Patent Grant
10472964
This application is a national phase application of PCT/GB2015/050050, filed Jan. 13, 2015, which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 1400682.9, filed Jan. 15, 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to piston arrangements, in particular power transfer mechanisms coupling a piston head to a track which controls movement of the piston head.
A conventional piston arrangement used, for example, in internal combustion engines comprises a piston head moveable within a cylinder coupled to a crankshaft by a con-rod. In an alternative piston arrangement a piston head may be coupled to a track having a cam surface, the piston head being provided with one or more cam followers which run along the track to control movement of the piston head. The present invention relates to improvements in the power transfer mechanism coupling a piston head to a track in such an alternative piston arrangement.
A first aspect of the invention provides a piston arrangement including a track and a piston moveable within a cylinder; wherein the track is adapted to rotate relative to the cylinder about an axis of rotation and has a cam surface and an edge surface extending away from the cam surface; wherein the piston is coupled to the track by a follower running on the cam surface; wherein the cam surface is shaped such that, as the track moves relative to the cylinder, the piston head moves in reciprocating motion within the cylinder in accordance with the path of the cam surface; wherein a stabilising element is connected to the piston, the stabilising element extending below the piston head and comprising a contact surface which engages the edge surface of the track. The stabilising element acts to stabilise the piston a direction perpendicular to the plane of the edge surface of the track.
The track may rotate about the axis of rotation while the cylinder remains stationary with respect to the axis of rotation. Alternatively the cylinder may move along a fixed track. The track may comprise a single track portion or alternatively at least two track portions on opposite sides of the stabilising portion. The or each track portion may provide a cam surface on which a single follower runs or alternatively two opposing cam surfaces on which first and second followers run. Various different possible track arrangements will be discussed in greater detail below.
The track may form a continuous loop and the cam surface may form a continuous surface extending around the loop. Alternatively there may be a break in the cam surface, for example a small discontinuity. The cam surface may be fixed with respect to the track, or alternatively the cam surface may include a fixed portion which is fixed with respect to the track and a moving portion which forms part of the cam surface and which is moveable with respect to the track, for example one or more rollers mounted to the track. The roller may be adapted to rotate about an axis of rotation, and may rotate freely, be partially constrained and/or be driven.
The stabilising element may be rigidly attached to the piston head, for example by fasteners. Alternatively the stabilising element may be otherwise rigidly or pivotally attached to the piston head or may be integrally formed with the piston head. The stabilising element may be connected to the piston head via an intermediate component such as a con-rod, which may be rigidly attached to the piston head and to the stabilising element or alternatively pivotally attached to the piston head and to the stabilising element.
The stabilising portion may be blade-like such that it has a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the edge surface of the track which is significantly smaller than its length in a direction parallel to the plane of the edge surface and perpendicular to the direction of movement of the piston. For example, the length of the stabilising element may be at least twice the thickness of the stabilising element, or at least three times the thickness, or at least four times the thickness, or at least five times the thickness. The length of the stabilising element may be substantially equal to the diameter of the piston head, or alternatively may be greater or smaller then the piston head diameter.
The shape of the contact surface of the stabilising element may substantially correspond to the shape of the edge surface of the track. For example the edge surface of the track may be straight and the contact surface of the stabilising element may have a corresponding straight shape, or alternatively the edge surface of the track may be convex and the contact surface of the stabilising element may have a corresponding concave shape. Alternatively the contact surface of the stabilising element may have some other shape, for example a convex stabilising element may bear against a straight or convex edge surface of the track.
The stabilising element may comprise first and second end surfaces, the contact surface extending between the first and second end surfaces, wherein at least one of the first and second end surfaces slidingly engages a locating element as the piston moves in reciprocating motion. Preferably the first and second end surfaces of the stabilising element slidingly engage first and second locating elements, thereby stabilising the piston in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the edge surface(s) of the track. The interface between the end surfaces and the locating elements is preferably planar but may have some other shape.
The follower may comprise a roller mounted to the piston, the roller being adapted to rotate relative to the piston as it runs along the track. The roller may be mounted in or on the piston head and/or in or on the stabilising element. The piston arrangement may, for example, comprise a bearing according to the second aspect of the invention (discussed below). Alternatively the follower may be a be a roller mounted on a full cylindrical shaft which protrudes from the piston head and/or stabilising element. Alternatively the follower may be a roller extending through or into the piston head and/or stabilising element which only engages the piston head and/or stabilising element via a full cylindrical contact patch extending around the circumference of the roller. There may be multiple rollers or other followers mounted to the piston, for example multiple followers running on multiple cam surfaces of the track.
The track may comprise first and second cam surfaces facing away from each other in opposite directions, the edge surface extending between the first and second cam surfaces; wherein the piston comprises first and second followers respectively running on the first and second cam surfaces. The first and second followers are preferably offset from each other is a direction parallel to the piston axis. The stabilising element preferably extends between and connects the first and second followers. The first follower may be arranged to move the piston in a first direction aligned with its axis and the second follower may be arranged to move the piston in a second direction opposing the first direction. The opposing first and second cam surfaces may oppose each other by facing outwardly away from each other or alternatively by facing inwardly towards each other.
The track may comprise first and second track portions located on opposite sides of the stabilising element, wherein the first track portion comprises an edge surface extending away from at least one cam surface and the second track portion comprises an edge surface extending away from at least one cam surface and facing towards the edge surface of the first track portion, wherein the stabilising element comprises first and second contact surfaces which engage the respective edge surfaces of the first and second track portions. The piston may therefore be fully stabilised in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the edge surfaces of the track.
The stabilising portion may have a substantially uniform thickness along its length. The stabilising element may have a thickness which tapers across the extent of the stabilising element in a direction parallel to the direction of relative movement between the piston and the track. The taper may allow the stabilising portion to be self centering within a gap formed between the edge surfaces of the first and second track portions, for example under hydro-static pressure. The taper may be small compared to the overall thickness of the stabilising element, for example a clearance of 0.08 mm may be provided between the contact surfaces of the stabilising element and the edge surfaces of the respective track portions at one end of the stabilising portion compared to a clearance of 0.04 mm at the opposing end. Different clearances and taper angles may be employed depending on the application of the piston arrangement. The stabilising element may alternatively have any other shape, for example a convex shape bearing against a straight or convex edge surface.
The track may be a radial track with the cam surface(s) arranged as inner radial and/or outer radial surfaces with respect to the axis of rotation. The track may therefore have a height in a direction extending radially outwardly from the axis of rotation which varies along the extent of the track. The edge surface of the first track portion may be substantially parallel to the edge surface of the second track portion. The stabilising element may be substantially straight when viewed from a direction parallel to the axis of the piston.
The track may be an annular track with the cam surface(s) arranged facing in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation. The track may therefore have a height in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation which varies along the extent of the track. The first and second track portions may be arranged concentrically such that an annular gap is formed between the edge surfaces of the first and second track portions. The edge surfaces of the first and second track portions may therefore respectively comprise an outer radial face of an inner track portion and an inner radial face of an outer track portion. The stabilising element may be located within the annular gap and have a curved shape when viewed from a direction parallel to the axis of rotation, the curved shape having a radius substantially corresponding to that of the annular gap. The stabilising element may have a first contact surface which engages the outer radial surface of the inner track portion and has a radius of curvature substantially corresponding to the radius of curvature of the outer radial surface of the inner track portion, and a second contact surface which engages the inner radial surface of the outer track portion and has a radius of curvature substantially corresponding to the radius of curvature of the inner radial surface of the outer track portion.
The edge surface may be lubricated such that the contact surface of the stabilising element contacts the edge surface of the track via a layer of lubricant. Where the track comprises first and second track portions, the edge surfaces of both track portions may be lubricated.
The contact surface of the stabilising element may comprise a lubricant pick-up adapted to receive lubricant from the edge surface of the track. Lubricant may therefore be taken up by the stabilising element via the lubricant pick-up and supplied around the stabilising element and around the piston to any parts of the stabilising element or piston which require lubrication. The pick-up may comprise a hole formed in the contact surface. There may be one or more pick-ups located on one or both contact surfaces of the stabilising element.
The edge surface may be lubricated by a lubricant delivery device; wherein the lubricant delivery device comprises a body portion including a lubricant delivery port through which lubricant is supplied to the edge surface; wherein the lubricant delivery device further comprises at least one follower which couples the lubricant delivery device to the track such that, as the track moves relative to the cylinder, the lubricant delivery device moves in reciprocating motion in accordance with the path of the track thereby maintaining the lubricant supply to the edge surface. The lubricant delivery device preferably comprises first and second followers running on first and second cam surfaces of the track which respectively act to move the lubricant delivery device in opposing directions. In some embodiments, one or both followers may be adapted to sweep excess oil away from one or more cam surfaces of the track on which the piston mounted followers run, although the lubricant delivery device followers are not required to have any lubricant clearing function. The lubricant delivery device followers preferably have the same spacing and radii as the first and second followers mounted to the piston. The lubricant delivery device followers are preferably integrally formed with the body portion of the lubrication device and have sliding bearing surfaces which run on the cam surfaces of the track, but alternatively may comprise bearings or rollers. Alternatively the edge surface(s) may be lubricated in by alternative means, for example lubricant jets.
An internal combustion engine may comprise at least one piston arrangement according to the first aspect of the invention. Alternatively the piston arrangement may be used in another application, for example in a pump. The internal combustion engine may comprise multiple piston arrangements running from a common track and/or multiple tracks driving separate piston arrangements.
A second aspect of the invention provides a piston arrangement including a piston moveable within a cylinder and a track having a cam surface which is adapted to move relative to the cylinder; wherein the piston is coupled to the track by a bearing which runs on the cam surface; wherein the bearing has a roller and a curved bearing surface on which the roller is rotatably mounted such that the roller is held captive between the cam surface and the bearing surface; wherein the bearing surface engages the roller via a contact patch which extends only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller. A piston arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention may include at least some of the features described in relation to the first aspect of the invention.
The bearing transfers loads between the piston and the track via the roller. The roller is adapted to rotate on the curved bearing surface and roll along the track, although the roller may also experience slip relative to the track. Because the bearing does not have a full 360 degree contact patch between bearing surface and the roller, the bearing advantageously reduces or prevents bearing whirl.
The curved bearing surface may engage an inner radial surface of the roller.
The curved bearing surface may be provided on a shoe which extends into a hollow centre of the roller. The shoe may be integrally formed with the piston. Alternatively the shoe may be otherwise attached to the piston, for example by fasteners or by a welded joint. There may be one or more intervening components via which the shoe is connected to the piston head. The roller may be held captive between the shoe and the running surface such that it can rotate on the shoe but cannot leave the shoe unless the shoe and the track are moved apart from each other. The shoe may comprise a single one-piece shoe, or alternatively the shoe may comprise multiple discrete shoe sections.
The shoe may comprise a lubricant outlet and/or a lubricant pick-up for supplying a lubricant to the inner radial surface of the roller and/or removing lubricant from the inner radial surface of the roller. The shoe may therefore lubricate the interface between the curved bearing surface and the roller, and the lubricant may be continuously replaced, for example to control the temperature of the lubricant on the inner radial surface of the roller. Preferably the lubricant outlet and/or lubricant pick-up are provided on the curved bearing surface.
The roller may have a radially inwardly extending flange located to the side of the shoe. The flange may comprise first and second radially inwardly extending flanges on alternate sides of the shoe. The flange(s) may help to retain the roller on the shoe.
The contact patch between the curved bearing surface and the inner radial surface of the roller may extends through an angle of less than 180 degrees. Preferably the contact patch extends through an angle of less than 160 degrees or less than 140 degrees or less than 120 degrees or less than 100 degrees or less than 90 degrees. Alternatively the contact patch may extend through an angle greater than 180 degrees, for example 200 degrees or more. Particularly where the roller comprises one or more radially inwardly extending flanges, a contact patch which extends through less than 180 degrees may improve ease of installation of the roller on the shoe.
The contact patch between the curved bearing surface and the inner radial surface of the roller may be offset to one side of a plane passing through the central axis of rotation of the roller and aligned with the direction of movement of the piston within the cylinder. For example, at least 55% or at least 60% or at least 70% or at least 80% of the contact patch by area may be located to one side of the plane. A central point of the contact patch may be offset to one side of the plane, for example by at least 5 degrees or at least 10 degrees or at least 20 degrees or at least 30 degrees around the central axis of rotation of the roller. The shoe may be offset to one side of the plane. The contact patch and the shoe may be aligned with or offset towards a direction of peak loading. Offsetting the shoe towards one side of the roller may help to withstand peak loads which are transmitted between the track and the piston via the roller at an angle which is not aligned with the direction of movement of the component.
The curved bearing surface may engage an outer radial surface of the roller. Because the bearing surface does not extend around the entire circumference of the roller, a portion of the outer surface of the roller remains exposed, that is the portion of the circumference of the roller around which the curved bearing surface does not extend. Therefore the roller can run on the cam surface while also engaging the curved bearing surface at a location directly above its interface with the cam surface. Load transfer between the track and the piston via the roller is therefore improved.
It should be noted that although the curved bearing surface engages the roller via a contact patch which extends only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller, thereby allowing an exposed portion of the roller to engage the cam surface, the roller may also engage a further bearing surface which extends around a greater portion of the circumference, for example up to 360 degrees. In this case the further bearing surface is located to the side of the roller at a location where it is not required to leave a portion of the outer radial surface of the roller exposed so that it can engage the track. The further bearing surface may be continuous with the bearing surface referred to above. For example, if the roller extends through the piston to engage cam surfaces on alternate sides of the piston (as described in more detail below), the roller may engage cam surfaces on alternate sides of the piston via contact patches which leave a portion of the radial outer surface exposed and also via an intermediate bearing surface which may extend around the entire circumference of the roller.
The piston may have a head with a working face; wherein the curved bearing surface is provided on a reverse side of the piston head. The piston head may be at least partially hollow or alternatively solid. Alternatively the curved bearing surface engaging the outer radial surface of the roller may be provided at another location on the piston or may be provided on a separate component which is attached to the piston, for example by fasteners or by a welded joint. There may be one or more intervening components via which the curved bearing surface is connected to the piston head. The roller may be held captive between the curved bearing surface and the running surface such that it can rotate on the curved bearing surface but cannot leave the curved bearing surface unless the curved bearing surface and the track are moved apart from each other.
The curved bearing surface engaging the outer radial surface of the roller may comprise a lubricant outlet and/or a lubricant pick-up.
The roller may have an axial end face; wherein a retaining component is removably attached to the piston, the retaining component being located at the axial end face of the roller to prevent the roller from moving with respect to the piston in a direction aligned with its rotational axis beyond the retaining component. The retaining component may, for example, be attached to a piston head by one or more removable fasteners.
The contact patch between the curved bearing surface and the outer radial surface of the roller may extend through an angle of between 120 degrees and 330 degrees. Preferably the contact patch extends through an angle of more than 150 degrees or more than 180 degrees or more than 210 degrees or more than 240 degrees. Preferably the contact patch extends through an angle of less than 310 or less than 290 degrees. The contact patch may for example extend through an angle of approximately 270 degrees. At least a portion of the contact patch may, however, extend through a smaller angle, for example 90 degrees.
The contact patch between the curved bearing surface and the outer radial surface of the roller may be offset to one side of a plane passing through the central axis of rotation of the roller and aligned with the direction of movement of the piston within the cylinder. A central point of the contact patch may be offset to one side of the plane. The contact patch may be offset to one side of the plane such that an exposed portion of the outer surface of the roller which is not engaged by the bearing surface (that is the portion of the circumference of the roller around which the curved bearing surface does not extend) is also offset to one side of the plane. By offsetting the exposed portion of the roller to one side, the bearing can allow the geometry of the track and the location of the cylinder to be optimised while avoiding fouling of the track on piston head (or other component on which the curved bearing surface is provide). Alternatively or in addition the bearing surface may be aligned with or offset towards a direction of maximum loading.
The cam surface may be shaped such that, as the track moves relative to the cylinder, the piston head moves in reciprocating motion within the cylinder in accordance with the path of the cam surface.
At least a portion of the cam surface may be provided with a coating or surface treatment. The coating or surface treatment may increase hardness and/or reduce friction. Alternatively or in addition at least a portion of the cam surface may be provided on a separate component to a main body of the track, the separate component providing a harder and/or lower friction surface than the main body of the track.
The track may form a continuous loop which rotates relative to the cylinder about an axis of rotation, and the cam surface may form a continuous surface extending around the loop. Alternatively there may be a break in the cam surface, for example a small discontinuity. The cam surface may be fixed with respect to the track, or alternatively the cam surface may include a fixed portion which is fixed with respect to the track and a moving portion which forms part of the cam surface and which is moveable with respect to the track, for example one or more rollers mounted to the track. The roller may be adapted to rotate about an axis of rotation, and may rotate freely, be partially constrained and/or be driven.
The cylinder may remain fixed while the track moves relative to the cylinder. Alternatively the cylinder may move relative to a fixed track.
The roller may comprise a protrusion extending beyond its outer radial surface around its circumference which engages the track to prevent the roller from moving relative to the piston in a direction aligned with the rotational axis of the roller and/or the track may comprise a protrusion extending beyond the cam surface around its circumference which engages the roller to prevent the roller from moving relative to the piston in a direction aligned with the rotational axis of the roller. Where the roller comprises a protrusion, the track may comprise a corresponding recess or chamfer which engages the protrusion. Where the track comprises a protrusion the roller may comprise a corresponding recess or chamfer which engages the protrusion. One or more protrusions provided on the roller and/or the track may be located at one or both axial ends of the roller and/or at one or more intermediate positions between the axial ends of the roller.
The contact patch may be part cylindrical. Alternatively the contact patch may additionally have curvature in a second direction aligned with the axis of rotation of the roller.
The track may further comprise a second cam surface facing in the opposite direction to the first cam surface; wherein the piston arrangement further comprises a second bearing having a roller and a curved bearing surface on which the roller is rotatably mounted such that the roller is held captive between the second cam surface and the bearing surface; wherein the bearing surface engages the roller via a contact patch which extends only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller. The second bearing may have some or all of the features described above in relation to the first bearing. The roller of the first bearing may be adapted to move the piston in a first direction in accordance with the path of the first cam surface and the roller of the second bearing may be adapted to move the piston in an opposing second direction in accordance with the path of the second cam surface. The component may therefore be constrained in both directions and move in reciprocating motion in accordance with the path of the track. The opposing first and second running surfaces may oppose each other by facing outwardly away from each other or alternatively by facing inwardly towards each other.
The track may comprise first and second track portions located on opposite sides of the piston, each track portion providing a respective cam surface. A common roller may engage the cam surfaces of both the first and second track portions. The common roller may extend through the piston. Alternatively, two separate rollers may be provided on alternate sides of the piston, each roller engaging a respective one of the first and second track portions. The first and second track portions may each comprise a first cam surface and a second cam surface facing in the opposite direction with first and second bearings operating on each of the respective first and second cam surfaces.
The track may be a radial track with the cam surface arranged as inner radial or outer radial surface with respect to an axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder.
The cylinder may have a central axis, wherein the cylinder axis does not pass through the axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder. In this case the component does not follow purely radial motion towards and away from the centre of the track but instead moves at an acute angle to the radius line. The axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder may be offset from the cylinder axis by a distance equal to at least 10% or at least 25% or at least 50% or at least 75% or at least 100% or more than 100% of the piston stroke length. The axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder may be offset from the cylinder axis by an angle of at least 2 degrees or at least 5 degrees or at least 10 degrees or at least 15 degrees or up to 20 degrees when taken from the rotational axis of the roller. By arranging the cylinder axis at an angle to the axis of rotation of the track the geometry of the piston arrangement and track may be optimised for efficient transfer of power from the piston to the track and/or vice-versa. Arranging the piston at an angle may also allow the gradient of the track to be optimised.
The track may be an annular track with the cam surface arranged facing in a direction parallel to an axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder. Where such a track comprises first and second track portions on alternate sides of the component, the first and second track portions are preferably arranged concentrically such that an annular gap is formed between the edge surfaces of the first and second track portions. The piston may have a stabilising portion extending between the first and second portions as described in relation to the first aspect of the invention.
The cylinder may have a central axis, wherein the cylinder axis is not parallel to the axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder. The cylinder axis may be offset from the axis of rotation of the track relative to the cylinder by at least 2 degrees or at least 5 degrees or at least 10 degrees or at least 15 degrees or up to 20 degrees. By arranging the cylinder axis at an angle to the axis of rotation of the track the geometry of the piston arrangement and track may be optimised for efficient transfer of power from the piston to the track and/or vice-versa. Arranging the piston at an angle may also allow the gradient of the track to be optimised.
The roller may comprise a tapered shape such that its diameter at a radially inner-most edge of the cam surface is smaller than its diameter at a radially outer-most edge of the cam surface. The taper accounts for the difference in path length between the inner-most part of the track and the outer-most part of the track, thereby allowing the roller to roll more smoothly over the track without skidding or slipping.
An internal combustion engine may comprising a piston operated by a bearing arrangement according to the second aspect of the invention. Alternatively the piston arrangement of the second aspect may be used in any other application, for example in a pump.
A third aspect of the invention provides a piston arrangement including a piston moveable within a cylinder and a track having a cam surface which is adapted to move relative to the cylinder; wherein the piston is coupled to the track by a bearing which runs on the cam surface; wherein the bearing comprises a roller and a curved bearing surface; wherein the roller has a radial outer surface which runs on the cam surface; wherein the curved bearing surface engages an outer redial surface of the roller such that the roller is held captive between the bearing surface and the cam surface; wherein the bearing surface engages the roller via a contact patch which extends only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller such that a portion of the radial outer surface of the roller is exposed so that it can run on the cam surface.
A fourth aspect of the invention provides an internal combustion engine comprising a piston arrangement including a piston coupled to a track; wherein the track is coupled to a shaft and has a cam surface, and the piston has a follower which runs on the cam surface of the track to control motion of the piston; the engine further comprising a casing including first and second casing elements, wherein the first casing element meets the second casing element at an interface and the first piston moves in reciprocating motion within a bore which passes through the interface between the first and second casing elements.
The bore within which the piston moves may be provided by a separate cylinder which is attached to the first and second casing elements. Alternatively the bore may be formed directly in the first and second casing elements. A bore formed in the first and second casing elements may additionally be provided with a cylinder liner. More than one piston may be coupled to the track. For example two opposing pistons may be coupled to the track on opposite sides of the shaft, which each piston moving within its own respective bores which passes through the interface between the first and second casing elements. The track is preferably a radial track as described above in relation to the preceding aspects of the invention. The track preferably has a central hole which receives the shaft and is mounted on the shaft by feeding the shaft through the central hole. Relative rotation between the track and the shaft is preferably achieved by a splined or keyed interface between the tracks and the shaft.
A power transfer mechanism including a piston with a follower coupled to an output shaft by a track with a cam surface is larger and may be more difficult to assemble than a conventional power transfer mechanism using a crankshaft and con rod. By adapting the engine casing to be assembled around the piston and the track after the piston has been coupled to the track the engine is easier to design and assemble. By arranging the casing with a split line between adjacent casing elements at the location of the bore, the first and second casing elements may be readily assembled around the piston and track after the piston has been coupled to the track and the track has been coupled to the shaft.
The track may have first and second cam surfaces facing in opposite directions and the piston may have first and second followers which respectively run on the first and second cam surfaces of its respective track; wherein the piston is coupled to its respective track by engaging the first cam surface with the first follower and engaging the second cam surface with the second follower. The first follower and first cam surface may be adapted to move the piston in a first direction and the second follower and second cam surface may be adapted to move the piston in a second direction opposing the first direction. The track may be held captive between the first and second followers, or alternatively the first and second followers may be held captive between the first and second cam surfaces.
The track may comprise first and second track portions, each track portion having a cam surface; wherein the piston is coupled to the track via the cam surfaces of the first and second track portions. The cam surfaces of the first and second track portions may each be engaged by a common follower or alternatively two separate followers may be provided, each follower engaging the cam surface of a respective one of the track portions. The piston may include a stabilising element extending between the first and second track portions. Each track portion may comprise first and second cam surfaces facing in opposite directions, with a follower running on each of the first and second cam surfaces. The track portions may be separated from each other by a spacer mounted on the shaft, for example an annular sleeve type spacer.
A plate-like locating element may be provided between the first and second track portions, the locating element acting to stabilise the piston and prevent movement of the piston between the first and second track portions.
The interface between the first and second casing elements may be substantially planar. The interface may lie in a plane which is substantially perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Alternatively the interface may follow any other contour, may not lie in a plane perpendicular to the shaft, and/or may be spliced or include other overlapping features.
The internal combustion engine may further comprise a second piston coupled to a second track; wherein the second track is coupled to the shaft and has a cam surface, and the second piston has a follower which runs on the cam surface of the second track to control motion of the second piston; the casing further including a third casing element, wherein the second casing element meets the third casing element at an interface and the second piston moves in reciprocating motion within a bore which passes through the interface between the second and third casing elements.
Where an engine comprises multiple tracks operating multiple pistons, a plurality of casing elements are provided along the length of the shaft such that each piston moves in reciprocating motion within a bore extending through an interface between two adjacent casing elements. The engine may generally include any number of tracks spaced apart along the shaft, each track being coupled to one or more pistons. Two casing elements are brought together around the (or each) piston coupled to each track. Therefore for each additional track the engine includes an additional casing element such that a casing element is located between each pair of adjacent tracks. For example, an engine having only one track will have a pair of end casing elements which meet at an interface around the (or each) piston coupled to the single track. Each of the end casing elements will partially enclose the bore within which the (or each) piston coupled to the single track moves. An engine having only two tracks will have a pair of end casing elements and an intermediate casing element located between the pair of tracks, the intermediate casing element meeting one of the end casing elements at an interface through which the (or each) piston coupled to one of the tracks passes and meeting the other one of the end casing elements at an interface through which the (or each) piston coupled to the other one of the tracks passes. An engine having only three tracks, the casing will include a pair of end casing elements, an intermediate casing element located between the first and second tracks and another casing element located between the second and third tracks.
A common design of casing elements may be used in the assembly of various different engines having different numbers of track/piston arrangements. The number of different components required for producing multiple different designs of engine may therefore be reduced.
Each casing element may at least substantially surround the shaft. A gap or aperture may be provided in at least one of the casing elements which opens into a sump. Alternatively at least one of the casing elements may not extend around the shaft. An end casing element may be open at its inwardly facing end to interface with the adjacent casing element and closed at its outwardly facing end to seal the end of the engine casing. An intermediate casing element (located between two adjacent tracks where the engine comprises multiple tracks) is generally open at both ends to interface with adjacent casing elements on both sides. The casing elements may be cast and/or machined.
The casing elements may be attached together by a plurality of fasteners passing through each of the casing elements. The fasteners may be, for example, bolts or threaded bars. The casing elements may be attached together by a single set of fasteners passing through all of the casing elements, or alternatively each casing element may be individually attached to the adjacent casing element(s). One or more dowel pins may additionally pass through at least two adjacent casing elements.
A fifth aspect of the invention provides a method of assembling an internal combustion engine comprising a piston arrangement including a piston coupled to a track; wherein the track is coupled to a shaft and has a cam surface, and the piston has a follower which runs on the cam surface of the track to control motion of the piston; the engine further comprising a casing including first and second casing elements, wherein the first casing element meets the second casing element at an interface and the first piston moves in reciprocating motion within a bore which passes through the interface between the first and second casing elements; the method including the steps of:
a) coupling the first piston arrangement to the shaft by coupling the first track to the shaft and coupling the first piston to the first track;
b) bringing the first and second casing elements together around the first piston after the first piston arrangement has been coupled to the shaft; and
c) coupling the first and second casing elements together using one or more fasteners.
The first and second casing elements may both be moved into position with respect to the shaft at the same time after the first piston arrangement has been coupled to the track or alternatively at different times after the first piston arrangement has been coupled to the track. Alternatively either one of the casing elements may be moved into position before the first piston arrangement has been coupled to the shaft and the other casing element may be moved into position (such that the first and second casing elements are brought together) after the first piston arrangement has been coupled to the shaft.
As stated above, a power transfer mechanism including a piston with a follower coupled to an output shaft by a track with a cam surface is larger and may be more difficult to assemble than a conventional power transfer mechanism using a crankshaft and con rod. By adapting the engine casing to be assembled around the piston and the track after the piston has been coupled to the track the engine is easier to design and assemble. In particular the technician assembling the engine has enough space to couple the first piston to the first track and couple the first track to the shaft because he has full access from at least one side of the piston arrangement.
The internal combustion engine may further comprise a second piston coupled to a second track; wherein the second track is coupled to the shaft and has a cam surface, and the second piston has a follower which runs on the cam surface of the second track to control motion of the second piston; the casing further including a third casing element, wherein the second casing element meets the third casing element at an interface and the second piston moves in reciprocating motion within a bore which passes through the interface between the second and third casing elements. The method may further include the steps of:
d) coupling the second piston arrangement to the shaft by coupling the second track to the shaft and coupling the second piston to the second track;
e) bringing the second and third casing elements together around the second piston after the second piston arrangement has been coupled to the shaft; and
f) coupling the first and second casing elements together and coupling the second and third casing elements together using one or more fasteners,
wherein the second casing element is positioned between the first and second pistons before the first and second piston arrangements have both been coupled to the shaft.
The second casing element (which is an intermediate casing element located between two adjacent piston arrangements associated with two adjacent separate tracks) is brought into position with respect to the shaft before both of the first and second piston arrangements have been coupled to the track. In this way it is possible to move the second casing element into position without fouling on the tracks of the pistons. The second casing element may be brought into position either before either of the first and second piston arrangements has been coupled to the shaft or alternatively after one of the piston arrangements has been coupled to the shaft but before the other piston arrangement has been coupled to the shaft.
The first, second and third casing elements may all be coupled together at the same time, for example using a common set of fasteners. Alternatively the first and second casing elements may be coupled together using a first set of fasteners and the second and third casing elements may be coupled together separately using a second set of fasteners.
The method of the fifth aspect of the invention may be used to assemble an engine having any number of tracks spaced apart along a shaft, each track forming part of a piston arrangement. In this case each intermediate casing element (located between two adjacent tracks) is brought into position before the piston arrangements on both sides have been coupled to the shaft, although generally after the piston arrangement on one side has been coupled to the shaft. Each end casing element is brought into position after the piston arrangement arranged at that far end of the shaft has been brought into position.
Where the engine includes one or more locating elements positioned between two adjacent track portions, the method may further comprise the step of positioning the locating element between the first and second track portions before attaching the plurality of casing elements together to form a casing around the piston and the track. The internal combustion engine of the fourth aspect may comprise a piston arrangement according to any of the first, second and/or third aspects of the invention, and the method of the fifth aspect of the invention may be used to assemble an internal combustion engine comprising a piston arrangement according to any of the first, second and/or third aspects of the invention.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
a, 13b and 14 show an alternative track lay-out;
Each track portion 11a, 11b has a radially outer cam surface 12a, 12b extending around its circumference. Each track portion also has a radially inner cam surface 13a, 13b located on an underside of an overhanging portion, the inner cam surfaces facing away from the outer cam surfaces, i.e. in the opposite direction. A planar edge surface 14a, 14b extends between the outer and inner cam surfaces of each track portion.
The first roller 18 has a cylindrical outer radial surface which bears against a pair of part-cylindrical contact patches 19a formed on the underside of the piston head 7 (that is the side opposing the working face) on each side of the piston (that is on opposite sides of the stabilising element 15). The part-cylindrical contact patches 19a each extend only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller 18 so they do not fully enclose the roller but instead leave portions 18a of the radial outer surface of the roller exposed underneath the part-cylindrical contact patches 19a (as shown in
The part-cylindrical contact patches 19a extend through an angle α1 of approximately 90 degrees about the axis of rotation of the roller 18 at their narrowest outer-most portions (that is the ends furthest from the main body of the stabilising element 15) and through an angle of approximately 270 degrees at their widest, inner-most portions. The roller 18 also engages the piston via an additional full-cylindrical contact patch 19b located between the part-cylindrical contact patches 19a, as shown in
As can be seen in
The second roller 20 has a cylindrical outer radial surface which bears against a pair of part-cylindrical contact patches 21a formed on the upper side of the cap element 16 on each side of the piston. The part-cylindrical contact patches 21a each extend only a portion of the distance around the circumference of the roller 20 (through an angle α2) so they do not fully enclose the roller but instead leave portions 20a of the radial outer surface exposed above the part-cylindrical contact patches 21a. The exposed portions 20a run on the inner cam surfaces 12a, 12b to transmit load between the piston and the track 11a, 11b. As can be seen in
The stabilising element 15 comprises first and second contact surfaces 23a, 23b (shown in
The stabilising element 15 comprises first and second end surfaces 30, 31 between which the contact surfaces 23a, 23b extend. The first and second end surfaces 30, 31 engage and slide against first and second locating surfaces 32a, 33a provided on first and second locating elements 32, 33, as shown in
The stabilising element 15 comprises an oil pick-up 24 having openings in its contact surfaces 23a, 23b adapted to receive oil from the oil film on the edge surfaces 14a, 14b of the track 11a, 11b. Oil is supplied from the oil pick-up 24 around the piston via internal oil passages 25 to locations requiring lubrication, for example the interface between the first roller 18 and the piston head 7 and stabilising element 15 and the interface between the second roller 20 and the stabilising element 15 and cap element 16.
Oil is delivered to the edge surfaces 14a, 14b by an oil delivery device 50 shown in
Oil is delivered under pressure by a pump (not shown) into the recess 60 via an internal passage extending through the locating element 33 and having an outlet in the recess. (The outlet of the internal passage is obscured by the main body 51 of the oil delivery device 50 but the outlet opening into a similar recess for receiving a similar oil delivery device in the other locating element 32 is visible in
As can be seen in
In operation of the engine, the first roller 18 bears against and rolls along the outer cam surfaces 12a, 12b of the track 11a, 11b and the second roller 20 bears against and rolls along the inner cam surfaces 13a, 13b of the track 11a, 11b. As the track 11a 11b rotates within the engine 1, the piston head 7 moves within its cylinder sleeve 8 in accordance with the path shape of the track. During some portions of the operating cycle the piston is driven by the track, for example during intake, compression and exhaust strokes. During some portions of the operating cycle the track is driven by the piston such that work can be extracted from the output shaft 9, for example during power strokes. Since the path shape of the track may be given any desired shape, the piston is not constrained to following simple harmonic motion as in most conventional internal combustion engines but can instead have any desired displacement profile. The displacement profile may, for example, include multiple different local top dead centre positions at different heights and/or multiple different bottom dead centre positions at different heights. As can be seen from
As can be seen from
In the embodiment described above the track comprises first and second track portions 11a, 11b each providing an upper cam surface and a lower cam surface. The piston has a first roller 18 which engages the upper surfaces of both track portions, a second roller 20 which engages the lower surfaces of both track portions, and a stabilising element extending between the first and second track portions (see
In the embodiments described above the track comprises rigid track sections providing continuous annular cam surfaces. In an alternative embodiment the track may include at least one moving part which forms a part of the cam surface and which moves with respect to the rest of the track. For example,
In the embodiments described above the track is a radial track which controls motion of the piston via inner and outer radial surfaces. In an alternative embodiment a piston 207 may be coupled to an annular track 211a, 211b with cam surfaces 212a, 212b, 213a, 213b facing in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation 209a of the track, for example as shown in
The central axis of the piston may be offset from the axis of rotation of the track (for example if the axis of rotation of the track lies in the plane of the page in
Where the track is annular, the surface of the rollers 218, 220 may each have a tapered shape such that their inner-most end 218a, 220a with respect to the axis of rotation of the track has a smaller diameter than the outer-most end 218a, 220a, as illustrated in
In the embodiments described above the stabilising element is attached directly to the piston head and the first roller bears against the underside of the piston head. In alternative embodiments the stabilising element may be connected to the piston head via an intermediate component such as a con-rod, which may be rigidly attached to the piston head and to the stabilising element or alternatively pivotally attached to the piston head and to the stabilising element.
In the embodiments described above the roller is mounted to the piston on a curved bearing surface which engages the outer radial surface of the roller and extends a portion of the distance around its outer circumference. Additionally (or alternatively) in other embodiments a roller 318a may be mounted to a piston 307 on a curved bearing surface which engages an inner radial surface of the roller, for example as shown in
The engine is assembled by the following steps. The method recited below does not include all steps required to assemble all of the components forming part of the engine but has instead been reduced to the major steps for assembling the power transfer mechanism and casing for clarity:
a) Press bearing A into a recess formed in casing element 4b and insert shaft 9 through a hole formed through casing element 4b (
b) Feed track portion 11b over shaft 9 and bring it into engagement with bearing A (
c) Couple the piston 80 to the track portion 11b by engaging the outer surface 12b with the upper roller 18 and the inner surface 13b with the lower roller 20 and feed cylinder sleeve 8 over the piston head (
d) Attach the locating elements 32, 33 to the casing element 4b (
e) Feed a spacer element S (visible adjacent the track portion 11b in
f) Press bearing B (visible below the track portion 12a in
g) Perform equivalent steps to couple the piston arrangements 5c and 5d to shaft 9 and bring casing element 4a into place (
h) Attach casing elements 4a, 4b and 4c together with fasteners extending through the casing (
The casing element 4b which lies between the tracks 11a, 11b and 1c, 11d is brought into place around the shaft 9 before both of the tracks and their respective pistons have been coupled to the shaft. The casing elements 4b and 4c are brought together after the piston assemblies 5a and 5b have been coupled to the shaft 9, and the casing elements 4a and 4b are brought together after the piston assemblies 5c and 5d have been coupled to the shaft 9.
Although the invention has been described above with reference to one or more preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that various changes or modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
The present disclosure may include one or more of the following concepts:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1400682.9 | Jan 2014 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2015/050050 | 1/13/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015/107330 | 7/23/2015 | WO | A |
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| 20160333693 A1 | Nov 2016 | US |
