbenzylamine or (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine =L-α-methylbenzylamine) and ephedrine, the optical active alkaloids quinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine and brucine.
The compounds according to the invention can be prepared, for example, as described in Reaction scheme 1.
Reaction scheme 1 shows that the compounds of formula 1 can be, for example, prepared starting from 4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester which is reacted in a first reaction step with tert-butylcarbazate to give 4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl-hydrazono)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (starting compound A6). Compound A6 is reduced with, for example, the boran tetrahydrofurane complex to give 4-(N′-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-hydrazino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (starting compound A5). Treatment of compound A5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid results in the formation of piperidin-4-yl-hydrazine dihydrochloride (starting compound A4).
The reaction of piperidin4-yl-hydrazine dihydrochloride with benzoyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acids or benzoyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrobenzoic acids of formulae 4a or 4b leads to the piperidino derivatives of formula 3.
These are reacted with compounds of formula R9-X, wherein X represents a suitable leaving group, preferably a chlorine atom, to give the compounds of formula 2.
In the final reaction step the compounds of formula 2 are oxidized to give the N-oxides of formula 1. The N-oxidation is carried out, for example, with the aid of hydrogen peroxide in methanol or with the aid of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane. The person skilled in the is familiar on the basis of his/her expert knowledge with the reaction conditions necessary for carrying out the N-oxidation.
Suitably, the conversions are carried out analogous to methods which are familiar per se to the person skilled in the art, for example, in the manner which is described in the following examples.
The preparation of benzoyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acids or benzoyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrobenzoic acids of formulae 4a or 4b is described, for example, in WO98/31674, WO99/31090 and WO99/47505.
The substances according to the invention are isolated and purified in a manner known per se, e.g. by distilling off the solvent in vacuo and recrystallising the residue obtained from a suitable solvent or subjecting it to one of the customary purification methods, such as column chromatography on a suitable support material.
Salts are obtained by dissolving the free compound in a suitable solvent (for example a ketone like acetone, methylethylketone, or methylisobutylketone, an ether, like diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, such as methylene chloride or chloroform, or a low molecular weight aliphatic alcohol, such as ethanol, isopropanol) which contains the desired acid, or to which the desired acid is then added. The salts are obtained by filtering, reprecipitating, precipitating with a non-solvent for the addition salt or by evaporating the solvent. Salts obtained can be converted by basification into the free compounds which, in turn, can be converted into salts. In this manner, pharmacologically non-tolerable salts can be converted into pharmacologically tolerable salts.
The following examples illustrate the invention in greater detail, without restricting it. As well, further compounds of formula 1, of which the preparation is explicitly not described, can be prepared in an analogous way or in a way which is known by a person skilled in the art using customary preparation methods.
The compounds, which are mentioned in the examples as well as their salts are preferred compounds of the invention.
In the examples, RT stands for room temperature, h for hour(s), min for minute(s) and M. p. for melting point.
Final Product
A solution of 1.2 g of starting compound A10 in 100 ml of dichloromethane is washed with an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. Next the solution is dried over magnesium sulfate and cooled to 0° C. To this solution, 0.6 g of 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (70%) was added. After stirring for 60 min, the mixture is washed with an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is crystallised from ethyl acetate. M. p. 159-161° C.
Prepared from 2-{4-[(4aS,8aR)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-oxo-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-1H-phthalazin-2-yl]-piperidin-1-yl}-N-isopropyl-acetamide (A11) as described for final product 1. M.p. 130-132° C.
Prepared from 2-{4-[(4aS,8aR)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-oxo-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-phthalazin-2-yl]-piperidin-1-yl}-acetamide (A12) as described for final product 1. M.p. 176-177° C.
Starting Compounds
A solution of 50 mmol of the salt of (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine and (cis)-2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acid (starting compound A8), 55 mmol of piperidin-4-yl-hydrazine dihydrochloride and 100 mmol of triethylamine in 150 ml of 1-propanol is refluxed for 18 h. After cooling to RT, the precipitate is filtered off and dried. M. p. 285-288° C.
Prepared from the salt of (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine and (cis)-2-(3,4-diethoxybenzoyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acid (starting compound A9) in 2-propanol as described for compound A1. M. p. 248-250° C.
Prepared from (cis)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-methoxybenzofuran-4 carbonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoic acid (starting compound A10) in 1-propanol as described for compound A1. After evaporating the solvent, the residue is partitioned between dichloromethane and aqueous sodium carbonate. The dichlormethane layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in dichloromethane and after the addition of a solution of hydrochloric acid in ether, the compound precipitates. M. p. 288-290° C.
A mixture of 0.1 mole of 4-(N′-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-hydrazino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (starting compound A6) and 150 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated at 90° C. for 60 min after which the clear solution is evaporated. The residue is washed with tetrahydrofurane, filtered off and dried under vacuum. M. p. 256-259° C.
150 ml of a solution of borohydride in tertahydrofurane (1.0 mol/l) is slowly added to a solution of 0.12 mole of 4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl-hydrazono)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (starting compound A7) in 100 ml of dry tetrahydrofurane. After complete addition, the mixture is stirred for another 30 min after which a 100 ml of water is added to destroy the excess of borohydride. Subsequently the tetrahydrofurane is evaporated and the resulting aqeous solution extracted with diethyl ether. After drying the solvent over magnesium sulfate, the ether is evaporated. M. p.112-115° C.
A mixture of 0.15 mole of 4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (commercially available) and 0.15 mole of tert-butylcarbazate in 250 ml of hexane is stirred for 18 h at RT. The precipitate is filtered off and dried under vacuum. M. p. 172-174° C.
Prepared as described in WO98/31674.
Prepared as described in WO99/47505.
Prepared as described in WO99/31090.
A mixture of 2.0 g of (4aS,8aR)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-piperidin-4-yl-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-phthalazin-1-one hydrochloride (starting compound A1), 1.0 g of 2-chloroacetamide and 2.0 g of potassium carbonate in 20 ml of dimethylformamide is stirred for 18 h at RT after which 100 ml of water is added to the reaction mixture. The mixture is extracted with diethyl ether, the ether solution dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and after the addition of a saturated solution of hydrochloric acid in ether, the title compound precipitates. M. p. 241-243° C.
Prepared as described in WO02/064584.
Prepared from A13 and chloroacetamide as described for A10. M. p. 201-203° C.
A solution of 50 mmol of A14 in dichloromethane is washed twice with 1N sulphuric acid, dried over magnesium sulphate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 150 ml of ethyl acetate, 50 mmol of 4-hydrazinopiperidine dihydrochloride and 75 mmol of triethylamine is added and the resulting mixture is refluxed for 18 h. After cooling to RT, the precipitate is filtered off and dried. M. p. 291-293° C. (with decomposition).
A solution of 0.25 mole of L-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine in 100 ml of ethyl acetate is added to a solution of 0.5 mole of 2-[1-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-methanoyl]-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in 1.5 1 of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture is filtered off and suspended in 11 of ethyl acetate, heated for 1 h at 60° C. and filtered off while still warm. M.p. 155-157° C.
The compounds according to the invention have useful pharmacological properties which make them industrially utilizable. As selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (specifically of type 4), they are suitable on the one hand as bronchial therapeutics (for the treatment of airway obstructions on account of their dilating action but also on account of their respiratory rate—or respiratory drive-increasing action) and for the removal of erectile dysfunction on account of their vascular dilating action, but on the other hand especially for the treatment of disorders, in particular of an inflammatory nature, e.g. of the airways (asthma prophylaxis), of the skin, of the intestine, of the eyes, of the CNS and of the joints, which are mediated by mediators such as histamine, PAF (platelet-activating factor), arachidonic acid derivatives such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, cytokines, interleukins, chemokines, alpha-, beta- and gamma-interferon, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or oxygen free radicals and proteases. In this context, the compounds according to the invention are distinguished by a low toxicity, a good enteral absorption (high bioavailability), a large therapeutic breadth and the absence of significant side effects.
On account of their PDE-inhibiting properties, the compounds according to the invention can be employed in human and veterinary medicine as therapeutics, where they can be used, for example, for the treatment and prophylaxis of the following illnesses: acute and chronic (in particular inflammatory and allergen-induced) airway disorders of varying origin (bronchitis, allergic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema, COPD); dermatoses (especially of proliferative, inflammatory and allergic type) such as psoriasis (vulgaris), toxic and allergic contact eczema, atopic eczema, seborrhoeic eczema, Lichen simplex, sunburn, pruritus in the anogenital area, alopecia areata, hypertrophic scars, discoid lupus erythematosus, follicular and widespread pyodermias, endogenous and exogenous acne, acne rosacea and other proliferative, inflammatory and allergic skin disorders; disorders which are based on an excessive release of TNF and leukotrienes, for example disorders of the arthritis type (rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis and other arthritic conditions), disorders of the immune system (AIDS, multiple sclerosis), graft versus host reaction, allograft rejections, types of shock (septic shock, endotoxin shock, gram-negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome and ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)) and also generalized inflammations in the gastrointestinal region (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); disorders which are based on allergic and/or chronic, immunological false reactions in the region of the upper airways (pharynx, nose) and the adjacent regions (paranasal sinuses, eyes), such as allergic rhinitis/sinusitis, chronic rhinitis/sinusitis, allergic conjunctivitis and also nasal polyps; but also disorders of the heart which can be treated by PDE inhibitors, such as cardiac insufficiency, or disorders which can be treated on account of the tissue-relaxant action of the PDE inhibitors, such as, for example, erectile dysfunction or colics of the kidneys and of the ureters in connection with kidney stones. In addition, the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of diabetes insipidus and conditions associated with cerebral metabolic inhibition, such as cerebral senility, senile dementia (Alzheimer's disease), memory impairment associated with Parkinson's disease or multiinfarct dementia; and also illnesses of the central nervous system, such as depressions or arteriosclerotic dementia. The invention further relates to a method for the treatment of mammals, including humans, which are suffering from one of the above mentioned illnesses. The method is characterized in that a therapeutically active and pharmacologically effective and tolerable amount of one or more of the compounds according to the invention is administered to the ill mammal.
The invention further relates to the compounds according to the invention for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of illnesses, especially the illnesses mentioned.
The invention also relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention for the production of pharmaceutical compositions which are employed for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the illnesses mentioned.
The invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the illnesses mentioned, which contain one or more of the compounds according to the invention.
Additionally, the invention relates to an article of manufacture, which comprises packaging material and a pharmaceutical agent contained within said packaging material, wherein the pharmaceutical agent is therapeutically effective for antagonizing the effects of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of type 4 (PDE4), ameliorating the symptoms of an PDE4-mediated disorder, and wherein the packaging material comprises a label or package insert which indicates that the pharmaceutical agent is useful for preventing or treating PDE4-mediated disorders, and wherein said pharmaceutical agent comprises one or more compounds of formula 1 according to the invention. The packaging material, label and package insert otherwise parallel or resemble what is generally regarded as standard packaging material, labels and package inserts for pharmaceuticals having related utilities.
The pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by processes which are known per se and familiar to the person skilled in the art. As pharmaceutical compositions, the compounds according to the invention (=active compounds) are either employed as such, or preferably in combination with suitable pharmaceutical auxiliaries and/or excipients, e.g. in the form of tablets, coated tablets, capsules, caplets, suppositories, patches (e.g. as TTS), emulsions, suspensions, gels or solutions, the active compound content advantageously being between 0.1 and 95% and where, by the appropriate choice of the auxiliaries and/or excipients, a pharmaceutical administration form (e.g. a delayed release form or an enteric form) exactly suited to the active compound and/or to the desired onset of action can be achieved.
The person skilled in the art is familiar with auxiliaries or excipients which are suitable for the desired pharmaceutical formulations on account of his/her expert knowledge. In addition to solvents, gel formers, ointment bases and other active compound excipients, for example antioxidants, dispersants, emulsifiers, preservatives, solubilizers, colorants, complexing agents or permeation promoters, can be used.
The administration of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be performed in any of the generally accepted modes of administration available in the art. Illustrative examples of suitable modes of administration include intravenous, oral, nasal, parenteral, topical, transdermal and rectal delivery. Oral delivery is preferred.
For the treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, the compounds according to the invention are preferably also administered by inhalation in the form of an aerosol; the aerosol particles of solid, liquid or mixed composition preferably having a diameter of 0.5 to 10 μm, advantageously of 2 to 6 μm.
Aerosol generation can be carried out, for example, by pressure-driven jet atomizers or ultrasonic atomizers, but advantageously by propellant-driven metered aerosols or propellant-free administration of micronized active compounds from inhalation capsules.
Depending on the inhaler system used, in addition to the active compounds the administration forms additionally contain the required excipients, such as, for example, propellants (e.g. Frigen in the case of metered aerosols), surface-active substances, emulsifiers, stabilizers, preservatives, flavorings, fillers (e.g. lactose in the case of powder inhalers) or, if appropriate, further active compounds.
For the purposes of inhalation, a large number of apparatuses are available with which aerosols of optimum particle size can be generated and administered, using an inhalation technique which is as right as possible for the patient. In addition to the use of adaptors (spacers, expanders) and pear-shaped containers (e.g. Nebulator®, Volumatic®), and automatic devices emitting a puffer spray (Autohaler®), for metered aerosols, in particular in the case of powder inhalers, a number of technical solutions are available (e.g. Diskhaler®, Rotadisk®, Turbohaler® or the inhaler described in European Patent Application EP 0 505 321), using which an optimal administration of active compound can be achieved.
For the treatment of dermatoses, the compounds according to the invention are in particular administered in the form of those pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for topical application. For the production of the pharmaceutical compositions, the compounds according to the invention (=active compounds) are preferably mixed with suitable pharmaceutical auxiliaries and further processed to give suitable pharmaceutical formulations. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations are, for example, powders, emulsions, suspensions, sprays, oils, ointments, fatty ointments, creams, pastes, gels or solutions.
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are prepared by processes known per se. The dosage of the active compounds is carried out in the order of magnitude customary for PDE inhibitors. Topical application forms (such as ointments) for the treatment of dermatoses thus contain the active compounds in a concentration of, for example, 0.1-99%. The dose for administration by inhalation is customarly between 0.1 and 3 mg per day. The customary dose in the case of systemic therapy (p.o. or i.v.) is between 0.03 and 3 mg/kg per day.
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is well-known for inhibiting inflammatory and immunocompetent cells. The PDE4 isoenzyme is broadly expressed in cells involved in the initiation and propagation of inflammatory diseases (H Tenor and C Schudt, in “Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors”, 21-40, “The Handbook of Immunopharmacology”, Academic Press, 1996), and its inhibition leads to an increase of the intracellular cAMP concentration and thus to the inhibition of cellular activation (J E Souness et al., Immunopharmacology 47:127-162, 2000).
The antiinflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors in vivo in various animal models has been described (M M Teixeira, TiPS 18: 164-170, 1997). For the investigation of PDE4 inhibition on the cellular level (in vitro), a large variety of proinflammatory responses can be measured. Examples are the superoxide production of neutrophilic (C Schudt et al., Arch Pharmacol 344: 682-690, 1991) or eosinophilic (A Hatzelmann et al., Brit J Pharmacol 114: 821-831, 1995) granulocytes, which can be measured as luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, or the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α in monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells (Gantner et al., Brit J Pharmacol 121: 221-231, 1997, and Pulmonary Pharmacol Therap 12: 377-386, 1999). In addition, the immunomodulatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors is evident from the inhibition of T-cell responses like cytokine synthesis or proliferation (D M Essayan, Biochem Pharmacol 57: 965-973, 1999). Substances which inhibit the secretion of the afore-mentioned proinflammatory mediators are those which inhibit PDE4. PDE4 inhibition by the compounds according to the invention is thus a central indicator for the suppression of inflammatory processes.
Method for Measuring Inhibition of PDE4 Activity
PDE4 activity was determined as described by Thompson et al. (Adv Cycl Nucl Res 10: 69-92, 1979) with some modifications (Bauer and Schwabe, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 311: 193-198, 1980). At a final assay volume of 200 μl (96 well microtiter plates) the assay mixture contained 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 μM cAMP, [3H]cAMP (about 30,000 cpm/assay), the test compound and an aliquot of cytosol from human neutrophils which mainly contains PDE4 activity as described by Schudt et al. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 344: 682-690, 1991); the PDE3-specific inhibitor Motapizone (1 μM) was included to suppress PDE3 activity originating from contaminating platelets. Serial dilutions of the compounds were prepared in DMSO and further diluted 1:100 (v/v) in the assays to obtain the desired final concentrations of the inhibitors at a DMSO concentration of 1 % (v/v) which by itself only slightly affected PDE4 activity.
After preincubation for 5 min at 37° C., the reaction was started by the addition of substrate (cAMP) and the assays were incubated for further 15 min at 37° C. 50 μl of 0.2 N HCl was added to stop the reaction and the assays were left on ice for about 10 min. Following incubation with 25 μg 5′-nucleotidase (Crotalus atrox snake venom) for 10 min at 37° C., the assays were loaded on QAE Sephadex A-25 (1 ml bed volume). The columns were eluted with 2 ml of 30 mM ammonium formiate (pH 6.0) and the eluate was counted for radioactivity. Results were corrected for blank values (measured in the presence of denatured protein) which were below 5% of total radioactivity. The amount of cyclic nucleotides hydrolyzed did not exceed 30% of the original substrate concentration. The IC50-values for the compounds according to the invention for the inhibition of the PDE4 activity were determined from the concentration-inhibition curves by nonlinear-regression.
The inhibitory values determined for the compounds according to the invention follow from the following table A, which the numbers of the compounds correspond to the numbers of the examples.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02017978.4 | Aug 2002 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP03/08676 | 8/6/2003 | WO | 2/3/2005 |
